第一篇：2018-2019學(xué)年高中新創(chuàng)新一輪復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)人教版習(xí)題：必修1 Unit 5 高考試卷分塊專練 Word版含答案

必修1 Unit 5 高考試卷分塊專練

閱讀理解提速練——練速度?4篇閱讀＋1篇七選五，限時(shí)35分鐘?

Ⅰ.閱讀理解

A

Bessie Coleman

Born in Texas, Coleman moved to Chicago to find a job, but she became interested in the stories she heard from pilots returning from World War Ⅰ.However, her race(種族)and her gender(性別)kept her out of flight schools in the U．S., so she made her way to France where she could learn flying.When she returned to Chicago, Coleman had difficulty finding jobs, so she chose to be a stunt(特技)pilot.She was the first black female pilot in the U．S.and was an inspiration to early pilots and to African Americans and Native Americans.Bessica Raiche

Bessica Raiche drove a car, shot guns and practiced medicine.Besides, she was an accomplished artist and musician.But on Oct.13, 1910, Raiche became the first American woman to make a flight in an aircraft by herself.Raiche's aviation career(航空職業(yè))was short, as she moved to Southern California to focus on her career in medicine, later becoming president of the Orange County Medical Association.Willa Brown

Willa Brown was the first African American woman to earn both a pilot's license(1938)and a commercial license(1939)．As a former schoolteacher and social worker, Brown set up the Coffey School of Aeronautics at Chicago's Harlem Airport, which later became the first government-approved aviation training school for African Americans.Peggy Whitson

At 57, Peggy Whitson was the world's oldest spacewoman.She has spent 500 days off Earth — more than any other woman, and in 2008, she became the first female commander of the International Space Station(ISS)．She made her eighth space walk on March 30, 2017 and she beat the current record for women of 50 hours and 40 minutes of total spacewalking time.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。介紹了四位女性飛行員。1．Why did Bessie Coleman move to France? A．To acquire stunt skills.B．To find a well-paid job.C．To take part in World War Ⅰ.D．To achieve her flying dream.解析：選D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段的“her race(種族)and her gender(性別)kept her out of flight schools in the U．S., so she made her way to France where she could learn flying”可知，Bessie Coleman到法國(guó)是想實(shí)現(xiàn)自己成為飛行員的夢(mèng)想。

2．Who made a contribution to aviation education? A．Bessie Coleman.C．Willa Brown.B．Bessica Raiche.D．Peggy Whitson.解析：選C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段的最后一句可知，Willa Brown創(chuàng)辦了第一所政府支持的非裔美國(guó)人飛行訓(xùn)練學(xué)校。

3．What can we know about Peggy Whitson? A．She enjoyed her journey in space.B．She set some surprising records.C．She devoted herself to building the ISS.D．She set other black women an example.解析：選B 推理判斷題。由最后一段可知，宇航員Peggy Whitson創(chuàng)造了幾項(xiàng)世界紀(jì)錄。

4．Which of the following do the four share? A．They are outstanding women pilots.B．They suffered discrimination at work.C．They never received good education.D．They have shown great creativity.解析：選A 推理判斷題。由第一段的最后一句、第二段的“Raiche became the first American woman to make a flight in an aircraft by herself”以及第三段和第四段的內(nèi)容可推知，這四位都是杰出的女飛行員。

B

Krubera Cave in the western Caucasus Mountains is the deepest known cave in the world.An international team prepared to descend into Krubera.The team members hoped to be the first cavers to reach a depth of 2,000 meters, brought five tons of equipment and other necessities with them, and established camps at key locations along the route.They worked for up to 20 hours each day.In the third week, progress was blocked at 1,775 meters by a sump — a cave passage filled with water that gives cavers few options.There are basically three techniques available: dive through it, empty it, or go around it.Gennadiy Samokhin dove to the bottom but was disappointed.“No chance to get through，” he said.Searching for a way around the sump, Garcia Dils risked entering a waterfall of near freezing water and discovered that his dry suit had holes in it.“The water was so cold I lost the feeling in my fingers，” he said later.He, too, was unsuccessful.Finally, two teammates found a way around the sump through a tight passage they called the Way to the Dream.The team was exhilarated.The passage led to yet another sump at 1,840 meters.After a short test dive, Samokhin emerged, smiling.There was a promising passage, he reported.But it would have to wait.After nearly four weeks, with supplies running low, the team had run out of time and would have to return to the surface.Four weeks later, a team of nine Ukrainian cavers led by Yuri Kasjan went back to Krubera.Following the path opened by the previous team, they reached the sump at 1,840 meters relatively quickly.After much searching, a pit(坑), later named the Millennium Pit, was discovered that allowed them to pass the 2,000 meter depth.More pits and passages led them to 2,080 meters, a spot they named Game Over.But the caving game is never over.Deeper caves will probably continue to be discovered and call out to be explored.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了探察洞穴者對(duì)世界上最深的洞穴——庫(kù)魯伯亞拉洞穴進(jìn)行探索的過(guò)程。

5．Why did the team return to the surface after nearly four weeks? A．They were lacking in supplies.B．They had achieved their goal.C．They couldn't go through the sump.D．They gave their task to Yuri Kasjan's team.解析：選A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“After nearly four weeks, with supplies running low, the team had run out of time and would have to return to the surface.”可知，因?yàn)槲镔Y逐漸短缺，探察洞穴者才被迫返回地面。

6．What does the underlined word “exhilarated” probably mean? A．Cheerful.C．Confused.B．Powerful.D．Exhausted.解析：選A 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞前的“two teammates found a way around the sump through a tight passage they called the Way to the Dream”可知，兩名隊(duì)員找到了通過(guò)水坑的通道，所以他們很高興，故選A。

7．What is the text mainly about? A．The features of Krubera Cave.B．Famous caves around the world.C．A journey of exploring Krubera Cave.D．The importance of exploring Krubera Cave.解析：選C 主旨大意題。本文講述了探察洞穴者對(duì)世界上最深的洞穴——庫(kù)魯伯亞拉洞穴進(jìn)行探索的過(guò)程，故選C。

C

We have slow food, slow travel, even slow journalism.The slow food movement reminds us of the value of locally produced, seasonal foods, just as slow travel brings us back to local

traditions we miss as we fly off in search of peak experiences.In a 24-hour news era, slow journalism avoids the demands of the breaking story, revisiting and reflecting on old news.In almost every area of life, we are turning towards a world, where time is not a luxury(奢侈品)but a resting place and slowness is almost a necessity.But that doesn't happen in schools.Courses are forced into short half terms.From the moment we go through school gates to the time we get out again a few short hours later, there must be activity, busyness and speed.Reflection is out.We don't give students the time they need to read and they turn to second-rate substitutes instead.Why read Plato when you can read a book about Plato? The answer is that what Plato wrote is much more interesting, dramatic and enjoyable than any of the thousands of books that have been written about him.I once met a friend, a published poet.“How's the poetry going？” I asked.“It's been a good week，” he replied.“I wrote three lines.” Would we accept that rate of return from our students? Slow teaching means giving students time to read and think.How often do we demand immediate answers to our questions? Silence is more often uncomfortable than golden in the classroom.Slow teaching also means resisting the temptation(誘惑)to finish every discussion and bring thinking to an end.Slow teaching encourages us to work for as long as the topic demands, Additionally, slow teaching means giving students time to explore the natural world and scientific concepts and time to go outside the curriculum and further explore it.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文。在其他行業(yè)，人們似乎已經(jīng)接受了慢節(jié)奏的生活方式，但在教育領(lǐng)域，慢節(jié)奏的教學(xué)仍遙不可及。

8．What is suggested in the first paragraph? A．People find it a luxury to enjoy time.B．Being slow is becoming a movement.C．Slowness is a recognized culture now.D．It is difficult for people to slow down.解析：選C 推理判斷題。結(jié)合第一段提到的慢飲食、慢旅行和慢新聞以及它們帶來(lái)的好處可推知，慢節(jié)奏的活動(dòng)已成為人們認(rèn)可的一種文化。

9．What can we know about students' present situation? A．They live in a fast-paced world.B．They are more silent than active.C．They mainly focus on reflecting.D．They lack good reading materials.解析：選A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段的“there must be activity, busyness and speed.Reflection is out.We don't give students the time they need to read”，第三段的最后一句和最后一段可知，學(xué)校課程緊張，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)忙碌，甚至沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間思考、閱讀、探索，即

學(xué)生們處于一個(gè)快節(jié)奏的世界。

10．How can students benefit from slow teaching? A．They needn't have a long teaching period.B．They can bring an end to every discussion.C．They have enough time to think and learn.D．They needn't answer every question in class.解析：選C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段的第一句和最后一句可知，通過(guò)慢教學(xué)，學(xué)生可以有足夠的時(shí)間進(jìn)行閱讀、思考、探索和學(xué)習(xí)等。

11．What may be the best title for the text? A．Should school curriculums be changed? B．It's time for a slow teaching revolution C．The way we read should be changed D．Is a speed-driven world out of date? 解析：選B 標(biāo)題歸納題。本文主要表達(dá)了作者的一種主張，即slow teaching：減慢教學(xué)速度，給學(xué)生充分閱讀、思考和探索的時(shí)間。

D

Stephen Hawking Warns Humans

Must Leave Earth Soon Professor Stephen Hawking recently came out with a serious warning for people.While at the Starmus Festival, a festival in Trondheim, Norway, celebrating science and the arts, Hawking warned people that the human race is in serious danger.Hawking criticized President Donald Trump for denying climate change.Then the physicist warned the audience, “I am not denying the importance of fighting climate change and global warming, unlike Donald Trump, who may just have taken the most serious and wrong decision on climate change this world has seen.”

Hawking proposed that the leading countries should send astronauts to the Moon before 2020 to restart a movement of more exploration in space.The BBC reported that Hawking suggested that we “build a lunar base in 30 years' time and send people to Mars by 2025”．

According to the BBC, Professor Hawking said, “Spreading out into space will completely change the future of humanity.” He continued, “I hope it would unite competitive nations in a single goal to face the common challenge for us all.” The physicist shared more ideas to motivate the younger generation to continue exploring space.Hawking stated, “A new and ambitious space program would excite(young people), and stimulate interest in other areas, such as astrophysics(天體物理學(xué))and cosmology(宇宙學(xué))．”

Hawking also revealed his vision of other forms of energy that could move us to a new planet.He warned the audience, “The Earth is under threat from so many areas that it is difficult for me to be positive.” He continued, “Our natural resources are being drained at an alarming rate.We have given our planet the disastrous gifts of climate change, rising temperatures, reduction of the polar ice caps, deforestation(濫伐森林), and decimation(大批殺死)of animal species.We can be an ignorant and unthinking(考慮不周的)lot.”

The professor warned the audience that doing nothing would lead nowhere.He said, “If we succeed we will send a probe(航天探測(cè)器)to Alpha Centauri within the lifetime of some of you alive today.It is clear that we are entering a new space age.We are standing at the threshold(開(kāi)端)of a new era.Human colonization and moving to other planets is no longer science fiction, and it can be science fact.” Hawking advised the audience to move to other worlds because we are running out of space.語(yǔ)篇解讀：文章引用了世界知名物理學(xué)及天文學(xué)家霍金的觀點(diǎn)，闡明了人類必須離開(kāi)地球在太空中找一處新家的原因。

12．According to Hawking, what is the first step for humans to spread out into space? A．To send people to Mars.B．To build a lunar base.C．To send astronauts to the Moon.D．To change the future of humanity.解析：選C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第三段的第一句可知，人類要向太空擴(kuò)展應(yīng)在2020年之前把宇航員送到月球以重啟太空探索，故選C項(xiàng)。

13．The underlined word “drained” in Paragraph 5 can be replaced by “________”． A．speeded up C．used up

B．stored D．explored 解析：選C 詞義猜測(cè)題。由該詞前面的“natural resources”和后面的“at an alarming rate”可以推斷出，drain在這里是“用完，耗盡”的意思，故選C項(xiàng)。

14．What is Hawking's attitude towards the Earth's future? A．Pessimistic.C．Positive.B．Confused.D．Indifferent.解析：選A 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的“warned”以及第五段的內(nèi)容可以推斷出，霍金對(duì)地球的未來(lái)持悲觀的態(tài)度，這也是他提出人類要離開(kāi)地球的原因，故選A項(xiàng)。

15．The reason why humans must leave the Earth soon is that ________.A．the Earth is under threat and the human race is in serious danger B．humans have found other forms of energy to move to a new planet C．a(chǎn) new and ambitious space program would excite young people

D．a(chǎn)stronauts have found a better world in space than the Earth 解析：選A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段的第二句和第五段的第二句可知，人類必須離開(kāi)地球的原因是：人類處于危險(xiǎn)之中，地球受到威脅，故選A項(xiàng)。

Ⅱ.閱讀七選五

Some people choose to live in a flat sharing with others.Others can't imagine leaving their perfect flats to live with lots of other people.If you live alone, you're responsible for your own space.If you need your quiet space, you're guaranteed to have it.__1__ And you can catch up with work without being interrupted or have a long and undisturbed bath.However, there's no one around if you need a helping hand.If something gets broken, you'll have to fix it yourself.__2__ You don't have friends at home to invite you out and help you meet people.There's no one at home to have a cup of tea with and talk about how your day was.__3__ Sometimes when you get home, the cake your colleague gave you as a thank-you present is mysteriously gone.Whenever you want a relaxing bath, there's no hot water left and someone wants to come in every five minutes.It's also rarely quiet.Someone always seems to have a birthday party when you want to go to bed early.But in spite of all that, there can be some wonderful moments, like waking up to the sound of the hoover(吸塵器)．__4__ And when you come home after a long day, you find your housemates making pizza with leftover vegetables while you watch a film.__5__ So, what's your choice? A．You can be alone quite a lot.B．That's when it all seems worth it.C．You don't have to share the sofa with anyone.D．Living alone has become more popular in recent years.E．It's not all good when you live with other people, though.F．You will realize how important your friends and family are.G．You will realize someone else is doing the cleaning for a change.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了獨(dú)自生活以及與別人合住的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。1．選C 本空承接上文，是對(duì)上一句“If you need your quiet space, you're guaranteed to have it.”的舉例：如果你需要安靜的空間，你肯定會(huì)擁有它。你不需要和別人分享沙發(fā)。

2．選A 本空后兩句是對(duì)這一處內(nèi)容的具體說(shuō)明：你不會(huì)收到舍友的外出邀請(qǐng)，也沒(méi)有人和你在家里邊喝茶邊聊天；由此可推知，本空是指你會(huì)經(jīng)常感到孤獨(dú)。

3．選E 根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容可知，本段談?wù)摿撕蛣e人住在一起也并不總是那么美好。4．選G 本空承接上一句中提到的那些美妙時(shí)刻中的一種情況：在吸塵器的聲音中醒來(lái)，你會(huì)意識(shí)到有人正在打掃房間。

5．選B 本空是對(duì)最后一段內(nèi)容的概括：這些美妙的時(shí)刻會(huì)使你感到做出和別人住在一起這個(gè)選擇是值得的。

第二篇：2018-2019學(xué)年高中新創(chuàng)新一輪復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)外研版：選修7 Module 5 高考試卷分塊專練

選修7 Module 5 高考試卷分塊專練

語(yǔ)言知識(shí)運(yùn)用保分練?1篇完形＋1篇語(yǔ)法填空，限時(shí)25分鐘?

Ⅰ.完形填空

(2018·重慶市重點(diǎn)中學(xué)協(xié)作體高考適應(yīng)性考試)It was a sunny day when my dad and I were arriving at his company.We __1__ the car and got out of it.I __2__ and saw a gray thing on the ground.I thought it was a __3__，but it started to move.As we approached we __4__ that it was a small wounded dog.We were so moved by the __5__ that we decided to help the __6__ dog.We bought some dog food in the store across the street and got some __7__ water for the dog, in order to help him regain __8__.He was desperate __9__ while we were giving him the food and water he almost __10__ his head in them.Once he had eaten we encouraged him to move;__11__，he could not.My dad tried to take him in his arms, but he started barking due to a wounded bleeding paw.__12__，we made a decision to carry him on a small stretcher(擔(dān)架)to our __13__.Rapidly, we took him to the vet's for him to receive __14__ treatment.The vet told us that he had a broken leg and that he had been __15__ for days.He got out of the vet's office after 5 days of __16__，and we decided to look for a __17__ for him.He was finally __18__ by one of my dad's workers and is living __19__.In conclusion, I learned from this that everybody can do an act of kindness.Everyone __20__ a second chance to be happy.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。作者講述了自己和父親一起救助一只受傷的狗，最終狗被一個(gè)好心人收養(yǎng)的經(jīng)歷。通過(guò)這個(gè)故事，作者告訴我們每個(gè)人都能盡一份愛(ài)心，每個(gè)人都擁有再次快樂(lè)的機(jī)會(huì)。

1．A.left

C．drove

B．parked D．boarded 解析：選B 根據(jù)上文中的“were arriving at his company”及下文中的“got out of it”可知，作者和父親把車停(parked)好后下了車。

2．A.looked around C．passed by

B．came up D．went away 解析：選A 作者環(huán)顧(looked around)四周，看見(jiàn)地面上有一個(gè)灰色的東西。come up“走近，上來(lái)”；pass by“路過(guò)，經(jīng)過(guò)”；go away“走開(kāi)，離開(kāi)”。

3．A.plastic box C．garbage bag

B．rubbish bin D．metal can

解析：選C 作者以為它是一個(gè)垃圾袋，但是它開(kāi)始移動(dòng)了。根據(jù)上文的“saw a gray thing on the ground”和下文的“it was a small wounded dog”可知，只有g(shù)arbage bag和gray thing, dog能聯(lián)系起來(lái)。

4．A.remembered C．expected

B．a(chǎn)dmitted D．realized 解析：選D 當(dāng)作者和父親走近時(shí)，他們才意識(shí)到那是一只受傷的小狗。remember“記得，記住”；admit“承認(rèn)”；expect“期待，期望”；realize“意識(shí)到”。

5．A.scene C．condition

B．view D．situation 解析：選A 作者和父親被眼前的這一幕(scene)打動(dòng)了，決定幫助這只可憐的小狗。view“風(fēng)景，視野”；condition“狀態(tài)，狀況”；situation“情況，局面”。

6．A.lucky C．poor

B．missing D．lovely 解析：選C 參見(jiàn)上題解析。poor“可憐的，不幸的”。7．A.pure C．sweet

B．salty D．delicious 解析：選A 作者和父親在街對(duì)面的商店買了一些狗糧并弄了一些純凈(pure)水來(lái)幫助它恢復(fù)體力。

8．A.power C．energy

B．strength D．spirit 解析：選B 參見(jiàn)上題解析。power“動(dòng)力”；strength“體力，力氣”；energy“精力”；spirit“精神”。

9．A.even if C．so that

B．a(chǎn)s if D．in that 解析：選C 前后句之間是原因和結(jié)果的關(guān)系，故用so that“因此，結(jié)果”引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。in that“因?yàn)椤保龑?dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

10．A.hurt C．shook

B．a(chǎn)bandoned D．buried 解析：選D 根據(jù)上文中的“He was desperate”可知，小狗非常需要食物和水，因此當(dāng)作者和父親提供給它食物和水時(shí)，它差點(diǎn)兒把它的頭埋(buried)在其中。

11．A.therefore C．instead

B．besides D．however 解析：選D 小狗一吃完，作者和父親就鼓勵(lì)它動(dòng)一動(dòng)，但是，它動(dòng)彈不得。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，本空應(yīng)填表示轉(zhuǎn)折的however。

12．A.In the end C．In fact

B．At first D．At one time 解析：選A 最后，作者和父親決定用小擔(dān)架把狗帶到他們的車上。in the end“最后”；at first“起初”；in fact“事實(shí)上”；at one time“一度”。

13．A.car C．home

解析：選A 參見(jiàn)上題解析。14．A.affordable C．immediate

B．free D．a(chǎn)vailable B．company D．office 解析：選C 很快，作者和父親帶小狗去看了獸醫(yī)，以便它能得到及時(shí)的治療。affordable“負(fù)擔(dān)得起的”；free“免費(fèi)的”；immediate“立即的，即刻的”；available“可利用的，可得到的”。

15．A.continuing C．surviving

B．struggling D．starving 解析：選D 根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，獸醫(yī)應(yīng)是對(duì)狗的身體狀況作評(píng)論，故此處應(yīng)表示“獸醫(yī)告訴我們它腿受傷了，而且餓了好幾天”，故選starving“挨餓”。第三段的“He was desperate”也是暗示。

16．A.operation C．exercise

B．recovery D．a(chǎn)djustment 解析：選B 經(jīng)過(guò)五天的恢復(fù)(recovery)，小狗得以從獸醫(yī)診所出來(lái)了，作者和父親決定為它找一個(gè)家。

17．A.hospital C．market

解析：選D 參見(jiàn)上題解析。18．A.supported C．received

B．a(chǎn)dapted D．a(chǎn)dopted B．unit D．family 解析：選D 根據(jù)上文提到的作者和父親要給狗找一個(gè)家的內(nèi)容可知，作者父親公司的一名工作人員最終領(lǐng)養(yǎng)(adopted)了這只狗。support“供養(yǎng)，支持”；adapt“適應(yīng)”；receive“收到”。

19．A.happily C．easily

B．positively D．simply 解析：選A 結(jié)合全文來(lái)考慮，這只受傷的狗被作者和父親救助，然后又被好心人收養(yǎng)，問(wèn)題最終被圓滿地解決，故happily最契合全文主旨。下文中的“to be happy”亦是提示。

20．A.demands

B．deserves

C．a(chǎn)llows D．shares 解析：選B 作者通過(guò)救治受傷的狗得出啟示：每個(gè)人都能盡一份愛(ài)心，每個(gè)人都值得(deserves)擁有再次快樂(lè)的機(jī)會(huì)。demand“需要”；allow“允許”；share“分享”。

Ⅱ.語(yǔ)法填空

(2018·新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)高考適應(yīng)性檢測(cè))Nowadays reference books have become a problem of great concern for __1__ the teachers and the students.There are many kinds of reference books available in the book market.A smart use of these books is certainly __2__(benefit), but the misuse and overuse of them may cause a lot of problems.First of all, reference books might make the students less attentive in class.__3__(arm)with reference books, many students may think that they know __4__ the teacher is going to talk about.So they may not listen to the teacher in class at all.Secondly, some students rely on reference books too much, which is unfavorable to the __5__(improve)of their ability to work __6__ the solutions by themselves.Thirdly, there are some reference books with many mistakes, which might __7__(lead)students.Considering the above-mentioned, we should be careful in selecting and __8__(use)reference books.Firstly, we should check the contents of the books carefully but not only pay attention to the brands of publishing houses.__9__(additional), we can turn to our teachers and classmates for recommendation.Besides, reference books are just __10__ assistant, so we should not rely on them too much.Only in this way can we make full use of reference books.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文主要講述了參考書的利弊及如何正確選擇參考書。1．both 固定搭配both...and...意為“兩者都”，符合語(yǔ)境，故用both。2．beneficial 此處應(yīng)用形容詞作系動(dòng)詞is的表語(yǔ)。

3．Armed arm和句子謂語(yǔ)之間沒(méi)有連詞，故該處用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，且和句子主語(yǔ)students之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞。

4．what 空格處引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，代指物的概念，故用what。5．improvement 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境中的定冠詞the和介詞of可知，此處用名詞形式。6．out 固定搭配work out意為“解決”，符合語(yǔ)境。

7．mislead 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境中的“with many mistakes”可知，這些錯(cuò)誤百出的參考書有可能誤導(dǎo)學(xué)生。

8．using 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境中的and提示可知，此處與selecting呼應(yīng)，故用動(dòng)名詞using作介詞in的賓語(yǔ)。

9．Additionally 與語(yǔ)境中逗號(hào)呼應(yīng)可知，此處用副詞作狀語(yǔ)。

10．a(chǎn)n assistant是可數(shù)名詞，且第一次在語(yǔ)境中出現(xiàn)，故用不定冠詞修飾，且assistant的讀音以元音音素開(kāi)頭，故用an。

第三篇：2018-2019學(xué)年高中新創(chuàng)新一輪復(fù)習(xí)政治通用版：課時(shí)檢測(cè)(二十二) 文化對(duì)人的影響 Word版含答案

課時(shí)檢測(cè)（二十二）

文化對(duì)人的影響

一、選擇題

1．“告訴我，我會(huì)忘記；給我看，我會(huì)記住；讓我參與，我會(huì)理解”。某地依托互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搭建的虛擬博物館，讓靜態(tài)文物“活”了起來(lái)，讓人們足不出戶就能領(lǐng)略其魅力，省錢、省時(shí)、省力，還能享受到互動(dòng)性極強(qiáng)的沉浸式體驗(yàn)。這一做法體現(xiàn)的道理是（）A．發(fā)展文化產(chǎn)業(yè)，保障人民群眾的文化權(quán)益 B．文化對(duì)人的影響來(lái)自特定的文化環(huán)境和文化活動(dòng) C．人民群眾是社會(huì)實(shí)踐的主體，也是文化創(chuàng)造的主體 D．大眾傳媒完全超越時(shí)空的局限，成為文化傳播的主要手段

解析：選B 某地依托互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搭建的虛擬博物館，讓靜態(tài)文物“活”了起來(lái)，讓人們足不出戶就能領(lǐng)略其魅力，從而更好地讓人們享受到互動(dòng)性極強(qiáng)的沉浸式體驗(yàn)，這表明了文化對(duì)人的影響來(lái)自特定的文化環(huán)境和文化活動(dòng)，故B項(xiàng)正確；A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，發(fā)展文化事業(yè)，保障人民群眾的文化權(quán)益；C、D 兩項(xiàng)表述與題意無(wú)關(guān)。

2．中華民族的“家”文化使人們對(duì)“家”有著強(qiáng)烈的熱愛(ài)眷戀，“孝”文化使人們把贍養(yǎng)老人為之盡孝看作人生之大事。在我國(guó)，90%的老年人認(rèn)為居家養(yǎng)老是自己最中意的養(yǎng)老方式。由此可見(jiàn)（）①文化決定人們的交往行為和交往方式 ②文化影響人們的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)、認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)

③文化對(duì)人的影響來(lái)自特定的文化環(huán)境 ④傳統(tǒng)文化具有順應(yīng)變動(dòng)性

A．②③

C．①②

B．①④ D．③④

解析：選A ①說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，文化影響人們的交往行為和交往方式；④說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，傳統(tǒng)文化與時(shí)代相符可以起到促進(jìn)社會(huì)發(fā)展的作用，否則會(huì)阻礙社會(huì)的進(jìn)步；“90%的老年人認(rèn)為居家養(yǎng)老是自己最中意的養(yǎng)老方式”是受到中華民族的“家”文化的影響，故②③符合題意，入選。

3．目前，我國(guó)農(nóng)民工流動(dòng)就業(yè)成為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中一個(gè)不可忽視的重要力量，為加強(qiáng)對(duì)流動(dòng)人口的管理和提供有效服務(wù)，基層組織加快公共文化服務(wù)體系建設(shè)，流動(dòng)就業(yè)人口享受公共文化服務(wù)，增強(qiáng)對(duì)新城市文化的認(rèn)同感，樹(shù)立“家園觀念”。這表明（）①文化建設(shè)致力于消除人與人之間的文化差異 ②文化觀念的形成需要一定的文化載體 ③公共文化服務(wù)體系決定了文化觀念的形成 ④人的文化觀念或文化意識(shí)受文化環(huán)境影響 A．①③

C．①④

B．②③ D．②④

解析：選D ①說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，文化差異是客觀存在的，不能消除；公共文化服務(wù)體系影

響文化觀念的形成，不能起決定作用，③說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，排除；②④符合題意，入選。

4．“節(jié)省一分零錢，獻(xiàn)出一份愛(ài)心，托起一份希望，溫暖世間真情?！边@朗朗上口的公益廣告語(yǔ)使人們的言行悄然發(fā)生了可喜變化。這表明文化對(duì)人的影響具有（）A．深遠(yuǎn)持久的特點(diǎn)

C．潛移默化的特點(diǎn)

B．相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性的特點(diǎn) D．鮮明民族性的特點(diǎn)

解析：選C 本題主要考查文化對(duì)人影響的特點(diǎn)?！扒娜弧币辉~表明了文化對(duì)人的影響往往是無(wú)形的、非強(qiáng)制的，體現(xiàn)了潛移默化的特點(diǎn)。

5．清理了野蠻的混沌，心靈才會(huì)蕩起純凈的清波；掃除了愚昧的灰塵，思想才會(huì)綻放美麗的花朵。這對(duì)我們的啟示是（）A．文化對(duì)個(gè)人的發(fā)展具有決定作用 B．民族文化也有精華與糟粕之分 C．要積極主動(dòng)地接受健康向上的文化 D．要提供多種類型、多種風(fēng)格的文化產(chǎn)品

解析：選C 文化是經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治的反映，文化對(duì)人有影響，但不起決定作用，所以A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；材料說(shuō)明的是去除了文化中的糟粕，才能使人的思想積極向上，這啟示我們要積極主動(dòng)地接受健康向上的文化，而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)民族文化中的精華與糟粕，B項(xiàng)不符合題意，C項(xiàng)正確；D項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是應(yīng)該如何發(fā)展大眾文化，與材料無(wú)關(guān)。

6．世界精神衛(wèi)生組織把每年的5月8日訂立為“世界微笑日”，希望通過(guò)微笑促進(jìn)人類身心健康，同時(shí)在人與人之間傳遞愉悅與友善是最美麗的語(yǔ)言，當(dāng)每個(gè)人每天笑容洋溢，開(kāi)心喜樂(lè)，沒(méi)有紛爭(zhēng)，沒(méi)有煩惱，人心洗滌了，心靈沖化了，社會(huì)因此而祥和。這說(shuō)明（）①文化影響人們的交往行為和交往方式 ②人們的精神活動(dòng)離不開(kāi)物質(zhì)活動(dòng) ③人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)實(shí)踐中創(chuàng)造發(fā)展和享用文化 ④文化是人們認(rèn)識(shí)世界和改造世界的物質(zhì)力量

A．①②

C．①③

B．③④ D．②④

解析：選C “當(dāng)每個(gè)人每天笑容洋溢，開(kāi)心喜樂(lè)，沒(méi)有紛爭(zhēng)，沒(méi)有煩惱，人心洗滌了，心靈沖化了，社會(huì)因此而祥和”說(shuō)明文化影響人們的交往行為和交往方式，①符合題意，入選；“希望通過(guò)微笑促進(jìn)人類身心健康，同時(shí)在人與人之間傳遞愉悅與友善是最美麗的語(yǔ)言”體現(xiàn)③；②與題意無(wú)關(guān)；④說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，文化是一種精神力量，可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)力量。

7．廣大勞模以其艱苦奮斗的拼搏精神，激勵(lì)著我們?cè)谧约旱膷徫簧喜粩鄤?chuàng)新、尋求突破，克服一切困難，為社會(huì)的不斷進(jìn)步貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量。這說(shuō)明了勞模精神（）①促進(jìn)人們塑造完美的人格 ②激勵(lì)人們創(chuàng)造美好的未來(lái)

③對(duì)人的影響是無(wú)形的、強(qiáng)制的 ④影響人們的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)和認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng) A．①③

B．①④

C．②③

D．②④

解析：選D 材料說(shuō)明了勞模精神給人們的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)和認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)帶來(lái)的影響，它能激勵(lì)著人們?nèi)?chuàng)造美好的未來(lái)，故②④符合題意，入選；①與題意不符；③說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，文化對(duì)人的影響是潛移默化的，不是強(qiáng)制的。

8．對(duì)作者而言，詩(shī)是“瞬間幸福的記錄”“強(qiáng)烈感情的自然迸發(fā)”，散發(fā)著“成熟的理性”；對(duì)讀者而言，“詩(shī)如禪機(jī)、在于參悟”，而“有靈魂的人可以在詩(shī)中找到知己”，形成新的自我。材料告訴我們（）①優(yōu)秀文化能塑造人生、促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展 ②文化是人類社會(huì)特有的現(xiàn)象 ③文化對(duì)人的影響具有深遠(yuǎn)持久的特點(diǎn) ④應(yīng)主動(dòng)接受優(yōu)秀文化的熏陶

A．①②

C．②③

B．①④ D．③④

解析：選B 材料體現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀文化對(duì)人的影響，故①符合題意；因?yàn)閮?yōu)秀文化對(duì)人有積極的影響，所以我們要主動(dòng)接受優(yōu)秀文化的熏陶，④符合題意；②③與題意不符，排除。

9．受農(nóng)村文化禮堂建設(shè)的啟示，某縣政府和企業(yè)把“文化車間”建設(shè)提上議事日程并積極推動(dòng)企業(yè)文化建設(shè)。政府和企業(yè)這樣做的理由有（）①“文化車間”建設(shè)能夠豐富職工的精神世界 ②“文化車間”建設(shè)會(huì)直接影響企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益 ③人們的精神產(chǎn)品源自物質(zhì)載體 ④文化對(duì)人的影響離不開(kāi)特定的文化環(huán)境

A．①②

C．②③

B．①④ D．③④

解析：選B 政府和企業(yè)重視企業(yè)文化建設(shè)，原因在于看到了企業(yè)文化對(duì)人的影響，①④正確切題；②中“直接”一詞說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，“文化車間”建設(shè)會(huì)影響企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，但不是直接影響，而是間接的，需通過(guò)人的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)才能轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力；③中“源自”一詞說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，人們的精神產(chǎn)品離不開(kāi)物質(zhì)載體，而不是源自物質(zhì)載體。

10．《中國(guó)成語(yǔ)大會(huì)》自開(kāi)播以來(lái)，節(jié)目的收視率節(jié)節(jié)攀升，在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上也掀起了成語(yǔ)狂歡。關(guān)于成語(yǔ)，以下認(rèn)識(shí)正確的是（）①承載著豐富和厚重的人文內(nèi)涵，傳承中華文化基因 ②表達(dá)著社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展 ③具有獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)境之美，豐富著人們的精神世界 ④能擴(kuò)大中華文化的對(duì)外影響力和感召力 A．①②

C．①③

B．②④ D．③④

解析：選C 成語(yǔ)屬于文學(xué)藝術(shù)，承載著豐富和厚重的人文內(nèi)涵，傳承中華文化基因；具有獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)境之美，豐富著人們的精神世界，①③說(shuō)法符合題意；②夸大了成語(yǔ)的作用；④中華文化的對(duì)外影響力在材料中沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)。

11．沐浴著謙虛謹(jǐn)慎、律己以嚴(yán)的家教熏陶，人會(huì)多一些手握戒尺、心存敬畏的自覺(jué)。相反，在急功近利、愛(ài)慕虛榮的家風(fēng)環(huán)境中長(zhǎng)大的人很難想象會(huì)嚴(yán)以用權(quán)、實(shí)以謀事、動(dòng)尊法度。這表明（）①文化影響人的實(shí)踐和認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng) ②文化環(huán)境決定人的行事方式 ③文化總會(huì)無(wú)形地塑造人的品格 ④文化源于實(shí)踐并塑造著每個(gè)人

A．①②

C．②④

B．①③ D．③④

解析：選B 材料強(qiáng)調(diào)不同的家風(fēng)潛移默化地影響著人的品格和行為方式，這體現(xiàn)了①③；文化環(huán)境不能決定人的行事方式，②不選；④與題意無(wú)關(guān)。

12．近年來(lái)，我國(guó)不斷推進(jìn)文化體制改革，文化事業(yè)得到繁榮發(fā)展，這不僅改變了每一座城市，更改變了每一個(gè)人，百姓生活“更幸福更有尊嚴(yán)”。這說(shuō)明（）①文化是人類社會(huì)賴以存在、發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ) ②文化對(duì)人的影響具有潛移默化的特點(diǎn) ③優(yōu)秀文化能塑造人生，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展 ④文化能夠轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)力量，促進(jìn)社會(huì)發(fā)展 A．①②

C．②③

B．①④ D．③④

解析：選C ①表述錯(cuò)誤，物質(zhì)資料的生產(chǎn)是人類社會(huì)賴以存在、發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)；④后半句話表述錯(cuò)誤，文化有先進(jìn)和落后之分，并不是所有文化都能促進(jìn)社會(huì)發(fā)展；②③正確切題，該題正確答案為C項(xiàng)。

二、非選擇題

13．人民有信仰，民族有希望，國(guó)家才有力量。信仰，如導(dǎo)航的燈塔，如奮進(jìn)的號(hào)角，當(dāng)年曾讓紅軍上下一心、緊密團(tuán)結(jié)，戰(zhàn)勝重重艱難險(xiǎn)阻。今天，在決勝全面小康、實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)夢(mèng)的新征程上，理想信念更是我們砥礪奮進(jìn)的強(qiáng)大動(dòng)力。

根據(jù)材料，運(yùn)用“文化對(duì)人的影響”的有關(guān)知識(shí)，談?wù)勀銓?duì)“人民有信仰，國(guó)家才有力量”的理解。

解析：設(shè)問(wèn)限定的是“文化對(duì)人的影響”的知識(shí)，可以從文化對(duì)人的影響的來(lái)源、表現(xiàn)、特點(diǎn)、塑造人生等幾方面作答，再結(jié)合材料組織答案即可。

答案：①文化是人創(chuàng)造的，文化反過(guò)來(lái)又影響人，文化影響人們的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)、認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)和思維方式。在當(dāng)前喚起人民的信仰，有助于使人們自覺(jué)采取行動(dòng)，踐行社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀。

②文化能對(duì)人產(chǎn)生潛移默化、深遠(yuǎn)持久的影響。通過(guò)喚起人民的信仰，有助于引領(lǐng)社會(huì)思潮，鞏固人民團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗的共同思想基礎(chǔ)，增強(qiáng)國(guó)家文化軟實(shí)力。

③優(yōu)秀文化能夠豐富人的精神世界，增強(qiáng)人的精神力量，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展。喚起人

民的信仰，有助于提高人的思想道德素質(zhì)，增強(qiáng)人的精神力量，使人民有信仰，國(guó)家有力量。

14．高尚道德人格的形成，是一個(gè)自我教育、自我否定、自我改造的痛苦過(guò)程，需要通過(guò)“自省”來(lái)革除自身痼疾，需要通過(guò)“慎獨(dú)”來(lái)提升道德境界，實(shí)現(xiàn)道德的自我超越。

某中學(xué)按照總書記提出的“明大德、守公德、嚴(yán)私德”的要求，開(kāi)展了主題為“慎獨(dú)自省，重塑道德人格”的一系列校園文化活動(dòng)。通過(guò)建設(shè)道德模范事跡展示長(zhǎng)廊、舉辦道德講堂等活動(dòng)，全面營(yíng)造道德文化氛圍。以日常行為檢查和班會(huì)活動(dòng)為載體，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從細(xì)微處入手，通過(guò)增強(qiáng)自省意識(shí)、發(fā)揚(yáng)自律精神，檢查自己的言行，自覺(jué)糾正言行偏差，并不斷為自己提出更高的道德要求，實(shí)現(xiàn)從自發(fā)到自覺(jué)、從外表到內(nèi)心、從被動(dòng)到主動(dòng)、從他律到自律的行為轉(zhuǎn)變。積極開(kāi)展社會(huì)幫扶和文明志愿者活動(dòng)，促使學(xué)生在社會(huì)道德的踐行中，培養(yǎng)道德情感，提升道德水平。

(1)結(jié)合材料，運(yùn)用文化對(duì)人的影響的知識(shí)，分析該校開(kāi)展“慎獨(dú)自省，重塑道德人格”系列校園文化活動(dòng)的意義。

(2)結(jié)合上述材料，為該?！吧鳘?dú)自省，重塑道德人格”系列校園文化活動(dòng)中的某班主題班會(huì)擬一個(gè)主題。

解析：第(1)問(wèn)，一是注意知識(shí)范圍，即文化對(duì)人的影響的相關(guān)知識(shí)；二是全面梳理材料中的有效信息，以此調(diào)動(dòng)相關(guān)內(nèi)容組織答案，如校園文化對(duì)人的影響的特點(diǎn)、對(duì)人的影響的具體表現(xiàn)、對(duì)學(xué)生人生的塑造作用等。第(2)問(wèn)，一是明確班會(huì)主題指向文化對(duì)個(gè)人的影響，而不是其他；二是語(yǔ)言要貼近校園生活與學(xué)生實(shí)際。

答案：(1)①文化對(duì)人有潛移默化、深遠(yuǎn)持久的影響。開(kāi)展“慎獨(dú)自省，重塑道德人格”系列校園文化活動(dòng)，有利于營(yíng)造弘揚(yáng)道德、慎獨(dú)自省的社會(huì)氛圍，激發(fā)學(xué)生道德情感，牢固樹(shù)立道德意識(shí)。②文化影響人們的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)、認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)和思維方式。通過(guò)日常行為檢查和社會(huì)道德實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自查、自糾，提高道德認(rèn)識(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)變道德觀念，增強(qiáng)道德行為的自覺(jué)性和自律性。③優(yōu)秀文化豐富人的精神世界，增強(qiáng)人的精神力量?！吧鳘?dú)自省，重塑道德人格”系列校園文化活動(dòng)的開(kāi)展有助于提高人的道德素質(zhì)，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展。

(2)答案示例：自省、自律——從我做起；自省修身，以德律己；加強(qiáng)自律，追求高尚道德情操。

第四篇：高考英語(yǔ) 復(fù)習(xí)單元要點(diǎn)講練 Book 4 Unit1 人教新目標(biāo)版

Book 4 Unit1

1.specialize in

2.in the shade

3.move off

4.be moved to tears

5.be worth doing

6.be worth +money 7.be worthy of being done

8.be worthy to be done be worthwhile to do sth 10.be worthwhile doing sth

11.argue with sb about sth 12.argue sb into doing sth 13.argue sb out of doing sth

14.lead /live a simple life

15.be crowded with 16.crowd in

17.look down upon/on

look up to sb 19.refer to

20.by chance=by accident

21.come across=run across 22.come over to my house

23.come up with

24.intend to do sth/be intended for 25.be determined to do sth

26.carry on/through

27.be considerate of 28.deliver a speech

29.deliver a baby

30.deliver a letter 31.have something in common

32.have nothing in common 33.fight for/against 34.put sb to death

35.drive sb out of

36.concern oneself with sth 37.devote all one’s life to doing 38.encourage sb to do sth

39.mean doing/mean to do 40.leave sb doing sth.41.spend time/money(in)doing sth spend ….on…..42.warn sb that…..43.warn sb to do sth/sb of sth.44.be outspoken about 45.observe sb doing sth/do sth

46.work out=solve

47.set up/off/out/about 48.protect sb from

49.be settled in

50.neither….nor 51.either….or….52.choose to do sth

53.do some research on 54.as well as

55.catch one’s eye

56.be free from 57.follow the rules

58.care for/about/ to do

59.show consideration to sb 60.be prepared to do/for sth

二、句型

1.Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.Only when we understand their difficulties and problems,can we better understand their achievements.2.We are enjoying ourselves so much that I wonder if anybody wants to come home.用心

愛(ài)心

專心 1 3.It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen career.4.Suddenly it hit(occurred to)me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time.5.You will find it more interesting to read this than a list of the person’s achievements.6.We are all interested in what people do and what they think.三、詞語(yǔ)辨析

1.inspire inspiration inspiring

inspired 2.audience police

people 3.instead of rather than 4.far farther

further

四、語(yǔ)法：主謂一致

Rule1：語(yǔ)法一致原則 主單謂單；主復(fù)謂復(fù) 1.He and I ___(be)both students of this school.2.Both parties ____(have)their own advantages.3.Her job_____(have)something to do with computers.4.They _______(have)not come yet.5.There ____(be)a desk in the room.There ____(be)no chairs in it.Rule 2.意義一致原則 意(義)單謂單；意(義)復(fù)謂復(fù) 1.Physics are a very interesting subject.2.His family was all music lovers.3.The pair of shoes are worn out.4.Half of the students has finished their composition.5.The number of students in you are 50.6.The cattle is eating grass on the hill.7.A knife and fork are used to have meals 8.A poet and artist _____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature(文學(xué))and painting tomorrow afternoon.A.is

B.are

C.was D.were Rule3就近原則either…or

or

neither…nor

not only…but also

not…but here/ where/there be 1.（）was wrong.用心

愛(ài)心

專心

A.Not the teacher but the students B.Both the students and the teacher

C.Neither the teacher not the students D.Not the students but the teacher

Rule4隨前原則as well as

along with

with, like, rather than, together but, except, besides, including , as much as 1.E-mail, as well as the telephones, _____ an important part in daily communication.（1分）

A is playing B.have played

C.are playing D.play

2.Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.A.work

B.working Rule5單數(shù)原則

?(疑問(wèn)詞+)to do, doing, 句子做主語(yǔ)時(shí)；

? time, money, 距離, 重量,書刊名,國(guó)家名，地區(qū)名等復(fù)數(shù)名詞常被看作整體作主語(yǔ)時(shí)； ? every...and every...;each...and each...;no...and no...短語(yǔ)中and連接的單數(shù)名詞;? many a, more than one, one and a half與單數(shù)名詞組成的短語(yǔ)；

? 某些名詞以s結(jié)尾如 maths, politics, physics, news, plastics 等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。? and連接兩主語(yǔ)指同一人或物，這時(shí)后面的名詞沒(méi)有冠詞； 1.Each of us _____a tape-recorder.(have)2.The United States _____a great country.(be)3.Three weeks/ Ten dollars / Five kilos ____allowed for making the necessary preparations then.(be)4.Every girl and every boy ______the right to join the club.(have)5.Many a person _________the novel before.(read)

6.To hold the Olympic Games ____a rich prize for a country.(be)7.Choosing what to eat ____no longer easy now.(be)8.When and where we will go ___________ known yet.(not, be)9.Bread and butter _____their daily food.(be)

C.is working D.are working

用心

愛(ài)心

專心 3