第一篇：期末英語(yǔ)翻譯部分

補(bǔ)全句子： 1.（應(yīng)該適合人類(lèi)，并有助于人機(jī)合一)Should serve man and contribute to cybernetics 2.（不斷發(fā)新產(chǎn)品，并具備以前計(jì)算機(jī)所不具備的功能）design new machines continuously, which are capable of doing work that earlier computers could not;（在平?；顒?dòng)中肩負(fù)起更多的責(zé)任）take over more functions in daily life.3.（預(yù)測(cè)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的市場(chǎng)可接受度）predict which products and services the market will bear;（評(píng)估產(chǎn)品生命力的寶貴工具）an invaluable tools for assessing the viability of a product 4.（每當(dāng)DOS執(zhí)行一個(gè)程序）each time DOS executes a program;（當(dāng)你正在通過(guò)Microsoft Windowws執(zhí)行多個(gè)程序時(shí)）when executing multiple programs via Microsoft Windows 5.（當(dāng)工作難找的時(shí)候）When jobs are scarce;（常常被有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的工人排擠）tend to be pushed out in favor of experienced workers 6.（在這些更強(qiáng)大的目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的工具方面進(jìn)行投資是有意義的）it is a good time to invest in these more powerful , goal-directed tools 7.（為用戶(hù)進(jìn)行內(nèi)容定制）it executes the user’s custom contest;（將處理后的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)換到所用的特定設(shè)備）it then loads the content onto the designated device in use 8.（不懂得與時(shí)俱進(jìn)）do not keep up with regulations;（只會(huì)束縛人們的手腳）haue their hand tied 9.1.(是一個(gè)富于變化的領(lǐng)域，包括許多相互作用的組成部分)a diverse field with many interacting components;（賦予信息，激發(fā)對(duì)話(huà)）imparts information, stimulates dialogue 10.（從食品，動(dòng)物到植物健康部門(mén)的各種專(zhuān)家）a diverse range of experts from the food, animal and plant health sectors 11.（從某種程度上）to a certain extent;（我國(guó)土地資源的后續(xù)利用，食品安全和生態(tài)環(huán)境）follow-up utilizing of land resource, food security and ecological environment of our country 12.（細(xì)菌太小，肉眼看不見(jiàn)).Bacteria are too

small to see with the naked the eye;（以避免細(xì)菌污染）avoid contamination with bacteria 13.（常被用作奶油的代用品）often used as a

substitute for butter

14.（轉(zhuǎn)基因食品）genetically modified food;（轉(zhuǎn)

基因食品優(yōu)點(diǎn)）the merit of GM food 15.（加強(qiáng)食品監(jiān)督與管理）strengthen the

supervision and administration of food safety;（維護(hù)好食品市場(chǎng)的秩序）maintain a good order of the food market

16.（采取了一項(xiàng)方案，就是在其投入英國(guó)市場(chǎng)食

品上做標(biāo)注）introduced a labeling scheme for their products in the British market

17.（停止進(jìn)口諸如火腿，肉制品等）suspend the

import of meats such as ham, pork products and others

18.（沒(méi)能說(shuō)服數(shù)百人改掉這一惡習(xí)）has failed to

convince hundreds of millions of people to abandon the bad habit 19.（令人質(zhì)疑）raise eyebrows

20.（延伸覆蓋大范圍的市場(chǎng)）stretches across a

wide range of markets

21.（擦亮品牌）burnished the brand name 22.（為總裁們完成了一項(xiàng)最大的采購(gòu)）have

made the ultimate acquisition for chief executives;（大手筆的花掉220億美元財(cái)富的一部分）splashed some of the $22bn fortune 23.（使谷歌在未來(lái)幾年里成為不可忽視的力量）

keep Google the force to be reckoned with for years to come

24.（以13.99的優(yōu)惠價(jià)格搶購(gòu)最新、最喜歡的Ｔ

恤衫）snap up your latest favorite T-shirt on sale for $13.99

25.（你將或多或少不得不面對(duì)數(shù)額巨大的出價(jià)）

you will be faced with a huge number of offers, to varying degrees

26.（使你在行業(yè)中處于更有利的地位）give you

a competitive advantage in your industry 27.（占谷歌所有搜索查詢(xún)的四分之一）accounts

for a quarter of all Google search queries 28.（嘗試區(qū)分人類(lèi)訪(fǎng)客和自動(dòng)化訪(fǎng)問(wèn)者或機(jī)器

人）try to distinguish human visitors from automated visitors or robots

29.（富于創(chuàng)新精神的搜索引擎）innovative search engines 30.（提出設(shè)計(jì)）come up with a design 31.（堅(jiān)守社會(huì)責(zé)任和保護(hù)自然環(huán)境的承諾）commitment to social responsibility and protecting the environment 32.（為訂立國(guó)際條約和行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)建立共識(shí)）builds consensus towards international treaties and programmes of action 33.（在我們的短暫一生中，最好貢獻(xiàn)莫過(guò)于此了）I don’t know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world 34.（我們要竭盡全力確?！毒┒甲h定書(shū)》生效）We should make every effort to ensure the Kyoto Protocol to come into force 35.（對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境影響相對(duì)較?。﹔elatively little effect on the ecological environment;（一項(xiàng)重要政策）an important policy 36.活著的樹(shù)木可以吸收碳）Living trees absorb carbon;（大氣中碳的釋放）the release of carbon into the atmosphere 37.（受由污染引起的酸雨影響）is affected by the acid rain caused by pollution 38.（盡管氮無(wú)毒且很大程度上不活潑）Although nitrogen is nontoxic and largely inert 39.（由清水狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樵孱?lèi)過(guò)量繁殖狀態(tài)）from a clear –water state to an algal bloom 40.（毀滅一個(gè)地理上孤立的小族群）wipe out a geographically isolated group 整句翻譯：

41.為實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)，在1997年簽署了《京都議定書(shū)》，并于2005年開(kāi)始強(qiáng)制生效。The Kyoto Protocol, which set about realizing those aims, was signed in 1997 and came into force in 2005.42.如果不能重新擬定新的國(guó)際公約，人類(lèi)將沒(méi)有任何機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)防治嚴(yán)重的氣候突變問(wèn)題。Without a new global agreement , there is not much chance of averting serious climate change.43.人們擔(dān)憂(yōu)的是對(duì)碳排放征稅將使商業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)受到創(chuàng)傷。What is worrying is that carbon taxes will hurt business and the economy.44.請(qǐng)你舉一個(gè)具體的例子，說(shuō)明你是怎樣對(duì)你所處的環(huán)境進(jìn)行評(píng)估并找到重點(diǎn)，以獲得你所期望的結(jié)果的。Provide an example of how you assessed a situation and achieved good results by focusing on the

most important priorities.45.我們決心將每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目的成本降到最低，盡量提高效益。We are determined to minimise the cost of each and every project and to maximize

cost-effectiveness.41.（智商體現(xiàn)一種遺傳的，即可繼承的特質(zhì)，或

者是文化傳播的特質(zhì)，該特質(zhì)受家長(zhǎng)和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的影響。無(wú)論是哪一種，測(cè)試智商都不能影響社會(huì)的流動(dòng)性）.IQ measures a genetic, and therefore heritable, traits or a culturally transmitted trait, influenced by parents and socio-economic status.Either way, testing IQ could not influence social mobility.42.（數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)添加或更新在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中，但由于沒(méi)

有達(dá)到從屬記錄源中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而將無(wú)法顯示）43.The data was added or updated in the database，but will not be displayed because it does not satisfy the criteria in the subordinate record source.44.（沒(méi)有一種學(xué)科方法證明，暴露于10ppm某

種污染達(dá)24小時(shí)是“安全的”，而暴露在超過(guò)那個(gè)污染程度便是“危險(xiǎn)的”）There no scientific way to demonstrate that exposure to a pollutant in a concentration of one hundred parts per million for twenty-four hours is “safe”, while

exposures

above

that

level

ale

“dangerous”.45.（香港大學(xué)非常重視研究工作，專(zhuān)門(mén)成立了研

究生院協(xié)調(diào)各學(xué)院的研究教學(xué)工作，確保研究教育的質(zhì)量）With much emphasis on research activities, Hong Kong university has established a Graduate School to co-ordinate research among faculty members and to ensure quality research and education.46.（傳統(tǒng)的看法人為錯(cuò)誤消息框的作用是在用

戶(hù)錯(cuò)了時(shí)通知他們。實(shí)際上，大多數(shù)錯(cuò)誤公告的作用是在計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)指令感到不明時(shí)向用戶(hù)報(bào)告）Conventional wisdom has held that error messages tell users when they have made a mistake.Actually, must error bulletins report when the computer gets confused.47.（由于某種原因，越來(lái)越多的人逐漸重視飲食

問(wèn)題。無(wú)論因?yàn)榍榫w上的壓力或是身體上的意外創(chuàng)傷，還是由于自信心的緣故，人們似乎都從飲食上尋求慰藉，而不是去尋求專(zhuān)業(yè)幫助）More and more people are developing eating issues for many different reasons.Whether it is because of emotional stress, traumatic incidents, or self-confidence issues ,people seem to run to food for comfort instead of seeking professional help

48.（其他人爭(zhēng)論說(shuō)，糧食匱乏不是糧食產(chǎn)量的問(wèn)題，而是政府忽視了農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，未能有效利用糧食援救。而且保護(hù)性的貿(mào)易壁壘使消除饑餓更加困難）Others argue that food insecurity is not an issue of a shortfull in food production but rather that governments have neglected agricultural development ,made ineffective use of food aid ,and ,through protective trade barriers, made hunger alleviation more difficult to attain.49.你是否想過(guò)為什么快餐連鎖店能夠立刻做好你所點(diǎn)的菜，而在家里媽媽總是要花費(fèi)幾個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間做飯？答案很簡(jiǎn)單?？觳瓦B鎖店使用了能夠加快烹飪過(guò)程的物質(zhì)，而科學(xué)證明，這些物質(zhì)有害人體健康，如果長(zhǎng)期食用，會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的危害。Have you ever wondered as to why the fast food joint are able to provide you with your order in no time whereas mom at home takes hours to cook? The answer lies in the simple fact that in fast food joints substances that enhance the cooking process are used.It has been scientifically proved that these substances are very harmful to health and pose serious threats on continuous consumption.50.這看上去好像是科幻小說(shuō)中的情節(jié)：政府已經(jīng)宣稱(chēng)克隆動(dòng)物所產(chǎn)的肉和奶是安全的，而今，克隆食品赫然出現(xiàn)在了全國(guó)的食品供應(yīng)鏈中。It sounds like a scenario from a science-fiction novel: The government has declared that meat and dairy from cloned animals is safe.and now cloned products can show up in the nation’s food supply.53 51..如今，食品和藥物管理局（ＦＤＡ）將要求進(jìn)口商能夠證實(shí)他們外國(guó)的供應(yīng)商正在采取必要的安全防范措施。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，他們應(yīng)該能夠確定來(lái)自智利的黑鱸與來(lái)自緬因州的龍蝦符合同樣的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Now, the FDA will

require importers to be able to verify that their foreign suppliers are taking the necessary safety precautions.In other words ,they’ll be able to make sure that sea bass from Chile meets the same safety standards as lobster from Maine.整句翻譯：

52.如果該公司能夠迎接復(fù)雜的、高度精密的生產(chǎn)

和極端期限的挑戰(zhàn)，它不僅能提高自身作為行業(yè)翹楚的聲譽(yù)，而且還會(huì)打開(kāi)其他機(jī)會(huì)之門(mén)。If this company can meet the challenge of the complex, high-precision production and the tight deadline, it will not only burnish its reputation as industry leader but open up other opportunities.53.ＢＰ（英國(guó)石油）令人吃驚的談到其在中國(guó)擴(kuò)

張的雄心。不多，分析師們警告稱(chēng)，中國(guó)煉油行業(yè)盈利能力不佳意味著在該行業(yè)的任何投資到頭來(lái)都可能是不具吸引力的。BP has raised eyebrows by talking about its ambitions for expansion in China.However, analysts warned that the poor profitability of China’s refining industry meant that taking a stake in the sector might prove unattractive.54.即使經(jīng)過(guò)幾年溫和增長(zhǎng)，股票期權(quán)也能使投資

者獲得可觀(guān)收益。Even after a few years of moderate growth, stock options can produce a handsome return for investors.55.空中客車(chē)公司（Airbus）與波音公司一直就世

界軍事飛機(jī)合同進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)長(zhǎng)期的殊死戰(zhàn)斗。就在一個(gè)月前在美國(guó)，ＥＡＤＳ，空中客車(chē)的母公司，拿走了波音公司一個(gè)將近四百億美元的空中加油機(jī)合同。Airbus have been fighting a long and bruising battle with Boeing for military aircraft contracts around the world.Just a month ago in the U.S., EADS, the parent company of Airbus , snatched away a nearly 40 billion air tanker contract from Boeing.56.在現(xiàn)在所有語(yǔ)言中沒(méi)有一個(gè)詞可以準(zhǔn)確地描

述信息技術(shù)對(duì)人類(lèi)生活的巨大影響。No word in all languages exists to describe the great impact of information technology on human life.

第二篇：期末-英語(yǔ)翻譯

Sentence Translation 1.All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die.由于生理上的局限，一切生物總是要死亡的。

2.When a person sees, smells, hears or touches something, then he is perceiving.當(dāng)一個(gè)人看到某種東，聞到某種東西，聽(tīng)到某個(gè)聲音或觸到某物時(shí)，他是在運(yùn)用感官在感受。

3.We can get more current from cells connected in parallel.電池并聯(lián)時(shí)提供的電流更大。

4.There are some metals which posses the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.某些金屬具有導(dǎo)電和被磁化的能力。

5.The speech synthesis process typically begins with recording a human voice and analyzing it to extract important frequency and amplitude data.言語(yǔ)合成過(guò)程一般是先記錄人的說(shuō)話(huà)聲并通過(guò)分析獲得重要的頻率和振幅數(shù)據(jù)。

6.The shadow cast by an object is long or short according as the sun is high up in the heaven or near the horizon.物體投影的長(zhǎng)短取決于太陽(yáng)是高掛天空還是靠近地平線(xiàn)。

7.About 20 kilometers thick, this giant umbrella is made up of a layer of ozone gas.地球的這一巨型保護(hù)傘有一層臭氧組成，其厚度約為20公里。

8.Much less is connected with the separation of generation, and there is considerable uniformity of opinion as to the delimitation of families.這與屬的劃分關(guān)系不大，而在科的劃分上觀(guān)點(diǎn)是相當(dāng)一致的。

9.The molecules continue to stay close together, but do not continue to retain a regular fixed arrangement.分子仍然緊密地聚集在一起，但不再繼續(xù)保持有規(guī)則地固定排列形式。

10.The frequency with which the filter should be removed, inspected, and cleaned will be determined primarily by aircraft operating conditions.過(guò)濾器拆卸，檢查及清洗的次數(shù)主要取決于飛機(jī)的運(yùn)行狀況。11.Other factors affect the configuration of the total system.另一些因素則將影響整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。

12.Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed by any means known to man.用人們已知的方法，既不能創(chuàng)造能量，也不能消滅能量。13.In normal flight the hatch doors fair into the fuselage.飛機(jī)正常時(shí)，艙門(mén)與機(jī)身平整貼合。

14.It is customary to refer to design levels as high or low on component completely.習(xí)慣上根據(jù)部件的復(fù)雜程度把設(shè)計(jì)級(jí)稱(chēng)為高設(shè)計(jì)級(jí)或低設(shè)計(jì)級(jí)。

15.The main economy of the system stems from the ability to move cars in a continuous train without uncoupling.此系統(tǒng)的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)之處在于它能夠移動(dòng)列車(chē)的車(chē)廂而不必將它們脫鉤分開(kāi)。16.The rise in temperature could not have happened of itself.溫度上升不可能是出于自身的原因。

17.Be the shape of a body complicated, it is possible to find out its volume.不論物體的形狀如何復(fù)雜，人們均可求出它們的體積。

18.The more energy we desire to send, the higher we make the voltage.要求輸送的電能越多，就得使電壓升的越高。

19.The most typical humanlike characteristic of a robot is its arm.機(jī)器人最具人性化的特點(diǎn)是它的機(jī)器臂。

20.In our studies of the implication for the First Law, we were able to see the importance of the distinction between state and path functions.我們研究第一定律時(shí)，可以明白區(qū)分狀態(tài)函數(shù)和路徑函數(shù)的重要性。21.This seems to indicate that further research would be necessary.這似乎表明進(jìn)一步研究的必要性。

22.Natural environment can be easily ruined by inappropriate exploration.開(kāi)發(fā)不當(dāng)容易毀壞自然資源。

23.The average value of voltage can be measured point by point.電壓的平均值可以逐點(diǎn)測(cè)量。

24.The problem of materials is eased by the lower boiling point.由于沸點(diǎn)較低，材料問(wèn)題易于解決。

25.The field exists in all directions but decreases in strength inversely as the square of the distance from the poles of the magnet.磁場(chǎng)圍繞在磁鐵的周?chē)?，其?qiáng)度按距離磁鐵兩級(jí)的距離的平方成反比減弱。26.Optical communication are free from electromagnetic interference.光電通信不受電磁的干擾。

27.The visual image of the letters making up the word is converted into its spoken equivalent.組成詞的各字母的視覺(jué)形象被轉(zhuǎn)換成該詞的對(duì)應(yīng)發(fā)音。

28.The longer wave lengths of radio signals pass through the atmosphere relatively undisturbed.相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)，波長(zhǎng)較長(zhǎng)的射電訊號(hào)通過(guò)大氣時(shí)沒(méi)有收到干擾。

29.A China-made 300 MW unit has already been put into operation and the 600MW unit is under trial manufacture.國(guó)產(chǎn)20萬(wàn)千瓦機(jī)組已投入運(yùn)行，而60萬(wàn)千瓦的機(jī)組正在生產(chǎn)中。30.Surrounding every magnet there is a region where magnetic forces act.在每一塊磁鐵的周?chē)加幸粋€(gè)磁力作用的區(qū)域。

31.With its many advantages, wood is not without its drawbacks as a fuel.盡管木材有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但作為燃料仍有缺陷。32.Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.運(yùn)動(dòng)是絕對(duì)的，而靜止是相對(duì)的。

33.At present, microwave technology, which includes microwave heating and microwave survey, is being widely applied to industrial and agricultural production.目前，微波技術(shù)，包括微波加熱和微波測(cè)量，正廣泛地應(yīng)用于工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。34.Now that we have a working knowledge of dynamics, it becomes possible to quantify the model for a gas.由于我們已經(jīng)掌握了實(shí)用的動(dòng)力學(xué)知識(shí)，我們可以用數(shù)量來(lái)表示氣體模型了。35.She switched on the engine before we could stop her.我們還沒(méi)來(lái)得及阻止她，她已經(jīng)開(kāi)動(dòng)了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。36.But for air, the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature.要是沒(méi)有空氣，地球溫度就會(huì)發(fā)生劇變。

Paragraph Translation 1.Changes and developments in a science are determined by numerous causes.Every science grows from its past, and the state reached in a previous generation provides the starting pint for the next.But no science is carried on in a vacuum, without reference to or contact with other sciences and the general atmosphere for learning.一個(gè)學(xué)科的變化和發(fā)展取決于眾多因素。每一個(gè)學(xué)科都是過(guò)去的產(chǎn)物，上一代人達(dá)到的水平是下一代的起點(diǎn)。但任何一個(gè)學(xué)科都不是在真空中發(fā)展的，都要參照或者接觸其他學(xué)科和總的學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境。

2.Scientists and men of learning are also men of their age and country, and they can’t live independent of the culture.Besides it own past, the course of science is also affected by the social context of its contemporary world and the intellectual premises in it.Applications of the science and the expectations that others have of it may be a very important determinant of the direction of its growth and changes.科學(xué)家和從事學(xué)術(shù)研究的人都要受自己所處的時(shí)代和國(guó)家的影響。他們不可能脫離文化生活?？茖W(xué)發(fā)展的道路不僅受過(guò)去的影響，也受當(dāng)時(shí)世界的社會(huì)環(huán)境和知識(shí)前提的影響。學(xué)科的應(yīng)用和其他人對(duì)該學(xué)科的期望可能在很大程度上決定學(xué)科發(fā)展和變化的方向。

3.The reason for not classifying carbon dioxide as pollutant is that it is a natural component of the atmosphere and needed by plants to carry out biological synthesis.No one would argue that carbon dioxide is a necessary component of the atmosphere any more than one would argue the fact that vitamin D is necessary in the human diet.However, excess intake of vitamin D can be extremely toxic.之所以不把二氧化碳列為污染物，是因?yàn)槎趸际谴髿獾奶烊怀煞?，植物進(jìn)行生物合成需要二氧化碳。正如人們普遍認(rèn)為人的飲食不可缺少維生素D一樣，也都認(rèn)為二氧化碳是大氣不可缺少的成分。但是攝入過(guò)多的維生素D會(huì)有很大的副作用。

4.Living system, be they an ecosystem or an organism;require that a delicate balance be maintained between certain compounds in order for the system to function normally.When the excess presence of one substance threatens the wellbeing of an ecosystem, it becomes toxic despite the fact that it is required in small quantities.生命系統(tǒng)，不論是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)還是生物，都需要在某些化合物之間保持微妙的平衡，以確保系統(tǒng)功能正常。盡管少量的某種物質(zhì)是必要的，但當(dāng)該物質(zhì)過(guò)量出現(xiàn)威脅生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康時(shí)，就具有了毒副作用。

第三篇：專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯部分

僅供參考！發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤請(qǐng)及時(shí)指出！

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Climate plays a very important role in the genesis of a soil.On the global scale, there is an obvious correlation between major soil types and the Koppen climatic classification systems major climate types.At regional and local scales, climate becomes less important in soil formation.Instead, Pedogenesis is more influenced by factors like parent material, topography, vegetation, and time.The two most important climatic variables influencing soil formation are temperature arid moisture.Temperature has direct influence on the weathering of bedrock to produce mineral particles.Rates of bedrock weathering generally increase with higher temperatures.Temperature also influences the activity of soil microorganisms, the frequency and magnitude of soil chemical reactions, and the rate of plant growth, moisture levels in most soils are primarily controlled by the addition of water via precipitation minus the losses due to evapotranspiration.If additions of water from precipitation surpass losses from evapotranspiration, moisture levels in a soil tend to be high.If the water loss due to evapotranspiration exceeds inputs from precipitation, moisture levels in a soil tend to be low.High moisture availability in a soil promotes the weathering, of bedrock and sediments, chemical reactions, and plant growth.The availability of moisture also has an influence on soil pH and the decomposition of organic matter.氣候在土壤形成過(guò)程中扮演了重要角色。從全球尺度來(lái)看，主要的土壤分類(lèi)和科彭氣候分類(lèi)法確定的主要的氣候類(lèi)型有明星的聯(lián)系。在區(qū)域和地方性的范圍內(nèi)，氣候顯得不是那么重要。取而代之的是母質(zhì)，地形，植被和時(shí)間。溫度和濕度是影響土壤形成的兩個(gè)重要的變量。溫度直接影響基巖風(fēng)化產(chǎn)生礦物顆粒。溫度越高，基巖轉(zhuǎn)化為礦物顆粒的比例越大。溫度同樣影響土壤微生物的活躍度，土壤化學(xué)反應(yīng)的頻率和數(shù)量，植物生長(zhǎng)的比例。大多數(shù)的土壤濕度是由降水減去蒸發(fā)作用控制的。如果降水超過(guò)蒸發(fā)作用消耗的水，土壤濕度就會(huì)很高。如果降水少于蒸發(fā)作用，土壤的濕度就會(huì)變低。土壤內(nèi)大量的可用的水氣會(huì)提升母巖溫度和沉積，化學(xué)反應(yīng)，還有植物生長(zhǎng)。微生物也會(huì)影響土壤的PH和有機(jī)物的分解。

Living organisms have a role in a number of processes involved in pedogenesis including organic matter accumulation, profile mixing, and biogeochemical nutrient cycling.Under equilibrium conditions, vegetation and soil are closely linked with each other through nutrient cycling.The cycling of nitrogen and carbon in soils is almost completely controlled by the presence of animals and plants.Through litterfall and the process of decomposition, organisms add humus and nutrients to the soil which influences soil structure and fertility.Surface vegetation also protects the upper layers of a soil from erosion by way of binding the soils surface and reducing the speed of moving wind and water across the ground surface.成土作用過(guò)程中，生命體參與了其中的有機(jī)物積累，屬性混合和生物化學(xué)養(yǎng)分的循環(huán)。在平衡條件下，植被和土壤通過(guò)彼此的養(yǎng)分循環(huán)緊密聯(lián)系在一起。土壤中的碳氮循環(huán)幾乎都需要?jiǎng)游锖椭参锏膮⑴c控制。通過(guò)落葉和分解過(guò)程，微生物把腐殖質(zhì)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分帶給土壤，也因此影響了土壤的結(jié)構(gòu)和肥力。表層植物也可以固定表層土壤來(lái)保護(hù)上層的土壤不被途經(jīng)的風(fēng)和水帶走。

Parent material refers to the rock and mineral materials from which the soils develop.These materials can be derived from residual sediment due to the weathering of bedrock or from sediment transported into an area by way of the erosive forces of wind, water, or ice.Pedogenesis is often faster on transported sediments because the weathering of parent material usually takes a long period of time.The influence of parent material on pedogenesis is usually related to soil texture, soil chemistry, and nutrient cycling.母質(zhì)是指土壤形成所在的巖石和礦物質(zhì)。巖床的風(fēng)化或者由侵蝕力（比如風(fēng)，水，冰）帶來(lái)的沉積物都可以變?yōu)樾纬赡纲|(zhì)需要的物質(zhì)。外來(lái)的沉積物形成的成土作用通常都比較快，因?yàn)轱L(fēng)化母質(zhì)需要很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。母質(zhì)在成土過(guò)程中的影響就是它參與了土壤的質(zhì)地，土壤化學(xué)和養(yǎng)分循環(huán)。

The distribution of precipitation on the Earth's surface is generally controlled by the absence or presence of mechanisms that lift air masses to cause saturation.It is also controlled by the amount of water vapor held in the air, which is a function of air temperature.A figure is presented that illustrates global precipitation patterns.氣體上升聚集達(dá)到飽和，是否存在這種飽和基本上決定了地球表面降水的分布。同時(shí)，大氣中包含水蒸氣的含量也影響了降水，水蒸氣的含量是由大氣溫度控制的。下面的一組數(shù)字將闡明全球降水模式。

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Evaporation and transpiration are the two processes that move water from the Earth’s surface to its atmosphere.Evaporation is movement of free water to the atmosphere as a gas.It requires large amounts of energy.Transpiration is the movement of water through a plant to the atmosphere.Scientists use the term evapotranspiration to describe both processes.In general, the following four factors control the amount of water entering the atmosphere via these two processes: energy availability;the humidity gradient away from the evaporating surface;the wind speed immediately above the surface;and water availability.Agricultural scientists sometimes refer to two types of evapotranspiration: Actual Evapotranspiration and Potential Evapotranspiration.The growth of crops is a function of water supply.If crops experience drought, yields are reduced.Irrigation can supply crops with supplemental water.By determining both actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration a farmer can calculate the irrigation water needs of their crops.蒸發(fā)作用和蒸騰作用是把水從地表帶到大氣的最主要的兩個(gè)過(guò)程。蒸發(fā)是空余的水變成蒸汽進(jìn)入大氣的移動(dòng)過(guò)程。這個(gè)過(guò)程需要大量的能量。蒸騰作用是水通過(guò)植物進(jìn)入大氣?？茖W(xué)家用蒸散作用來(lái)統(tǒng)稱(chēng)這兩個(gè)過(guò)程。通常情況下，下面四個(gè)因素影響了這兩個(gè)過(guò)程：可利用的能量、蒸發(fā)表面的溫度梯度、蒸發(fā)表面即時(shí)風(fēng)速、可用的水。農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)家認(rèn)為蒸散作用有兩種方式：實(shí)際的蒸散和潛在的蒸散。農(nóng)作物生長(zhǎng)是供水的過(guò)程。如果作物經(jīng)歷了干旱，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致減產(chǎn)。灌溉可以給作物提供附加的水。如果知道了實(shí)際蒸散和潛在蒸散的量，農(nóng)民就可以計(jì)算作物灌溉需要的水量。

Infiltration is the movement of water from precipitation into the soil layer.Infiltration varies both spatially and temporally due to a number of environmental factors.After a rain, infiltration can create a condition where the soil is completely full of water.This condition is, however, only short-lived as a portion of this water quickly drains(gravitational water)via the force exerted on the water by gravity.The portion that remains is called the field capacity.In the soil, field capacity represents a film of water coating all individual soil particles to a thickness of 0.06 mm.The soil water from 0.0002 to 0.06 mm(known as capillary water)can be removed from the soil through the processes of evaporation and transpiration.Both of these processes operate at the surface.Capillary action moves water from one area in the soil to replace losses in another area(biggest losses tend to be at the surface because of plant consumption and evaporation).This movement of water by capillary action generally creates a homogeneous concentration of water throughout the soil profile.Losses of water stop when the film of water around soil particles reaches 0.0002 mm.Water held from the surface of the soil particles to 0.0002 mm is essentially immobile and can only be completely removed with high temperatures(greater than 100 degrees Celsius).Within the soil system, several different forces influence the storage of water.滲透是水從降水進(jìn)入土壤層的過(guò)程。滲透由于一些自然的因素會(huì)發(fā)生空間的和暫時(shí)的變化。下完雨之后，滲透會(huì)形成一個(gè)土壤完全充滿(mǎn)水的情況。但是這種情況只是暫時(shí)的，一部分雨水會(huì)由于重力作用排出。留下的那一部分雨水被稱(chēng)為土地含水能力。土地含水能力展示給我們一個(gè)水薄膜，在這個(gè)薄膜里，所有相互獨(dú)立的土壤粒子被厚度僅僅為0.06毫米的水包裹著。土壤中0.0002到0.06毫米的水都可以通過(guò)蒸散作用排出。所以這些過(guò)程都發(fā)生在表面。毛細(xì)作用把水從一個(gè)地方搬運(yùn)到另一個(gè)流失水的地方（最大的水流失應(yīng)該就是植物表面的蒸騰和蒸發(fā)）。這種毛細(xì)作用可以報(bào)證土壤內(nèi)的水的濃度是均勻的。土壤粒子包被的水薄膜到0.0002毫米時(shí)，水就停止流失。這時(shí)的水本質(zhì)上除了超過(guò)100攝氏度的情況是不可移動(dòng)的。在土壤系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部，這幾種力量影響了水的短缺度。

Population Structure / Population Pyramids

The population structure for an area shows the number of males and females within different age groups in the population.This information is displayed as an age-sex or population pyramid.Population pyramids of LEDCs typically have a wide base and a narrow top.This represents a high birth rate and high death rate.Population pyramids of MEDCs typically have a roughly equal distribution of population throughout the age groups.The top obviously gets narrower as a result of deaths.Population pyramids for every country in the world can be found here.Population pyramids are used to show the structure of the population according to age and sex.一個(gè)地方的人口結(jié)構(gòu)告訴我們?cè)摰夭煌挲g段男性和女性的人口數(shù)量。這些信息展示出了一個(gè)年齡-性別或者人口數(shù)量的金字塔。發(fā)展中國(guó)家的人口金字塔通常有很大的根基和很窄的塔尖。這體現(xiàn)了這些國(guó)家的高出生率和高死亡率。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的人口金字塔在不同年齡段大概是均勻分布的。塔尖由于死亡的原因會(huì)稍微窄一些。世界上所有國(guó)家的人口金字塔在這里都可以找到。人口金字塔通常用來(lái)展示人口在年齡和性別上的結(jié)構(gòu)。

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The increase of greenhouse gases are the primary causes of the human-induced component of warming.Because of burning of fossil fuels, land clearing and agriculture, the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased by more than a third.Changes this large have historically taken thousands of years, but are now happening over the course of decades.溫室氣體增加的主要原因是人類(lèi)-誘導(dǎo)氣溫的上升。因?yàn)榛剂系娜紵蟮貨](méi)有植被以及農(nóng)業(yè)，大氣中二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體的排放量已經(jīng)上升了1/3。經(jīng)歷這么大的變化曾經(jīng)需要數(shù)千年，但是現(xiàn)在只在近十年內(nèi)就完成了。

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Sea Level Rising.With the melt of ice cap and glaciers, sea level has rised 0.8 to 3.0 millimeter.With large numbers of cities located in coastal areas, this causes serious problems.Beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks.Wetlands are lost.This is a picture of Shanghai at present, while this may be the picture of Shanghai several years later.Another serious problem is the threat of salt water intruding into underground fresh water in coastal areas.Millions of people will be forced to leave their homes and homelands.海平面上升。隨著冰蓋和冰川的融化，海平面已經(jīng)上升了0.8到3.0毫米。由于很多城市坐落在沿海地區(qū)，這就可能帶來(lái)災(zāi)難性的問(wèn)題。海岸侵蝕開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)，尤其是在陡峭的海岸。濕地逐漸消失。這正是上?，F(xiàn)在發(fā)生的，也可能是幾年以后上海出現(xiàn)的景象。另一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題是鹽水侵入沿海地區(qū)的底下淡水。數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的人民不得不背井離鄉(xiāng)。

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They dominate the country in influence and are the national focal-point.Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country.However, not every country has a primate city, as you'll see from the list below.他們通過(guò)影響力支配這個(gè)國(guó)家，是整個(gè)國(guó)家的焦點(diǎn)。他們的規(guī)模大小和活動(dòng)變成一股強(qiáng)大的推動(dòng)力，帶來(lái)額外的居民，讓這些首位城市變得更大，以至于跟國(guó)內(nèi)的其他小城市相比有些不協(xié)調(diào)。但是，并不是所有國(guó)家都有這樣一個(gè)首位城市，你可以從下面的表里看出來(lái)。

Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined populations of the second and third ranked cities in a country.This definition does not represent true primacy, however, as the size of the first ranked city is not disproportionate to the second.一些學(xué)者定義首位城市就是比排名第二和第三位城市人口總和還要多的城市。但是這個(gè)定義沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)從城市規(guī)模的角度分析，排名前兩位的城市也是不成比例的，所以并不被認(rèn)可。

The law can be applied to smaller regions as well.For example, California's primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan area of 7 million.Even counties can be examined with regard to the Law of the Primate City.這個(gè)法則可以用到小的區(qū)域。舉個(gè)例子，加州的首位城市是洛杉磯，城市人口達(dá)到1600萬(wàn)，比舊金山的700高出甚多。甚至村莊也可以用首位城市法則來(lái)分析。

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Scope of land consolidation schemes（本段藍(lán)字為不確定部分）

Land consolidation has always been regarded as an instrument or entry point for rural development.Early concepts of rural development were virtually the same as agricultural development because of the predominant role of agriculture in rural areas at the time.Improving the agrarian structure was viewed as being identical to maintaining the social viability in rural areas;what was good for the farmers was good for rural areas.An overall objective of early projects was thus to increase the net income from land holdings by increasing the volume of production and decreasing its costs.With this focus on agricultural development, these projects served to consolidate parcels and enlarge holdings and included provisions such as irrigation and drainage infrastructure to improve water management, construction of rural roads, land levelling, soil improvement measures and changes to land use such as converting agriculturally inferior land into forest land or wetlands.土地合并經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為是發(fā)展農(nóng)村的一個(gè)手段或者切入點(diǎn)。早期的農(nóng)村發(fā)展概念基本上和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展一樣的，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)候的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)占據(jù)了農(nóng)村的主導(dǎo)地位。改進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)看起來(lái)是和保留農(nóng)村地區(qū)社會(huì)生存能力一樣的事情。對(duì)農(nóng)民好也就是對(duì)農(nóng)村地區(qū)好。因此早期項(xiàng)目的總體目標(biāo)是通過(guò)增加產(chǎn)量和減少成本，以此增加從土地獲得的凈收益。隨著注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展上，這些項(xiàng)目服務(wù)于鞏固捆綁，增大資產(chǎn)，還這些規(guī)定：修建灌溉和排水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來(lái)提升用水管理能力，修建農(nóng)村公路，土地平整，土壤改良措施以及改變土地用途比如說(shuō)把貧瘠的土地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯只蛘邼竦亍?/p>

Such agricultural improvements are still essential but rural space is now no longer regarded as one of agricultural production alone.Concepts of rural development have become much broader and have expanded to include increased environmental awareness and a wide range of nonagricultural applications.The emphasis of land consolidation projects has shifted from a focus on restructuring agriculture to one of achieving more efficient multiple use of rural space by balancing the interests of agriculture, landscape, nature conservation, recreation and transportation, especially when land is required for the construction of major roads.這些農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)步仍然是必不可少的，但是現(xiàn)在農(nóng)村地區(qū)不再僅僅是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的區(qū)域了。農(nóng)村發(fā)展的概念已經(jīng)變得更加廣闊，已經(jīng)拓展到包含環(huán)境意識(shí)和非農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域。土地合并的項(xiàng)目的重點(diǎn)已經(jīng)不再只關(guān)注農(nóng)業(yè)重組，它上升到通過(guò)平衡農(nóng)業(yè)利益，地形，自然保護(hù)，娛樂(lè)和運(yùn)輸(尤其是需要修建主要干道的時(shí)候)來(lái)獲取最大的利益。

Environmental conditions are being given increasing priority.Roads are being constructed to suit the landscape.Water bodies are being restored, often with buffer zones.Land consolidation projects are also used for the protection of wetlands and to change land use patterns especially in areas endangered by frequent floods or soil erosion.人們把環(huán)境情況作為優(yōu)先考慮。修路需要符合地形。水體被修復(fù)，一般都還有緩沖區(qū)。土地合并項(xiàng)目經(jīng)常用于保護(hù)濕地，還有改變土地利用模式，特別是在因?yàn)轭l發(fā)的洪水和水土流失致使土地瀕臨消失的地方。

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Leakage

The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased;these subtracted amounts are called leakage.In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers' expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies(who often have their headquarters in the travelers' home countries), and not to local businesses or workers.In addition, significant amounts of income actually retained at destination level can leave again through leakage.消費(fèi)者的支出除去稅費(fèi)，利潤(rùn)，支出的工資以及進(jìn)口所需剩下的一部分，就是旅游目的地的直接收入，也叫做滲漏。在大部分全包價(jià)旅游中，旅游者支出的80%付給了航空公司，酒店和其他國(guó)際公司（通常在旅游者來(lái)源國(guó)有分支部門(mén)），并不是當(dāng)?shù)氐纳痰昊蛘吖と?。此外，大量的達(dá)到目標(biāo)水平的收入一般會(huì)經(jīng)過(guò)滲漏再次離開(kāi)當(dāng)?shù)亍?01頁(yè)

Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase building costs and land values.Not only does this make it more difficult for local people, especially in developing countries, to meet their basic daily needs, it can also result in a dominance by outsiders in land markets and in-migration that erodes economic opportunities for the locals, eventually disempowering residents.In Costa Rica, close to 65% of the hotels belong to foreigners.Long-term tourists living in second homes, and the so-called amenity migrants(wealthy or retired people and liberal professionals moving to attractive destinations in order to enjoy the atmosphere and peaceful rhythms of life)cause price hikes in their new homes if their numbers attain a certain critical mass.旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展和相關(guān)切實(shí)需要的房地產(chǎn)需求可能戲劇性的促進(jìn)了建筑造假和土地價(jià)值。不止是這些造成了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用?特別是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家-難以得到基本日常所需，還會(huì)導(dǎo)致外來(lái)者在土地市場(chǎng)和遷移這些對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厝藢儆诮?jīng)濟(jì)侵略的領(lǐng)域處于支配地位。在哥斯達(dá)黎加，近60%的酒店屬于外國(guó)人，長(zhǎng)期的游客住在第二個(gè)家，這些所謂的美化城市的居民（富人或者退休的人，還有那些想要享受平靜生活和優(yōu)美環(huán)境的自由主義者）的數(shù)量如果達(dá)到一個(gè)臨界值，就會(huì)引起他們新家附近的價(jià)格飛漲。

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Storm structure

The process by which a disturbance forms and subsequently strengthens into a hurricane depends on at least three conditions.Warm waters and moisture are mentioned above.The third condition is a wind pattern near the ocean surface that spirals air inward.Bands of thunderstorms form, allowing the air to warm further and rise higher into the atmosphere.If the winds at these higher levels are relatively light, this structure can remain intact and allow for additional strengthening.一股躁動(dòng)氣流隨后加強(qiáng)成為颶風(fēng)的過(guò)程需要至少3個(gè)條件。溫水和降水是必不可少的，第三個(gè)條件是在海洋表面有內(nèi)螺旋的空氣所形成的風(fēng)。雷電風(fēng)暴的形成，讓空氣溫度升高，然后上升到大氣。如果在這個(gè)更高高度的風(fēng)是相對(duì)輕的，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)還會(huì)保持完整然后繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)。

第四篇：水利專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯部分

Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性

Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth’s surface.Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water.Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land.The polar regions are overlaid with vast quantities of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight.It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以相對(duì)純的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人們最熟悉的、最豐富的一種化合物。在水中，氧這種最豐富的化學(xué)元素與氫結(jié)合，其含量多達(dá)89%。水覆蓋了地球表面的大約3/4的面積，并充滿(mǎn)了陸地上的許多裂縫。地球的兩極被大量的冰所覆蓋，同時(shí)大氣也挾帶有占其重量0.1%～2%的水蒸氣。據(jù)估計(jì)，在溫暖的夏日，每平方英里陸地上空大氣中的水量約為5萬(wàn)噸。

All life on earth depends upon water, the principal ingredient of living cells.The use of water by man, plants, and animals is universal.Without it there can be no life.Every living thing requires water.Man can go nearly two months without food, but can live only three or four days without water.地球上所有的生命都有賴(lài)于水而存在，水是活細(xì)胞的基本組分（要素）。人類(lèi)、植物和動(dòng)物都得用水。沒(méi)有水就沒(méi)有生命。每一種生物都需要水。人可以接近兩個(gè)月不吃食物而仍能活著，但不喝水則只能活三四天。

In our homes, whether in the city or in the country, water is essential for cleanliness and health.The average American family uses from 65,000 to 75,000 gallons of water per year for various household purposes.在我們的家庭中，無(wú)論是在城市還是農(nóng)村，水對(duì)于衛(wèi)生和健康來(lái)說(shuō)都是必不可少的。美國(guó)家庭的年平均用水量達(dá)6.5～7.5萬(wàn)加侖。

Water can be considered as the principal raw material and the lowest cost raw material from which most of our farm produces is made.It is essential for the growth of crops and animals and is a very important factor in the production of milk and eggs.Animals and poultry, if constantly supplied with running water, will produce more meat, more milk, and more eggs per pound of food and per hour of labor.水可以被認(rèn)為是最基本的和最廉價(jià)的原料。我們的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，大部分都是由它構(gòu)成的。水是農(nóng)作物和動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)的要素，也是奶類(lèi)和蛋類(lèi)生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)很重要的因素。動(dòng)物和家禽，如果用流動(dòng)的水來(lái)喂養(yǎng)，那么每磅飼料和每個(gè)勞動(dòng)小時(shí)會(huì)生產(chǎn)出更多的肉、奶和蛋。

For example, apples are 87% water.The trees on which they grow must have watered many times the weight of the fruit.Potatoes are 75% water.To grow an acre of potatoes tons of water is required.Fish are 80% water.They not only consume water but also must have large volumes of water in which to live.Milk is 88% water.To produce one quart of milk a cow requires from 3.5 to

5.5 quarts of water.Beef is 77% water.To produce a pound of beef an animal must drink many times that much water.If there is a shortage of water, there will be a decline in farm production, just as a shortage of steel will cause a decrease in the production of automobiles.例如，蘋(píng)果含87%的水分，蘋(píng)果樹(shù)就必須吸收比蘋(píng)果多許多倍的水分；土豆含75%的水分，那么種植每英畝土豆就需要若干噸水；牛奶含水量為88%，為了生產(chǎn)每夸脫牛奶，母

牛需要3.5～5.5 夸脫的水；牛肉含77%的水，為生產(chǎn)1磅牛肉牛必須飲用許多磅水。如果缺水，就會(huì)使農(nóng)產(chǎn)品減產(chǎn)，就像缺乏鋼會(huì)引起汽車(chē)產(chǎn)量下降一樣。

In addition to the direct use of water in our homes and on the farm, there are many indirect ways in which water affects our lives.In manufacturing, generation of electric power, transportation, recreation, and in many other ways, water plays a very important role.水除了直接為我們的家庭和農(nóng)場(chǎng)利用外，它還以許多間接的方式對(duì)我們的生活產(chǎn)生影響。在制造、發(fā)電、運(yùn)輸、娛樂(lè)以及其他許多行業(yè)，水都起著很重要的作用。

Our use of water is increasing rapidly with our growing population.Already there are acute shortages of both surface and underground waters in many locations.Careless pollution and contamination of our streams, lakes, and underground sources has greatly impaired the quality of the water which we do have available.It is therefore of utmost importance for our future that good conservation and sanitary measures be practiced by everyone.我們對(duì)水的利用隨人口的增長(zhǎng)而迅速增加。在許多地方，無(wú)論地面水或地下水都已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重短缺了。由于任意污染河流、湖泊和地下水源，已經(jīng)大大地?fù)p害了人們能夠利用的水的水質(zhì)。因此，人人有責(zé)對(duì)水采取保護(hù)措施和衛(wèi)生措施，這對(duì)于我們?nèi)祟?lèi)的未來(lái)是極端重要的。

Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 騰發(fā)量

Evaporation is the transfer of water from the liquid to the vapor state.Transpiration is the process by which plants remove moisture from the soil and release it to the air as vapor.More than half of the precipitation which reaches the land surfaces of the earth is returned to the atmosphere by the combined processes, evapotranspiration.In arid regions evaporation may consume a large portion of the water stored in reservoir.蒸發(fā)是水從液態(tài)變成氣態(tài)的過(guò)程。蒸騰是植物將從土壤中吸收的水分以汽體的形式釋放到大氣中去的過(guò)程。到達(dá)地面的降雨有一半以上以蒸發(fā)與蒸騰相結(jié)合的形式─騰發(fā)，回到大氣中去。在干旱地區(qū)，蒸發(fā)可以消耗掉大量的水庫(kù)存水。

The rate of evaporation from a water surface is proportional to the difference between the vapor pressure at the surface and vapor pressure in the overlying air(Dalton ’s law).In still air, the vapor-pressure difference soon becomes small, and evaporation is limited by the rate of diffusion of vapor away from the surface.Turbulence caused by wind and thermal convection transports the vapor from the surface layer and permits evaporation to continue.水面蒸發(fā)率與水表面水氣壓與上層空氣大氣壓的差成比例（道爾頓定律）。在靜止的空氣中，氣壓差不久就變得較小，蒸發(fā)受水面水汽彌散速率的限制。由風(fēng)引起的擾動(dòng)和熱對(duì)流將表層的水變?yōu)樗?，（從而）使蒸發(fā)得以持續(xù)下去。

Transpiration is essentially the evaporation of water from the leaves of plants.Rates of transpiration will, therefore, be about the same as rates of evaporation from a free water surface if the supply of water to the plant is not limited.Estimated free water evaporation may, therefore, be assumed to indicate the potential evapotranspiration from a vegetated soil surface.蒸騰從本質(zhì)上是指水分從植物的葉表面的蒸發(fā)，因此，如果植物供水不受限制，蒸騰速率大約等于自由水面的蒸發(fā)率。因此，估計(jì)的自由水面蒸發(fā)量可以假定代表有植物的土壤表面的潛在騰發(fā)量。

The total quantity of transpiration by plants over a long period of time is limited primarily by the availability of water.In areas of abundant rainfall well distributed through the year, all plants will transpire at about the same rates and the differences in total will result from the differences in

the length of the growing seasons for the various species.Where water supply is limited and seasonal, depth of roots becomes very important.Here, shallow-rooted grasses wilt and die when the surface soil becomes dry while deep-rooted trees and plants will continue to withdraw water from lower soil layers.The deeper-rooted vegetation will transpire a greater amount of water in the course of a year.The rate of transpiration is not materially reduced by decreases in soil moisture until the wilting point of the soil is reached.整個(gè)長(zhǎng)時(shí)期的植物蒸騰總量主要受水的可獲得量限制。在雨量充足且年內(nèi)分布均勻的地區(qū)，所有植物都將以大致相同的速度蒸騰，蒸騰總量的不同是由于各種植物生育期長(zhǎng)短不同而引起的。對(duì)于供水受限制和季節(jié)性（降雨）的地方，植物根系的深度是很重要的。在這樣的地區(qū)，當(dāng)表土變干時(shí)，淺根系的草凋萎后便死亡，而根深的樹(shù)木和作物將繼續(xù)從深層土壤中吸取水分。深根植物在一年蒸騰過(guò)程中將蒸騰掉大量的水分。在土壤含水量達(dá)到凋萎點(diǎn)之前，植物的蒸騰速度實(shí)質(zhì)上不會(huì)因土壤水分的減少而減少。

Evapotranspiration, sometimes called consumptive use or total evaporation describes the total water removed from an area by transpiration and by evaporation from soil, snow, and water surfaces.An estimate of the actual evapotranspiration from an area can be made by subtracting measured outflow from the area(surface and subsurface)from the total water supply(precipitation, surface and subsurface inflow, and imported water).Change in surface and underground storage must be included when significant.騰發(fā)量有時(shí)被稱(chēng)為耗水量或總蒸騰量，表示某一區(qū)域植物蒸騰、土壤蒸發(fā)、雪蒸發(fā)和自由水面蒸發(fā)的總水量。某一區(qū)域上的實(shí)際騰發(fā)量可以從本區(qū)總的供水量（包括降雨、地面和地下流入量以及引入的水量）減去從本區(qū)實(shí)測(cè)流出量（地表和地下流出量）來(lái)進(jìn)行估算。當(dāng)?shù)乇砗偷叵聝?chǔ)存量的變化顯著時(shí)必須包括在騰發(fā)量之內(nèi)。

Several attempts have been made to relate evapotranspiration to climatological data through simple equations such as用最簡(jiǎn)單的方程表示騰發(fā)量與氣象數(shù)據(jù)之間的關(guān)系，人們已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了許多嘗試，如：

Where: is the consumptive use in feet and is the sum of the growing season maximum temperatures less 32oF.With in centimeters and temperatures in degrees Celsius, Eq.(18.1)becomes式中： 表示耗水量，單位是英尺； 代表植物生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)最高溫度減去32oF的累計(jì)值。當(dāng) 以厘米為單位，溫度由oC表示時(shí)，方程(18.1)變?yōu)?/p>

Such formulas agree fairly well with average values of annual evapotranspiration over a period of years, but it clear that the evaporative process is too complex to be well defined by a simple temperature function.這些公式與多年某一階段的年平均騰發(fā)量吻合良好。但由于蒸發(fā)過(guò)程的復(fù)雜性，很顯然，我們不可能用簡(jiǎn)單的溫度函數(shù)去很好的定義騰發(fā)量。

As indicated before, the potential evapotranspiration from an area can be estimated from the free water evaporation.Actual evapotranspiration equals the potential value as limited by the available moisture.On a natural watershed with many vegetal species, it is reasonable to assume that evapotranspiration rates do vary with soil moisture since shallow-rooted species will cease to transpire before deeper-rooted species.A moisture-accounting procedure can be established using the continuity equation

如前所述，某一區(qū)域的潛在騰發(fā)量可以用自由水面騰發(fā)量來(lái)估算。實(shí)際騰發(fā)量等于有效水量受限時(shí)的潛在騰發(fā)量。對(duì)于一個(gè)有多種植物的自然流域，假設(shè)騰發(fā)速率確實(shí)隨土壤水分的變化而變化是合理的。這是因?yàn)闇\根植物將在深根植物前停止蒸騰。我們可以用連續(xù)方程建立水量平衡方程：Where: is precipitation;is surface runoff;is subsurface outflow;is actural

evapotranspiration;is the change in moisture storage.式中： 表示降雨量； 表示地表徑流量； 表示地下流出量； 表示實(shí)際騰發(fā)量； 表示水分儲(chǔ)存的變化。is estimated as（可用下式估算：）

Where: is the computed soil moisture storage on any data and is an assumed maximum soil moisture content.A moisture-accounting procedure of this type may be used to calculate runoff as well as estimate evapotranspiration.式中： 表示任何計(jì)算的土壤水分儲(chǔ)存量； 表示一假定的最大土壤含水量。這個(gè)典型的水量平衡方程可用于計(jì)算徑流量和估算騰發(fā)量。

第五篇：考研英語(yǔ)翻譯部分總結(jié)

翻譯部分

特點(diǎn)：

（1）反映自然科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)的常識(shí)性、科學(xué)類(lèi)和報(bào)刊評(píng)論文章占很大比例；

（2）考題難度加大；

（3）語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象難度有所降低；

（4）突出簡(jiǎn)單翻譯技巧，如:詞、詞組的省略及補(bǔ)譯，譯出it，they，this，that等代詞的真正代表的含義，詞義選擇、引申、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，長(zhǎng)句的拆句與逆序翻譯法等。萬(wàn)學(xué)海文提醒考生們應(yīng)針對(duì)這些特點(diǎn)認(rèn)真做好適當(dāng)?shù)臏?zhǔn)備。

策略：

1.要有意識(shí)地進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)句，復(fù)雜句式結(jié)構(gòu)分析的訓(xùn)練。善于在復(fù)雜的句式結(jié)構(gòu)中找出主體結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，并以此作為句子理解和翻譯的起點(diǎn)。

2.善于積累詞匯。特別要注意一詞多義，常見(jiàn)詞一般具有多義性，翻譯時(shí)要根據(jù)搭配和上下文確定意義，如develop除了“發(fā)展”的意思外，還有“形成”的意思。同時(shí)要注意一詞多性，特別是名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞三種詞性的互換，平時(shí)要有意識(shí)地做一些“名詞動(dòng)譯”、“動(dòng)詞名譯”等方面的訓(xùn)練。

3.注意詞語(yǔ)的固定搭配。特別注意動(dòng)詞+介詞、動(dòng)詞+副詞的搭配，因?yàn)榇祟?lèi)搭配常常伴有詞義的改變。4.注意同義詞、近義詞、形近詞的區(qū)分和辨析。做真題分析題型，涉獵要廣泛。不要一字一字翻譯，通讀全文，理解大概意思后再開(kāi)始動(dòng)筆。