第一篇：專業(yè)英語劉宇紅第八章后置定語的譯法講稿

第八章后置定語的譯法講稿

修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句，稱為定語?？勺鞫ㄕZ的有：介詞短語、形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞、非限定動詞、副詞、同位語和從句等。按定語所處的位置又可將定語分為前置定語和后置定語。所謂前置定語，即定語位于它所修飾的成分之前。前置定語一般較短，因而較簡單。

8.1 介詞短語作后置定語

直接將后置定語放在先行詞的前面翻譯

1.In general, ethers are good solvents for fats, waxes and resins.醚通常是脂肪、蠟和樹脂的良好溶劑。

2.The gas from coke ovens is washed with water to remove ammonia.焦爐煤氣用水洗滌可除去氨。

3.The presence of a substituent group in benzene exerts a profound control over both orientation and the ease of introduction of the entering substituent.苯環(huán)上取代基的存在對引入基團的方位及難易程度具有很強的控制作用。4.The hydrogen atom of/on the benzene ring is not easily to be substituted.苯環(huán)上的氫原子很難被取代。8.2 形容詞(或其短語)作后置定語

1.Hydrocarbons that do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.不含有最大可能氫原于數的烴叫不飽和烴。(不含有最大氫原子數的烴可能叫不飽和烴。)2.Acetylene is hydrocarbon especially high in heat

value.乙炔是熱值特別高的烴。

3.An engineer has to know the properties of the materials available.工程師必須了解所用的各種材料的性能。

4.All of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are alike and have properties intermediate between those of a single and a double bond.苯中所有的碳-碳鍵都一樣，具有介乎單鍵和雙鍵之間的性質。8.3 非限定動詞(動詞不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞)作后置定語

1.Man was not the first living thing to communicate through the use of sound． 第一個用聲音進行聯絡的生物并不是人。

2.California has a statewide plan to balance the distribution of water． 加利福尼亞有一個在全州范圍內使水的分配平衡的計劃。

3.It is this nitronium ion that reacts with the hydrocarbon being nitrated． 就是這個硝鎓離子與要被硝化的烴反應。

4.The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom．

5.酮的官能團是由一個通過雙鍵與氧原子相連的碳原子組成的。

The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyl group or alkyl groups in place of one or more hydrogen atoms.苯的同系物是含有單烷基（取代一個氫）或多烷基（取代多個氫）的物質。

6.This discovery explains the diminished unsaturation property shown by the ring structure.這個發(fā)現解釋了由環(huán)形結構所體現的不飽和性降低的原因。8.4 定語從句作后置定語

定語從句包括限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。由關系代詞（that，which，who，whom，whose，but，as）或關系副詞（where, when, why,as, wherein, whereon）引導。同被動語態(tài)一樣，定語從句在科技英語中出現的頻率很高。

定語從句不翻譯時，根據定語從句的不同結構和不同含義，可采用不同的譯法：分譯法或合譯法。

定語從句除譯作“??的”外，還有許多翻譯技巧和方法。概括起來主要有以下幾種： 8.4.1 合譯法 所謂合譯法，就是把從句融合于主句中，把定語從句置于所修飾的名詞前，譯成漢語的單句。1.翻譯成定語

凡是結構比較簡單，在邏輯上對先行詞有明確的限制和確定作用的定語從句，如果翻譯時置于所修飾的名詞前不影響意思表達而且符合漢語表達習慣的，一般譯成“??的”，置于被修飾的詞之前。

1.One may already have some idea of the material with which organic chemistry deals, but he may not know the extent to which organic chemistry touches on our life.也許有人已經對有機化學所涉及的物質有所了解，但是他可能并不知道有機化學觸及我們日常生活已經達到什么樣的程度。

2）Of all the forms of energy that we use, electrical energy is the most convenient.我們使用的各種能量中，電能最方便。3）When fuels burn, they return once more to the simple materials out of which they were made.燃料燃燒時，又轉變成原來構成它們的那些簡單的物質。2.翻譯成謂語

有些定語從句是全句的中心，如要突出從句的內容，漢譯時，可將從句順序譯成簡單句中的謂語，而把主句壓縮成主語。

例：1）A semiconductor is a material that is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator.半導體材料即不是良導體，也不是好的絕緣體。

2）Strength, hardness and plasticity of metals are the properties that make them so useful for industry.金屬的強度，硬度和可塑性等性能使得它們在工業(yè)上非常有用。

3）There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.某些金屬能導電，而且能被磁化。8.4.2 分譯法

如果定語從句較長，結構較復雜，或意思上獨立性較強，在邏輯意義上有分層敘述及轉折等作用時，一般可把定語從句譯成并列句。1.譯成表示同等關系的并列分句

有的定語從句，起著對先行詞進一步說明的作用，往往譯成并列分句，有時加譯“其、它、這”等詞。

例：1）An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogen ions.酸是這樣一種化合物，其溶液能產生氫離子。酸是指溶液能夠產生氫離子的化合物。

2）The elements themselves were changing , which was something that had always been thought impossible by all but the oldalchemists.這些元素本身也在變化，這是除了古代煉金術士以外，人們一直認為不可能的事。2.譯成表示轉折的并列句子

當定語從句在意思上與主句相對照或語氣轉折時，可譯成轉折句，加譯 “而、但、卻、可是”等。

例：1）Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.物質是由分子組成的，而分子又是由原子組成的。

2）Mild oxidation of a primary alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.伯醇的氧化生成醛，而醛能進一步氧化生成有機酸。3）Comernicus, whose theory was not made public until after his death, believed that the sun was the center of the solar system.哥白尼認為太陽是太陽系的中心，但他的理論直到他死后才發(fā)表。3.譯成狀語從句

當定語從句在意義上相當于表示原因、結果、目的、條件、讓步等的狀語從句，可譯成狀語從句?？杉幼g“因為、雖然、只要、因而”等詞。（1）譯成原因狀語從句

例：1）Iron is not as strong as steel which is an alloy of iron with some other element.鐵的強度不如鋼高，因為鋼是鐵和其他一些元素形成的合金。

The water should be free from dissolved salts which will cause deposits on the tubes and lead to overheating.水中應不含溶解鹽，因為它會沉積在管壁上，導致過熱。（2）譯成結果狀語從句

例：1）Copper, which is used to widely for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance.銅的電阻很小，所以廣泛用來輸電。

2）Molecules have perfect elasticity, in consequence of which they undergo no loss of energy after a collision.分子彈性很好，所以碰撞后并沒有能量損失。

3）The considerable success of these studies has brought a theoretical unity to the whole field of organic chemistry which has the effect of making its principles easier to teach and to learn.這些研究的重大成就給有機化學的整個領域帶來了理論上的統(tǒng)一，從而使有機化學原理更加容易教授和學習。

（3）譯成目的狀語從句 例：1）The workers oil the moving parts of these machines regularly, the friction of which may be greatly reduced.工人們定期給這些機器的傳動部分加油，以便大大減小摩擦。

2）He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.他想寫一篇論文以期引起公眾對這個問題的關注。（4）譯成條件狀語從句

例：1）For any substance whose formula is known, a mass corresponding to the formula can be computed.不管什么物質，只要知道其分子式，就能求出與分子式相應的質量。

2）Alloys, which contains a magnetic substance, generally also have a magnetic properities.金屬如果含有磁性物質，一般也會具有磁性。（5）譯成讓步狀語從句 例：1）The problem, which is very complicated, has been solved.這個問題雖然很復雜，但已經解決了。這個復雜的問題已經解決了。

2）Photographs are taken of stars, the light of which is too faint to be seen by eyes at all.雖然很多星體的光線非常微弱眼睛根本看不到，但它們的照片還是可被拍下來的。這些照片取自于一些光線非常微弱眼睛根本看不到的星球。（6）譯成時間狀語從句

例：1）Water, the temperature of which reaches 100℃, begins to boil.當水的溫度達到100℃時，開始沸騰。

2）Electricity which is passed through the thin tungsten wire inside the bulb makes the wire very hot.電通過燈泡里的鎢絲時，會使鎢絲變熱。

4.如果關系代詞which引導的定語從句與主句之間沒有明確的關系可以不譯。

例：1）Live-wire operation is an advanced technique, by which wireman can repair transmission without cutting off the current.帶電作業(yè)是一項先進技術，線路工人能不切斷電流就修理輸電線。

2）When the free electrons in a conductor move in one direction only, the current thus established is called a direct current, which is often abbreviated to DC.當導體的自由電子只以一個方向運動時，這樣產生的電流叫直流電，?？s寫為DC。

3）He failed the exam, as we had expected.