第一篇：英語演講選修課chapter 2 topic

chapter 2 topic

Selecting a topic

? Speeches outside the classroom

the occasion, the audience, the speaker’s qualifications

? Speeches in the public speaking class

no designated topic

? What is a suitable speech topic?

? Worthwhile

? Appropriate

? Limited in scope

Suitable topic

? Worthwhile

significant implications for the audience

? Appropriate

know a lot, like to learn more

? Limited in scope

dividing the topic into several significant parts.? General purpose: the broad goal 總體目標(biāo)

? To inform: convey information

enhance the knowledge and understanding

? To persuade: advocate or partisan

Change or structure the attitudes or actions

Difference: explain orexhort

? Specific purpose 具體目標(biāo)

to inform my audience about…

to persuade my audience to …

Explain ←→ exhort

Specific Purpose

? Specific purpose:(single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to

accomplish in his or her speech.).簡單的肯定句

? Topic:Emergencies

? General purpose: To inform

? Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an

emergency

Tips for formulating the specific purpose statement

Tip 1:Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase(完整的短語）, not as a fragment（片段）

?

Tip 2

Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question陳述句

Tip 3Avoid figurative language比喻語言

Tip 4 Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main point

Tip 5

Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general

Phrasing the central idea

(Also called thesis statement,subject sentence, major thought)

?What is the central idea?

?Guidelines for the central idea

What is the central idea?

? A one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech.It is what you want

the audience to absorb from your speech.? In persuasive speeches

arguable, debatable, take your stance

? In informative speeches

relatively neutral and objective

? The specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish.? The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say.?

Guidelines for the central idea

? The central idea

1.Should be expressed in a full sentence

2.should not be in the form of a question.3.should avoid figurative language

4.should not be vague or overly general

Summary

? Selecting a topic

? Determining your general purpose

? Determining your specific purpose

? Phrasing your central idea

Four brainstorming procedures

? Make a quick inventory of your hobbies, interests, skills, experiences, beliefs, and so

forth.? Use the technique of clustering and write down on a sheet of paper the first topics that

come to mind in several categories.? Look through a reference work for ideas

? Use a World Wide Web subject directory such as Yahoo to help you scan possible topic.

第二篇：英語演講選修課10informative

Lesson 10 Informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments

What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures

? Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding ? To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before ? Convey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methods

? Chronological order

編年順序

? Spatial order

空間順序 ? Topical order

主題順序 ? Causal order ? Problem-solution order

Other methods of speech organization

? Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship.method of speech organization in which the main points

? Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.?(Problem-cause-solution order)

Speeches about process

? Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.? Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3.Speeches about events

? Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.? chronological order----to recount the history of an event, ? causal order----to explain the causes and effects

4.Speech about concepts

? Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.? Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order.One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking

?Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2.Relate the subject directly to the audience

* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved

3.Don’t be too technical

* Simple, clear language is needed.4.Avoid abstractions One way to avoid abstractions is through description(a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)

Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons(A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)

5.Personalize your ideas

第三篇：英語演講選修課11persuasive

Lesson 11 Persuasive Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments

What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures

I.Persuasive speeches on questions of fact

? Questions of fact---A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.? We do not know enough information to know what it is

Will the economy be better or worse next year?

Will another earthquake strike California before the year 2010? ? The facts are murky or inclusive

What will happen next in the Middle East?

Is sexual orientation genetically determined?

Speeches On questions of fact are usually organized topically II.Persuasive speeches on questions of value

? Questions of value?---A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.? What is the best movie of all time? Is the cloning of human beings morally justifiable? What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists? ? Matter of fact, value judgments ?

Speeches on questions of value are mostly organized topically

? Your first main point is to establish the standards for your value judgment.樹立價值判斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

? Your second main point is to apply those standards to the subject.III.Persuasive speeches on questions of policy

Questions of policy---A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.是否采取行動

What to do during spring vocation? Which strategy to use in selling a product? How to maintain economic growth and protect the enviroment ? ? They are to decide whether something should or should not be done.2.Organizing speeches on Questions of policy

?Problem-solution order ?Problem-cause-solution order

?Comparative Advantage order

?D.Monroe’s motivated sequence

D.Monroe’s motivated sequence

門羅促動順序

? A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.? The five steps of the motivated sequence are:

1.attention

2.need

3.satisfaction

4.visualization

（形象化）

5.action

Part 2: Methods of persuasion

Listeners will be persuaded by a speaker from one or more of four reasons:

I.credibility.II.evidence.III.reasoning.IV.emotions

I.Building credibility

? Factors of credibility:

A.Competence---how an audience regards a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.B.Character---how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.2.Establishing common ground with your audience

? Creating common ground---a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.3.Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction II.Using evidence

Tips for using evidence 1.Use specific evidence.2.Use novel evidence.3.Use evidence from credible sources 4.Make clear the point of your evidence.III.Reasoning

? Reasoning---the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.? Four types of reasoning:

1.Reasoning from specific instances

2.Reasoning from principle

3.Causal reasoning

4.Analogical reasoning

Guidelines for reasoning from specific instances

A.Avoid generalizing too hastily, make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.B.Be careful with your wording.If your evidence does not justify a conclusion, qualify your argument.C.Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony 2.Reasoning from principle

?---Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.For instance: ? All people are mortal.? Socrates is a person.? Therefore, Socrates is mortal.3.Causal reasoning

---Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.? There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk.You slip, fall, and break your arm.You reason as follows: “Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.” or

? “If the patch of ice hadn’t been there, I wouldn’t have fallen and broken my arm.” ?

4.Analogical reasoning（類比推理）

---Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.? If you are good at racquetball, you’ll be great at Ping-Pang.? In Great Britain the general election campaign fro Prime Minister lasts less than three weeks.Surely we can do the same with the U.S presidential election.IV.Appealing to emotions

? Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like.These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy.?

Guidelines for generating emotional appeal

? 1.Use emotional language 2.Develop vivid example 3.Speak with sincerity and conviction

第四篇：英語演講選修課Chapter_10_informative

Lesson 10 informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments

What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures

? Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding ? To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before ? Convey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methods

? Chronological order

編年順序

? Spatial order

空間順序 ? Topical order

主題順序 ? Causal order ? Problem-solution order

Other methods of speech organization

? Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship.method of speech organization in which the main points

? Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.?(Problem-cause-solution order)

Speeches about process

? Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.? Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3.Speeches about events

? Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.? chronological order----to recount the history of an event, ? causal order----to explain the causes and effects

4.Speech about concepts

? Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.? Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order.One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking

?Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2.Relate the subject directly to the audience

* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved

3.Don’t be too technical

* Simple, clear language is needed.4.Avoid abstractions One way to avoid abstractions is through description(a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)

Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons(A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)

5.Personalize your ideas

第五篇：英語演講選修課4introduction

Lesson Four Introduction 1.Getting attention and interest(1)Relate the topic to the audience(2)State the importance of your topic(3)Startle the audience(4)Arouse the curiosity of the audience(5)Question the audience(6)Begin with a quotation(7)Tell a story 2.Reveal the topic 3.Establish credibility

? Credibility: the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.Your credibility need not be based on firsthand knowledge and experience.It can come from reading, from classes, from interviews, from friends.4 Preview the body of the speech

? Preview statement

? A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech.Tips for preparing the introduction

1.Keep the introduction relatively brief.Under normal circumstances it should not constitute more than 10 to 20 percent of your speech.2.Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research.File them with your notes, so they will be handy when you are ready for them.3.Be creative in devising your introduction.Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that seems most likely to get the audience interested in your speech.4.Don’t worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech.After you have determined your main points, it will be much easier to make final decisions about how to begin the speech.5.Work out your introduction in detail.Some teachers recommend that you write it out word for word;others prefer that you outline it.Whichever method you use, practice the introduction over and over until you can deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes and with strong eye contact.This will get your speech off to a good start and give you a big boost of confidence.Some common faults of introductions

????? Don’t apologize.Don’t pretend

Don’t make hollow promises

Don’t rely on gimmicks

Don’t preface your introduction