第一篇：初二升初三第十二講主謂一致教案1份

要考試，找戴氏

戴氏教育名師中心

主講人：何敏

第十二講 主謂一致

教學(xué)目標(biāo)

1、讓學(xué)生掌握主謂一致的用法。

2、讓學(xué)生掌握主謂一致中的一些特殊用法。教學(xué)重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)

1、學(xué)生能夠掌握主謂一致中的特殊用法。教學(xué)過程

Step1 問好，口語表達(dá)

Step2 復(fù)習(xí)上節(jié)課所學(xué)知識

Step3 教學(xué)過程

A 主謂一致三原則

主謂一致是指謂語動詞與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，主謂一致必須遵循三原則：語法一致原則，意義一致原則，就近一致原則，就“遠(yuǎn)”一致原則。

1.語法一致原則：指主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

2.意義一致：指主語形式上為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，因此謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；或主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù),但表示單數(shù)意義，這是謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

My family are having lunch now.我們一家人現(xiàn)在正吃午飯。

3.就近一致：指謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式還是用復(fù)數(shù)形式，取決于最靠近他的主語。

【

1、here，there開關(guān)的句子

2、由or, either…or…，neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…,連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，根據(jù)就近原則決定謂語動詞形式?！?/p>

4．就“遠(yuǎn)”一致原則：指謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)形式，取決于離他遠(yuǎn)的主語。

【當(dāng)由with，together with，along with，as well as，besides，except，but，like 等介詞連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞一般應(yīng)與第一個名詞一致?！?/p>

B 主謂一致?？碱}型

一、謂語動詞用單數(shù)

1.單數(shù)名詞(代詞)，不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)形式，復(fù)數(shù)名詞(代詞)作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

2.many a+單數(shù)名詞和more than one ＋單數(shù)名詞作主語，意義雖為“許多”，但謂語要用單數(shù)形式。【注意： “more than +基數(shù)詞＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)或“more ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋ than one做主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)?！?/p>

Many a student has been to Shanghai.許多學(xué)生到過上海。

Life is a span.！要考試，找戴氏

戴氏教育名師中心

主講人：何敏

More than twenty students are playing football on the playground.3.more than one+單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。

More than one student has ever been to Beijing.不止一個學(xué)生曾經(jīng)去過北京。

4.表示時間，價格，重量，數(shù)目，長度，數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算等的詞或短語作主語時，這些通常作一個整體概念，謂語用單數(shù)形式。

Two months is a long holiday.兩個月是一個長假。

5.主語是each/every/no+單數(shù)名詞+and(each/every/no)+單數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

In our country every boy and every girl has the right to get education.6.one and a half+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

One and a half hours is enough.一個半小時足夠了。7.動詞不定式，動名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。8.a/an+單數(shù)名詞+or two 作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

A student or two has failed the exam.一兩個學(xué)生考試不及格。

9.不定代詞somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，10.each, either, neither, another, the other 作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

11.以—s 結(jié)尾的名詞本身不表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語通常用單數(shù)形式，如news, maths, physics等

12.如果主語是由“a series of, a kind of, a portion of+等+名詞”構(gòu)成時，動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。【但a variety of, a number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)，動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式】

13.加減乘除用單數(shù).如:

Fifteen minus five is ten.15減去5等于10.二、謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)

1.由both…and…連接兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，a variety of, a number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)做主語時，動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式;2.the+形容詞表示一類人時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；表示抽象概念時，用單數(shù)形式.the+姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)做主語時，用復(fù)數(shù)

Life is a span.！要考試，找戴氏

戴氏教育名師中心

主講人：何敏

The poor are very happy, but the rich are sad.The beautiful lives forever.美是永存的。

3.某些一復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞，如clothes, trousers, glasses, stairs, scissors, socks等做主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)?！咀⒁猓喝绻@類名詞前用了a pair of等，則謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式往往取決于pair的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?！?/p>

4.表示復(fù)數(shù)概念的不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如both, few, a few, many, several等。

A few girls are standing under the tree.三、特別注意

1.由and連接的兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語時，一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但and所連接的并列主語是同一個人，事物，或概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。這兩種情況區(qū)分如下：a/the+單數(shù)名詞+and+單數(shù)名詞，指的是同一個人或物；a/the+單數(shù)名詞+and+a/the+單數(shù)名詞，指兩個人或物。The writer and teacher is coming.那位作家兼教師來了。(作家和教師指同一個人)

The writer and the teacher are coming.作家和老師來了。(作家和老師是兩個人)2.people,police等集體名詞作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，family,class,group,team等集體名詞作主語，若指一個整體時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，若指一個具體成員時，謂語動詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。

People here are very friendly.這兒的人很友好。

His family isn’t large.他家的人不多。

My family all like watching TV.我們一家人都喜歡看電視。

3.the+形容詞表示一類人時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示抽象概念時，用單數(shù)形式.The poor are very happy,but the rich are sad.The beautiful lives forever.美是永存的。

4.none做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數(shù),也可用復(fù)數(shù);但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù)，因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù).如:

None of us are(is)perfect.人無完人.None of this worries me.這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急.5.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等,以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:

Life is a span.！要考試，找戴氏

戴氏教育名師中心

主講人：何敏

The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車,今天出售.60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了.Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的蘋果都是爛的.Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了.6.one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞為復(fù)數(shù).如: Mary is one of those people who keep pets.瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一.The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞應(yīng)為單數(shù).Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.瑪麗是唯一一個飼養(yǎng)寵物的人.Life is a span.！

第二篇：主謂一致講解教案

主謂一致講解 教案

一、授課時間：2012年1月4日

二、授課內(nèi)容：語法點(diǎn)主謂一致講解

三、授課重難點(diǎn)：

1、授課重點(diǎn)：主謂一致三原則：語法一致；意義一致;就近一致原則

2、授課難點(diǎn)：主謂一致常考題型

四：授課過程 Step I 課程引入

由三個例句導(dǎo)入主謂一致的概念 1.I am a student.2.They are students.3.She is a teacher.我們可以看出主語不同，謂語動詞的形式就不同

主謂一致：謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)隨著主語的人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化。Step II 講述

一、主謂一致遵循三個原則：語法一致；意義一致;就近一致原則

分別對每個原則中的每一項(xiàng)進(jìn)行講解，并且舉出例句，和學(xué)生互動。

1.語法一致原則：指主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

Tom is a good student.湯姆是個好學(xué)生。

They often play football on the playground.他們經(jīng)常在操場上踢足球。2.意義一致：指主語形式上為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，因此謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；或主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù),但表示單數(shù)意義，這是謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

My family are having lunch now.我們一家人現(xiàn)在正吃午飯。

Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.這本書20美元太貴了。

3.就近一致：指謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式還是用復(fù)數(shù)形式，取決于最靠近他的主語。例如：

Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不僅老師喜歡踢足球，而且他的學(xué)生也喜歡踢足球。

There is a pen and some books on the desk.課桌上有一支鋼筆和一些書。

4.就遠(yuǎn)一致：指謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式還是用復(fù)數(shù)形式，取決于離他遠(yuǎn)的主語。9.當(dāng)主語部分含有with，together with，along with，as well as，besides，except，but，like 等介詞或介詞短語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；但“名詞+as well as+名詞”時，謂語動詞一般應(yīng)與第一個名詞一致。

Mike with his father has been to England.邁克同他的父親去過英格蘭。

Mike,like his brother,enjoys playing football 邁克像他的哥哥一樣喜歡踢足球。

The students as well as the teacher were present at the meeting.二、主謂一致細(xì)致講解

（一）語法一致原則：

1.單數(shù)名詞(代詞)，不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)形式，復(fù)數(shù)名詞(代詞)作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

The desk is Tom’s.這張桌子是湯姆的。

Some water is in the bottle.一些水在瓶子里。

The students are playing football on the playground.這些學(xué)生正在操場上踢足球。

2.由and 或both...and連接的兩個可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞做主語時，謂語動一般用復(fù)數(shù)。

Tom and mike are good friends.Both bread and butter are sold out.Meat and rice are my favourite food.3.不定代詞somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Is everyone here today.今天大家到齊了嗎？ Something is wrong with him.他有毛病。Nobody was in.沒有人在家。

4.each, either, neither, another, the other 作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Each of them has an English dictionary.他們每人都有一本英語詞典。Neither answer is correct.兩個答案都不正確。

尤其注意主語是each/every+單數(shù)名詞+and(each/every)+單數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

Each boy and each girl has got a seat.每個男孩和女孩都有一個座位。

Every man and every woman is at work.每個男人和女人都在工作。

5.a number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)，動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式;.而the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。(重點(diǎn)）

A number of trees are cut down.The number of the students is over eight hundred.6.“a lot of,lots of,plenty of ,most of +名詞”作主語，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于所加的名詞。

Plenty of the water was polluted.A lot of students pass the exam.7.某些只有復(fù)數(shù)的名詞如trousers,shoes,gloves,glasses等作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但是由“a pair of +此類復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)； 由“pairs of +此類復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)； The shoes are for you.A pair of glasses is lying on the table.Fifteen pairs of shoes are made every day.8.動詞不定式，動名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

To see is to believe 眼見為實(shí)。

Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼睛保健操對你的眼睛十分有益。

9.在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞that, who,which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)與先行詞保持一致.This is the man who wants to see you.The girls who are coming soon are my students.10.由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，主句謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式，但如果表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，主句謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。What we need now is time.What he left me are only some old books.3

(二）意義一致：

1.由and連接的兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語時，一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但and所連接的并列主語是同一個人，事物，或概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。這兩種情況區(qū)分如下：a/the+單數(shù)名詞+and+單數(shù)名詞，指的是同一個人或物；a/the+單數(shù)名詞+and+a/the+單數(shù)名詞，指兩個人或物。The writer and teacher is coming.那位作家兼教師來了。(作家和教師指同一個人)The writer and the teacher are coming.作家和老師來了。(作家和老師是兩個人)2.表示時間，價格，重量，數(shù)目，長度，數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算等的詞或短語作主語時，這些通常作一個整體概念，謂語用單數(shù)形式。例如：

Two months is a long holiday.兩個月是一個長假。Twenty pounds isn’t so heavy.2 0英鎊并不太重。

Ten miles isn’t a long distance.1 0英里并不是一段很長的距離。Five minus four is one.5減4等于1。

3.people,police等集體名詞作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

People here are very friendly.這兒的人很友好。

4.family,class,group,team等集體名詞作主語，若指一個整體時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，若指一個具體成員時，謂語動詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。（難點(diǎn)）His family isn’t large.他家的人不多。

My family all like watching TV.我們一家人都喜歡看電視。

5.以—s 結(jié)尾的名詞本身不表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語通常用單數(shù)形式，如news, maths, physics等，No news is good news.沒有消息就是好消息。

Maths is very popular in our class 在我們班數(shù)學(xué)很受歡迎。

6.none作主語時，謂語動詞多用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但作為單數(shù)看待時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,取 決于后面所接的名詞。

None of the advice was accepted.None of the children of the family are interested in art.7.some,any,all,more,most,the rest of ,分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)作主語時，謂語動詞要與它們指代的名詞保持一致。

Two thirds of the apples remain green.Three fifths of the money was spent on clothes.8.the+形容詞表示一類人時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示抽象概念時，用單數(shù)形式.The poor are very happy,but the rich are sad.The beautiful lives forever.美是永存的。9.the+姓氏表示一家人時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The Whites are watching TV.(三）鄰近一致原則（就近原則）

1、由or, either?or?，neither?nor?, not only?but also?, not?but?,連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，根據(jù)就近原則決定謂語動詞形式。（重點(diǎn)）

Either my wife or I am going.Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer.Not only you but also he is ready to leave.2．以here，there開關(guān)的句子，若主語在兩個或兩個以上，謂語動詞通常與臨近的主語一致

There is a book and three pens on the desk.There are three pens and a book on the desk.Here are some books and paper for you.Here is a letter for you.Step III 練習(xí)

1.Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now.A.were B.is C.was D.are

2.Two days _______enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day.A.isn’t B.is C.are’t D.are 3.—How many lessons do you usually haver a day?

—Six lessons a day.And each of then _____45 minutes.A.last B.lasts C.have D.are 4.Neither Liping nor I _______a basketball player.A.am B.is C.be D.are 5.There ______ many new words in lesson one,It is very easy.A.is B.aren’t C.isn’t D.are

6.The number of the students in our school ____1200.A.is B.are C.has D.have 7.Maths _______ my favourite subject.A.be B.is C.am D.are 8.The boy with the two dogs _____ when the earthquake rocked the city.A.were sleeping B.is sleeping

C.was sleeping D.are asle 9.Every one except Tom and John _____there when the meeting began.A.are B.is C.were D.was 10.That place is not interesting at all, ____of us wants to go there.A.Neither B.Both C.All D.Some Step IV 總結(jié) 1.主謂一致的概念 2.主謂一致的三個原則 3.主謂一致的?？碱}型 Step V 作業(yè)

主謂一致練習(xí)題

1.The old ____well looked after by the government in China.A.is B.are C.has been D.was 2.The secretary and manager ____very busy now.A.is B.are C.was D.were 3.Both the secretary and the manager _____agreed to attend the meeting.A.has B.have C.are D.was 4.Tom as well as two of his classmates _____invited to the party.A.was B.were C.have been D.had been 5.Either you or I _____going to the teachers‘ office after class.A.am B.is C.are D.will 6.Most of his spare time ____spent in reading.A.are B.were C.was D.have been

第三篇：高中英語主謂一致精講介紹

高中英語語法--主謂一致

概述：

1)語法形式上要一致,即用作主語的名詞中心詞和謂語動詞在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上一致

2)意義上要一致,即主語和謂語的一致關(guān)系取決于主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)意義.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時當(dāng)意義為復(fù)數(shù)時謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

注意: 當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時,如果它表示一個單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時,謂語動詞用單數(shù),and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞.The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is B.was C.are D.were 答案B.注:在英語中,當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時只在第一個職務(wù)前加定冠詞.后面的職務(wù)用and 相連.這樣本題主語為一個人,所以應(yīng)選B.主謂一致中的靠近原則

當(dāng)there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時,謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致.There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.總的來說，在由not only…but also…, not just…but…, or, either…or…, neither…nor…連接主語的句子中及在there be句型中，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)按就近原則處理，即按與謂語動詞最靠近的那個主語來確定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： Not only John but also I am going to Shanghai next week.Either you or she is to go.Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.謂語動詞與前面的主語一致

當(dāng)主語后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語時,謂語動詞與前面的主語一致.The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.He as well as I wants to go boating.謂語需用單數(shù)

1)代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語,或主語中含有each, every, 謂語需用單數(shù).Each of us has a tape-recorder.There is something wrong with my watch.2)當(dāng)主語是一本書或一條格言時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù).The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.< The Arabian Night >是英語愛好者熟悉的一本好書.3)表示金錢,時間.距離.價格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語時,通常把這些名詞看作一個整體,謂語一般用單數(shù).(用復(fù)數(shù)也可,意思不變.)

4,all指人時,動詞用復(fù)數(shù);all指物時,動詞用單數(shù).例如: “All are present and all is going well.” 所有人全部到場了,一切進(jìn)展順利

5,what引導(dǎo)的主語從句,謂語動詞可視表語而定:表語是單數(shù)名詞時,動詞用單數(shù),相反,則用復(fù)數(shù).例如: What they want to get is the number of good books.他們想得到的是大量的好書.6,and連接的兩個單數(shù)名詞前若用each,every,no修飾,該名詞短語作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式.例如:

No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.書包里沒有書和鋼筆.7,當(dāng)主語后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等引導(dǎo)的短語時,謂語動詞要與最前面的主語保持一致.例如: My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing.我父親和他同事曾去過北京.8,each作主語的同位語時, 謂語動詞由主語來決定,與each無關(guān).例如: They each have a bike.他們每人有一輛自行車.9,動詞不定式,動詞-ing形式短語作主語時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù).例如: Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚飯后出去散步是一個好習(xí)慣.10,the following作主語時,謂語動詞的數(shù)與后面名詞的數(shù)保持一致.例如: The following are good examples下面是一些好例子.11,以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).以-s結(jié)尾的名詞news, works, plastics等同屬此類.例如: Politics is now taught in all schools.現(xiàn)在各學(xué)校都開設(shè)政治課.當(dāng)以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞表示“學(xué)科”以外的意義時，用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：mathematics（運(yùn)算能力）politics(政治觀點(diǎn))economics（經(jīng)濟(jì)意義）等

12,有些用來表示由兩個對應(yīng)部分組成一體的名詞復(fù)數(shù)(trousers, glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主語時,前面若有“一條”,“一副”,“一把”之類的單位詞,動詞用單數(shù);若沒有單位詞或單位詞是復(fù)數(shù),則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).例如: The shoes are all right.這些鞋子都很合適.還有一些以-s結(jié)尾的名詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)：

arms（武器）.clothes.contents.minites（記錄）.remains（遺體）.thanks等 13,“one and a half +名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數(shù).例如: One and a half apples is left on the table.桌子上有一個半蘋果.14,“One or two more +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).例如: One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work.要派一兩個人到那兒去給他們幫忙.15,“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,定語從句的謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù);而在“the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,定語從句的謂語動詞要用單數(shù).例如: He is one of the students who get there on time.他是準(zhǔn)時到達(dá)那里的學(xué)生之一.16,表示時間,距離,金錢等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語表達(dá)一個整體概念時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù),但若強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量,謂語動詞可用復(fù)數(shù).例如: One million dollars is a lot of money.一百萬美元是一大筆錢.以-s結(jié)尾的名詞作主語的主謂一致問題

英語可數(shù)名詞的規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式是在詞尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s結(jié)尾的名詞并不是可數(shù)名詞。它們用法多樣，造成了實(shí)際使用上的困難，以下詳述了以-s結(jié)尾的名詞作主語的主謂一致問題。

There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.但應(yīng)注意,這類集合名詞的單數(shù)形式有時表示復(fù)數(shù)概念,所以這些集合名詞的單數(shù)形式也可歸為“單復(fù)同形型”中.2)單數(shù)型.這類集合名詞表示的是人或事物的整體,即把這類人或事物的全部包括在內(nèi),所以只有單數(shù)形式.如作主語,謂語動詞常用單數(shù).這類名詞常見的有:humanity, mankind, proletariat等.【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind.In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.3)復(fù)數(shù)型.這類集合名詞在形式和內(nèi)容上是相互矛盾的,就是說它們只有單數(shù)形式,但表達(dá)的都是復(fù)數(shù)概念.它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是集體中的個體性.這類名詞有:police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel等.它們作主語時,謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù).【例如】The police have caught the murder.Our personnel are very highly trained.The vermin are very dangerous.4)單復(fù)同形型.這類集合名詞的單數(shù)形式既可表示單數(shù)也可表示復(fù)數(shù).作主語時,用單數(shù)動詞或復(fù)數(shù)動詞均可,有時意義區(qū)別不大.【例如】The school teaching staff are(is)excellent.The public is(are)requested not to litter in the park.The teaching profession claim(s)to be badly paid.這類集合名詞常見的有:class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience等.根據(jù)說話人的心理意向若把這個集合名詞所代表的人或事物看作一個整體,就認(rèn)為是單數(shù),用單數(shù)動詞;若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干個個體的話,就認(rèn)為其為復(fù)數(shù),用復(fù)數(shù)動詞.試比較: The football team is playing well.那個足球隊(duì)打得非常漂亮.The football team are shavings bath and are then coming back here for tea.足球隊(duì)員們正在洗澡,然后來這里吃茶點(diǎn).The family is a very happy one.那個家庭是一個非常幸福的家庭.That family are very pleased about the news of William's success.全家人對威廉的成功都感到很高興.主謂一致練習(xí)1

1.Neither of them _____going to the cinema.Both of them _____ going to the cinema.A.is;are

B.is;is

C.are;was

D.are;is 2.All but one _____ here just now.All that I want to say ____ this.A.was;were

B.was;is

C.were;is

D.were;were 3.A number of students ____ gone for an outing.The number of the students ______ increasing year.A.have;has

B.is;have

C.has;have

D.have;is 4.Some of the oranges ______ turned bad.Some of the milk _______ turned sour(酸).A.have;has

B.have;have

C.has;have

D.have;is

5.Each student-____ got an English-Chinese dictionary.The students each ______ a dictionary.A.have;has

B.has;have

C.have;have

D.has;has 6.There _____ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it.There ________ some bowls, plates and a spoon on it.A.is;are

B.are;are

C.are;is

D.is;is

7.Either the judge or the lawvers ________ wrong.Either you or he _______ to blame.A.is;are

B.are;is

C.are;are

D.is;is

8.His family ______ all very well.His family _______ a “ five good” one.A.are;is

B.is;is

C.are;are

D.is;are 9.My blue trousers ______ worn out.One pair of trousers ______ not enough.A.is;are

B.are;are

C.is;is

D.are;is

10.Our League secretary and monitor ______ the lead in everything.Our League secretary and the monitor ______ good friends.A.take;are

B.take;is

C.takes;is

D.takes;are 11.The girl as well as his parents _______ a bike.Not only the students but also the professor ______ surprised at Mary’s answer.A.have;was

B.have;were

C.has;was

D.has;were 12.Who _____ the girl singing in the next room? Who ______ these people over there? A.are;are

B.are;is

C.is;are

D.is;is

13.Most of the students _____ boys.Most of his money _____ spent on books.A.are;is

B.is;is

C.are;are

D.is;are 14.The policeman ____ standing at the street corner.The police ____searching for him.A.are;is

B.are;are

C.is;are

D.is;is

15.The glasses ______ mine.That pair of glasses _____ my brother’s.film.A.has;has

B.has;have

C.have;has

D.have;have 32.Going to bed early and getting up early _____ a good habit.Singing and dancing _____ two of the things that he likes best.A.is;is

B.are;is

C.is;are

D.are;are 33.Such ____Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.Such ___her words.A.were;were

B.was;were

C.were;were

D.was;was 34.Besides Xiao Wang, Wiao Ma _____ willing to do the work.The factory, including its machines _____ burnt last night.A.was;is

B.were;is

C.was;are

D.were;are 35.If anybody _____, ask him to wait._____ there anything I can do for you? A.come;Is

B.come;Are

C.comes;Are

D.comes;Is 36.Chinese _____ not so difficult to learn.The Chinese people ________ brave and hard working.A.is;is

B.are;is

C.is;are

D.are;are 37.Little _____ done to prevent the air from being polluted.Much _____ done to against fight pollution.A.has been;have been

B.have;has

C.has been;has been

D.have been;have been 38.Do you know the singer and dancer who _____standing at the gate? China has thousands of islands, the largest of which ____ Taiwan.A.is;are

B.is;is

C.are;is

D.are;are 39.Each of the girls ____ an orange.Each ______ his duty.A.have;has

B.have;have

C.has;has

D.has;have 40.When we are to hold the sports meet ____ been decided.Whether he succeeds or fails ______ matter.A.have;don’t

B.has;don’t

C.have;doesn’t

D.has;does’t 41.Her clothes ____ nearly worn out.His physics ______ weaker than others.A.is;is

B.are;is

C.is;are

D.are;are 42.Five hundred dollars ______ more than he can afford.A.is

B.are 43.Food and clothing ____ daily necessities for people.A.is

B.are 44.The United Nations ___ trying to persuade the two countries.A.is

B.are 45.Three kilometers ____ not a long distance.A.is

B.are 46.To say something _______ one thing, to do it _____ another.A.is;is

B.are;are 47.Reading English magazines and novels ____ helpful to your study of English.A.is

B.are 48.He like you and Xiao Liu ______ very diligent.A.is

B.are 49.Between the two buildings _____ a hospital.9-

第四篇：九年級專題復(fù)習(xí)教案 主謂一致

主謂一致

主謂一致要遵照三個基本原則：語法一致，意義一致，就近一致。

一.語法一致。Eyes are important to us.Colo is his favorite.Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二．意義一致。

The police are coming.People are talking about the accident.The French teacher and singer is Liu Huan.三．就近一致

Not only you but my elder brother likes going to net bars.There is a pen ,many books and an eraser on my desk.一.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。.Mary as well as two of her friends______(invite)to the concert yesterday.2.The police_____(try)to catch the thief at that moment.3.The director and chief engineer_____(be)an experienced person.4.The director and the chief engineer_____(be)experienced people.5.Class One_____(be)all out on the playground and watch the basketball match.6.If anyone ____(come),ask him to wait.7.The audience_______(be)excited at the report made by the old worker just now.8.Each of us_____(have)an English novel.9.The student, with the host family,_____(be)invited to a welcome party when he arrived at the city.10.Six weeks _____(be)a long time to be away from home.二．單項(xiàng)選擇。

()1.______there anybody living here? A.Are

B.Have

C.Does

D.Is()2.Collecting stamps ___very interesting.A.are

B.doesn’t

C.do

D.is

()3.Everyone ,men and women,young and old,____listening to the radio here.A.enjoy

B.enjoys

C.is enjoyed

D.are enjoyed()4.Not only I but also David and Iris___fond of playing basketball.A.am

B.is

C.are

D.was()5.Neither Tom nor his parents ____at home.A.is

B.are

C.has

D.was()6.A number of cars____in front of the park.A.is parked

B.was parked

C.are parked

D.has parked()7.The number of articles published on smoking ___amazing.A.is

B.are

C.were

D.have been()8.All that can be done_____.A.has done

B.has been done

C.have done

D.have been done()9.The Smiths___their breakfast when the morning post came.A.had

B.has been having

C.are having

D.were having()10.____of my parents enjoys music.A.Both

B.Neither

C.All

D.Every()11.Twenty dollars ____enough for the coat.A.is

B.are

C.has

D.have()12.He as well as I___ swimming.A.like

B.likes

C.have liked

D.liking()13.Both Jim and Kate___in Beijing now.They both ___from America.A.is,come

B.are,come

C.is,comes

D.are,comes()14.—A number of students___in the dinning hall.—Let me count.The number of the students____ about 400.A.are,is

B.is ,are

C.are,are

D.is,is()15.Either Tom or I ___to blame.A.to be

B.am

C.are

D.is()16.Neither my sister nor I ___going to the movies.A.is

B.are

C.am

D.were()17.Half of the students ___made the same mistake..A.has

B.have

C.is

D.are()18.Something ___wrong with my TV set.A.was

B.were

C.has

D.are()19.The old ___taken good care of in our coutry.A.is

B.has

C.are

D.have()20.Mr Black with his wife ___visiting China now.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.has（）21.The zookeeper is worried because the number of visiters _____ smaller and smaller.A.become

B.became

C.is becoming

D.have become（）22.---How do you like the two pairs of shoes?

---They don’t fit me well.They are ____ too big ____ too small.A.not only ,but also

B.both ,and

C.neither,nor

D.either or（）23.The news ____ interesting.Tell me more!A.is

B.are

C.were

D.was（）24.---Again, my computer dorsn’t work.---_______ must be something wrong with the CPU.A.There

B.That

C.It

D.This（）25.______ a pen and two books on the desk.A.There is

B.There are

C.Have

D.Has（）26.When and where to build the new school _______ yet.A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided（）27.---Did you wash your clothes ?

---No, I was going to washmy clothes but I _______ visitors.A.have

B.had

C.have

D.will have 三． 補(bǔ)全對話

（一）A: Hey!You look worried._________________________?_ B: I read an article just now.It said there was less ice in the Arctic Regions and European places

because the temperature of the earth is rising.A: Yeah.Things are getting worse.We must do something to help the earth.B: ___________________?-

A: Let’s be a greener person.First ,turn off the lights _____________.B: Oh, that’s easy.What’s next?

A: Second,______________________ while you are traveling a short distance.B: That’s right.it will save energy and reduce air pollution.A: Don’t use plastic bags when you go shopping.B: That’s right.________________? A: That’s a great idea.（二）

A: Hi,Tom.It’s so nice to see you here.B: Hi!__________________________ Are you here to buy cards? A: Yes.The cards in this store are very nice.Have you found yours? B:Not yet.___________________________?

A: My teachers.Thet’re kind to everyone in my class.I want to send my best wishes to them.What about you?

B: I will send a card to my parents.They’re now in Africa.A: Really?_________________________

B: They’re helping African people.I have’t seen them for almost a year.They tell me that Africa is a wonderful land.A: It sounds great to go to Africa.____________________________________ B: And me, too.Look,I think these cards are just for your teachers.A: Yes,they look nice.________________________ I’m sure my teachers will like them.

第五篇：主謂一致精版教案

“主謂一致”解題指導(dǎo)

一、主謂一致

主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來不外乎三種一致原則，即語法形式一致，概念一致（語言內(nèi)容上一致），毗鄰一致（謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語一致）。

1.語法形式一致

（1）單數(shù)主語、單個動詞不定式、動名詞短語以及句子作主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語，用and或both?and連接的動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語以及主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1)The performance was very funny.2)Serving the people is my great happiness.3)Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.4)Many natural materials are becoming scarce.5)Both you and I are students.6)What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.單項(xiàng)選擇：

1.When and where to build the new factory _______ yet.A.is not decided

B.are not decided

C.has not decided

D.have not decided 2.Both of us _______ to the party last week.A.was invited

B.were invited

C.invited

3.Look!Many sheep _______ grass there.A.is eating

B.are eating

C.eats

D.ate 4.When and where to build the new factory _______ yet.A.were not decided

B.are not decided

C.has not been decided

D.have not been decided 5._______ about the moon _______ put into the computer.A.A great number of information;were

B.A lot of information;were C.Much information;was

D.A good many informations;was

參考答案：CBBCC

（2）由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語后面，不能看作是并列主語，該主語不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語的影響，主語如是單數(shù)，其謂語動詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1)My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office.2)The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV.3)His sister no less than you is wrong.4)The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.單項(xiàng)選擇：

1.Alice, together with two girls, _______ for having broken the tule.A.was punished

B.punished

C.were punished

D.being punished 2.Peter as well as his friends _______ to music.A.like to listen

B.likes to listen

C.like to hear

D.likes to hear 3.Mary , along with her parents _______ to Paris.A.have moved

B.has moved

C.are moving

D.have been moving 4.His sister no less than you _______ wrong.A.is

B.are

C.be

D.have been 5.The father,rather than the brothers, _______ responsible for the accident.A.is

B.are

C.be

D.have been

參考答案：ABBAA

(3)有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)它們在句子中作主語時，盡管在意義上是多數(shù)，謂語動詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：

1)Neither likes the friends of the other.(兩人都不喜歡對方的朋友。)2)Everything around us is matter.(我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。)

(4)在neither of與either of的結(jié)構(gòu)里，一般語法書都認(rèn)為謂語動詞可用單數(shù)形式也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但在美國的TOEFL考試內(nèi)要求用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1)Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard.2)Has either of them been seen recently?

單選：

1.Anyone who _______ to come _______ welcome.A.want;is

B.wants;are

C.wanted;is

D.wants;is 2.Neither of us _______ regular training.A.has gone through

B.go through

C.going through D.have gone through 3.Something _______ to end the strike.A.has done

B.is doing

C.has been done

D.does

參考答案：DAC

(5)當(dāng)and連結(jié)的兩個名詞是指同一個人或同一件事，and后的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式；在and后面的名詞前有冠詞，謂語就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1)The bread and butter is served for breakfast.(早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。)2)The bread and the butter are on sale.(正在出售黃油和面包。)

單選：

1.My friend and classmate _______ me to wait for her.A.ask

B.is asked

C.asks

D.are asking 2.The woman over there _______ Julia and Mary’s mother.A.is

B.are

C.be

D.to be 3.John’s best friend and his classmate _______ with him.A.goes

B.go

C.does go

D.has gone 參考答案：CAB

（6）當(dāng)one of結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：

One of those students has passed the examination.“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，定語從句的謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式；在“the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，定語從句的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如： He is one of the students who get there on time.單選：

1.One of my friends _______ from Japan.A.is

B.are

C.have been

D.come 2.Jane is one of the best students in her class who _______ by their teacher.A.is praised

B.are praised

C.praised

D.praising

3.John is the only one of the staff members who _______ to be transferred.A.is going

B.are going

C.have been going

D.has been going

參考答案：ABA

（7）plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of等 + 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，不可數(shù)名詞的謂語只用單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞的謂語視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：

1）Half of this building is to be completed by spring.2）Half of the buildings have been painted completely.3）There is plenty of water in the pail.4）There are plenty of eggs in the box.單選：

1.A lot of water _______.A.are running

B.run

C.is running

D.running 2.Lots of students _______ to college.A.goes

B.go

C.is going

D.has gone 3.Half of the apples _______ rotten.A.is

B.are

C.has been

D.is going to

參考答案：CBB

（8）如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 名詞”，謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1）Over three-quarters of the swampland has been reclaimed.2）Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.單選：

1.Seventy percent of the students here _______ from Hong Kong.A.is

B.are

C.comes

D.has come 2.Sixty percent of the work _______been done.A.have

B.is

C.has

D.are 3.Three fourths of the bread _______ by Bob,and the rest of the bread _______ left on the table.A.was eaten;were

B.were eaten;was

C.were eaten;were

D.was eaten;was

參考答案：BCD

2.概念一致（語言內(nèi)容上一致）

（1）有些集合名詞如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦樂隊(duì)）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它們作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們作為一個集體單位時，動詞用單數(shù)形式，如就其中的各個成員來說，則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1）His family is going to move.2）His family are very well.3）The public is / are requested not to leave litter in the park.注：如這類詞后跟有定語從句時，定語從句的謂語動詞也遵循概念一致的原則，強(qiáng)調(diào)具體成員時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用who;強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用which。例如：

1）The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.2）The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.單選：

1.“Your team _______ so well this afternoon!”Tom said.A.have played

B.is

C.has played

D.play 2.Our football team_______ baths now.A.are having

B.has

C.is having

D.having

參考答案：CA

(2)有些表示總稱意義的名詞，形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people, police等。例如：

The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.單選：

1.People here in the town_______ very friendly.A.is

B.has been

C.does

D.are 2.The police_______ his lost car.A.has found

B.have found

C.has been found

D.have been found

參考答案：DB

(3)有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)。如news, means, works.還有許多以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，它們作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1）Politics is a complicated business.2）Here is the news.單選：

1.Mathematics_______ a very important subject.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.was 2.The news_______ very_______.A.is;excited

B.are;exciting

C.is;exciting

D.are;excited

參考答案：BC

(4)復(fù)數(shù)主語與each連用時，作為同位語時，應(yīng)不受each的影響，謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

The old workers and the young each have their own tools.each, each?and each?, every?，every?and every?作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：Each of us has a tape recorder.單選：

1.They each_______ a bike.A.have

B.has

C.is having

D.are 2.Each pen and each paper _______in its place.A.are found

B.is found

C.find

D,finds 3.I think every boy and every girl in this class_______ working hard.A.are

B.have been

C.is

D.being

參考答案：ABC

(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、價值的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1)Twenty miles is a long way to walk.2)Three pints isn’t enough to get me drunk.單選：

1.Three days_______ a very short time to finish so much work.A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has 2.Twelve inches_______ one foot.A.make

B.makes

C.is making

D.will make

參考答案：AB

(6)國家、單位和書報的名稱，作為一個單一的概念，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：

War and Peace is the longest book I’ve read.單選：

1.The Times_______ a paper of long standing.A.are

B.have

C.is

D.has

2.The United States of America _______ one of the most developed countries in the world.A.is

B.are

C.was

D.were

參考答案：CA

（7）the +形容詞作主語時，如主語指的是一類人，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果指的是單個人或抽象概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1)The blind are taught trades in special schools.2)The departed was a good friend of his.單選：

1.In that country, the rich_______ richer and the poor poorer.A.is

B.becomes

C.has come

D.become 2.The young_______ pop music very much.A.enjoys

B.likes

C.enjoy

D.is enjoying

參考答案：DC

3.毗鄰一致（就近原則）

(1)由連詞or, neither?or, either?or, not only ? also, nor等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式按毗鄰一致的原則，與貼近它的主語一致。例如：

1)He or you have taken my pen.2)Either you or he is no telling the truth.3)Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.單選：

1.Not only I but also Mary and John_______ interested in that play.A.am

B.is

C.be

D.are 2.Neither your parents nor my uncle_______ me.A.agree with

B.agrees with

C.agree to

D.agrees to 3.Either your parents or your grandfather _______ to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

參考答案：DBA

(2)在there be 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般也采取就近原則。例如：

1)There is a desk and four benches in the office.2)There are two chairs and a desk in the office.單選：

1.There_______ some paper, a dictionary and two notebooks on the desk.A.is

B.are

C.am

D.be 2.There _______ twenty boys and only one girl in the class.A.is

B.was

C.has

D.are

參考答案：AD

作業(yè)：

主謂一致專練

1.You and I __________ of the same age.A.am B.are C.be D.is 2.Three years __________ not a long time.A.is

B.are C.has D.be 3.His family __________ going to have a long journey.A.has B.have C.is D.are 4.Two hours __________ enough for me to finish the work.A.is

B.are C.have D.were 5.It __________ John and Mike who cleaned the classroom.A.are B.were C.was D.has been 6.There __________ a lot of waste paper in his desk.A.has B.is C.are D.have 7.He is one of the children who __________ fond of playing football.A.is

B.are C.was D.were 8.Half of the money __________ mine.A.am B.is C.are D.were 9.Not only I but also Fangfang __________ interested in the film.A.am B.is C.were D.are 10.This pair of glasses __________ me.A.don’t fit B.doesn’t fit C.fits notD.not fit 11.He or I __________ right.A.are B.is C.am D.be 12.No news __________ good news.A.am B.is C.are D.be 13.The police __________ over there.A.am B.is C.are D.be 14.Neither of the students __________ got their test paper.A.have B.has C.is D.are 15.Every student and every teacher __________.A.are going to attend the meeting B.have attend the meeting C.has attended the meeting D.is attended the meeting 16.Half of the workers here __________ under twenty __________.A.is…years

B.are…year old C.is…years old

D.are…years old

17.The number of pages in the dictionary __________ about two thousand.A.are B.has C.have D.is 18.Nothing but six chairs __________ in the room.A.are B.is stayed C.is D.are left 19.Many a student __________ interested in the film.A.is

B.are C.have D.were 20．Everyone in the class __________ very happy.A.am

B.is C.are D.were

參考答案：主謂一致專練

1.B 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.D 18.D 19.A

20.B