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      寫(xiě)作教案1

      時(shí)間:2019-05-13 22:39:15下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
      簡(jiǎn)介:寫(xiě)寫(xiě)幫文庫(kù)小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《寫(xiě)作教案1》,但愿對(duì)你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫(xiě)寫(xiě)幫文庫(kù)還可以找到更多《寫(xiě)作教案1》。

      第一篇:寫(xiě)作教案1

      修辭立其誠(chéng)——寫(xiě)真話(huà),抒真情

      主備人:王 勇

      教學(xué)目標(biāo):

      1、了解寫(xiě)作中“修辭立其誠(chéng)”的重要性。

      2、引導(dǎo)學(xué)生寫(xiě)真話(huà)、抒真情。

      重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn):

      如何在文章中表達(dá)真情實(shí)感。

      教學(xué)方法:

      討論質(zhì)疑 合作探究 課時(shí)安排:二課時(shí)

      三、教學(xué)過(guò)程:(第一課時(shí))

      1、導(dǎo)入:思想情感是文章的靈魂,而真實(shí)是文章的生命。寫(xiě)文章一定要有真情實(shí)感,一定要采擷生活中足以令人感動(dòng)的事,用樸實(shí)率真的文字加以表現(xiàn)。

      2、活動(dòng)體驗(yàn):閱讀感悟“走進(jìn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)”的四篇文章回答問(wèn)題。

      3、走進(jìn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng) 李兆權(quán)《丑娘》點(diǎn)評(píng)

      1)、圍繞母親容貌的“丑”,作者寫(xiě)出了自己思想感情的變化。少年時(shí)懵懂任性,因?yàn)槟赣H不漂亮,“我心里像滿(mǎn)含著委屈,在公開(kāi)場(chǎng)合中很少提及她,更不愿把同學(xué)領(lǐng)到家里”。青年時(shí)只小事理,想到母親艱難卻善良寬容,“我的心在發(fā)酸”。而當(dāng)作者懷著感恩之心,結(jié)婚之際帶妻子回家看望母親時(shí),母親卻與世長(zhǎng)辭。作者真正感受到母愛(ài)的博大無(wú)私,從而陷入無(wú)盡的悲痛之中。圍繞對(duì)母親的認(rèn)識(shí),作者選擇從童年到成年三個(gè)時(shí)段的感受,以母親親手制作的毛邊鞋為線(xiàn)索貫穿始終,通過(guò)自己感情的變化,寫(xiě)母親對(duì)兒子不變的愛(ài)。2)、第一次是敘述當(dāng)年老師說(shuō)這幾句話(huà)時(shí)的情形。在老師說(shuō)這幾句話(huà)之前,有一段細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě):“他提過(guò)鞋子左看右看,隨即又把鞋子舉得高高的,興奮地說(shuō),好漂亮的鞋子呀!說(shuō)著,又把鞋底端詳了半天??”——在這樣鋪墊的基礎(chǔ)上,老師發(fā)出了贊嘆。老師的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),也許是“漂亮人做出漂亮活”因而順理成章地作出了判斷:能做出這樣精致漂亮的鞋的,必定是心靈手巧的魅力女子。這樣寫(xiě)是為了突出例外:母親并不漂亮,被村里人稱(chēng)作“丑娘”。母親去世以后,作者想到母親對(duì)兒子的恩情,這句話(huà)再次出現(xiàn)。這次出現(xiàn),作者的思想感情已經(jīng)有了巨大的變化,母親雖然被人稱(chēng)作“丑娘”,但是她的心是最美麗的,這比容貌的美麗更動(dòng)人。這句話(huà)第二次出現(xiàn)時(shí),內(nèi)涵已經(jīng)不同,主題得到升華。3)、母親愛(ài)子女,是人性美,也是倫常。表現(xiàn)母愛(ài)的生活素材比較多,母愛(ài)的方式也比較豐富,相對(duì)而言,選材不難。但是母愛(ài)的深層含義,在于將這種充滿(mǎn)人性的愛(ài)一代代地傳下去,將這種愛(ài)的稟賦延及他人,首先要回報(bào)在給予自己生命和慈愛(ài)的父母身上。《丑娘》中,當(dāng)作者長(zhǎng)成一個(gè)小伙子時(shí),已經(jīng)知道要報(bào)答母親,知道給母親買(mǎi)襯衫和雪花膏;到成婚之際,還特別關(guān)照愛(ài)人“娘一輩子在農(nóng)村,農(nóng)村人顯丑顯老,見(jiàn)了面一定要多說(shuō)些寬慰老人心的話(huà)”,表現(xiàn)出對(duì)母親的愛(ài);而當(dāng)看到母親給兒子媳婦留下的精致的毛邊鞋時(shí),“膝頭一陣酸澀,撲通一聲跌跪在地上”,夫婦倆“眼淚如泉涌般直落下來(lái)”,表現(xiàn)出痛失母親的悲傷。如果僅僅寫(xiě)母親對(duì)自己的愛(ài),那就很容易停留在一般層面上。

      蓮子《苦糖》點(diǎn)評(píng)

      1)、本文敘述的是兒時(shí)的一件事。它不但記錄了母親的內(nèi)心悲苦,記錄了母親對(duì)孩子的慈愛(ài)寬容,更記錄了一個(gè)兒子對(duì)母親的感恩之心。作者之所以對(duì)它感興趣,是因?yàn)檫@件小事集中反映了窮苦家庭的親情。只要留意觀察,注意傾聽(tīng),觸摸社會(huì)的方方面面,進(jìn)入人的心靈世界,就能發(fā)現(xiàn)生活中這些真實(shí)的有價(jià)值的素材。文題為“苦糖”,意在反映童年的生活困苦,更在反映母親更苦的心,甜蜜的糖和苦難的記憶聯(lián)在一起,使文章“母親的慈愛(ài)”這一主題得到升華。2)、文章用較多的筆墨敘述描寫(xiě)麥天樞少年時(shí)偷白糖吃的情景,反襯出貧苦家庭的窘?jīng)r。作者用筆簡(jiǎn)約,僅用短短的一句“在嚼咽的時(shí)候,他目光怔怔地盯著某處,甜出了淚水”,這樣的描寫(xiě)抓住了生活的真實(shí),生動(dòng)感人。而寫(xiě)母親,竟只用了一句話(huà):“母親只是抱著空罐子哭著,一句責(zé)罵的話(huà)都沒(méi)有?!闭娴哪笎?ài),不需要更多的語(yǔ)言去描寫(xiě)。母親不是為二斤白糖而痛苦,而是為自己沒(méi)有錢(qián)讓孩子吃上白糖而痛哭。母親的哭聲在兒子看來(lái)是無(wú)言的責(zé)備,成為一種責(zé)任,一種報(bào)效母親的責(zé)任。母親的哭泣給了麥天樞什么樣的感悟和感動(dòng),文章也沒(méi)有多言,僅寫(xiě)他總是帶著白糖回鄉(xiāng)?!岸约海瑥哪且院?,很少再吃白糖”,為什么會(huì)如此?文章又給讀者留出了無(wú)限的回味空間。巴金《朋友》點(diǎn)評(píng)

      本文沒(méi)有運(yùn)用絢麗的語(yǔ)言,而是用飽含感情的筆墨,懷著一顆感恩的心真誠(chéng)的感謝朋友,詮釋友情的真諦,非常感人。因?yàn)榍楦械谋磉_(dá),關(guān)鍵在于所傳達(dá)的情感是否真實(shí)。細(xì)細(xì)品味文中的語(yǔ)句,如:“但是他給我的那一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)溫暖至今還使我的心顫動(dòng)”,“對(duì)于我,要是沒(méi)有朋友,我現(xiàn)在回變成怎樣可憐的東西,我自己也不知道”,“我的生活曾經(jīng)是悲苦的,黑暗的。然而朋友們把多量的愛(ài)??分給了我”,等等,著實(shí)讓人感動(dòng)。這些情感真實(shí)地表達(dá)出來(lái),也就自然地產(chǎn)生了感染力。文章結(jié)尾是主題的深化,巴金的人生信條“掏出心來(lái)”“愿化泥土”表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的舍己為人的精神,感天動(dòng)地。鄧拓《“偉大的空話(huà)”》點(diǎn)評(píng)

      文中的“偉大”是指喜歡用“大字眼”,說(shuō)空話(huà)大話(huà)套話(huà),人為造大氣勢(shì),而完全不考慮讀者的情感。作者對(duì)這樣一種文風(fēng)深?lèi)和唇^,并揭示出這種文風(fēng)的產(chǎn)生根源是庸俗的社會(huì)風(fēng)氣,特征是缺乏實(shí)事求是精神,不尊重事實(shí),自欺欺人。作者在文中用一種理性、負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度展開(kāi)分析,顯示了其高度的社會(huì)責(zé)任感。

      第二課時(shí)

      1.導(dǎo)入:現(xiàn)在很多同學(xué)寫(xiě)出的文章總感覺(jué)不能打動(dòng)人,其中一個(gè)重要原因就是沒(méi)有真情實(shí)感,在寫(xiě)文章時(shí)常常東拼西湊,生編硬造,千篇一律,給人似曾相識(shí)之感。那么,如何才能改變這種現(xiàn)狀呢?葉圣陶說(shuō):“作文這件事,離不開(kāi)生活,生活充實(shí)到什么程度,才會(huì)做成什么文字。否則就會(huì)陷入不切實(shí)際的唯技藝論?!笨鬃右舱f(shuō):“修辭立其誠(chéng)?!笔裁匆馑寄??“修辭”就是修飾詞句,是寫(xiě)作,“立其誠(chéng)”就是寫(xiě)文章要實(shí)在,誠(chéng)實(shí),寫(xiě)真話(huà),抒真情。由此看來(lái),文章能打動(dòng)人的第一要?jiǎng)?wù)就是要有真情實(shí)感,要采擷生活中足以令人感動(dòng)的事,用樸實(shí)率真的文字加以表現(xiàn)。那么我們這節(jié)課就來(lái)探討如何才能寫(xiě)真話(huà)、抒真情。(出示教學(xué)目標(biāo))

      2.比較文章片斷,了解寫(xiě)作中“修辭立其誠(chéng)”的重要性。我們下面就先來(lái)比較以下三個(gè)文章片斷,從“修辭立其誠(chéng)”的角度看,你認(rèn)為哪個(gè)片斷寫(xiě)的好?

      片斷一:(以“待人和善”為話(huà)題的開(kāi)頭)盈盈月光,我掬一捧最清的;落落余暉,我擁一縷最暖的;灼灼紅葉,我拾一片最熱的;萋萋芳華,我摘一束最燦的;對(duì)待朋友,我選擇最和善的方式。

      片斷二:一天,我患了重感冒,發(fā)燒至四十度,早飯后獨(dú)自騎著自行車(chē)去醫(yī)院看病。騎著騎著,正面開(kāi)來(lái)一輛大卡車(chē),眼看就要軋著一位拄著棍蹣跚著正要橫穿馬路的老大爺?!本驮谶@緊要關(guān)頭,我的頭腦里思想斗爭(zhēng)很激烈。去救吧,要耽誤自己看病,不救吧,眼看著悲劇就要發(fā)生。正在這時(shí),雷鋒、賴(lài)寧等英雄形象掠過(guò)我的腦海。我想,自己是新時(shí)代的中學(xué)生,更應(yīng)為人民做好事。于是,我不管三七二十一,跳下車(chē),用盡全力一推,老大爺?shù)镁攘?。這時(shí)的老大爺激動(dòng)萬(wàn)分,熱淚滾滾,握住我的手說(shuō):“娃啊,現(xiàn)在精神文明建設(shè)的春風(fēng)吹遍了祖國(guó)的每個(gè)角落,社會(huì)上的好人好事像雨后春筍般層出不窮,你的行為是多么偉大,多么崇高啊,你就是一個(gè)光輝的典范。我為我們國(guó)家有你這樣高尚的學(xué)生而感到無(wú)比自豪和驕傲。我代表人民感謝你?!?片斷三:(2007年江蘇省高考作文《懷想天空》)

      麥?zhǔn)諘r(shí)節(jié),天空顯得非常的明凈。在麥田上空,偶爾悠然地游過(guò)幾朵白云。

      麥?zhǔn)諘r(shí)節(jié),中午常是烈日當(dāng)空。我們勤勞的父母,不得不在烈日下勞動(dòng)。

      我是一個(gè)農(nóng)家子弟。我明白我們鄉(xiāng)下的家長(zhǎng)們要靠田地來(lái)生活,供我們上學(xué)。他們?yōu)榱俗优燎诘貏趧?dòng),但沒(méi)有半句怨言。在家,我常聽(tīng)到他們說(shuō):“只要孩子搞好了,再苦再累,我們都愿意??” ??

      6月5日早晨,我爸起得很早。四點(diǎn)多鐘就起了。他臨下地時(shí)告訴我說(shuō):“你再睡會(huì)吧!六點(diǎn)鐘起來(lái)做飯,然后洗洗衣服,八點(diǎn)鐘到地里給我送飯?!???

      當(dāng)我到地里時(shí),父親已割了七八壟了。他臉上很多汗珠,衣服濕透了。他說(shuō):“你來(lái),吃過(guò)了嗎?我割光這一壟,再吃??”大概四、五分鐘吧,他割光了。他從籃子里拿出飯盆、饃頭,邊吃邊說(shuō):“孩子,你爸沒(méi)本事,明天到縣城后好好休息!后天好好考,別緊張??” 學(xué)生討論:

      教師明確:第一篇,詞藻華麗,但內(nèi)容空洞,只追求形式。第二篇,憑空編造,情節(jié)違情悖理,唱高調(diào)。第三篇,雖語(yǔ)言平談,但感情真摯,文風(fēng)質(zhì)樸。第三篇作文得了53分,所以說(shuō),寫(xiě)真話(huà),抒真情是作文的基礎(chǔ)。3.學(xué)生討論如何才能做到寫(xiě)真話(huà),抒真情。

      那么,我們?nèi)绾尾拍茏龅綄?xiě)真話(huà),抒真情呢?我們教材中的四篇文章《丑娘》《苦糖》《朋友》《偉大的空話(huà)》在這方面給我們做了一個(gè)示范,請(qǐng)我們一塊來(lái)討論一下,看用什么方法來(lái)寫(xiě)文章就能做到說(shuō)真話(huà),寫(xiě)真情。在分析時(shí)我們可以從選材方面,也可以從表達(dá)方式或手段等方面來(lái)談。(板書(shū):選材、表達(dá)方式、手段)(學(xué)生討論交流)

      教師明確:

      (1)《丑娘》為什么寫(xiě)得好?

      A、沒(méi)有回避母親的丑,開(kāi)頭的側(cè)面寫(xiě),中間的正面寫(xiě)。B、中間的我的心情很真實(shí)??偨Y(jié):寫(xiě)真事,不避諱。(板書(shū))(2)《苦糖》為什么寫(xiě)的好?

      A、選材上以小見(jiàn)大,把家庭的窮苦和親情寫(xiě)了出來(lái)(如果現(xiàn)在讓你寫(xiě),如果再這樣寫(xiě)就顯得不真實(shí)了)B、細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)很真實(shí),把小孩子禁不住白糖的誘惑的心理傳神地表達(dá)了出來(lái)。總結(jié):以小見(jiàn)大,細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)。

      (3)《朋友》為什么好?這篇文章能感動(dòng)你嗎? A、此文和一般的寫(xiě)朋友之間感情的文章不同,不是記敘的具體事情,而是重在傾訴自己的心靈感受,可見(jiàn)直接傾訴心靈感受也是寫(xiě)真話(huà),抒真情的一種方式。B、用了許多疑問(wèn)句,直接抒情的文字來(lái)表達(dá),增強(qiáng)了感染力。

      C、我覺(jué)得此文不好,有點(diǎn)唱高調(diào),巴金對(duì)朋友的感情并不能與我產(chǎn)生共鳴。(分析原因:學(xué)生不了解巴金此文的寫(xiě)作背景,出示背景材料,分析)背景材料:巴金先生說(shuō)他是靠友情生活到現(xiàn)在的。青年時(shí)的巴金埋頭于寫(xiě)作,為了寫(xiě)作,他到四十歲才結(jié)婚。沒(méi)有家,朋友的家就是他的家,寫(xiě)作之余,巴金先生常常旅游到各處去看朋友,并寫(xiě)下了《旅途隨筆》。散文《朋友》就是《旅途隨筆》中的一篇。巴金先生在一個(gè)明爭(zhēng)暗斗的封建大家庭里度過(guò)了他的青少年時(shí)期,除了母親給予的無(wú)私的愛(ài),他很難得到更多的親情的關(guān)懷,但是性格內(nèi)向的巴金卻有一大幫志同道合的朋友。他對(duì)朋友無(wú)話(huà)不說(shuō),至誠(chéng)至義。巴金先生的小說(shuō)《滅亡》發(fā)表后,他得到生平的第一筆稿費(fèi),他一分不剩地全給了朋友。巴金先生說(shuō)沒(méi)有這些朋友,他就沒(méi)法寫(xiě)出這部小說(shuō)。

      總結(jié):通過(guò)比較,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),文章感染力不同的原因可以總結(jié)為以下兩點(diǎn):一是從語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)調(diào)入手,疑問(wèn)句和祈使句比陳述句感染力要強(qiáng);二是可運(yùn)用議論、抒情的手法,也可采用細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě),特別是細(xì)膩的心理描寫(xiě)來(lái)增強(qiáng)感染力。真實(shí)傾訴心靈感受、疑問(wèn)、抒情。(板書(shū))(4)《偉大的空話(huà)》好在哪里?

      敢于直接發(fā)表負(fù)責(zé)任的看法,有公民意識(shí),該批判時(shí)毫不留情。

      比較:寫(xiě)作實(shí)踐四中,鐵路工人、醫(yī)生、士兵、消防隊(duì)員四個(gè)人的話(huà),你認(rèn)為哪個(gè)人說(shuō)的好?為什么?

      消防隊(duì)員說(shuō)的好,因?yàn)槠渌硕际谴笤?huà)空話(huà),是新聞?wù)Z,是不太負(fù)責(zé)任的,只有消防隊(duì)員說(shuō)出了真實(shí)的感受。總結(jié):說(shuō)話(huà)負(fù)責(zé)任。(板書(shū))4.總結(jié):如何才能寫(xiě)真話(huà),抒真情? 選材方面:

      (1)寫(xiě)真事,不避諱。(2)以小見(jiàn)大(3)真實(shí)傾訴心靈感受

      表達(dá)方式、手段:

      (1)細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)(2)疑問(wèn)、抒情 寫(xiě)作態(tài)度:說(shuō)話(huà)負(fù)責(zé)任

      5.補(bǔ)充:還有沒(méi)有你認(rèn)為寫(xiě)真話(huà),抒真情的方法?閱讀《給班主任的一封信》

      總結(jié):人物不程式化,臉譜化。

      6.寫(xiě)作實(shí)踐:我們已經(jīng)總結(jié)了這么一些方法,在寫(xiě)文章時(shí),并不一定全部運(yùn)用,只要能根據(jù)需要把握好其中的一條或幾條就可以了,下面給大家提供兩個(gè)話(huà)題來(lái)作一個(gè)片斷描寫(xiě),做到寫(xiě)真話(huà),抒真情。

      (1)誤解(2)父愛(ài)(或母愛(ài))同學(xué)點(diǎn)評(píng)。

      7.小結(jié):同學(xué)們,寫(xiě)作方法固然重要,但要寫(xiě)出“真實(shí)真切,感人”的文章,首先要做一個(gè)熱愛(ài)生活的人,高明的作家或者聰明的初學(xué)寫(xiě)作的人都是平實(shí)地寫(xiě)生活中的瑣事,只有熱愛(ài)生活的人才會(huì)寫(xiě)作,因?yàn)楠?dú)特的感情來(lái)源于獨(dú)特的經(jīng)歷和感受,來(lái)自于對(duì)獨(dú)特經(jīng)歷和真心感受的提煉。“修辭立其誠(chéng)”,“誠(chéng)”是內(nèi)在的,“辭”是外在的,“誠(chéng)”是主導(dǎo),“辭”以“誠(chéng)”存,“立誠(chéng)”之“辭”才更有價(jià)值和魅力。希望大家面對(duì)生活微笑,去發(fā)現(xiàn)生活中的美,讓它流淌在我們的心間,繪成一道道美麗的風(fēng)景。

      第二篇:寫(xiě)作教案1

      1~2 periods

      Date: Sept.1st

      Objects: 1.Complete sentences and sentence fragments 2.Loose, periodic and balanced sentences

      Contents: I.What is the complete sentence?

      S/V(Subject/verb)David cried.S/V/SC(subject complement)David looks tired.S/V/DO(direct object)David loves his mother.S/V/IO(indirect object)/DO David gave me the book.S/V/DO/OC(object complement)David makes his mother angry.Sentence stripped to their basic patterns give us only a minimum of information, but they provide the skeleton(基干)for more fully developed sentences.We use two kinds of material to build up sentences.a.attributive or adverbial modifiers develop or narrow the meaning of the basic sentence elements.A modifier may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause: Basic: the woman stood.Expanded: the short, wrinkled old woman who was wearing a jacket stood behind the counter reading a fishing magazine.b.Compounding: using more than one of the basic sentence elements or a set of similar modifiers.(modification and compounding are usually combined in building a sentence)Basic: He enjoyed dances.Expanded: He enjoyed dances, parties, and concerts.II.what is Sentence fragment? A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.A sentence fragment(破碎句)is part of a sentence that is set off as if it were a complete sentence by an initial capital letter and a final period or other punctuation marks signifying the end of a complete sentence(such as questions marks and exclamatory marks).A sentence fragment : 1 lacks a verb(e.g.The horse running fast.)

      2.lacks a subject(And ran away)

      3.is a subordinate clause not attached to a complete sentence(Because it was confusing.)Fragment: To earn some pocket money, you only need an odd job.While to accomplish something remarkable, you must spend lots of time and energy.Revised: To earn some pocket money, you only need an odd job.But to accomplish something remarkable, you must spend lots of time and energy.Fragment: More than anything else, I wanted to get away from the heat.To somewhere cooler.Revised: More than anything else, I wanted to get away from the heat to somewhere cooler.(the phrase is combined with the main clause.)Revised: more than anything else, I wanted to get away from the heat.I longed for somewhere cooler.(the phrase is turned into a complete sentence.)

      Comma Splices(逗號(hào)誤用)and Run-on sentences(粘連句): A comma splice is one of the common errors that inexperienced writers make – separating independent clauses by only a comma or by a comma and a conjunctive adverb or a transitional phrase.Conjunctive adverbs include such words as furthermore, however and moreover;transitional phrases are expressions such as in fact and for example.Rain had fallen steadily for sixteen hours, many basements were flooded.Power tends to corrupt, moreover, absolute power corrupts absolutely.Revising comma splices:(1)Turn the clauses into separate sentences.Comma Splice: Rain had fallen steadily for sixteen hours, many basements were flooded.Revised: Rain had fallen steadily for sixteen hours.Many basements were flooded.(2)Insert an appropriate coordinating conjunction(such as: and, or, nor, for, but yet, and so)after the comma between clauses.Comma Splice: he had intended to work all weekend, his friends arrive Friday and stayed until Sunday.Revised: he had intended to work all weekend, but his friends arrived Friday and stayed until Sunday.(3)Insert a semicolon between clauses.Comma Splice: Tom and Henry were more than close friends, they were inseparable.Revised: Tom and Henry were more than close friends;they were inseparable.(4)Subordinate one clause to the other.When the idea in one clause is more important than that in the other, you can express the less important idea in a phrase or a subordinate clause with the help of subordinating conjunctions(such as because, when , who, so that, where and till)Comma Splice: The examination was finally over, Becky felt free to enjoy herself once more.Revised: The examination was finally over.Becky felt free to enjoy herself once more.Revised: When the examination was finally over, Becky felt free to enjoy herself once more.(Emphasis on the second idea.)Revised: The examination being over, Becky felt free to enjoy herself once more.(Absolute construction is used to emphasize the second part.)

      Run-on sentences: when two main clauses are joined without a word to connect them or a punctuation mark to separate them, the result is a run-on sentence, or a fused sentence.Generally, run-on sentences may be corrected in the same way as comma splices.Run-on: Our foreign policy is not well defined it confuses many countries.Excise: Read the following rough draft carefully and repair any sentence fragments and revise any comma splices or run-on sentences, using one of the methods you think effective.Jim, Jeff, and I took introductory foreign language courses last year.Each of us was interested in learning a different language, however, we were all trying to accomplish the same goal.To begin mastering a new language.When we compared our classes and the results, we found that each course used a quite different approach to language learning.In my Spanish course, Professor Cruz introduced lists of new words every week she devoted half of each class to grammar rules I spent most of my time memorizing the lists and rules.In addition to vocabulary and grammar study, I read passages of Spanish literature.Translating them into English.And wrote responses to the reading in Spanish.The only time I spoke Spanish, however, was when I translated a passage or answered questions in class.Although Professor Cruz spoke Spanish for the entire class period.In stead of memorizing vocabulary lists and grammar rules and translating reading selections, Jim’s Portuguese class rehearsed simple dialogues useful for tourists.Conducting every class in Portuguese, Jim’s professor asked students to recite the dialogues, she corrected the students’ pronunciation and grammar as they spoke.Jim’s homework was to go to the language lab, he listened to various dialogues and practiced ordering meals, asking for directions to a train station, and so on.Jim learned to pronounce the language well, he mastered the simple dialogues.But he did not get much practice in reading.When Jeff took a course in Russian, his experience was different from Jim’s and from mine.His professor asked the students to read articles from the Russian press.And to listen to recent news programs from Russian.In class, students discussed the articles and programs.Jeff’s professor encouraged the students to use Russian as far as possible in their discussions, she also allowed them to use English.Other class activities included writing letters in response to articles in Russian publications and role playing to duplicate real-life situations.Such as a discussion with a neighbor about the lack of meat in the shops.Jeff learned to understand spoken Russian and to speak the language, in addition, he regularly practices reading and writing.Although his Russian course was difficult, Jeff thinks it will help him when he visits Russia this summer.Of the three of us, Jeff is the most positive about his course.He is certain that he will further develop his language skills when visiting Russia, moreover, he is confident that he can communicate without struggling too much with a dictionary.Jim and I feel less positive about out courses.Because we both have forgotten the vocabulary and grammar rules.If I were asked to read a passage in Spanish now, I couldn’t, Jim says he would not understand Portuguese or be able to respond to a single dialogue if he had to.III.A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information;in other words, it puts first things first, and lets the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words.Periodic sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached.The reader does not know what it is mainly about until he finishes reading it.It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.-Jane Austen This is the sentence with which Jane Austen begins her Pride and prejudice.It is clearly of the periodic structure because neither in syntax nor in meaning is it complete before the last word.The sentence follows a climactic order, the last word being the most important, and because many words are piled up before the key word, the sense of climax is made very strong.Here is the opening paragraph of Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim:

      He was an inch, perhaps two, under six feet, powerfully built, and he advanced straight at you with a slight stoop of the shoulders, head forward, and a fixed-from-under stare which made you think of a charging bull.His voice was deep, loud, and his manner displayed a kind of dogged self-assertion which had nothing aggressive in it.It seemed a necessity, and it was directed apparently as much at himself as at anybody else.He was spotlessly neat, appareled in immaculate white from shoes to hat, and in the various Eastern ports where he got his living as ship-chandler’s water-clerk he was very popular.Most of the sentences are compound and compound-complex, and all of them, except the second half of the last sentence, are loose in structure.There is no suspense or climax;the tone is easy, relaxed and informal.The writer uses these loose sentences because he is enumerating facts or ideas of equal importance, and also because he aims at a natural and orderly presentation.Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct;periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.

      第三篇:雅思寫(xiě)作教案1

      Argument

      In IELTS, for both the academic and the General Training modules, the second writing task is often an argument or a discussion on a given topic.In this unit, we will be discussing how to write an argument.An argument is a set of statements in support of an opinion or proposed course of action.It is expressed in an orderly way, and is used to try to convince someone that the opinion or course of action is correct.In this unit, we will discuss: How to plan an argument How to support an argument How to organize an argument How to refute an argument The first step in planning an argument is to list the points you wish to make.Some of these may be facts.Some may be opinions.Facts are statements which are known to be true.Opinions are personal beliefs which may or may not be true.It is important to distinguish between facts and opinions in arguments.An argument consisting only of opinions will not be convincing to your reader.See the following sentences: 1 The sun rises in the east 2Qing Dao is a city in Shan Dong Province.3Qing Dao is a beautiful city.4The Ghost Show, which is broadcast on Friday nights, is a terrible program.Exercise1 Which of the following statements are facts or opinions? 1Only weak people smoke cigarettes.2There is a drastic statistic relationship between lung cancer and cigarette smoking.3 Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer.二How to support an Argument(如何支撐論點(diǎn))When you write an argument, you must try to convince your reader that your points are correct and reasonable.To do so you must provide strong support for your arguments.Here are some ways of supporting an argument(你應(yīng)該通過(guò)一些途徑支撐論點(diǎn),舉例法,給出相關(guān)的理由或者事實(shí),引用事實(shí),或適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)度詞,等)1Supporting an argument by giving lots of examples 2Supporting an argument by giving relevant and accurate reasons or facts as evidence.3Supporting an argument by giving a quotation.4Supporting an argument by using transitional words and phrases that signal your supporting evidence.5Supporting an argument by expressing your opinion in a clear way in a topic sentence.6supporting an argument by mentioning a source.一Giving examples Revolutions which overthrow despotic governments by violent means often end by establishing another kind of despotism.A good example is the French Revolution of 1789, which began as an expression of democratic will, and ended by establishing Napoleon as of the Emperor of the French.二Write two relevant supporting statements for each of the sentences below.1Public money should be spent on persuading people to give up smoking

      2Drinking and driving don’t mix Up to 75% of fatal road accidents involve alcohol People drink much more when they are worried.三A quotation may consist of a word , phrase ,sentence ,paragraph or longer expression from the text of another writer.Quoting an authority on a subject is a way of reinforcing an argument and strengthening a point of view.Quotations also add colour and feeling to writing.But take care not to overwork the technique.It is unnecessary to substantiate every assertion you make by bolstering it up with a quotation.Select the quotations and use them sparingly.“Prevention is better than cure” “Actions speak louder than words”

      四The transitional words and phrases used in an argumentative writing include to begin with ,first ,next, because, since, more important, furthermore , besides, etc Eg

      An earlier age of retirement has certain advantages A More opportunities for jobs for younger people B Ambitious younger workers would be reach the top without a lot of older people blocking the way.五A good topic sentence of an argumentative essay ought to be clear and to the point.It can be placed at the beginning or in the middle or at the end of a paragraph.Eg School athletes should take part in school sports but should not be excused from taking a full schedule of other subjects.Athletes should not base all their hopes on having sports careers.Dr Brown , the distinguished basketball star, pointed out that all school athletes should prepare for an alternative career ,because sports life is not long and mostly, only a small number of these athletes might succeed in this career …….六Eg As Professor Hones points out that in an increasingly technological society, some form of tertiary training is fast becoming essential.Experimental work undertaken in this country suggests that…….How to Organize an argument 怎樣組織論點(diǎn)

      A good argument has to be effectively organized so that your reader can follow the chain of argument and convinced by it.In academic writing two methods are commonly used.They are called the deductive method and the inductive method.When we use the deductive method, the main statement is made at the beginning followed by a supporting statement or statements.When we use the inductive method it is effective to outline the evidence first and present the main the point last as a conclusion.Eg Ask most people what causes strikes and they will probably say: more money.In fact, there are many causes of strikes.Moreover, a single strike could have a number of causes rather than a single cause.Obviously, the demand of more money is a major cause of strikes.A second cause is the demand for improving working conditions.But “working conditions” covers many things.It includes the physical environment of the workplace, such as the quality of eating and recreational facilities, together with the safety and cleanliness of the workplace itself.“working conditions” also includes the psychological climate of the workplace.Quite often when a strike is called the official reason given is inadequate pay.But industrial psychologists have found that this may be disguising the real reasons.Such reasons might be the unpleasant attitude of a supervisor or a company official, or it might be the tedium of highly repetitive work.Furthermore, the workers themselves may not be aware of “hidden” reason.They may only be aware of general dissatisfaction, and “inadequate pay” may just be a convenient excuse for expressing that dissatisfaction.In addition to expressing dissatisfaction, strikes have the effect of breaking the monotony of repetitive work.In conclusion, although demanding for more money is usually the main reason of strikes, there are also some other reasons.How to refute an argument 怎樣反駁論點(diǎn)

      If there were no evidence for an alternative point of view, there would be no need for argument.A good argument always takes the opposing point of view seriously.If this were not the case, the argument would be more like a quarrel, consisting of the exchange of opinions and prejudices without support from evidence or reasoning.When you are writing, your refutation should do one of the following: Re—state the opinion Correct your opponent’s facts(修正或者改正對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn))Deny that counterargument is related to the topic否認(rèn)駁論與主題有關(guān) Indicate that the counterargument is insufficient(指出駁論不足)

      When you want to refute an argument, you need to restate the opinion, so the person you are writing to can understand.To show that we don’t personally hold the opinions we intend to refute, we often write as reported speech Eg 1 Some people assert that all pop music is rubbish.2 It is ridiculous to say that English ought to be taught everywhere 3 It used to be stated that there were jobs which women were physically incapable of doing

      Your opponent’ facts---Some people say that cutting trees harms the environment and destroys valuable natural resources.Your correction---Selective harvesting is actually good for forests and for people because it increases productivity and provides jobs and timber.Deny that the counterargument is related to the topic When the topic is something about “insufficient public transportation” and the writer’s purpose is to persuade people to agree with the idea of changing and expanding the bus system ,but the writer talks a lot about the nice drivers and free fare for university students, it shows that his argument is irrelevant.You can write : “Although nice drivers and free fare for students is true, it is not related to the topic.”

      Indicate that the counterargument is insufficient Write a statement for each statement to show that the following ideas are insufficient 1 Cutting trees causes erosion and landslides, and destroys natural resources.2 Cars are very convenient.It can be fairly quick to send you to anywhere you want to go.

      第四篇:學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作教案1

      第四講 學(xué)術(shù)論文的選題

      一、選題的意義

      1、學(xué)術(shù)論文選題、學(xué)術(shù)論文題目、學(xué)術(shù)論文主題三者的關(guān)系

      1)所謂選題,是選擇研究的課題;是研究的范圍、對(duì)象、目標(biāo)、中心和方向;是研究試圖解決的一個(gè)具體問(wèn)題。2)所謂題目就是論文的名稱(chēng)。3)所謂主題,就是論文表達(dá)的中心意思,體現(xiàn)著作者對(duì)具體問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)、理解和評(píng)價(jià)。

      4)三者中,選題的概念較大,一個(gè)選題可以寫(xiě)一篇論文、也可以寫(xiě)若干篇。例:電影《夜宴》

      2、選題的意義 所謂“題好文一半”

      論文的價(jià)值取決于主題、主題的確立取決于研究工作、而研究工作是否有意義取決于選題。具體而言有如下意義

      1)提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題比解決一個(gè)問(wèn)題更難也更重要。

      因?yàn)閷W(xué)科的范圍實(shí)在太大,選題意味著選擇研究對(duì)象和范圍,沒(méi)有具體的選題就如同沒(méi)有靶子,無(wú)法走出科研第一步。2)關(guān)系研究?jī)?nèi)容是否有價(jià)值 所謂價(jià)值,就是有用。

      ①對(duì)社會(huì)(應(yīng)用與基礎(chǔ));對(duì)學(xué)科(前沿與縱深);對(duì)個(gè)人(挑戰(zhàn)與中庸)來(lái)說(shuō)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都不一樣。②研究成果是否有生命力?“文章千古事”,即時(shí)應(yīng)景是大忌。

      二、選題的要求 選題的科學(xué)性與可行性

      1、對(duì)科研的興趣及具備基本的條件 1)興趣

      興趣是最大的動(dòng)力,能夠忍耐工作學(xué)習(xí)中的寂寞、枯燥、折磨合痛苦??鬃樱骸爸卟蝗绾弥?,好之者不如樂(lè)之者”,否則就有抵觸心理。但也要注意。單純從興趣出發(fā)去挑戰(zhàn)專(zhuān)業(yè)以外的領(lǐng)域。2)研究條件

      ①盡可能占有文獻(xiàn)資料 ②要有研究基礎(chǔ),專(zhuān)業(yè)范圍。③保證研究時(shí)間

      2、密切聯(lián)系實(shí)際的選題

      結(jié)合地區(qū)、國(guó)家的實(shí)際需要。應(yīng)用研究課題和基礎(chǔ)研究課題(理工與人文)

      3、選題新穎、立論根據(jù)充足、研究目標(biāo)明確、研究方法科學(xué)

      1)新穎,即有新見(jiàn)。初步寫(xiě)作很難??梢宰鳛樽非蟮哪繕?biāo)

      2)方法科學(xué),掌握理論的“拐杖”。如各種理論武器。“重要的不是神話(huà)講述的年代,而是講述神話(huà)的年代”。一心為公的英雄與現(xiàn)下的財(cái)富英雄。

      6、70年代的正面人物與當(dāng)下的人物。

      4、難易程度范圍大小與研究條件 1)難易與范圍要量力而行 2)現(xiàn)實(shí)條件,如圖書(shū)資料

      5、熟悉選題領(lǐng)域的研究狀況 不用多說(shuō)。判斷選題是否有價(jià)值 1)是否有開(kāi)創(chuàng)性 2)是否有延伸性

      三、選題的方法

      一般講,在閱讀、整理文獻(xiàn)時(shí),選題就開(kāi)始了。它是一個(gè)范圍由寬泛、抽象到有限、具體的過(guò)程。

      1、縮小觀察點(diǎn)。《夜宴》是情感范圍,但突破口是章子怡的婉后角色。只有她是人物的聯(lián)結(jié)點(diǎn)。

      2、瀏覽捕捉法。在材料上下功夫。1)將文獻(xiàn)資料歸類(lèi) 2)在點(diǎn)滴體會(huì)中找到靈感

      3、追溯驗(yàn)證,主要在自然科學(xué)中

      4、獲得最佳選題的領(lǐng)域 1)學(xué)科中有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題 2)社會(huì)急需的課題

      3)學(xué)科歷史中的攻關(guān)性課題

      四、選題示范

      第五講 論文寫(xiě)作的具體過(guò)程

      一、編寫(xiě)論文提綱

      《文心雕龍》:“凡大體文章,類(lèi)多枝源。整派者依源,理枝者循干。是以附辭會(huì)義,務(wù)總綱領(lǐng)?!?/p>

      1、提綱的意義及重要性:

      提綱就是文章的框架,猶如施工的藍(lán)圖。是給論文搭一個(gè)骨架,而這個(gè)骨架來(lái)源于作者前期對(duì)選題的初步研究結(jié)果。

      但提綱又不于藍(lán)圖,施工方要嚴(yán)格按藍(lán)圖走,但寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程卻是一個(gè)修修補(bǔ)補(bǔ)、不斷改變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程。這充分說(shuō)明寫(xiě)作是一項(xiàng)具有高度創(chuàng)造性的工作。包括:結(jié)構(gòu)安排、材料取舍、層次設(shè)置、論證的邏輯順序等,力圖達(dá)到:即使未能有明晰、暢達(dá)、連貫的思路,也應(yīng)形成粗線(xiàn)條的邏輯體系。

      否則會(huì)層次模糊、結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂、詳略失當(dāng)。最明顯的也有可能無(wú)話(huà)可說(shuō)。

      2、提綱的內(nèi)容及格式(例)1)內(nèi)容:簡(jiǎn)綱:提出論文要點(diǎn);編排論文目次。

      詳綱:既列綱目,更重要的,每部分的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、材料、論證方法甚至字?jǐn)?shù)。推薦詳綱。

      2)格式:(例)

      3、提綱的形式要求及編寫(xiě)方法 1)系統(tǒng)性、整體性 2)簡(jiǎn)明原則

      二、起草論文初稿

      1、初稿起草方法: 因人而異主要兩種: 1)按提綱所寫(xiě)順序依次寫(xiě)出 2)各個(gè)擊破法,將論文分成不同部 分,按熟悉程度

      2、起草初稿應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題 1)避免知識(shí)普及型文章: 問(wèn)題:論證過(guò)程羅嗦;選材不精當(dāng) 2)不要做炫耀式文章:

      問(wèn)題:詞藻華麗不等于有文采;旁征博引不易定增加文章的可信度

      3)避免“浮光掠影”式文章

      三、全面展開(kāi)論證

      論證:用論據(jù)通過(guò)一定方法和方式證明論點(diǎn)的過(guò)程

      1、論證的一般要求 1)論點(diǎn)論據(jù)要統(tǒng)一

      剔除游離于論點(diǎn)之外的論證。(陰謀 與愛(ài)情,只有兩個(gè)人可以證明,太子不行)

      論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)不統(tǒng)一:有觀點(diǎn)無(wú)材料、有材料無(wú)觀點(diǎn)、兩者結(jié)合不緊密。

      2)論證要步驟分明、深入淺出例:莊子《秋水》

      2、論證的原則與表達(dá) 1)忌論點(diǎn)不明 2)忌偷換概念 3)忌循環(huán)論證 4)忌草率論證 幾種方法: 1)旁征博引:

      2)抽象概括:(上升理論高度)(云水謠:“意識(shí)形態(tài)腹語(yǔ)術(shù)”)

      四、注意調(diào)整修改

      1、調(diào)整修改的意義 1)負(fù)責(zé)任的表現(xiàn) 2)提高寫(xiě)作水平的途徑 3)增強(qiáng)學(xué)術(shù)論文的理性色彩

      2、調(diào)整修改的具體內(nèi)容 1)論點(diǎn)的修正 2)論據(jù)的增刪 3)論證的調(diào)整 4)文字的潤(rùn)色

      3、調(diào)整的方法 1)調(diào)整的原則 2)調(diào)整常用的方法: 第六講 社科學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作、審鑒

      一、社會(huì)科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)論文含義、特點(diǎn)

      1、論文內(nèi)容:

      分類(lèi):社會(huì)科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)論文、自然科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)論文。

      社會(huì)科學(xué):研究各種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的科學(xué),政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、法學(xué)、歷史學(xué)、文藝學(xué)、美學(xué)、倫理學(xué)等。屬于社會(huì)意識(shí)范疇。是“務(wù)虛”之學(xué)。

      2、特點(diǎn)

      1)抽象性:是研究有關(guān)社會(huì)本質(zhì)和規(guī)律的問(wèn)題,超越了具體的物質(zhì)、形態(tài)研究。比如,歷史學(xué)科是試圖在紛繁的史料中還原所謂的歷史真實(shí)。美學(xué)、文學(xué)、法學(xué)等等。抽取帶有普遍意義的同 類(lèi)事理的共性。

      2)或可行(自圓其說(shuō))

      研究對(duì)象是人和人類(lèi)社會(huì),其實(shí)多變、多因素、多層次、復(fù)雜的動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)。研究者都是從某一個(gè)側(cè)面深入其中,難免陷入盲人摸象的境地。

      3)批判性

      人類(lèi)的認(rèn)識(shí)都是累加的,所有后來(lái)的認(rèn)識(shí)、知識(shí)都是一種認(rèn)識(shí)批判。

      4)綜合性

      在現(xiàn)代知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)中更是如此,學(xué)科之間既相互區(qū)別,但聯(lián)系也越發(fā)密切。

      二、社會(huì)科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)論文分類(lèi)、寫(xiě)作要求

      1、分類(lèi)

      1)理論型: 傾向于嚴(yán)密邏輯的推理,有謹(jǐn)嚴(yán)的體系,揭示的是人類(lèi)社會(huì)和某門(mén)學(xué)科的普遍規(guī)律。哲學(xué)、法哲學(xué)、文藝學(xué)、美學(xué)等。

      特征: 用純粹抽象概念展開(kāi)論述,表現(xiàn)為: 對(duì)概念的精確界定、對(duì)理論體系的充分展開(kāi)。

      2)專(zhuān)題性學(xué)術(shù)論文

      對(duì)某一學(xué)科的具體現(xiàn)象展開(kāi)分析。比如對(duì)文學(xué)藝術(shù)中具體的作家、作品、流派、思潮、風(fēng)格進(jìn)行研究。

      3)考據(jù)型論文

      根據(jù)歷史文獻(xiàn)、實(shí)物、文物等資料展開(kāi)質(zhì)疑、考察、判斷研究。如《談藝 錄》、陜西考古隊(duì)對(duì)兵馬俑的研究。主要是需要第一手資料。

      2、寫(xiě)作要求

      1)具備一定的批判能力

      敢于提出問(wèn)題、審慎解決問(wèn)題。胡適:“大膽假設(shè)、小心求證”

      2)培養(yǎng)問(wèn)題意識(shí)

      具體而言,研究一個(gè)問(wèn)題,要有如下追問(wèn):a這一問(wèn)題前人是否已有研究?有哪些成績(jī)?那些不足?b我的思路觀點(diǎn)與前人相比,是否有進(jìn)步?是否有獨(dú)創(chuàng)?c支持我的觀點(diǎn)的材料是否可靠?推理過(guò)程是否嚴(yán)密?方法是否科學(xué)?

      3)邏輯建構(gòu)能力

      首先,“破”還是“立”;其次,論 證結(jié)構(gòu)是總分總,還是變體;第三段落邏輯的前后銜接安排。

      4)文獻(xiàn)檢索能力

      三、社科論文的行文與表述

      1、以議論性語(yǔ)言為主,盡量要準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)密。

      2、正確駕馭資料,數(shù)據(jù)參考:1萬(wàn)字論文,60個(gè)工作日閱讀資料、每天記筆記2-3000字、大約會(huì)有10幾萬(wàn)字的資料積累。

      3、復(fù)述引證與節(jié)錄引證

      1)復(fù)述:復(fù)述要忠于原作、為論點(diǎn)服務(wù)、目的不在敘而在議。

      2)節(jié)錄:原文引用,做好注釋?zhuān)徽我貌患右?hào)。比正文再內(nèi)所兩格,一般與正文的字體不同。

      注意:支持論點(diǎn)、翔實(shí)準(zhǔn)確、不做“文抄公”

      自然科學(xué)論文寫(xiě)作(略)

      審鑒

      四、學(xué)術(shù)論文分級(jí)(品級(jí))

      1、鑒定評(píng)審

      作為科研成果通常要審定,起碼要公開(kāi)發(fā)表。

      2、學(xué)術(shù)品位

      橫向:學(xué)年論文、畢業(yè)論文、學(xué)位論 文

      縱向:學(xué)士、碩士、博士

      五、如何鑒審

      1、鑒審學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1)從標(biāo)題估量

      雖然負(fù)面,但可初步判斷

      ??我見(jiàn);??新見(jiàn);??新論;容易做的是與人“商榷”。2)從立論估量

      是否提出新問(wèn)題、立起新的起點(diǎn),開(kāi)創(chuàng)學(xué)科、研究領(lǐng)域等。3)從使用的資料估量

      a新鮮資料的重要性,如紅學(xué)、敦煌學(xué)、考古學(xué)等;

      b對(duì)原有資料的科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)和處理,如劉 鶚(鐵云)對(duì)甲骨文的收集研究; 4)從分析論證方法上估量

      使用新的研究方法會(huì)推陳出新,比如:敘事分類(lèi)研究

      三、學(xué)術(shù)論文的使用 高境界:對(duì)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的推動(dòng) 中境界:對(duì)研究成果的紀(jì)錄 低境界:為畢業(yè)、為發(fā)表、為職稱(chēng)第七講 學(xué)術(shù)論文的發(fā)表、論文答辯

      發(fā)表

      一、發(fā)表的要求與條件

      出版單位的要求:思想內(nèi)容、表達(dá)形式;本身質(zhì)量、社會(huì)價(jià)值

      1、正文的要求 1)政治性要求

      政治觀點(diǎn)正確,辯證唯物主義與歷史唯物主義的把握。

      2)社會(huì)價(jià)值

      符合時(shí)代精神;對(duì)當(dāng)下現(xiàn)實(shí)提出問(wèn)題并解決問(wèn)題;有創(chuàng)造性。

      3)科學(xué)性要求 所謂的業(yè)務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

      2、正文的形式要求 正文的小標(biāo)題統(tǒng)一、名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)規(guī)范、數(shù)字運(yùn)用一律

      3、正文的格式要求

      現(xiàn)在此問(wèn)題不大,word有統(tǒng)一規(guī)范。

      二、投稿的操作與注意事項(xiàng) 寫(xiě)論文就要發(fā)表,注意以下事項(xiàng)

      1、形式完整(打印稿,不存在整潔問(wèn)題,但規(guī)范的形式是對(duì)編輯的尊重)

      2、刊物選擇

      1)注意刊物級(jí)別問(wèn)題

      一般期刊;核心:一般、CSSCI、權(quán)威

      2)注意刊物的選稿來(lái)源問(wèn)題 3)注意刊物的選稿題材體裁問(wèn)題 4)注意投稿時(shí)機(jī)

      3、與編輯的聯(lián)系 1)方式

      登門(mén)自薦、書(shū)信聯(lián)絡(luò)、通過(guò)第三者推薦

      2)注意事項(xiàng)

      正常業(yè)務(wù)交往;謙虛得體

      答辯

      一、答辯的意義

      1、考察論文真實(shí)性

      較低角度:是否建立在科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上、是否遵循實(shí)事求是原則、是否是本人親自撰寫(xiě)

      2、考察論文質(zhì)量

      較高角度:立論、論證、材料、結(jié) 構(gòu)、創(chuàng)造性

      3、論文的修改補(bǔ)充完善

      從作者角度:與專(zhuān)家互動(dòng)過(guò)程中的受益,是學(xué)術(shù)見(jiàn)解的交流與深化。

      二、答辯的一般程序

      答辯,以專(zhuān)業(yè)為單位成立的答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)論文的集體審查。一般3-7人。

      程序如下:

      1、學(xué)位評(píng)定委員會(huì)主席宣布舉行答辯,介紹學(xué)位申請(qǐng)人姓名和答辯委員會(huì)成員名單

      2、主席宣布答辯開(kāi)始

      3、指導(dǎo)教師介紹申請(qǐng)人情況

      4、申請(qǐng)人報(bào)告論文主要內(nèi)容(時(shí)間 長(zhǎng)短不等)

      5、委員會(huì)成員提問(wèn)、申請(qǐng)人(準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間)回答

      6主席宣布休會(huì) 7舉行答辯委員會(huì)會(huì)議 8主席宣布復(fù)會(huì)

      9主席公布評(píng)語(yǔ)及表決結(jié)果

      三、答辯前的準(zhǔn)備

      1、心理準(zhǔn)備 1)樹(shù)立信心

      整理好有關(guān)資料,自己的文章一定能講好

      2)端正態(tài)度

      克服緊張畏難和漫不經(jīng)心兩級(jí)態(tài)度

      3、內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)備 盡管是自己寫(xiě)的,也要準(zhǔn)備答辯詞 3)物質(zhì)準(zhǔn)備

      主要是材料要帶齊(有同學(xué)居然空手而來(lái))

      四、答辯人的程序

      1、自我介紹

      2、簡(jiǎn)述答辯內(nèi)容

      四點(diǎn):選題的內(nèi)容和意義;研究問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵;解決問(wèn)題的對(duì)策和特色;對(duì)策的論據(jù)和結(jié)論。目的是表述自己對(duì)選題的把握、研究和理解的程度

      注意時(shí)間(10分鐘)言簡(jiǎn)意賅 3對(duì)論文作簡(jiǎn)單自我評(píng)價(jià)(可略)

      五、委員會(huì)成員可能的提問(wèn)點(diǎn)

      1、對(duì)論文的思考點(diǎn)創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)比較關(guān)注

      2、對(duì)論文的論點(diǎn)、結(jié)論比較關(guān)注

      3、對(duì)論點(diǎn)的邏輯起點(diǎn)(問(wèn)題的由來(lái))及引申處比較關(guān)注

      六、答辯人回答問(wèn)題的注意事項(xiàng)

      1、聽(tīng)清楚提問(wèn)的題意 特別是沒(méi)聽(tīng)清時(shí)一定要追問(wèn)

      2、通過(guò)對(duì)問(wèn)題的“限定”縮小回答范圍

      “關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題,我想著重談一點(diǎn)(二點(diǎn))??”

      “您這個(gè)問(wèn)題我覺(jué)得主要是指??”

      3、先易后難,樹(shù)立信心

      4、簡(jiǎn)潔明快、不枝不蔓

      5、坦誠(chéng)直言、失言莫辯

      6、把握分寸、見(jiàn)好就收

      看一篇《論文綜合癥》與君共勉(星期三的班)27

      第五篇:閱讀與寫(xiě)作教案1

      小學(xué)閱讀與寫(xiě)作教案

      (一)課題:句子訓(xùn)練:怎樣把句子寫(xiě)通順 教學(xué)目標(biāo):

      (1)知識(shí)目標(biāo):通過(guò)本次課的學(xué)習(xí),鞏固把句子寫(xiě)完整的相關(guān)知識(shí)。使學(xué)生掌握句子通順性的要領(lǐng)。充分利用詞語(yǔ)的表達(dá)和先后順序達(dá)到句子的通順。

      (2)能力目標(biāo):引導(dǎo)學(xué)生養(yǎng)成一個(gè)愛(ài)說(shuō)話(huà)的好習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的說(shuō)話(huà)完整性、通順性。提高認(rèn)識(shí)、觀察、分析事物的綜合能力。

      (3)情感目標(biāo):寫(xiě)作是一個(gè)綜合能力的體現(xiàn),在于平時(shí)的點(diǎn)滴積累。通過(guò)本次課的學(xué)習(xí),使學(xué)生在平時(shí)的生活學(xué)習(xí)中養(yǎng)成良好的交際能力。善于與人交談。教學(xué)重點(diǎn):句子通順性的要求 教學(xué)難點(diǎn):怎么做到句子通順性 教學(xué)課時(shí):2 課時(shí) A、導(dǎo)言:

      同學(xué)們,大家好!通過(guò)上一次課的學(xué)習(xí),我們了解了怎樣把句子寫(xiě)完整的要領(lǐng)。在學(xué)習(xí)句子的同時(shí),也掌握了詞語(yǔ)的分類(lèi)和怎樣積累以及不同詞語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用。學(xué)習(xí)了寫(xiě)完整句子以后,就要利用每一個(gè)詞匯以及詞匯的先后順序來(lái)把句子寫(xiě)通順。怎樣把學(xué)過(guò)的詞匯組合成既完整又通順的句子呢?今天我們一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)句子,要求把句子寫(xiě)通順。

      B、每課一詩(shī)積累賞析:

      見(jiàn)

      作者:【袁枚】 年代:【清】 體裁:【五言絕句】

      牧童騎黃牛,歌聲振林樾。

      意欲捕蟬鳴,忽然閉口立。

      詩(shī)文分析:詩(shī)記錄了作者親眼所見(jiàn)的夏日農(nóng)村小景。詩(shī)人抓住牧童活潑好奇的特點(diǎn),著意描寫(xiě)了“忽然閉口立”這一精彩的瞬間。

      詩(shī)篇大意:野外林陰道上,一位小牧童騎在黃牛背上緩緩而來(lái)。也不知有什么開(kāi)心事兒,他一路行一路唱,唱得好脆好響,整個(gè)樹(shù)木全給他驚動(dòng)了。忽然,歌聲停下來(lái),小牧童脊背挺直,嘴巴緊閉,兩眼凝望著高高的樹(shù)梢?!爸耍?,知了??”樹(shù)上,一只蟬兒也在扯開(kāi)嗓門(mén),自鳴得意地唱呢。正是它把小牧童吸引住了,他真想將蟬兒捉一手呢!

      賞析:這情景,全被 人看在眼里,寫(xiě)進(jìn)詩(shī)中。詩(shī)人先寫(xiě)小牧童的動(dòng)態(tài),那高坐牛背、大聲唱歌的派頭,何等散漫、放肆;后寫(xiě)小牧童的靜態(tài),那屏住呼吸,眼望鳴蟬的神情,又是多么專(zhuān)注啊!這從動(dòng)到靜的變化,寫(xiě)得既突然又自然,把小牧童天真爛漫、好廳多事的形象,刻畫(huà)得活靈活現(xiàn)。至于下一步的動(dòng)靜,小牧童怎樣捕蟬,捕到?jīng)]有,詩(shī)人沒(méi)有寫(xiě),留給讀者去體會(huì)、去遐想、去思考。

      C、主題講授:

      作文,除了要把句子寫(xiě)完整外,還要注意把句子寫(xiě)通順。寫(xiě)通順,就是寫(xiě)的句子要合乎語(yǔ)法規(guī)則、合乎事理,合乎人們的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣。如果句子寫(xiě)出來(lái)詞序顛倒、不合事理,不合語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣,別人就難理解句子的意思,甚至鬧出錯(cuò)誤和笑話(huà)來(lái)。

      要把句子寫(xiě)通順,最重要的是要注意詞語(yǔ)在句子中的先后順序。哪個(gè)詞在前,哪個(gè)詞在后,詞語(yǔ)與詞語(yǔ)的搭配,都要按照一定的順序組合排列,不能顛三倒四。

      一、1.我告訴媽媽?zhuān)u生蛋了。

      2.?huà)寢尭嬖V我,雞生蛋了。3.弟弟告訴我,媽媽生蛋了。4.告訴弟弟我,生蛋媽媽了。上面四個(gè)句子所用的詞都一樣,但因詞的順序變了,所以句子的意思跟著起了變化。第一句是講“我”告訴媽媽一件事;第二句則是媽媽告訴“我”一件事;第三句鬧成了笑話(huà)——“媽媽生蛋了”;第四句由于詞序排列混亂,意思表達(dá)不清楚,別人無(wú)法理解。上述例句說(shuō)明,要把句子寫(xiě)通順,一定要注意詞序的排列與詞的組合。

      把句子寫(xiě)通順,還要注意合乎事理。

      二、1.春天到了,種子在發(fā)芽、生根、長(zhǎng)葉。

      2.春天到了,種子在長(zhǎng)葉、生根、發(fā)芽。

      第一句,通順,合乎植物生長(zhǎng)的規(guī)律,第二句雖然也通順,但不合事理。植物的生長(zhǎng)規(guī)律是發(fā)芽→生根→長(zhǎng)葉。違背事理的句子,在意思上是講不通的。

      把句子寫(xiě)通順,還要注意合乎人們的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣。如我們常說(shuō)“刮風(fēng)了”“下雨了”。如果說(shuō)成“刮雨了”、“下風(fēng)了”。人家就要說(shuō)你是胡說(shuō)八道。

      把句子寫(xiě)通順,可以經(jīng)常做如下練習(xí): 1.?dāng)U詞成句。

      例:樹(shù)→松樹(shù)→兩棵松樹(shù)→栽了兩棵松樹(shù)→院子里栽了兩棵松樹(shù)→我在院子里栽了兩棵松樹(shù)。

      2.整理詞序。例:好孩子/是個(gè)/小勇/懂禮貌的

      小勇是個(gè)懂禮貌的好孩子。

      想一想,練一練: 1.照樣子擴(kuò)詞成句。

      例:球:足球→踢足球→國(guó)安隊(duì)踢足球→勇猛的國(guó)安隊(duì)踢足球→中國(guó)勇猛的國(guó)安隊(duì)踢足球。

      馬:______________________________________________________

      青蛙:____________________________________________________

      花衣:____________________________________________________

      2.把下面排列錯(cuò)亂的詞整理成通順的句子,寫(xiě)在橫線(xiàn)上,加上標(biāo)點(diǎn)。

      ①土層里的烏鴉

      啄吃

      喜鵲

      在和新

      翻松的地老虎

      _________________________________________________________ ②走來(lái)走去

      大草原上

      在羊群

      一眼望不到邊的 _________________________________________________________

      ③軍民聯(lián)歡

      我們

      興高采烈地

      慶祝

      八一建軍節(jié)晚會(huì)

      參加

      _________________________________________________________

      3.把下面的詞語(yǔ)連成通順的句子。媽媽悄悄地

      落下去。小勇輕輕地

      走上領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)臺(tái)。太陽(yáng)不慌不忙地

      走過(guò)去蒙住小三的眼睛。那像雪一樣白的 是天空中飄著的雪花。

      那像晚霞一樣紅的是田野里的油菜花。

      那千變?nèi)f化的 是山坡上的桃花。

      那像金子一樣黃的是果園里的梨花。

      4.下面的話(huà)應(yīng)怎樣排列?排好后把它寫(xiě)下來(lái),加上標(biāo)點(diǎn)。①分給大家吃 媽媽讓我把葡萄洗一洗 吃過(guò)晚飯

      _________________________________________________________

      ②吹得樹(shù)葉亂搖 一只蜘蛛垂落下來(lái)逃走了 忽然一陣大風(fēng)

      _________________________________________________________

      5.下面是詞序顛倒的病句,請(qǐng)修改后寫(xiě)在橫線(xiàn)上。①春風(fēng)和煦地輕輕地吹著。

      _________________________________________________________

      ②北風(fēng)凜冽地呼呼地刮個(gè)不停。

      _________________________________________________________

      ③他把勞動(dòng)場(chǎng)面熱氣騰騰地寫(xiě)下來(lái)啦!_________________________________________________________

      D、課后總結(jié):

      通過(guò)今天的學(xué)習(xí),我們積累了一首古詩(shī),了解了古詩(shī)的事情發(fā)生和寫(xiě)作技巧。學(xué)習(xí)了新的內(nèi)容,怎么把句子寫(xiě)通順,知道了要把句子寫(xiě)通順的要領(lǐng)。需要學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用各個(gè)詞匯之間的運(yùn)用和順序。掌握這個(gè)要求,我們的句子就能寫(xiě)通順。句子寫(xiě)完整是第一步,其次就是在完整的基礎(chǔ)上怎樣做到把句子寫(xiě)通順。下一節(jié)課我們將共同學(xué)習(xí)怎樣把句子寫(xiě)具體。

      E、布置作業(yè):

      1、完成課堂的想一想,練一練。

      2、試著在完整句子的基礎(chǔ)上,利用不同詞匯的先后順序把句子寫(xiě)完美、寫(xiě)通順。

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