第一篇：美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬將簽署命令取消干細(xì)胞研究限制

美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬將簽署命令取消干細(xì)胞研究限制

內(nèi)容來(lái)源：新華網(wǎng)

美國(guó)著名的生物學(xué)家戴利（George Daley）就曾預(yù)言：“20世紀(jì)是藥物治療的時(shí)代，21世紀(jì)將是細(xì)胞治療的時(shí)代”。

2009 年 3 月,美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬在簽署他上任后的第一個(gè)干細(xì)胞法案時(shí)說(shuō): “干細(xì)胞治療將使絕癥或不治之癥詞匯消失!”

據(jù)“中央社”報(bào)道，為履行競(jìng)選承諾，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬將于美國(guó)華盛頓當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間9日上午11時(shí)45分，在白宮東廂簽署一項(xiàng)行政命令，取消禁止使用聯(lián)邦經(jīng)費(fèi)研究胚胎干細(xì)胞的禁令。美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)布什于2001年8月9日下令禁止進(jìn)行新研究，使得各相關(guān)研究機(jī)構(gòu)的研究項(xiàng)目，被限制在禁令發(fā)布前已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)的21條干細(xì)胞株。奧巴馬在競(jìng)選期間承諾，如果當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)，將取消這項(xiàng)禁令。

醫(yī)學(xué)界認(rèn)為胚胎干細(xì)胞研究將使21世紀(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)邁向新境界，許多目前無(wú)法有效治療的病癥，包括帕金森氏癥、糖尿病及脊髓受傷，都可能找到答案，因?yàn)榕咛ジ杉?xì)胞可以發(fā)展成各種需要的組織。

新聞背景：美國(guó)的胚胎干細(xì)胞研究之爭(zhēng)

新華網(wǎng)華盛頓3月9日電（記者任海軍）美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬9日簽署行政命令，宣布解除對(duì)用聯(lián)邦政府資金支持胚胎干細(xì)胞研究的限制，美國(guó)的胚胎干細(xì)胞研究有望進(jìn)入新階段。

2001年8月，美國(guó)時(shí)任總統(tǒng)布什宣布對(duì)胚胎干細(xì)胞研究設(shè)限，規(guī)定聯(lián)邦政府對(duì)胚胎干細(xì)胞研究的資助僅限于研究當(dāng)時(shí)已有的胚胎干細(xì)胞，不得資助從新胚胎中提取干細(xì)胞進(jìn)而開(kāi)展研究。近年來(lái)，關(guān)于聯(lián)邦政府是否應(yīng)進(jìn)一步支持胚胎干細(xì)胞研究的問(wèn)題曾數(shù)次在美國(guó)引起激烈爭(zhēng)論，取消上述限制的呼聲也日益高漲。

布什一直認(rèn)為，從胚胎中提取干細(xì)胞無(wú)異于“故意摧毀人類胚胎”，這是他本人“不能跨越的道德底線”。這也代表了美國(guó)相當(dāng)一部分保守人士的觀點(diǎn)。

不過(guò)，美國(guó)科學(xué)界和公眾普遍支持胚胎干細(xì)胞研究。2007年6月20日，美國(guó)“拉斯穆森”民意調(diào)查公司公布的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示，有三分之二的美國(guó)人相信，胚胎干細(xì)胞研究會(huì)有助于人類治愈某些頑疾。同一天，美國(guó)《科學(xué)》雜志網(wǎng)站公布的調(diào)查顯示，半數(shù)以上因不孕癥進(jìn)行體外受精并移植胚胎的美國(guó)人，愿意將多余胚胎捐獻(xiàn)出來(lái)用于胚胎干細(xì)胞研究。美國(guó)科學(xué)促進(jìn)會(huì)也發(fā)表聲明說(shuō)，科學(xué)界的主流觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，胚胎干細(xì)胞是極有前景的研究領(lǐng)域，通過(guò)這項(xiàng)研究有望找到攻克人類諸多頑疾的新療法。

然而，民意和科學(xué)界的呼吁沒(méi)能改變布什的立場(chǎng)。在其任內(nèi)，布什曾兩度否決國(guó)會(huì)提交的放寬聯(lián)邦政府資助胚胎干細(xì)胞研究的法案。

近年來(lái)，由于無(wú)法得到足夠的研究資金，美國(guó)越來(lái)越多的胚胎干細(xì)胞研究人員轉(zhuǎn)向別國(guó)尋求發(fā)展，美國(guó)在這一研究領(lǐng)域也有些落伍。

新聞背景：干細(xì)胞、胚胎干細(xì)胞和iPS細(xì)胞

新華網(wǎng)華盛頓3月9日電 成年生物體內(nèi)有多種體細(xì)胞，例如血液細(xì)胞、肌肉細(xì)胞、免疫細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞等等，它們形態(tài)各異，具有不同的功能。干細(xì)胞則是未充分分化、具有自我更新和分化潛能的細(xì)胞。

如果把體細(xì)胞比喻成具有一技之長(zhǎng)的“專門(mén)人才”，干細(xì)胞就是尚不具備專門(mén)才能，但可以通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)成才的“潛在人才”，可以分化為多種成體細(xì)胞。分化一旦完成，體細(xì)胞的“職業(yè)”就確定了。

受精卵分裂發(fā)育成囊胚時(shí)內(nèi)層細(xì)胞團(tuán)的細(xì)胞即為胚胎干細(xì)胞，它具有“全能”的發(fā)展?jié)摿?，可以分化成所有不同種類的體細(xì)胞。就像剛出生的嬰兒，雖然沒(méi)有任何專門(mén)才能，但未來(lái)有著無(wú)限的可能，長(zhǎng)大后具體成為什么領(lǐng)域的人才取決于培養(yǎng)過(guò)程。

由于胚胎干細(xì)胞的“全能”性，僅從技術(shù)角度來(lái)說(shuō)，用胚胎干細(xì)胞來(lái)培養(yǎng)人體組織和器官以治療疾病是最理想的。但胚胎干細(xì)胞要從胚胎中提取，有關(guān)研究在一些國(guó)家遇到倫理方面的反對(duì)，進(jìn)行得不太順利。成年動(dòng)物體內(nèi)也有一些干細(xì)胞，稱為成體干細(xì)胞。它們具有一定的分化潛力，但分化方向比較固定，比如造血干細(xì)胞通常只發(fā)展成血液細(xì)胞。成體干細(xì)胞就像已經(jīng)接受過(guò)大量專業(yè)訓(xùn)練的學(xué)生，一般只會(huì)發(fā)展成特定領(lǐng)域的人才。

成體干細(xì)胞不涉及倫理問(wèn)題，研究比較便利，然而其分化能力有限。雖然科學(xué)家曾成功改變成體干細(xì)胞的分化方向，但總體而言，“跨專業(yè)發(fā)展”對(duì)成體干細(xì)胞而言相當(dāng)困難。

2007年11月，美國(guó)和日本科學(xué)家分別宣布獨(dú)立發(fā)現(xiàn)將普通皮膚細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為干細(xì)胞的方法，這樣得到的干細(xì)胞稱為誘導(dǎo)多功能干細(xì)胞，又名iPS細(xì)胞。iPS細(xì)胞具有和胚胎干細(xì)胞類似的功能，卻繞開(kāi)了胚胎干細(xì)胞研究一直面臨的倫理和法律等諸多障礙，因此在醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用前景非常廣闊。

目前，國(guó)際上關(guān)于iPS細(xì)胞的研究可謂日新月異，是干細(xì)胞研究的熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域之一。

第二篇：美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬起訴中國(guó)稀土出口限制演講稿

美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬起訴中國(guó)稀土出口限制演講稿

第一部分：奧巴馬回應(yīng)美軍無(wú)故射殺至少16名阿富汗平民

Good morning, everybody.Before I make an announcement about our efforts to stand up for U.S.businesses and U.S.workers, I'd like to say a few words about the situation in Afghanistan.大家早上好。在我宣布有關(guān)維護(hù)美國(guó)企業(yè)和美國(guó)工人利益的事項(xiàng)之前，我想就阿富汗局勢(shì)說(shuō)幾句話。

Over the weekend, as many of you know, there was a tragic incident in which a number of Afghan civilians were killed.What I've made to President Karzai when I spoke to him is that the United States takes this as seriously as if it was our own citizens and our own children who were murdered.We're heartbroken over the loss of innocent life.The killing of innocent civilians is outrageous and it's unacceptable.It's not who we are as a country, and it does not represent our military.如你們?cè)S多人所知，上周末發(fā)生了一件悲慘事件，一些阿富汗平民被殺害。我在與卡爾扎伊（Karzai）總統(tǒng)通話時(shí)向他明確表示，美國(guó)極為重視這一事件，如同我們自己的公民和我們自己的孩子被殺害一樣。無(wú)辜的生命被殺害，我們傷痛欲絕。殺害無(wú)辜平民的行為令人發(fā)指，不可容忍。這不符合我們國(guó)家的精神，這并不代表我們的。

And for that reason, I've directed the Pentagon to make sure that we spare no effort in conducting a full investigation.I can assure the American people and the Afghan people that we will follow the facts wherever they lead us, and we will make sure that anybody who was involved is held fully accountable with the full force of the law.為此，我已經(jīng)指示五角大樓，保證我們不遺余力地進(jìn)行全面調(diào)查。我可以向美國(guó)人民和阿富汗人民保證，我們將遵照事實(shí)，不論情況如何。我們保證通過(guò)法律全力追究任何參與者的全部責(zé)任。

Yesterday, I met with General Allen and Ambassador Crocker, who were here in Washington, and I've extraordinary confidence in them and in the many Americans who are serving in Afghanistan and who have made extraordinary sacrifices to be there.Today I'll be meeting with Prime Minister Cameron, who is part of our broad coalition serving in Afghanistan, and we'll have an opportunity to consult about the way forward as we prepare for the NATO summit in Chicago later this spring.昨天，我會(huì)見(jiàn)了在華盛頓的艾倫（Allen)將軍和克羅克（Crocker)大使，我對(duì)他們和許多在阿富汗服役并作出巨大犧牲的美國(guó)人有非凡的信心。今天，我將會(huì)見(jiàn)卡梅倫（Cameron）首相，他參與我們?cè)诎⒏缓沟膹V泛聯(lián)盟。我們將有機(jī)會(huì)商討未來(lái)推進(jìn)的途徑，與此同時(shí)我們正為今年春季晚些時(shí)候在芝加哥（Chicago）舉行的北約首峰會(huì)（NATO summit）作準(zhǔn)備。So make no mistake, we have a strategy that will allow us to responsibly wind down this war.We're steadily transitioning to the Afghans who are moving into the lead, and that's going to allow us to bring our troops home.Already we're scheduled to remove 23,000 troops by the end of this summer, followed by--following the 10,000 that we withdrew last year.And meanwhile, we will continue the work of devastating al Qaeda's leadership and denying them a safe haven.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，我們采取的戰(zhàn)略可以讓我們以負(fù)責(zé)任的方式結(jié)束這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。我們正在穩(wěn)步朝阿富汗人主導(dǎo)的方向過(guò)渡，這將讓我們撤回我國(guó)軍隊(duì)。我們預(yù)定今年夏季結(jié)束前撤回23,000名軍人，此后——此前,我們已在去年撤回10,000人。同時(shí)，我們將繼續(xù)追剿―基地‖(al Qaeda)組織的頭目，使他們沒(méi)有藏身之地。

There's no question that we face a difficult challenge in Afghanistan, but I am confident that we can continue the work of meeting our objectives, protecting our country and responsibly bringing this war to a close.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，我們?cè)诎⒏缓姑媾R艱巨的挑戰(zhàn)，但我堅(jiān)信我們能夠繼續(xù)努力完成我們的目標(biāo)，保衛(wèi)我們的國(guó)家和負(fù)責(zé)任地結(jié)束這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

Now, one of the things that I talked about during the State of the Union address was making America more competitive in the global economy.The good news is that we have the best workers and the best businesses in the world.They turn out the best products.And when the playing field is level, they'll always be able to compete and succeed against every other country on Earth.我在發(fā)表國(guó)情咨文（State of the Union）時(shí)談到的問(wèn)題之一是增強(qiáng)美國(guó)在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。值得高興的是，我們有全世界最優(yōu)秀的工人和最好的企業(yè)。他們能生產(chǎn)最優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品。如果競(jìng)賽環(huán)境是公平的，他們將始終有能力與地球上任何國(guó)家進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)并獲得成功。第二部分：奧巴馬宣布聯(lián)合日本、歐洲盟友向WTO起訴中國(guó)稀土出口限制

But the key is to make sure that the playing field is level.And frankly, sometimes it's not.I will always try to work our differences through with other countries.We prefer dialogue.That's especially true when it comes to key trading partners like China.We've got a constructive economic relationship with China, and whenever possible, we are committed to working with them to addressing our concerns.But when it is necessary, I will take action if our workers and our businesses are being subjected to unfair practices.但關(guān)鍵是要保證競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境的公平。坦率地說(shuō)，有時(shí)并非如此。我將始終為解決與其他國(guó)家的分歧而努力。我們希望進(jìn)行對(duì)話，在涉及中國(guó)等主要貿(mào)易伙伴的時(shí)候尤其如此。我們已經(jīng)與中國(guó)發(fā)展了建設(shè)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，只要有可能，我們都致力于與他們協(xié)商解決我們關(guān)心的問(wèn)題。但是，在必要的情況下，如果我們的工人和我們的企業(yè)受到不公平待遇，我將采取行動(dòng)。Since I took office, we've brought trade cases against China at nearly twice the rate as the last administration, and these actions are making a difference.For example, we halted an unfair surge in Chinese tires, which has helped put over 1,000 American workers back on the job.But we haven't stopped there.自我任職總統(tǒng)以來(lái)，本屆政府針對(duì)中國(guó)提出貿(mào)易申訴案的數(shù)量是上一屆政府的近兩倍，而且這些行動(dòng)正在發(fā)揮作用。例如，我們制止了中國(guó)輪胎以不公平的方式大量涌入，有助于我們讓1,000多名美國(guó)工人重返工作崗位。但我們沒(méi)有就此止步。

Two weeks ago, I created a Trade Enforcement Unit to aggressively investigate any unfair trade practices taking place anywhere in the world.And as they ramp up their efforts, our competitors should be on notice: You will not get away with skirting the rules.When we can, we will rally support from our allies.And when it makes sense to act on our own, we will.兩個(gè)星期前，我創(chuàng)建了貿(mào)易執(zhí)法單位（Trade Enforcement Unit），積極調(diào)查全世界任何地方出現(xiàn)的不公平貿(mào)易行為。在他們加緊努力工作之際，我們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到：他們將不能再繞過(guò)貿(mào)易規(guī)則而不受追究。在可能的情況下，我們將爭(zhēng)取我們盟國(guó)的支持；如果有需要，我們也將自行采取行動(dòng)。

I just signed a bill to help American companies that are facing unfair foreign competition.These companies employ tens of thousands of Americans in nearly 40 states.Because of subsidies from foreign governments, some of their foreign competitors are selling products at an artificially low price.That needs to stop.我剛簽署了一個(gè)法案，幫助面臨外國(guó)不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的美國(guó)公司。這些公司在近40個(gè)州雇用了成千上萬(wàn)的美國(guó)人。一些外國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手因獲得外國(guó)政府的補(bǔ)貼，正以人為的低價(jià)出售產(chǎn)品。這種情況 必須加以制止。

This morning, we're taking an additional step forward.We're bringing a new trade case against China--and we're being joined by Japan and some of our European allies.This case involves something called rare earth materials, which are used by American manufacturers to make high-tech products like advanced batteries that power everything from hybrid cars to cell phones.今天早上，我們又采取了進(jìn)一步措施。我們針對(duì)中國(guó)提出了新的貿(mào)易申訴案。日本和我們的一些歐洲盟國(guó)也參加了這次申訴行動(dòng)。這次提出的申訴案涉及被稱為稀土的材料。美國(guó)制造業(yè)者使用這種材料制造高科技產(chǎn)品，例如為混合動(dòng)力汽車和手機(jī)等各類產(chǎn)品提供能源的先進(jìn)電池等。We want our companies building those products right here in America.But to do that, American manufacturers need to have access to rare earth materials--which China supplies.Now, if China would simply let the market work on its own, we'd have no objections.But their policies currently are preventing that from happening.And they go against the very rules that China agreed to follow.我們希望我們的公司在美國(guó)本地制造這些產(chǎn)品，但為此美國(guó)制造業(yè)者必須獲得稀土材料—中國(guó)供應(yīng)這類材料。如果中國(guó)完全讓市場(chǎng)自行運(yùn)作，我們毫不反對(duì)。但中國(guó)目前的政策不允許這樣做，與中國(guó)已經(jīng)同意遵守的規(guī)則背道而馳。

Being able to manufacture advanced batteries and hybrid cars in America is too important for us to stand by and do nothing.We've got to take control of our energy future, and we can't let that energy industry take root in some other country because they were allowed to break the rules.So our administration will bring this case against China today, and we will keep working every single day to give American workers and American businesses a fair shot in the global economy.能夠在美國(guó)制造先進(jìn)電池和混合動(dòng)力汽車等產(chǎn)品對(duì)我們極為重要，我們絕不能坐視不顧，也不能無(wú)所作為。我們必須掌握我國(guó)能源的未來(lái)。我們不能讓這類能源工業(yè)受制于某些國(guó)家，只因?yàn)樗麄兛梢赃`反貿(mào)易規(guī)則。因此，今天本屆政府將針對(duì)中國(guó)提出這項(xiàng)申訴案，我們將為美國(guó)工人和美國(guó)企業(yè)在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中獲得公平的機(jī)會(huì)日復(fù)一日努力工作。

We're going to make sure that this isn't a country that's just known for what we consume.America needs to get back to doing what it's always done best--a country that builds and sells products all over the world that are stamped with the proud words: “Made in America.” That's how we create good, middle-class jobs at home, and that's how we're going to create an economy that's built to last.我們將切實(shí)做到，美國(guó)不僅僅是一個(gè)以產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)著稱的國(guó)家。美國(guó)必須返本還源，從事我們歷來(lái)表現(xiàn)最優(yōu)異的工作 –– 作為制造產(chǎn)品并向全世界出售產(chǎn)品的國(guó)家，讓這些產(chǎn)品印上值得自豪的標(biāo)記：―Made in America‖（美國(guó)制造）。這正是我們?cè)趪?guó)內(nèi)為中產(chǎn)階級(jí)創(chuàng)造良好就業(yè)崗位的途徑，也是我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)常盛不衰的途徑。Thank you very much, everybody.