第一篇：最全的采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯總結(jié)

Chapter 3.1 Mining method

mining method 采礦方法； mining operation 采礦作業(yè)；

transportation 運(yùn)輸； ventilation 通風(fēng)；

ground control 頂板管理；

the cost of per ton of coal 噸煤成本； recovery 回采率；

subside v.?subsidence n.地表沉陷； subsidence control 地表沉陷控制 cover 覆蓋層；

overburden 上覆地層； immediate roof 直接頂； floor 底板；

dip（Pitch）傾角； hardness 硬度； strength 強(qiáng)度； cleavage 解理；

gas，methane 瓦斯

daily operation 日常工作 single operation 單一工序

unit operation 單元作業(yè) auxiliary operation輔助作業(yè) cutting n.切割，掏槽； blasting n.爆破 loading n.裝煤 haul v.運(yùn)輸，搬運(yùn) drainage n.排水

power n.動(dòng)力 power Supply 動(dòng)力供應(yīng) communication n.通訊

Chapter 3.2 Mine Preplanning

Hercules【希、羅神】赫爾克里斯, 大力神--> Herculean, adj.力氣極大的；需要大力氣的。herculean effort 巨大的努力 inadequacy n.不足，缺乏。

lighting n.照明。

disruption in production 停產(chǎn)； reduction in production 減產(chǎn)； compromise 折衷

room and pillar 房柱式 by far 到目前為止

in common with … 和…一樣 underground mining 井工開(kāi)采 outcrop 露頭，露出地面的巖層； crosscut 聯(lián)絡(luò)巷、石門(mén)； drift平硐； entry平巷；

development stage 開(kāi)拓階段； production stage 生產(chǎn)階段； face 工作面。

continuous miner 連續(xù)采煤機(jī)； haulage capacity 運(yùn)輸能力； main entry 主巷。

barrier pillar 隔離煤柱； butt entry 區(qū)段平巷；

property line 礦井邊界線(xiàn)。shearer 滾筒采煤機(jī) planer，Plow 刨煤機(jī) surface mining 露天開(kāi)采 auger mining 螺旋鉆開(kāi)采 rapid excavation

快速掘進(jìn)

hydraulic mining

水力采礦

underground gasification 地下氣化

ocean mining

海洋采礦

transportation facility 運(yùn)輸設(shè)備

inflationary adj.通貨膨脹的,通貨膨脹引起的<--inflation n.脹大, 通貨膨脹,(物價(jià))暴漲<--inflate v 膨脹，充氣。inflationary process 通貨膨脹過(guò)程 drive up 抬高，提高

drive into 掘進(jìn)到… be faced with 面臨

monumental adj.[用以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣]非常的, 極端的<--monument n.紀(jì)念碑 coal reserve 煤炭?jī)?chǔ)量

electromechanical adj.機(jī)電的 ? electro(電子的)+mechanical(機(jī)械的)electromechanical mine operation 礦井機(jī)電作業(yè)

staff v.雇用，聘用 season v 適用，適應(yīng)

coordinate n.坐標(biāo)。v.（使）互相配合，（使）協(xié)調(diào)，調(diào)整。

a multitude（n.多數(shù)，多量）of 大量 capital investment 基本建設(shè)投資。foremost 最主要的，最重要的，1Billion = 1，000，000，000 即10億。Mt metric ton 公噸。

453.5Mt = 500 million tons? 0.907Mt = 1 million ton put into operation 投產(chǎn)，投入使用 raise 籌集

the life of the property 礦產(chǎn)/井的使用年限。

commercial value 市場(chǎng)價(jià)值，商業(yè)價(jià)值。for convenience 為了方便其見(jiàn) minability 可采性

marketability 適銷(xiāo)性，可銷(xiāo)性 coal reserve 煤礦

nominal，名義上的,極小的。option 買(mǎi)賣(mài)選擇權(quán),優(yōu)先購(gòu)買(mǎi)權(quán) enter upon 開(kāi)始

preliminary examination 初步調(diào)查 operating mine 生產(chǎn)礦井

to the extent that 達(dá)到這種程度以致...；就...來(lái)說(shuō)；在...方面來(lái)說(shuō)； adjacent to 鄰近的

surface topography 地面地形，表面地形

coalfield 煤田 measure 層組

coal-bearing measure含煤地層 feature 特征；地貌。

structural feature 構(gòu)造特征

surface improvement 地面上的改造 tilled area 耕地 reservoir 水庫(kù)

power line 電力線(xiàn)，輸電線(xiàn)

reservation n.保留地；自然保護(hù)區(qū) on record n.留有記錄的,記錄在案的 preferred 優(yōu)先 〔選用〕的，首選的 traverse 導(dǎo)線(xiàn)。

traverse with compass 羅盤(pán)定位。system surveying 系統(tǒng)測(cè)量 sampling 采樣

have a bearing on 對(duì)…有影響，與...有關(guān) available 有效的，可用的 pricing schedule 定價(jià)方案 preparation treatment 洗選加工 selective adj.有選擇性的,選擇的

a master plan of operation 總體生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。serve as 用作，作為，起到…作用。basis 基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)，依據(jù) since 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句

justify 調(diào)整，證明，證明…是正確的，prospecting 勘探

drilling pattern 鉆孔布置，鉆孔圖式 basic map 底圖，基本地圖 log sheet 鉆孔柱狀圖 tabular adj.<==table tabular record 表格記錄

operating management經(jīng)營(yíng)管理部門(mén)，經(jīng)營(yíng)管理

life expectancy 預(yù)期使用年限，使用壽命 delivery of supplies 材料供應(yīng) estimate of the cost 成本估計(jì) sales department 銷(xiāo)售部門(mén)

Chapter 3.3 Mine development

portal 井筒

expected life of the mine 礦井的設(shè)計(jì)使用年限 rail haulage 軌道運(yùn)輸 as well as 即…又…

be of ＋n.具有…（性質(zhì)）drift平硐

shaft 立井，豎井 slope 斜井

main shaft主立井 auxiliary shaft 副立井 air shaft風(fēng)井

transfer house 中轉(zhuǎn)煤倉(cāng) headframe 井架

hoist house 提升機(jī)房，絞車(chē)房 skip 箕斗 cage 罐籠

car dump 卸煤設(shè)備 storage bin 井底煤倉(cāng) deplete 耗盡、衰竭

whether…or…是…還是… pressure drop 壓降

net effect 凈效應(yīng)，有效效應(yīng)，實(shí)際結(jié)果 capital cost 基建費(fèi)用

Chapter 4.1 Walling system introduction

working face 工作面 coalface：采煤工作面 interconnection：切眼 panel entry：區(qū)段平巷 gate entry：工作面順槽

head gate：區(qū)段皮帶巷，運(yùn)輸巷 tail gate：區(qū)段軌道巷，回風(fēng)巷

headentry：工作面運(yùn)輸巷（下順槽）

tailentry：工作面回風(fēng)巷（上順槽）bleeder entry：區(qū)段回風(fēng)巷 cross-cut：聯(lián)絡(luò)巷 gob, goaf：采空區(qū) end：端頭

Longwall mining 長(zhǎng)壁采礦法 Shortwall mining 短壁采礦法 pillar system.柱式系統(tǒng) longwall mining on strike 走向長(zhǎng)壁采煤方法

mining in advance / wall advancing mining 前進(jìn)式采煤方法

mining in retreat / wall retreating mining 后退式采煤方法

inclined longwall mining 傾斜長(zhǎng)壁開(kāi)采 underhand mining 俯采 overhand mining 仰采

Coal mining machine, coal-getting machine 采煤機(jī)；

Shearer，滾筒采煤機(jī)

Plow，planer 刨煤機(jī)

Face conveyor 工作面運(yùn)輸機(jī)

Pan line,”溜子”

Chain conveyor 鏈?zhǔn)竭\(yùn)輸機(jī)

Scraper chain conveyor 刮板輸送機(jī)

Armored chain conveyor 鎧裝運(yùn)輸機(jī) Roof support system：頂板支護(hù)系統(tǒng)

Friction props：摩擦支柱

Friction metal props：摩擦支柱

Hydraulic prop：液壓支柱

Single/Individual hydraulic prop 單體液壓支柱

Hydraulic powered self-advanced support：液壓自移式支架

roof support 頂板支架 stage loader：轉(zhuǎn)載機(jī)

panel belt conveyor 區(qū)段皮帶運(yùn)輸機(jī) electrical control 電力控制裝置/設(shè)備 hydraulic pump 液壓泵站

blast mining technology 爆破采煤工藝 conventionally mechanized mining technology 普通機(jī)械化采煤

fully mechanized mining technology 綜合機(jī)械化采煤

fully mechanized mining with sublevel caving technology 綜采放頂煤方法

Chapter 4.2 Ground control

工作面周?chē)貙樱?/p>

Overlying strata 上覆地層： Main roof 老頂，基本頂 Immediate roof 直接頂

Gob采空區(qū)--Face—rib（煤壁）Floor 底板

Underlying strata下伏地層

Ground control頂板處理方式：（1）Caving；（2）Pack。

Stable 切口，機(jī)窩

dead work 準(zhǔn)備工作，非生產(chǎn)性工作。Mobile belt conveyor 可移式膠帶運(yùn)輸機(jī) No exception 無(wú)一例外

regular maintenance n.日常修理,定期檢修 Downtime 停工期(由于損壞、修理等原因造成的停機(jī)時(shí)間),停工時(shí)間,停機(jī)時(shí)間

Clearance 空隙

Immediate area of the face：工作面的直接區(qū)域

Rib line 煤壁線(xiàn)，腰線(xiàn) heading 掘進(jìn)頭，平巷 up to dip 沿傾斜上行

Compression strength 壓縮強(qiáng)度 Underlying strata 下伏地層 bed separation 離層 On strike 沿走向 Rad ＝ radian，弧度 Cleat 解理

Hold true 有效，適用

Half butt cutting 半垂直切割 Angle of attack 沖角

virgin conditions 原始條件； Harder roof strata Softer coal seam――uniformly distributed stress，the overburden weight Harder floor strata induced by mining 采動(dòng)引起的 Stress distribution 應(yīng)力分布

Deflect 偏斜，偏轉(zhuǎn)，撓曲，下垂 Cave in 冒頂，垮落

Front abutment pressure 前方支承壓力 Side abutment pressure 側(cè)向支承壓力 Rear abutment pressure 后方支承壓力 前方支承壓力： 分布范圍：

150m first felt/occur出現(xiàn)，有反應(yīng)，有感應(yīng)；

45－60m pick up slightly略有增長(zhǎng)，略有加速；

15－21m increase rapidly迅速增長(zhǎng)；

1.5-5m支承壓力峰值 peak abutment pressure magnitude of the peak abutment pressure峰值大?。?.5-5 overburdern weight

后方壓力：vertical pressure

face area：far below the cover load gob area：gradually increase at last：the cover load

范圍：0.3-0.4 the overburden thickness.No abutment pressure Side abutment

First felt：At the same time as the front abutment pressure

范圍：from the rib to 1/3 or 1/4 h

largest at the ribside, decrease exponentially with distance from rib

position of peak pressure：0.015h

Magnitude depend on the thickness and length of the immediate roof hanging in the gob.Gob area 采空區(qū)

穩(wěn)定--?slip, sag, separate--?cave in Face area 工作面區(qū)

Support the immediate roof Solid coal 實(shí)體煤

Chapter 4.3 Roof support system

Face-to-gob distance 控頂距，工作面到采空區(qū)的距離。

Yield pressure 屈服壓力 support resistance 支架阻力 Face-to-tip distance 端面距 Precut 預(yù)切割 Frames 節(jié)式支架 Stroke 行程

Chock support 垛式支架

Double-acting ram 雙作用千斤頂

Web cut 截深

Shields 掩護(hù)式支架 Double link 雙鍵

Lemniscate 雙紐線(xiàn)，四聯(lián)桿

Roof canopy 頂梁

Chock-Shield支撐掩護(hù)式支架 leg，prop 立柱

canopy 頂梁

forward canopy 前梁

rear canopy 尾梁

caving shield 掩護(hù)梁

flipper，spauling shield 護(hù)幫板

slider, jack board 插板

ram，cylinder，jack 千斤頂

hose 油管

emulsion 乳化液

valve 閥

support yielding 支架卸載

Chapter 4.4 Longwall coal-getting machine

miner，mining machine 采煤機(jī)

continuous miner 連續(xù)采煤機(jī)

shearer 滾筒采煤機(jī)

motor 電動(dòng)機(jī)、馬達(dá)

electric motor 電機(jī)

haulage gearcase 牽引部

gearhead 傳動(dòng)部

cutter drum gearcase 滾筒截割部

bedplate 底盤(pán)、底座

control unit 控制裝置

chain 鏈條

reducing gear box 減速箱

pillboard 擋煤板

cowl 擋煤板

bit 截齒

drum 滾筒

ranging-arm 搖臂

gear 齒輪

track 軌道

gear track 齒軌

gearcase

n.齒輪箱 Rotor 轉(zhuǎn)子

Chapter 4.5 Conveying system

flexible flight conveyor / face chain conveyor 工作面可彎曲刮板輸送機(jī)

main components 主要部件 drive head機(jī)頭部

electric motor電動(dòng)機(jī)

Hydraulic coupling液力聯(lián)軸器 speed reducer減速器

chain wheel / sprocket鏈輪

drive head frame機(jī)頭架

middle sections中間部

line pan溜槽

flight / scraper刮板

link chain刮板鏈 endless chain無(wú)極鏈

機(jī)尾部 tail end 機(jī)尾架 Drive end frame 鏈輪 sprocket 附屬裝置 auxiliary drives/units 擋煤板 spillboard / spill plate(cowl 罩，外殼)

鏟煤板 ramp plate 千斤頂 jack

chain drive鏈?zhǔn)絺鲃?dòng)：

classification according to chain arrangement

雙邊鏈 double strand outboard chain 三鏈 triple strand chain 單中鏈 single middle chain 雙中鏈 double middle chain 新型刮板輸送機(jī)

側(cè)卸式 side-loading fight conveyor 垂直轉(zhuǎn)彎式 roller-curve fight conveyor 轉(zhuǎn)載機(jī)Transfer conveyor

A short heavy flexible flight conveyor 橋式轉(zhuǎn)載機(jī)（bridge）stage loader 區(qū)段皮帶輸送機(jī) Main components 皮帶 belt

托輥 roller 支撐托輥 supporting roller 機(jī)架 frame 傳動(dòng)裝置 drive unit 電動(dòng)機(jī) electric motor 聯(lián)軸器 coupling 減速器 speed reducer 滾筒 drum ① 卸載滾筒 unloaded drum ② 機(jī)尾導(dǎo)向滾筒 tail guide drum ③ 拉緊滾筒 take-up drum ④ 機(jī)尾導(dǎo)向滾筒guide drum 拉緊裝置 take-up units 制動(dòng)裝置Braking devices 采區(qū)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)： 上山 rise 下山 dip Dip angle ≤15° belt conveyor 15°＜Dip angle≤25° chain conveyor Dip angle＞25° ceramic conveyor 水平運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)

水平運(yùn)輸大巷 horizontal haulage entry belt conveyor 礦車(chē) trolley wagons 機(jī)車(chē) locomotive 電力機(jī)車(chē) trolley locomotive 蓄電池機(jī)車(chē) battery locomotive 礦車(chē) wagon 固定箱式礦車(chē)Fixed box wagon Tipping bucket wagon Front unloading wagon

底卸式礦車(chē)Bottom-dump wagon 立井提升系統(tǒng)

礦井提升系統(tǒng)Mine hoist system 提升機(jī)Engine hoist 鋼絲繩 wire rope 天輪 head sheave（n.滑輪）

Chapter 4.6 Ventilation system

箕斗 skip

輔助運(yùn)輸 auxiliary transportation

Transportation of material, equipment, waste and personnel 材料、設(shè)備、矸石、人員

副井Auxiliary shaft Similar to main shaft

罐籠Cage――hoist container 斜井Slope

In the slope, material and equipment are usually transported by direct rope hoist and endless rope hoist.While the waste is transported by skip and train according to the dip angle.The personnel are transported by a special man-car in the slope.水平運(yùn)輸大巷 horizontal haulage entry Electric locomotive haul the wagons to transport material, equipment, waste.Electric locomotive haul the special man-cars to transport miners.采區(qū)上下山 district rise and dip 1）有極繩提升Direct rope hoist dip angle：8-22

鋼絲繩的一端與礦車(chē)相連，通過(guò)絞車(chē)（winch）放出和收回。

2）無(wú)極繩提升Endless rope hoist dip angle：≤10 區(qū)段運(yùn)輸

Tail entry：wagons ＋ wire rope Overhead monorail 單軌吊

Overhead endless rope hoist Transfer conveyor 轉(zhuǎn)載運(yùn)輸機(jī) Stage loader 橋式轉(zhuǎn)載機(jī)

Roller curve conveyor 滾軸轉(zhuǎn)彎運(yùn)輸機(jī)

風(fēng)機(jī)：Ventilation fan 回風(fēng)井：Return shaft 進(jìn)風(fēng)井：Intake shaft Working face Intake working 回風(fēng)巷道：Return roadway 新鮮風(fēng)：Fresh air Air flow 乏風(fēng)：Dirty air 回風(fēng)系統(tǒng)：

抽出式通風(fēng)：Exhaust ventilation 負(fù)壓 negative pressure 壓入式通風(fēng)：Forced ventilation 正壓 Positive pressure 風(fēng)機(jī)類(lèi)型：

離心式風(fēng)機(jī)：Centrifugal fan； 軸流式風(fēng)機(jī)：Axial flow fan。通風(fēng)設(shè)施：Ventilating structures 風(fēng)墻：Ventilation wall 風(fēng)門(mén)：Air door 風(fēng)橋：Air bridge

Air regulator

防塵、滅塵：Dust suppression water spray 灑水，mist spray 噴霧

固定滾筒雙向截割采煤機(jī) fixed-drum bi-directional shearer

單滾筒可調(diào)高采煤機(jī) single-drum ranging-arm shearer

雙滾筒可調(diào)高采煤機(jī) double-dram ranging-arm shearer 礦井瓦斯：mine gas

瓦斯：gas，methane，firedamp

All hazardous gases in underground coal mines, its major component is CH4.Colorless, odorless, nonpoisonous, Combustible.Its density is less than that of the air, so it often accumulates near the roof.Gas/methane control瓦斯控制 Gassy mine 高瓦斯礦井

Chapter 5 Pillar system

Two distinct phases of operation：

First rooms and pillars are developed in a section.The second is mining pillars.Two basic mining methods: Conventional mining method.普通采煤方法

Cutting 掏槽 at the bottom of the coal seam a horizontal slot is 6-9 inch, 5-7feet deep Drilling 鉆眼 the optimum number and location of boreholes coal fragments after blasting neither too big nor too small for efficient loading.Blasting 爆破 explosives are loaded into each borehole and detonated n.起爆

Loading 裝煤 shuttle car?section belt conveyor.Two shuttle cars are used.roof bolting 頂板錨桿支護(hù)

為了充分發(fā)揮設(shè)備和人員的能力，至少同時(shí)掘進(jìn)5個(gè)平行的巷道。

由于生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)多、分散，逐漸被連續(xù)采煤方法取代。

Continuous mining method.連續(xù)采煤方法 I continuous miner ＋ shuttle car 連續(xù)采煤機(jī)＋梭車(chē)工藝

＋ section belt conveyor ＋ roof bolting

間斷運(yùn)輸工藝 II continuous miner ＋(intermediate)conveyors 連續(xù)采煤機(jī)＋輸送機(jī)工藝 ＋ section belt conveyor ＋ roof bolting 連續(xù)的運(yùn)輸工藝

Pillar recovery 回收煤柱

There are three methods of extracting pillars, open-end method, pocket and wing method and splitting method.open-end method 開(kāi)端式

pocket and wing method 袋翼式 splitting 劈柱式

pillar?blocks?lifts/slices 煤柱――塊――切塊

Coal property 煤礦 Area 盤(pán)區(qū)

Set of entries 巷道群 Engineer vt.設(shè)計(jì)

Slough 脫落，剝落，碎落；崩落，坍塌，滑坍

Crush 壓碎

A function of 是…的函數(shù)，隨…而變。Relative strength 相對(duì)強(qiáng)度 Clearance 凈空 Block of coal Room work Cutting consequence 切割順序 Face mining cycle 工作面開(kāi)采循環(huán)

Mining practice 開(kāi)采

Colloquial [ kE5lEukwiEl ] adj.口語(yǔ)的, 通俗的

Dictate 規(guī)定，制定 Outline 形成…輪廓 Incorporate … as …

Ample 充足的，豐富的 solid work

chain pillar 巷道煤柱 lessen 減少，減輕 lift 小煤塊、slice 切塊

physical condition n.實(shí)際條件 post 柱子，支柱 stump 煤柱 slab平板

fender 煤柱，窄煤柱 hand loading 人工裝載 common practice 慣例

concurrently n.同時(shí)發(fā)生地,并行地 in place 就地，原地；在地層內(nèi) ride over 騎馬來(lái)，跨在…上

masonry n.磚石工程,磚石建筑 砌筑。Masonry stopping 砌筑風(fēng)墻 Canvas stopping 帆布風(fēng)簾 Line Brattice 縱向風(fēng)障 Loading station 裝車(chē)點(diǎn)

Chapter 6 Roadway excavation and support Roadway section巷道斷面 掘進(jìn) drive, tunnel, excavate平巷掘進(jìn)Drifting

巷道掘進(jìn) roadway excavation平巷掘進(jìn) n.drifting 沉井，鑿井 n.sinking 上山掘進(jìn) n.raising 下山掘進(jìn) n.1）The shape of roadway section斷面形狀

巷道斷面形狀主要取決于地層條件、服務(wù)年限和支護(hù)材料。

The shape of roadway section depends mainly on strata conditions，the serving life and supporting materials.井筒Shaft , circular 大巷Main entry , arched, horseshoe 上山 rise, ladder-shaped, trapezoidal 順槽Gateway , ladder-shaped, trapezoidal 2）The size of roadway section斷面尺寸 巷道斷面尺寸主要取決于巷道的用途。

The size of roadway section depends mainly on its use.它取決于運(yùn)輸或提升設(shè)備或其它設(shè)備的尺寸，還要根據(jù)通風(fēng)要求對(duì)巷道斷面尺寸加以修改。

It is dependent on haulage or hoisting equipment or other devices used，and it is modified according to the ventilation requirement.凈寬，net width；凈高 net height；凈斷面面積 net section area。2 Roadway excavation in rocks巖巷掘進(jìn) 炮掘，爆破掘進(jìn)：blasting excavation 裝巖，除渣：mucking 掘進(jìn)工藝包括主要作業(yè)和輔助作業(yè)，其中主要作業(yè)包括破巖、裝巖、運(yùn)輸、支護(hù)，輔助作業(yè)包括通風(fēng)、鋪設(shè)軌道、挖掘排水溝、鋪設(shè)管線(xiàn)等等。

The excavation technique consists of main operations including breaking, loading, haulage and support, and auxiliary work including ventilation, laying the track, digging ditches and laying pipes etc.1）Breaking 破巖

打眼放炮是目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的破巖方法。

Drilling and blasting is the most widely used method of rock breaking at present.（1）drilling Drill n.鉆機(jī)

氣動(dòng)輕型鉆機(jī)，風(fēng)鉆Air-jackleg 氣腿式鉆機(jī)Air-jack leg drill 架式鉆機(jī)Drifter

鉆車(chē)，鑿巖臺(tái)車(chē) Jumbo, drill carriage 濕式鉆進(jìn) Wet drilling 干式鉆進(jìn) Dry drilling 鉆孔 borehole（2）Blasting 爆破 炸藥：Explosive 裝藥：Load explosive in the borehole, charge 起爆：detonate?雷管：detonator；電雷管：electric detonator 炮眼布置方式：drilling pattern 掏槽眼：cut hole 輔助眼：auxiliary hole 周邊眼：trim hole 頂眼：roof hole 幫眼：flank hole 底眼：Bottom hole 起爆順序：firing sequence Cut?auxiliary?roof & flank?bottom The type of explosive used, rock properties, and method of loading and sequence of firing the holes, affect hole depth, diameter, alignment and spacing.采用的炸藥的類(lèi)型、巖石的特性、裝巖方法、各個(gè)鉆孔的起爆順序，這些都影響著鉆孔深度、直徑、排列和間距的確定。

A blast round consists of cut, relief, breast, and trim holes.一個(gè)爆破炮眼組包括掏槽眼、輔助眼、壓眼和邊界眼。2）Excavation face ventilation 掘進(jìn)面通風(fēng) Fan 風(fēng)機(jī) Air pipe 風(fēng)筒

3）loading and haulage 裝巖和運(yùn)輸 鏟斗裝巖機(jī)Shovel mucker 耙斗裝巖機(jī)Scraper mucker

機(jī)車(chē)＋礦車(chē)Locomotive ＋ wagons 4）support 支護(hù) Roadway excavation in coals煤巷掘進(jìn)

1）conventional excavation of coal drift 傳統(tǒng)的煤層平巷掘進(jìn)法 Breaking is by means of drilling and blasting.手持式電鉆：handheld electric drill loading: hand loading 人工裝煤

scraper mucker：耙斗裝煤機(jī) coal loader：裝煤機(jī)

扒抓，蟹抓2 gathering-arms 刮板輸送機(jī)：1 scraper conveyor 2）綜掘 fully mechanized excavation（1）gateway machine平巷掘進(jìn)機(jī) 組成： 掘進(jìn)頭，（boom）cutterhead，cutting head 裝煤裝置：loading mechanism 扒抓，蟹抓gathering-arm 刮板輸送機(jī)：scraper conveyor haulage：

皮帶輸送機(jī)：belt stage-loader mechanism 履帶行走裝置：crawler travel mechanism 支撐千斤頂：supporting cylinders，用來(lái)固定機(jī)器 other cylinders，control cutterhead 液控箱hydraulic control box 操作：

操作時(shí)，首先驅(qū)動(dòng)履帶行走裝置，使得切削頭碰到煤壁； 然后，伸長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)向千斤頂和后部千斤頂，支撐到巷道上； 這樣就固定住了掘進(jìn)機(jī)。

然后，切割頭在掘進(jìn)面底部的一側(cè)鉆入煤壁。操作水平擺動(dòng)千斤頂，使切割頭割到底部的另外一側(cè)，這就在掘進(jìn)面底部完成了一刀作業(yè)。

操作升降千斤頂，使切割頭向上割一定距離（切割頭的直徑），然后用相同的方法再割第二刀。

執(zhí)行這個(gè)循環(huán)作業(yè)，直到割完整個(gè)斷面。

平巷掘進(jìn)機(jī)可以掘出任何形狀和尺寸的斷面，如圓形、馬蹄形、拱形和長(zhǎng)方形。

Gateway machine can excavate any size and shape of cross section: circular, horseshoe, arched and rectangular.（2）continuous miner 連續(xù)采煤機(jī) roof bolter 錨桿安裝機(jī)，錨桿機(jī)。

The roof bolter is a rubber-tired vehicle used to drill and insert bolts into the roof to support it.錨桿機(jī)是一個(gè)用來(lái)打錨桿眼安裝錨桿來(lái)支護(hù)頂板的機(jī)器，它是用膠輪行走的。4 Roadway supporting 巷道支護(hù) 永久性支護(hù)：permanent support 臨時(shí)性支柱：temporary support 剛性支護(hù)：rigid support 柔性支護(hù)：yieldable support 主動(dòng)支護(hù)：active support 被動(dòng)支護(hù)：negetive support 類(lèi)型：

（1）木支架：timber support 梯形巷道：basic form：1 beam ＋ 2 posts 基本形式：一梁二柱

（2）鋼支架：steel rib support 梯形巷道：1 beam ＋ 2 posts，工字鋼：I-steel 拱形巷道：U-steel arch yieldable support U形剛拱形可縮型支架

（3）塊石或混凝土砌碹：stone or concrete lining 直墻拱形：straight-sided arch（4）錨桿支護(hù)bolting support Enhance the self-supporting capability of surrounding rock.提高了圍巖的自承能力。噴射混凝土：shotcreting 錨噴：bolting and shotcreting 錨網(wǎng)：bolting and metal mesh 錨索：anchored cable 錨注：bolting and injecting The length of time the rock safely can be left unsupported will greatly effect the overall drifting-operation cycle.巖石開(kāi)挖后無(wú)支護(hù)而且安全的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度，即拱橋作用的時(shí)間，對(duì)于整個(gè)平巷掘進(jìn)工藝循環(huán)有著很大的影響。

In some cases, no support is needed.In others, close support, or support ahead of the last set, is required.在一些情況下，不需要進(jìn)行巷道支護(hù)。

其它的情況，需要及時(shí)支護(hù)，或者超前最后一個(gè)支架進(jìn)行支護(hù)。超前支護(hù)：Advancing support 導(dǎo)管：Pipe spilling

Chapter 7 Novel mining methods

Novel mining methods新型采礦方法 掘進(jìn) drive, tunnel, excavate 巷道掘進(jìn) roadway excavation平巷掘進(jìn) n.drifting 沉井，鑿井 n.sinking 上山掘進(jìn) n.raising Term vt 稱(chēng)為；把…叫做

Warrant n.許可證,保證,理由,執(zhí)照;vt.向...保證,批準(zhǔn), 使有正當(dāng)理由 Curiosity n.奇特性,好奇心,珍品 Auger mining 螺旋鉆開(kāi)采法

Leaching 溶浸法；leach vt.過(guò)濾 borehole mining 鉆井采礦法

oblivion n.遺忘, 湮沒(méi)

on the verge of 接近于, 瀕臨于

technology transfer 技術(shù)推廣,技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓 R&D 研發(fā)，研究和開(kāi)發(fā) Stoping，回采，采礦法 Sublevel，分段

Commodity n.礦種,礦產(chǎn)

Viability [ 7vaiE5biliti ] n.生存能力, 發(fā)育能力

Tie to 依靠，依賴(lài)

synthetic fuel 人造燃料,合成燃料 cartel 企業(yè)聯(lián)合，卡特爾

intriguing adj.迷人的, 有迷惑力的 unconsolidated 未固結(jié)的，非膠結(jié)的，疏松的

extraterrestrial adj.地球外的 untried 未試過(guò)的

Nonetheless adv.雖然如此, 但是

Deterrent [ di`tE:rEnt ] n.阻礙,威脅力量 Roadheader 巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī) Mole 隧道全斷面掘進(jìn)機(jī)

TBM隧道掘進(jìn)機(jī) SBM井筒掘進(jìn)機(jī)

Coin v.創(chuàng)造，杜撰（新詞）

Overbreak，overexcavate 超挖 欠挖

alignment n.定線(xiàn),準(zhǔn)線(xiàn),校正，定位 pilot hole 導(dǎo)向鉆孔，導(dǎo)洞 in terms of 根據(jù)，在…方面 13

第二篇：城市規(guī)劃專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯集[模版]

城市規(guī)劃專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯集

urban planning城市規(guī)劃

town planning城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃

act of urban planning城市規(guī)劃法

urban comprehensive planning城市總體規(guī)劃

urban detailed planning城市詳細(xì)規(guī)劃

Residential district detailed planning 修建性詳規(guī)

regulatory detailed planning控制性詳規(guī)

規(guī)劃類(lèi)的專(zhuān)業(yè)課程

regional planning區(qū)域規(guī)劃

urban system planning城鎮(zhèn)體系規(guī)劃

urban sociology城市社會(huì)學(xué)

urban economic城市經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

urban geography城市地理學(xué)

urban infrastructure planning城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)劃

water supply and drainage electricity supplyroad building城市供水、供電、道路修建 urban road system and transportation planning城市道路系統(tǒng)和交通規(guī)劃

urban road cross-section城市道路橫斷面

urban management information system城市管理信息系統(tǒng)

GIS: geography information system地理信息系統(tǒng)

RS: remote sensing遙感

Gardening: Landscape architecture園林=營(yíng)造景觀(guān)學(xué)

Urban landscape planning and design城市景觀(guān)規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)

Urban green space system planning城市綠地系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃

Urban design城市設(shè)計(jì)

Land-use planning土地利用規(guī)劃

The cultural and historic planning歷史文化名城

Protection planning保護(hù)規(guī)劃

Urbanization城市化

Suburbanization郊區(qū)化

Public participation公眾參與

Sustainable development(sustainability)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展（可持續(xù)性）

Over-all urban layout城市整體布局

Pedestrian crossing人行橫道

Human scale人體尺寸

Street furniture街道小品

(sculpture fountaintea bar)（雕塑、噴泉、茶吧）

Traffic and parking交通與停車(chē) Landscape node景觀(guān)節(jié)點(diǎn)

Brief history of urban planning短暫的歷史的城市規(guī)劃

Archaeological考古學(xué)的Habitat住處

Aesthetics美學(xué)

Geometrical幾何學(xué)的Moat護(hù)城河

Vehicles車(chē)輛，交通工具 mechanization機(jī)械化 merchant-trader商人階級(jí) urban elements城市要素 plazas廣場(chǎng) malls林蔭道

Adaptable適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的 Organic entity有機(jī)體 Department stores百貨商店 Opera歌劇院

Symphony交響樂(lè)團(tuán) Cathedrals教堂 Density密度 Circulation循環(huán)

Elimination of water水處理措施 In three dimensional form三維的 Condemn譴責(zé) Rural area農(nóng)村地區(qū)

Regional planning agencies 區(qū)域規(guī)劃?rùn)C(jī)構(gòu) Service-oriented以服務(wù)為宗旨的 Frame of reference參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Distribute分類(lèi) Water area水域 Alteration變更 Inhabitants居民

Motorway高速公路 Update改造 Edifices建筑群

雅典憲章 Residence居住 Employment工作 Recreation休憩 Transportation交通

Urban fringes城市邊緣

Anti-前綴，反對(duì)……的；如：antinuclear反核的 anticlockwise逆時(shí)針的Pro-前綴，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American 親美的pro-education重教育的Sewage污水 Sewer污水管

Sewage treatment plant 污水處理廠(chǎng) Brain drain人才流失 Drainage area匯水面積 Traffic flow交通量

Traffic concentration 交通密度

Traffic control交通管制

Traffic bottleneck交通瓶頸地段 Traffic island交通島（轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)）Traffic point city交通樞紐城市 Train-make-up編組站

Urban redevelopment舊城改造 Urban revitalization城市復(fù)蘇

Urban fabric城市結(jié)構(gòu) Urban form城市形體

Material processing center原料加工中心 Religious edifices宗教建筑 Correctional institution教養(yǎng)院

Transportation interface交通分界面

CBD=central business district城市中心商業(yè)區(qū) Public agencies of parking停車(chē)公共管理機(jī)構(gòu) Energy conservation節(jié) 能 Individual building單一建筑 Mega-structures大型建筑 Megalopolis特大城市

Rresidence居住用地黃色 Ccommercial商業(yè)用地紅色 Mmanufacture工業(yè)用地紫褐色 Wwarehouse倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)用地紫色 Ttransportation 交通用地藍(lán)灰色 Ssquare道路廣場(chǎng)用地留白處理

Uutilities市政公共設(shè)施用地接近藍(lán)灰色 Ggreen space綠地綠色 Pparticular特殊用地 E水域及其他用地

（除E外，其他合為城市建設(shè)用地）Accessibility可達(dá)性；易接近Service radius服務(wù)半徑

Topography地形圖 Well-matched相匹配 Visual landscape視覺(jué)景觀(guān) Visual environment 視覺(jué)環(huán)境

Visual landscape capacity 視覺(jué)景觀(guān)容量 Tour industry旅游業(yè) Service industry 服務(wù)業(yè) Relief road輔助道路 Rural population 城鎮(zhèn)居民 Roofline屋頂輪廓線(xiàn)

風(fēng)景園林四大要素：landscape plant；architecture/building；topography；water

Nature reserve自然保護(hù)區(qū) Civic enterprise市政企業(yè)

Artery動(dòng)脈，干道，大道 Land developer土地開(kāi)發(fā)商 Broad thorough-fare 主干道 Water supply and drainage

A water supply for a town城市給水系統(tǒng) Storage reservoir水庫(kù)，蓄水庫(kù) Distribution reservoir水庫(kù)，配水庫(kù) Distribution pipes配水管網(wǎng) 城市規(guī)劃實(shí)施city planning implementation 城市規(guī)劃管理city planning management, city planning administration

城市規(guī)劃綱要city planning outline 城市規(guī)劃標(biāo)準(zhǔn)city planning standard 城市市區(qū)部分city proper 城市選址city sitting 城市規(guī)模city size 城市廣場(chǎng)city square 城[墻]city wall

Water engineer給水工程師 Distribution system配水系統(tǒng) Catchment area匯水面積 Open channel明渠

Sewerage system污水系統(tǒng)，排污體制 Separate分流制 Combined合流制 Rainfall降水

Domestic waste生活污水 Industrical waste工業(yè)污水 Stream flow河流流量 Runoff徑流

Treatment plant處理廠(chǎng) Sub-main次干管 Branch sewer支管

City water department城市供水部門(mén)

Spatial structure空間轉(zhuǎn)移 Blueprints藍(lán)圖

License執(zhí)照，許可證

Hydroelectric power source水利資源 Monuments紀(jì)念物

High-rise apartment高層建筑物 Lawn草地 Pavement人行道 Sidewalk人行道

Winding street曲折的路 Metropolis都市

Construction work市政建設(shè) Slums平民窟 Alleys大街小巷 Populate居住 Gothic哥特式

Renaissance文藝復(fù)興式 Baroque巴洛克式

城市規(guī)劃區(qū)city planning area

城市景觀(guān) 城市藝術(shù) cityscape, urban landscape civic art

第三篇：城市規(guī)劃專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯集

專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯集

urban planning城市規(guī)劃

town planning城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃

act of urban planning城市規(guī)劃法

urban comprehensive planning城市總體規(guī)劃

urban detailed planning城市詳細(xì)規(guī)劃

Residentiral district detailed planning 修建性詳規(guī)

regulatory detailed planning控制性詳規(guī)

規(guī)劃類(lèi)的專(zhuān)業(yè)課程

reginal planning區(qū)域規(guī)劃

urban system planning城鎮(zhèn)體系規(guī)劃

urban sociology城市社會(huì)學(xué)

urban economic城市經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

urban geograghy城市地理學(xué)

urban infrastructure planning城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)劃

water supply and drainage electricity supplyroad building

城市供水、供電、道路修建

urban road system and transportation planning城市道路系統(tǒng)和交通規(guī)劃 urban road cross-section城市道路橫斷面

urban management information system城市管理信息系統(tǒng) GIS =geograghy information system地理信息系統(tǒng)

RS=remote sensing遙感

Gardening==Landscape architecture園林=營(yíng)造景觀(guān)學(xué) Urban landscape planning and design城市景觀(guān)規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì) Urban green space system planning城市綠地系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃 Urban design城市設(shè)計(jì)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Land-use planning土地利用規(guī)劃

The cultural and historic planning歷史文化名城

Protection planning保護(hù)規(guī)劃

Urbanization城市化

Suburbanization郊區(qū)化

Public participation公眾參與

Sustainable development(sustainability)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展（可持續(xù)性）Over-all urban layout城市整體布局

Pedestrian crossing人行橫道

Human scale人體尺寸

Street furniture街道小品

(sculpture fountaintea bar)（雕塑、噴泉、茶吧）Traffic and parking交通與停車(chē)

Landscape node景觀(guān)節(jié)點(diǎn)

---------

Archaeological考古學(xué)的Habitat住處

Aesthetics美學(xué)

Geometrical幾何學(xué)的Moat護(hù)城河

Vehicles車(chē)輛，交通工具,mechanization機(jī)械化

merchant-trader商人階級(jí)

urban elements城市要素

plazas廣場(chǎng)

malls林蔭道

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The city and region

Adaptable適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的Organic entity有機(jī)體

Department stores百貨商店

Opera歌劇院

Symphony交響樂(lè)團(tuán)

Cathedrals教堂

Density密度

Circulation循環(huán)

Elimination of water 水處理措施

In three dimensional form 三維的Condemn譴責(zé)

Rural area農(nóng)村地區(qū)

Regional planning agencies 區(qū)域規(guī)劃?rùn)C(jī)構(gòu)

Service-oriented以服務(wù)為宗旨的Frame of reference參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Distribute分類(lèi)

Water area水域

Alteration變更

Inhabitants居民

Motorway高速公路

Update改造

論文寫(xiě)作

Abstract摘要

Key words關(guān)鍵詞

Reference參考資料

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Urban problem

Dimension大小

Descendant子孫，后代

Luxury奢侈

Dwelling住所

Edifices建筑群

雅典憲章

Residence居住

Employment工作

Recreation休憩

Transportation交通

Swallow吞咽，燕子

Urban fringes城市邊緣

Anti-前綴，反對(duì)……的；如：antinuclear反核的 anticlockwise逆時(shí)針的Pro-前綴，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American 親美的pro-education重教育的 Grant助學(xué)金，基金

Sewage污水

Sewer污水管

Sewage treatment plant 污水處理廠(chǎng)

Brain drain人才流失

Drainage area匯水面積

Traffic flow交通量

Traffic concentration 交通密度

Traffic control交通管制

Traffic bottleneck交通瓶頸地段

Traffic island交通島（轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)）

Traffic point city交通樞紐城市

Train-make-up編組站

Urban redevelopment舊城改造

Urban revitalization城市復(fù)蘇

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Urban Function

Urban fabric城市結(jié)構(gòu)

Urban form城市形體

Warehouse倉(cāng)庫(kù)

Material processing center原料加工中心

Religious edifices宗教建筑

Correctional institution教養(yǎng)院

Transportation interface交通分界面

CBD=central business district 城市中心商業(yè)區(qū)

Public agencies of parking停車(chē)公共管理機(jī)構(gòu)

Energy conservation節(jié) 能

Individual building單一建筑

Mega-structures大型建筑

Mega-大，百萬(wàn)，強(qiáng)

Megalopolis 特大城市

Megaton百萬(wàn)噸

Rresidence居住用地黃色

Ccommercial商業(yè)用地紅色

Mmanufacture工業(yè)用地紫褐色

Wwarehouse倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)用地紫色

Ttransportation 交通用地藍(lán)灰色 Ssquare道路廣場(chǎng)用地 留白處理

Uutilities市政公共設(shè)施用地 接近藍(lán)灰色 Ggreen space綠地綠色

Pparticular特殊用地

E水域及其他用地

（除E外，其他合為城市建設(shè)用地）Corporate公司的，法人的Corporation公司企業(yè)

Accessibility可達(dá)性；易接近

Service radius 服務(wù)半徑

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Urban landscape

Topography地形圖

Well-matched相匹配

Ill-matched

Visual landscape視覺(jué)景觀(guān)

Visual environment 視覺(jué)環(huán)境

Visual landscape capacity 視覺(jué)景觀(guān)容量 Tour industry旅游業(yè)

Service industry 服務(wù)業(yè)

Relief road輔助道路

Rural population 城鎮(zhèn)居民

Roofline屋頂輪廓線(xiàn)

風(fēng)景園林四大要素：landscape plant

architecture/building

topography

water

Urban design

Nature reserve自然保護(hù)區(qū)

Civic enterprise市政企業(yè)

Artery動(dòng)脈，干道，大道

Land developer土地開(kāi)發(fā)商

Broad thorough-fare 主干道

--------------------Water supply and drainage

A water supply for a town城市給水系統(tǒng) Storage reservoir水庫(kù)，蓄水庫(kù) Distribution reservoir水庫(kù)，配水庫(kù) Distribution pipes配水管網(wǎng)

Water engineer給水工程師 Distribution system配水系統(tǒng)

Catchment area匯水面積

Open channel明渠

Sewerage system污水系統(tǒng)，排污體制 Separate分流制

Combined合流制

Rainfall降水

Domestic waste生活污水

Industrical waste工業(yè)污水

Stream flow河流流量

Runoff徑流

Treatment plant處理廠(chǎng)

Sub-main次干管

Branch sewer支管

City water department城市供水部門(mén)-------------------Urbanization

Spatial structure空間轉(zhuǎn)移

Labor force勞動(dòng)力

Renewable可再生*

Biosphere生物圈

Planned cities

Blueprints藍(lán)圖

License執(zhí)照，許可證

Minerals礦物

Hydroelectric power source 水利資源 Monuments紀(jì)念物

High-rise apartment高層建筑物 Lawn草地

Pavement人行道

Sidewalk人行道

Winding street曲折的路

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A view of Venice

Metropolis都市

Construction work 市政建設(shè)

Slums平民窟

Alleys大街小巷

Populate居住

Gothic哥特式

Renaissance文藝復(fù)興式

Baroque巴洛克式

第四篇：采礦工程

采礦工程——礦長(zhǎng)：采礦人的“最高境界”

周劍波談起采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)，大多數(shù)人都有一種“神秘”的感覺(jué)：采礦就是下礦井挖礦石吧，一定會(huì)干很多苦活累活吧！的確，所謂采礦，是指將有用礦物從地殼內(nèi)或地表開(kāi)采出來(lái)，并運(yùn)送到選礦廠(chǎng)或其它使用地點(diǎn)的一種生產(chǎn)過(guò)程和作業(yè)。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)講，就是“挖礦”。但是，這僅僅是“采礦”二字的含義，加上“工程”，就不能單純地理解為到礦山“挖礦”了。采礦工程是一種規(guī)模最大、最復(fù)雜的巖土工程，是應(yīng)用工程學(xué)知識(shí)和科學(xué)方法，來(lái)圈定、設(shè)計(jì)、開(kāi)拓和回采含有用礦物的礦床。而我們采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生，正是要學(xué)習(xí)這種礦床開(kāi)采的理論和方法。

采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)分為煤、金屬及非金屬方向，培養(yǎng)的是能掌握固體礦床開(kāi)采的基本知識(shí)、基本理論和基本技術(shù)，具備采礦工程師的基本能力，能從事礦區(qū)開(kāi)發(fā)規(guī)劃、礦床開(kāi)采(露天、地下)設(shè)計(jì)、礦山安全技術(shù)、工程監(jiān)察、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)管理以及科學(xué)研究與技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的高級(jí)應(yīng)用型工程技術(shù)人才。我們老師曾自豪地說(shuō)過(guò)：礦業(yè)公司的總工程師無(wú)一例外都是采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)出身，采礦人的“最高境界”是礦長(zhǎng)。

要成為總工程師或礦長(zhǎng)，必須具備全面的知識(shí)與素養(yǎng)。而采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)設(shè)的課程所涉及的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域是非常廣泛的，包括各種公共基礎(chǔ)課程，如高等數(shù)學(xué)、綜合外語(yǔ)、大學(xué)物理、計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理等，還有礦床開(kāi)采的基本理論與專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)以及巖土開(kāi)挖的基本知識(shí)。其中，主干學(xué)科是力學(xué)與礦業(yè)工程，主干課程包括工程制圖、工程力學(xué)、VB程序設(shè)計(jì)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、測(cè)量學(xué)、巖石力學(xué)、爆破工程、采掘機(jī)械、井巷工程、礦床地下開(kāi)采、礦床露天開(kāi)采、礦井通風(fēng)與安全。當(dāng)然，課程的設(shè)置會(huì)因?qū)W校和專(zhuān)業(yè)方向的不同而有所差異。

在目前的采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)培養(yǎng)中，課程雖然涉及面廣，但是真正“專(zhuān)業(yè)”的課程卻相對(duì)不足，采礦方法的創(chuàng)新比較困難。老師曾說(shuō)，我們現(xiàn)在用的教材跟上世紀(jì)七八十年代的教材的內(nèi)容是大同小異的，采礦方法在本質(zhì)上是基本相同的，近年來(lái)才發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了一些爆破技術(shù)和數(shù)字化礦山技術(shù)。與國(guó)外先進(jìn)礦山相比，我國(guó)的采礦技術(shù)與裝備、安全規(guī)范等都相對(duì)落后。因此，這也給我們新時(shí)代的采礦學(xué)子提供了廣闊的推陳出新的契機(jī)。

采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)的實(shí)踐性非常強(qiáng)，這也彌補(bǔ)了專(zhuān)業(yè)課相對(duì)不足的缺陷。主要的實(shí)驗(yàn)和實(shí)習(xí)有：工程訓(xùn)練、物理實(shí)驗(yàn)、電工電子技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)、巖石力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)、爆破實(shí)驗(yàn)、測(cè)量學(xué)實(shí)習(xí)、采礦專(zhuān)業(yè)認(rèn)識(shí)與地質(zhì)實(shí)習(xí)、生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)、畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)。通過(guò)這些實(shí)踐，學(xué)生能將理論與實(shí)際結(jié)合起來(lái)，既增加了趣味性，又掌握了知識(shí)、開(kāi)拓了視野。這也是采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)之處。選擇這個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)必須要有足夠的心理準(zhǔn)備！因?yàn)榈V山不可能建在城市里面或郊外，它只能在偏僻的地方。條件好點(diǎn)的礦山可能有自己的職工宿舍、娛樂(lè)設(shè)施，福利待遇也不錯(cuò)，還可以安置家屬；那些處在深山老林、窮鄉(xiāng)僻壤的礦山就算有很好的福利待遇，也抵不過(guò)艱苦的環(huán)境。所以，選擇這個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)必須要有吃苦耐勞、奉獻(xiàn)的精神，這不是嘴上說(shuō)說(shuō)能吃苦耐勞就可以的！我國(guó)礦山的安全隱患一直是個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題，尤其是煤礦，隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展與法律法規(guī)的不斷完善，礦山的安全系數(shù)越來(lái)越高了，安全事故逐年減少，礦山的安全隱患并不是人們想象中的那樣可怕。我們?nèi)サV山工作同樣必須掌握好技術(shù)，并時(shí)刻保持安全意識(shí)。此外，很多開(kāi)設(shè)采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)的院校是不招收女生的，就算招也不過(guò)幾個(gè)女生，這是由人的身體條件決定的，這并不是對(duì)女性的歧視，相反是出于尊重和保護(hù)。而男生到礦山工作，也可

能因?yàn)槿鄙倥远媾R著無(wú)法結(jié)婚生子的問(wèn)題。因此，選擇專(zhuān)業(yè)必須慎重考慮，結(jié)合自己的家庭因素與個(gè)人的興趣愛(ài)好，真正喜愛(ài)這個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)，全心全意地從事這個(gè)行業(yè)，才可能有所作為。

2011年6月，麥可思研究院發(fā)布的就業(yè)藍(lán)皮書(shū)《2012年中國(guó)大學(xué)生就業(yè)報(bào)告》中指出，采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)是2012年全國(guó)本科就業(yè)十大“綠牌”發(fā)展專(zhuān)業(yè)之一?！熬G牌”專(zhuān)業(yè)是指：月收入、就業(yè)率持續(xù)走高，失業(yè)量較低且就業(yè)滿(mǎn)意度較高的專(zhuān)業(yè)，為需求增長(zhǎng)型專(zhuān)業(yè)。可見(jiàn)，在我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)面臨較大壓力、部分礦產(chǎn)品價(jià)格下降的背景下，采礦工程畢業(yè)生仍然保持著較高的就業(yè)率，采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)人才仍是社會(huì)發(fā)展急需的人才。但是，高就業(yè)率不可能一成不變，四年過(guò)后國(guó)家政策、經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)可能發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變，就業(yè)形勢(shì)也會(huì)隨之改變。

除了直接面向礦山就業(yè)外，畢業(yè)后可以進(jìn)入政府管理部門(mén)從事能源開(kāi)發(fā)與規(guī)劃工作，進(jìn)入安監(jiān)局從事礦山安全監(jiān)管工作，也可進(jìn)入礦山設(shè)計(jì)研究院從事礦山開(kāi)采設(shè)計(jì)工作。但能夠得到這種“鐵飯碗”工作的本科生在極少數(shù)，一般情況下最低門(mén)檻是碩士研究生。如今，越來(lái)越多的同學(xué)選擇繼續(xù)深造，考研[微博]甚至考博，因?yàn)檠芯可厴I(yè)能進(jìn)入全國(guó)各大冶金設(shè)計(jì)院和省級(jí)設(shè)計(jì)院。

另外，對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)子來(lái)說(shuō)，也可以跨專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域就業(yè)。這就得益于較廣的課程學(xué)習(xí)。比如你對(duì)爆破感興趣，將來(lái)可以進(jìn)入爆破領(lǐng)域；采掘機(jī)械學(xué)得好，你可以從事機(jī)械制造行業(yè)；計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)過(guò)硬，你可以進(jìn)入礦山軟件公司；你也可以到與采礦工程專(zhuān)業(yè)毫不相關(guān)的行業(yè)工作?？傊灰阌心芰?、夠努力，相信“條條道路通羅馬”，你一定會(huì)找到屬于你自己的路！

擁有本專(zhuān)業(yè)國(guó)家特色專(zhuān)業(yè)院校名單：中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)、東北大學(xué)、重慶大學(xué)[微博]、貴州大學(xué)[微博]、西安科技大學(xué)、河北工程大學(xué)、內(nèi)蒙古科技大學(xué)、華北科技學(xué)院、江西理工大學(xué)、河南理工大學(xué)等。

第五篇：專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)結(jié)課作業(yè) 人文地理學(xué) 研究生二年級(jí)

專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)結(jié)課作業(yè)

——李寧 2012級(jí)人文地理

On Financing Models of Real Estate

Enterprise

房地產(chǎn)公司的融資模式

Abstract: Against the background that the central government is strengthening macro control and tightening credit scale of real estate businesses, financing capacity becomes the determinant for a real estate enterprise's development.Domestic enterprises nave many ways of financing, and this paper describes ten common models, simply analyses the advantages and disadvantages of each model, while explains and recommends three financing examples models with practical examples : individual entrusted loan, trust financing and assets securitization.摘要：在國(guó)家加大宏觀(guān)調(diào)控力度、緊縮房地產(chǎn)信貸規(guī)模的背景下，房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)面臨嚴(yán)峻的資金壓力，融資能力成為決定房地產(chǎn)持續(xù)發(fā)展的決定因素。國(guó)內(nèi)房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)的融資方式較多，本文深入淺出地介紹了常見(jiàn)的十種模式，簡(jiǎn)單地分析了各種模式的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，并結(jié)合工作實(shí)際，推薦和較詳細(xì)地介紹了三種融資模式：個(gè)人委托貸款、信托融資、資產(chǎn)證券化。Keywords: real estate enterprise, enterprise financing, individual entrusted loan, trust financing, assets securitization, equity financing

關(guān)鍵字： 房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)；企業(yè)融資；個(gè)人委托貸款；信托融資；資產(chǎn)證券化；股權(quán)融資

文章分為四部分：

1、Introduction介紹

2、Common financing model for real estate enterprises 房地產(chǎn)公司的一般融資模式

3、Comparison and selection of real estate enterprise financing models 對(duì)比選擇房地產(chǎn)公司融資模式

4、Conclusion結(jié)論

1、Introduction介紹

Real estate industry features in capital intensive, long development cycle, great input, high risk and so on.Traditional financing ways for real estate enterprises mainly include self-funded plus bank loans.Since the People's Bank of China issued No.121 Paper, financial institutions tightened cash flows, enterprises dependent on commercial banks for financing get into difficulties, meaning financing capacity has become a determinant for the sustainable development of a real estate enterprise.The financial system in China is not mature, so real estate enterprises should not only be confined to bank loans, but also seek for more financing channels and fully play the diversified financing functions of the society, for survival and further development.Only enterprises with timely innovation in financing and plenty of capital can survive and develop.Therefore, it is necessary and meaningful to study and analyze various financing ways.2、Common financing model for real estate enterprises 房地產(chǎn)公司的一般融資模式

Domestic real estate enterprises have different financing models, each with advantages and disadvantages, and they are summarized as follows:

2.1 Bank loans 銀行貸款

This is a traditional financing method.According to statistics, before No.121 Paper from the People’s Bank of China, real estate projects sourced about 60% of the fund directly or indirectly from banks.Bank loans include credit loans, mortgage loans, etc.Some enterprises used to mortgage the land they take for loans, arrear part of land transferring fees, stage the project development, subcontract the project with advance capital and forward sale, etc.to rapidly recover funds.Nowadays, these ways are not workable.2.2 Institutional investments + bank loans 機(jī)構(gòu)投資+銀行貸款

Institutional investments plus bank loans, this model is also referred as bridge loans.When real estate enterprises are not able to self-fund for land grant fee, etc., institutional investors

provide short-term capital support(bridging), to keep the project moving(crossing bridge).When the projects have cash inflow, Banks began to loan.For enterprises targeting at further

development, this model only ease the cash tightness for a while, not a guarantee for long-term financial support.2.3Equity financing 股權(quán)融資

Equity financing model is broadly adopted in real estate industry.In order to get financed, many real estate project developers are willing to attract funds through capital and equity

increase.The largest shortcoming缺點(diǎn) of this model is that the developers have to give out分發(fā) a large part of profits, which is not quite acceptable for companies with good projects這一點(diǎn)并不能為擁有好項(xiàng)目的公司所接受.In addition, as equity financing involves management and administrative power由于股權(quán)融資包括管理和行政權(quán)力, enterprises for long-term

development would not prefer this method企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展并不喜歡這種方式.2.4Corporate bonds 公司債券

This method is often used for new projects, with a higher interest rate than that of banks of the same period比銀行同期利率更高的利息.Large enterprises generally issue more bonds, while general real estate projects seldom can get a chance to issue bonds大公司通常會(huì)發(fā)行很多債券，但通常不動(dòng)產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目很少能有這樣的機(jī)會(huì).The requirements on the bond-issuer are strict, only exclusively-state-owned companies, public companies, and limited liability companies established by two state-owned investment subjects are qualified 債券發(fā)行人的要求是嚴(yán)格的,只有完全國(guó)有企業(yè),上市公司,有限責(zé)任公司建立了兩個(gè)國(guó)有投資主體才有資格。Meanwhile, the bond-issue should be entrusted to a security company, and there are strict requirements for the enterprise asset-liability ratio, capital fund and guarantee資本金和保證金.The procedure is complicate and rigorous, and because of the limited size and activities of China bond market, both issuing and holding bonds are risky.這個(gè)過(guò)程是復(fù)雜和嚴(yán)格,由于有限的規(guī)模和活動(dòng)的中國(guó)債券市場(chǎng),無(wú)論是發(fā)行和持有債券是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。

2.5 Financing by listing 上市融資

Financing through listing in the stock market is a well known financing method.Besides domestic security markets, listing in overseas especially in HK stock markets are preferred by domestic enterprises.通過(guò)上市融資是股票市場(chǎng)上一個(gè)眾所周知的融資方法。除了國(guó)內(nèi)安全市場(chǎng),在海外尤其在香港上市股票市場(chǎng)是國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)的首選。

Due to numerous restrictions on real estate enterprises to go public, back-door listing借殼上

市 is the dominant way for them to complete the plan.If they can technically make use of

back-listing, enterprises will get financed easily.Long process, complex procedure, high cost, and strict qualification requirements, all these would fail most real estate companies.2.6 Joint financing within the industry行業(yè)內(nèi)的聯(lián)合融資

Enterprises in the industry join together, collect idle capital in other fields and put it into enterprises or projects in need of funds, while the later pay for the utilization.企業(yè)在行業(yè)內(nèi)聯(lián)合，收集閑散資金并投入需要資金的企業(yè)或項(xiàng)目上，后者需支付一定的使用金 With this mutual and self financial assistance, enterprises can boost the project development, improve surrounding environment, and optimize the use of funds.But this model is confined to a small range and projects with small amount of capital needs, and is not suitable for relatively large projects with great investments.2.7Project financing 項(xiàng)目融資

This model is used for specific projects.特殊工程使用這種方式 Project undertaker

(meaning shareholders)sets up a project company for a specific project, applies for loans with the project company as the borrower, repay the loans with the cash flow and earnings of the company, and mortgages assets of the company as loan collateral.項(xiàng)目承擔(dān)者(即股東)為特定的項(xiàng)目設(shè)立項(xiàng)目公司,項(xiàng)目公司作為借款人申請(qǐng)貸款,公司現(xiàn)金流和收益償還貸款,抵押公司資產(chǎn)作為貸款抵押品。Project financing raising capital relies on the project initiators’ credit or assets, while loan banks qualify the repayment ability through assets of the project and future cash flow.This mode is commonly used for power generation, road bridge and other large

infrastructure projects with stable cash flow, and now large petrochemical projects are included.這種模式常用于發(fā)電、道路橋梁等大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目和穩(wěn)定的現(xiàn)金流,以及大型石化項(xiàng)目。

2.8 Individual entrusted loan個(gè)人委托貸款

This model is to finance specific areas and groups through cooperation between real estate enterprises and banks and other financial institutions.這個(gè)模式是房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)和銀行以及其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)在特殊金融領(lǐng)域的合作。Individual investors entrust banks to loan idle capital to real estate enterprises, to get a fixed return much higher than bank deposit interests of the same period, while real estate companies get loans special for real estate development projects, and take the responsibility of repaying capital and interests on schedule.2.9 Trust financing 信托融資

Compared with bank loans, real estate trust financing can not only reduce the overall

operation cost of real estate industry and cut financial costs, but also be good for continuoususe of real estate funds and the development of real estate enterprises.With trust financing, real estate companies can get direct loans, equity investment, and asset securitization and so on, via trust investment companies’ system arrangement, innovation design and implementation.Trust has unique systemic advantage, vast innovation potential and great flexibility, and can serve real estate companies of different levels and different grades.2.10 Asset securitization 資產(chǎn)證券化

Asset securitization means turning commodity apartments into financial products to be sold with vouchers.Real estate securitization refers to representing investments in real estate projects in the form of securitization, which turns the direct property rights between investors and investees into securities.Overseas practices prove that real estate securitization can not only expand the capital sources financial institutions involving in real estate mortage loan business,but also greatly enhance the liquidity of mortgage loans by financial institutions to real estate industrial players.From an investor’s point of view, investment in real estate securities can reduce survey costs for investors into individual cases, and will be helpful for various investors to get in.For a long-term development, domestic real estate enterprises need to develop various financing models, and real estate securitization is the trend.3、Comparison and selection of real estate enterprise financing models對(duì)比選擇房地產(chǎn)公司融資模式

Besides trust financing, there are many other financing models like corporate bonds, issuing stocks and listing, bank loans, equity investment, industrial funds, etc.In fact, most financing methods have disadvantages.Here we will select and explain three practical or potential

financing models in detail, in hope of being helpful to Changqing Property Group Co., Ltd.in the financing and sustainable development.3.1 Individual entrusted loan個(gè)人委托貸款

Xi’an Changqing Property Group Co., Ltd.tried a low cost financing method in

2004—individual entrusted loan, which had a good result.After several months’ operation, the company has attracted an accumulative fund of 60 million RMB.2004年，西安長(zhǎng)慶房地產(chǎn)集團(tuán)有限公司嘗試了一個(gè)低成本的融資方法——個(gè)人委托貸款。這種方法效果顯著，經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)月的運(yùn)行，公司吸引了一比高達(dá)6000萬(wàn)元的累積基金。Judging from current results ,this method is practical for Changqing.At present the procedure for individual entrusted loan is: the principal(depositor)deposits capital in a specific branch of China Construction Bank, and signs relevant legal documents with Changqing, entrusting the bank to make loans to Changqing.The loan is one-year term, with an interest rate of 4.03%, meaning the principle will have a net return of 3.8%, deducting stamp duty, interest tax and so on.一年期的貸款利率為4.03%，這意味著扣除印花稅、利息稅收等，凈收益率為3.8%。

Individual entrusted loan adds a new way for employees to make investments, and also a try by Changqing in market financing, which can accelerate housing projects development, meeting oilfield workers’ demand of a home in cities.Changqing should keep pm this practical financing model, and gradually expand the range.3.2 Trust financing信托融資

In 2004, trust products including 3rd Ring Road fund trust, Shaanxi Power fund trust, Shaanxi Natural Gas fund trust caused a buying wave in Xian.2004年,三環(huán)基金信托、陜西電力基金信托以及陜西天然氣基金等信托產(chǎn)品迎來(lái)一個(gè)消費(fèi)熱潮。

Take the supporting residential project of Science and Technology Park of Xian Jiaotong University for example, under several principles’ entrust, trustee utilize the collected trust funds in the residential project based on the principles’ will, and under the condition that the risk is under effective control.以支持住宅項(xiàng)目科技園區(qū)的西安交通大學(xué)為例,在幾個(gè)信托項(xiàng)目中,受托人利用在住宅項(xiàng)目收集到的信托基金,并且在這種情況下風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是可以有效控制的。Taking advantage of the skills and abundant experiences in financing, trustee can provide professional financial services, and obtain trust returns.The trust plan involved an amount of 160 million RMB, providing one-year, two-year, and three-year contracts, and the yield for three-year investment was 4.5%.Trust products can flexibly adapt to and deal with various real estate economic and legal relations, overcoming difficulties other methods fail to solve.信托產(chǎn)品可以靈活地適應(yīng)和處理

各種房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和法律關(guān)系,并且克服其他方法無(wú)法解決的困難。Trust is flexible in delivery, and can be designed into custom fund trust products according to the enterprise’s operation requirements and the project, thus expanding choices for both the supply and the demand.In view of current operation modes, there are three modes for real estate enterprises using trust for financing: 依據(jù)當(dāng)前的操作模式的不同,可以將房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)使用信托融資的方式分為三種:

(1)Conventional Mode of Loaning

This is the same with conventional commercial bank loans, and the operation includes five steps:

First, property developers and trust investment companies negotiate on the project

financing and sign agreement;

Second, trust company applies to the relevant governmental departments for approval for the design and distribution for the trust products;

Third, the trust company issues trust vouchers publicly to investors;

Fourth, the trust company puts the funds raised from issuing vouchers into the real estate projects as credit loans;

Fifth, developers complete construction and sale of the project, and trust company gets the funds repaid.This model is easy to manage, and has a stable financing costs, but it has to meet the

requirements of 200 vouchers with each on less than 50,000 RMB.這個(gè)模型很容易管理,并有一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的融資成本.This model has limitations in the amount(100 million RMB or so)and the scope of the funds.該模型的金額和資金總量需控制在1億元左右。

(2)Staged Equity Financing股權(quán)融資

In this mode, trust companies inject capital into real estate enterprises through taking equities in it.在這種模式下,信托公司注資房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)并通過(guò)控股的形式來(lái)控制該類(lèi)房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)。When raise funds, the trust companies invest in real estate companies through capital increase, and hold some equities in it.當(dāng)房地產(chǎn)公司需要籌集資金時(shí),信托公司通過(guò)增資的方式獲得一部分股票。Real estate enterprises promise to buy back the equities in two years at a premium price.房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)承諾兩年內(nèi)以溢價(jià)的價(jià)格回購(gòu)股票。This mode takes advantages of trust, and can function where a bank can’t(as banks are not allowed for industrial investments).This procedure is:

First, trust investment companies raise capital from fund holders by issuing trust products;Second, trust investment companies inject fund in real estate companies through equity investment;

Third, trust investment companies obtain equity in the real estate companies(such equity is similar to preferred stock, meaning having no rights to make decisions on routine operation, personnel appointments, but have rights to know, veto, make suggestions and so on);

Forth, trust investment companies entrust holding equity to original shareholders, and sign equity repurchase agreements with the original shareholders and affiliated parties(in order to ensure the buyback, both sides need to have guarantees);

Fifth, real estate companies operate the development projects, and obtain cash flows.Sixth, affiliated parties(or the original shareholders)get fund from real estate companies, and repurchase equity.The trust financing process is over.This mode can increase real estate enterprises’ capital fund, helping them meet the

requirements of bank financing.這種模式可以提高房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)資本基金,幫助他們達(dá)到銀行融資的條件。Trust companies’ equity financing only requires a reasonable return in the set time period, not a share of profits, so that real estate companies can solve financial problems, while keep control of the project.信托公司只需要在特定時(shí)間段內(nèi)的資金回報(bào),而不參與分紅。所以,房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)在解決金融問(wèn)題的同時(shí),并對(duì)該項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行控制。

(3)Transactional trust products事務(wù)信托產(chǎn)品

This trust plan can bring a return as high as 6% to investors, but with more intermediate

operations and low liquidity, which matters most.此類(lèi)信托計(jì)劃可為投資者帶來(lái)高達(dá)6%的回報(bào)。

Judging from future development, the diversification of trust investment products is vital to trust products, and also is an important trend for real estate trust financing.從未來(lái)的發(fā)展來(lái)看,對(duì)于房地產(chǎn)信托融資，信托投資產(chǎn)品的多樣化是至關(guān)重要的,也是信托產(chǎn)品的一個(gè)重要趨勢(shì)。There is great potential for China real estate trust financing.3.3 Asset Securitization資產(chǎn)證券化

Asset securitization is the financing method with the most potential.Real estate securitization as an innovative financing method emerged in 1950s in the United States.20世紀(jì)50年代，房地產(chǎn)證券化作為一種創(chuàng)新的融資方法最早出現(xiàn)在美國(guó)。In late 1960s, real estate securitization mode in the United States and other developed countries gradually matured.In 1986, the United States Federal National Mortgage Association was renamed to Federal Housing Loan Mortgage Company, and set up Government National

Mortgage Association.Based on these two institutions, the United States creatively carried out residential mortgage loan securitization: the two institutions mentioned above undertake all the mortgage loans by financial institutions for residential purchase, then through legal ways issue bonds to turn the creditor’s rights on the loans into cash, repay the financial institutions by buying rights on the loans, to accelerate relevant financial institutions’ capital flow to provide new loans to homebuyers.Conclusion結(jié)論

Under the background that national economy maintains high growth rate, social reform

speeds up and industries have a promising future, Real estate enterprises are facing opportunities for development and various financing choices, each with advantages and disadvantages.在國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)保持高速增長(zhǎng)的背景下,社會(huì)改革的進(jìn)程加快，產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展前景一片光明。房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)所面臨的發(fā)展機(jī)遇以及所采用的融資方式,均有其利弊。For most real estate enterprises, bank loans are still a conventional choice, so it should not be given up;individual entrusted loan has potential to expand the scale, so it is worth trying;trust financing is getting popular in recent years and has developed many flexible financing modes, so it should be paid more attention;asset securitization with a promising future should be watched and investigated as soon as possible.