第一篇：德國(guó)留學(xué)APS審核基礎(chǔ)公共課資料工程電子語言機(jī)械經(jīng)濟(jì)專業(yè)通用中英對(duì)照2015年版

1)當(dāng)代世界經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治 World Economy and Politics

第一章

當(dāng)代世界政治 國(guó)家利益是外交的根本目的

1)雅爾塔體制的建立奠定了兩極格局的基礎(chǔ)。雅爾塔體制的建立：內(nèi)容與實(shí)質(zhì)；意義和效果。

雅爾塔體系（英文：Yalta System），是對(duì)1945年-1991年間國(guó)際政治格局的稱呼，得名于1945年初美、英、蘇三國(guó)政府首腦羅斯福、丘吉爾、斯大林在蘇聯(lián)雅爾塔（今屬烏克蘭）舉行的雅爾塔會(huì)議。其特點(diǎn)是：以美國(guó)和蘇聯(lián)兩極為中心，在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)奪霸權(quán)的冷戰(zhàn)，但不排除局部地區(qū)由兩個(gè)超級(jí)大國(guó)直接或間接參與的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（如朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等）。1989年的東歐劇變和1991年的蘇聯(lián)解體，標(biāo)志著雅爾塔體系最終瓦解。

1.歐洲在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中受到嚴(yán)重削弱，德國(guó)淪為戰(zhàn)敗國(guó)；法國(guó)元?dú)獯髠?；英?guó)實(shí)力消耗極大。2.美國(guó)的軍事經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力空前膨脹，成為資本主義世界頭號(hào)強(qiáng)國(guó)。

3.蘇聯(lián)壯大了自己的政治軍事力量，成為世界上唯一能夠與美國(guó)抗衡的國(guó)家。4.二戰(zhàn)后初期，新獨(dú)立的發(fā)展中國(guó)家還沒有形成抗衡蘇美的力量。實(shí)質(zhì)

是大國(guó)實(shí)力對(duì)比和互相妥協(xié)的產(chǎn)物，打上了大國(guó)強(qiáng)權(quán)政治的烙印。雅爾塔體系的特點(diǎn)有：

1.世界兩極格局形成，社會(huì)主義和資本主義兩大陣營(yíng)對(duì)抗，國(guó)際關(guān)系以美蘇冷戰(zhàn)為主線。2.歐洲一分為二，東西歐分別被蘇聯(lián)和美國(guó)控制。

3.德國(guó)一分為二，社會(huì)主義的民主德國(guó)和資本主義的聯(lián)邦德國(guó)分別被蘇美控制。[2] 4.朝鮮一分為二，社會(huì)主義的朝鮮和資本主義的韓國(guó)分別被蘇美控制。

The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, held from February 4 to 11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D.Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill andPremier Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization.The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea.The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe.Within a few years, with the Cold War dividing the continent, Yalta became a subject of intense controversy.To some extent, it has remained controversial.Yalta was the second of three wartime conferences in Crimea among the Big Three.It had been preceded by the Sevastapol Conference(codenamed Grey Wolf Conference)in 1942, the Tehran Conference in 1943, and was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, which was attended by Stalin, Churchill(who was replaced halfway through by the newly elected British Prime Minister Clement Attlee)and Harry S.Truman, Roosevelt's successor.2)世界政治力量的分化改組，兩極格局受到?jīng)_擊 ；第三世界的崛起The third wolrd begin to rise。萬隆會(huì)議Asian–African Bandung Conference的召開和不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動(dòng)Non-Aligned Movement的興起；雅爾塔體制的瓦解：東歐劇變Great changes in East Europe；兩德統(tǒng)一The fall of Berlin Wall。

The first large-scale Asian–African or Afro–Asian Conference—also known as the Bandung Conference(Indonesian: Konferensi Asia-Afrika)—was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on April 18–24, 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia.The twenty-five countries that participated at the Bandung Conference represented nearly one-quarter of the Earth's land surface and a total population of 1.5 billion people.[1] The conference was organised by Indonesia, Burma, Pakistan,Ceylon(Sri Lanka), and India and was coordinated by Ruslan Abdulgani, secretary general of the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.The conference's stated aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialismby any nation.The conference was an important step toward the Non-Aligned Movement.The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which was formally concluded on 3 October 1990.3)世界局勢(shì)總體和平，局部戰(zhàn)亂；大國(guó)之間既相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)又相互合作

World political is overall peaceful, regionally conflicting;both great powers compete and cooperate with each other.第二章

當(dāng)代世界經(jīng)濟(jì)

International Economic System,1945-Present Dates

Name of System

Type of Management of Governance 1945-1971

Bretton Woods System

Superpower management 1971-1989

Interdependence

Collective management

1989-present

Globalization

Global economic governance

The Bretton Woods system rested on three political foundations: 1.The concentration of power in a small number of states;2.The existence of a cluster of important interests shared by those states;3.The presence of a dominant power willing and able to assume a leadership role.The Bretton Woods system enabled Europe and Japan to recover from the devastation of the war, established a stable monetary system, encouraged more open trade, finance, and investment, and in turn led to a period of rapid economic growth.Interdependence

By the 1970s, the Bretton Woods system was replaced by a new international economic system characterized by interdependence.Changes in the nature of international economic interaction and a shift in the balance of power among the key players led to a restructuring of the international economic order.As result, national economies became more interdependence and more sensitive to economic policy and events outside the national economy.Globalization The end of the Cold War had a profound impact on the international economic system.With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the political bases of the global economy shifted dramatically.The impact of globalization was uneven.The speed of economic change accelerated and flows of capital and goods became more volatile, causing rapid and sometimes wrenching changes for hundreds of millions of people.Many countries, companies, and individuals were beneficiaries of globalization.跨國(guó)公司是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中重要的非國(guó)家主體 跨國(guó)公司，是指在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上國(guó)家同時(shí)進(jìn)行經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的公司企業(yè)，它包括母公司及其在國(guó)外設(shè)立的分公司，是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)舞臺(tái)上集投資、貿(mào)易、金融、服務(wù)等經(jīng)濟(jì)功能于一身的特殊主體。A multinational corporation(MNC)is an enterprise that engages in foreign direct investment(FDI)and that owns or controls value-added activities in more than one country.A firm is not really multinational if it just engages in overseas trade or serves as a contractor to foreign firms.FDI(Foreign Direct Investment)-trade-related intellectual property and investment The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)The major rule for implementing free trade under the GATT was the principle of nondiscrimination（非歧視）.All of the contraction parties—— that is, all member states agreed to adhere to the most-favored-nation(MFN)principle（最惠國(guó)原則）,which stipulated that “any advantage, favor, privilege（特權(quán)）, or immunity（豁免）granted by any contracting party to any product originating in or destined for（指定）any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contracting parties.”（某一成員國(guó)提供給其他國(guó)民的任何利益、優(yōu)惠、特權(quán)或豁免，均應(yīng)立即無條件地適用于全體其他成員國(guó)國(guó)民）。

A second element of nondiscrimination in the GATT was the provision for national treatment（國(guó)民待遇條款）, a rule designed to prevent discrimination against foreign products after they enter a country.In addition to establishing trade principle, the GATT provided a set of rules and procedures for what was to be the principal method of trade management in the postwar period: multilateral trade negotiations.The most important rule was reciprocity（互惠）, the concept that tariff reductions should be mutually advantageous.三、社會(huì)主義國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治

Socialism 可以和中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易 對(duì)應(yīng)

An economic and political system in which private property is abolished and the means of production are collectively owned and operated by the community as a whole in order to advance the interests of all.In Marxist ideology, socialism is considered an intermediate stage in the inevitable transformation of capitalism into communism.A socialist society is envisioned as being characterized by the dictatorship of the proletariat（無產(chǎn)階級(jí)）;the existence of high degree of cooperation and equality;and the absence of discrimination, poverty, exploitation（剝削）, and war.With the non-existence of private ownership, the private profit motive is eliminated from economic life.Consequently, market forces do not play a role in organizing the process of production.Instead, large-scale government planning is employed to ensure the harmonious operation of the process of production.Soviet soft power was progressively（不斷地）undercut（損害）by the de-Stalinization（非斯大林化運(yùn)動(dòng)）in 1956 that exposed his crimes;by the repressions（鎮(zhèn)壓）in Hungary in 1956, in Czechoslovakia in 1968, and in Poland in 1981;and by the growing transnational communication of liberal ideas.Lenin’s heirs maintained domestic power through a brutal state security system.The net effect of these repressive measures on the Russian people was a general loss of faith in the system.Stalin had created a system of centralized economic direction that emphasized heavy smokestack industries（煙囪工業(yè)）.It was very inflexible—— all thumbs and no fingers —— and tended to stockpile（囤積）labor rather than transfer it to growing service industries.At the end of the twentieth century, the major technological change of the third industrial revolution was the growing role of information as the scarcest（最稀缺的）resource in an economy.The Soviet system was particularly inept（笨拙的，愚蠢的）at handling information.The deep secrecy of its political system meant that the flow of information was slow and cumbersome（不方便的）.There are a great deal of turmoil（騷亂、不穩(wěn)定的）in the world economy at the end of the twentieth century, but the Western economies suing market systems were able to transfer labor to services, to reorganize their heavy industries, and to switch to computers.The Soviet Union could not keep up with the changes.For instance, when Gorbachev came to power in 1985, there were 50000 personal computers in the Soviet Union;in the United States there were 30 million.Four years later, there were about 400000 personal computers in the Soviet Union, and 40 million in the United States.In the 1970s and 1980s, the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe also sought limited participation in the international economy.Changes in domestic and international policy in the two key communist countries —— the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China —— opened up the possibility of greater East-West economic interaction

Gorbachev’s perestroika（改革）, or restructuring, sought to move the Soviet economy more in the market direction and to open up trade, finance, and investment relations with the west.This move had the unforeseen result of hastening the Soviet Union’s economic decline and helping to bring about the breakup of the Soviet empire.In contrast, China’s economic reform led to rapid growth.2)馬克思主義政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) Marxism Political Economics This course is to teach us understand Marxism political and economic theories: 1.商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的基本原理Commodity economy。In Marx's theory, a commodity is something that is bought and sold, or exchanged in a market.It has value, which represents a quantity of human labor.[6] Because it has value, implies that people try to economise its use.A commodity also has a use value,[7] anexchange value[8] and a price.2.剩余價(jià)值理論Surplus value According to Marx's theory, surplus value is equal to the new value created by workers in excess of their own labour-cost, which is appropriated by the capitalist as profit when products are sold.。Surplus-value can, in a developed capitalist economy, be viewed also as an indicator of the level of social productivity that has been reached by the working population, i.e.the net amount of value it can produce with its labour in excess of its own consumption requirements.3.壟斷資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的特征和本質(zhì)monopoly capitalism。State capitalism has also come to refer to an economic system where the means of production are owned privately but the state has considerable control over the allocation of credit and investment Alternatively, state capitalism may be used(sometimes interchangeably with state monopoly capitalism)to describe a system where the state intervenes in the economy to protect and advance the interests of large-scale businesses.This practice is often claimed to be in contrast with the ideals of both socialism and laissez-faire capitalism.4.社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的基本原理和基本特征Socialism。Market socialism refers to an array of different economic theories and systems that utilise the market mechanism to organise production and to allocate factor inputs among socially owned enterprises, with the economic surplus(profits)accruing to society in a social dividend as opposed to private capital owners.3）毛澤東思想概論 MaoZedong Philosopy This course is to teach us our former chairman Mao’s political theories.1.科學(xué)發(fā)展觀第一要義是發(fā)展, 科學(xué)發(fā)展觀核心是以人為本。Scientific outlook of growth is sustainable development to suit human’s needs.解放思想與實(shí)事求是的關(guān)系，實(shí)事求是是馬克思主義中國(guó)化理論成果的精髓。Emancipating the mind,seeking truth from the facts.3）新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) New Institutional Economics New institutional economics(NIE)is an economic perspective that attempts to extend economics by focusing on the social and legal norms and rules(which areinstitutions)that underlie economic activity and with analysis beyond earlier institutional economics and neoclassical economics.[1] It can be seen as a broadening step to include aspects excluded in neoclassical economics.It rediscovers aspects of classical political economy.NIE has its roots in two articles by Ronald Coase, “The Nature of the Firm”(1937)and “The Problem of Social Cost”(1960).In the latter, the Coase Theorem(subsequently so termed)maintains that without transaction costs alternative property right assignments can equivalently internalize conflicts and externalities.Therefore, comparative institutional analysis arising from such assignments is required to make recommendations about efficient internalization of externalities [2] and institutional design, including Law and Economics.在研究方法上，新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)派比舊制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)派更徹底地主張制度演進(jìn)、整體方法，反對(duì)新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)抽象演繹法，認(rèn)為把個(gè)人作為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究出發(fā)點(diǎn)是不科學(xué)的，認(rèn)為這種方法以其均衡的、靜止的分析去研究資本主義社會(huì)關(guān)系的外表，沒有考慮到社會(huì)各個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益集團(tuán)間的矛盾沖突。新制度學(xué)派的學(xué)者主張從根本上更新現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)理論的方法論基礎(chǔ)。他們認(rèn)為，由于技術(shù)不斷變革，資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和結(jié)構(gòu)處于不斷的變化過程中，資本主義制度是個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的因果過程，所以經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)必須研究變化、研究過程。也就是說，對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的研究要采用演進(jìn)的方法。，交易費(fèi)用理論表明交易活動(dòng)是稀缺的，市場(chǎng)的不確定性導(dǎo)致交易也是冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的，因而交易也有代價(jià)，從而也就有如何配置的問題。資源配置問題就是經(jīng)濟(jì)效率問題。所以，一定的制度必須提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率，否則舊的制度將會(huì)被新的制度所取代。這樣，制度分析才被認(rèn)為真正納入了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析之中。新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)認(rèn)為，產(chǎn)權(quán)安排直接影響資源配置效率，一個(gè)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)績(jī)效如何，最終取決于產(chǎn)權(quán)安排對(duì)個(gè)人行為所提供的激勵(lì)。

3）思想道德修養(yǎng) Moral Education This course is to teach us how to know and identify ourselves, try to establish the moral values and beliefs, how to be open minded and love our own countries, it will do good to our own delelopment.4）馬克思主義哲學(xué) Marxism Philosophy Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists.Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism, which drew out of various sources, and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union, which enforced a rigid reading of Marx called dialectical materialism, in particular during the 1930s.物質(zhì)和意識(shí)：物質(zhì)決定意識(shí)，意識(shí)反作用于物質(zhì)。

Materials and consciousness: material determines consciousness, mind also have effects on matrials.實(shí)踐是檢驗(yàn)真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth 同一性和斗爭(zhēng)性是矛盾的兩種基本屬性，矛盾是事物發(fā)展的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力。

5)證券理論投資和技巧: Theory of securities Investiment and Technics

證券分為：有價(jià)證券和無價(jià)證券。有價(jià)證券分為股票和債券。

債券分為：國(guó)庫(kù)券，政府公債，公司債券，金融債券。

Securities are divided into valuable securities and non-valent securities.The difference is negotiability.Valuable securities can be divided into stock and bond.Bond can be divided to treasury bills, government bond, corporate bond, financial bond.證券投資就是投資者為了獲取收益購(gòu)買資本證券形成金融資產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。目的：獲取利潤(rùn)，獲取控制權(quán)，分散風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，保持資產(chǎn)流動(dòng)性。

Securities investment is that investors buy capital securities to make them being financial assets, aiming to get benefits, get control rights and spread risks.投資方法中著重講了，證券組合理論。是研究如何通過多元化投資組合分散風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，各種股票的收益和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相互疊加，相抵，得到收益最大化。

In the investment methods chapter, the securities combinatorial theory is important.It studied how to get the maximal benefit with different stocks overlap and diversified investments which scatter the risks.As the saying goes, don’t put all your eggs in one basket.6)法律 Basic Theories of Law 7)軍事理論Militory theory 8)微積分 Calculus 9)日語 Japanes

10)文獻(xiàn)檢索與應(yīng)用 Literature Searching and Ulilization 11)世界著名歌劇欣賞 world famous opera apprieciation.