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      MIT斯隆管理學院教授愛德華羅伯特清華演講全文

      時間:2019-05-14 19:37:08下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《MIT斯隆管理學院教授愛德華羅伯特清華演講全文》,但愿對你工作學習有幫助,當然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《MIT斯隆管理學院教授愛德華羅伯特清華演講全文》。

      第一篇:MIT斯隆管理學院教授愛德華羅伯特清華演講全文

      MIT斯隆管理學院教授愛德華羅伯特清華演講全文

      愛德華.羅伯茨:

      非常高興能到清華大學來演講。我和我的夫人來自麻省理工學院(MIT)。

      兩年前,當朱熔基總理到麻省來訪問時,他談到他在清華度過的求學歲月,他總是把清華大學說成時中國的麻省理工學院。他對麻省理工學院的校長說,他希望某一天,他能到真正的麻省理工學院來學習并獲得學位,但不是要一個名譽上的學位,而通過真正在麻省理工學院學習。他談到清華是中國的麻省理工學院,而麻省理工學院是麻省的劍橋大學。

      我一直在想有一天能夠到清華來演講,談?wù)勎覍β槭±砉W院和劍橋大學的獨特性的認識和理解,以及北京的清華大學應(yīng)該考慮的一些挑戰(zhàn)。

      所以,今天我想談的是麻省理工學院獨特性,演講的題目是企業(yè)家誕生的環(huán)境,他們是新興的公司的建立者,特別是一些高科技的公司的創(chuàng)建者。

      今天我在演講中會以麻省理工學院歷史的視角,來看待為什么在麻省理工學院這樣一個科技和學術(shù)性的機構(gòu)會源源不斷地有大量的大學生、研究生、教員離開大學創(chuàng)建令人興奮的新公司,在各個領(lǐng)域作出貢獻。我演講的目的是給你們提出一種挑戰(zhàn):清華是否,能否將會出現(xiàn)類似的現(xiàn)象。在演講完后,會有半個小時的提問時間。在麻省理工學院,教授接受具有挑戰(zhàn)性的提問是一件通常的事情。

      首先,學校必須有一種開放的和贊許的政策,對創(chuàng)業(yè)機制給予完全的支持,要讓人們知道學校與創(chuàng)業(yè)掛鉤不僅是一個合法的事情,而是一個受人尊敬和稱羨的事情。學校應(yīng)該與企業(yè)建立密切的關(guān)系,學校的教授應(yīng)該被允許與公司和企業(yè)建立密切的工作關(guān)系,經(jīng)常進行咨詢。

      1年前,當我在研究高科技企業(yè)家的時候,我參加了英國的一個巡回講座。在英國一所著名理工大學(相當于英國的清華大學,或英國MIT),我拜見了該校的校長,在談到學生創(chuàng)業(yè)時,他說他的學校也有著相類似的事情。我就問他這樣的事情發(fā)生的頻率高嗎?他說很難講,但確存在。我就問他,學校的教職員工與各行業(yè)聯(lián)系緊密嗎?他說有聯(lián)系。我又問他們花在與企業(yè)的咨詢上的時間是怎樣的?他說很難知道學校的教授與公司的在一起的時間有多少。我說在MIT,教授每周有一天的時間與工業(yè)公司在一起,給公司擔任顧問。校長感到很驚訝,他說怎么可以讓教員這樣做?要在學術(shù)上負責的話,我們決不會讓這樣的事情發(fā)生在英國皇家院校里。這樣真會損害我們一流的教學和研究的能力的。

      我要告訴你們的是在MIT的與眾不之處,那就是在MIT,教員每周有一天或更多的時間是與企業(yè)在一起工作,這不僅不會威脅到我們的教學和研究,相反會很有裨益。它會確保我們的的教學和研究處于現(xiàn)實世界令人振奮的項目的最前沿陣地;它會確保我們的師生不僅僅在課堂和實驗室的學習,而且在工業(yè)的前沿學會如何發(fā)現(xiàn)問題;它會確保一旦在實驗室學到東西會很快的轉(zhuǎn)移運用到企業(yè)中去。MIT是一個年輕的學院,自1860創(chuàng)立以來,她就倡導(dǎo)一種不同的理念,那就是MIT是一個注重實踐的地方。教師的職責是從事教學和研究并將知識應(yīng)用到企業(yè)中去,解決科技中的難題。從130年以來沿襲的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)所遵循的科學態(tài)度是和企業(yè)的緊密融合,師生不僅是作作咨詢而已,他們可以自己行動自己創(chuàng)業(yè)。這已經(jīng)是學校政策的一部分,學校行政處贊同師生可以和其他人一起開新公司,而不僅僅是給老的公司做顧問。開始是贊同進行與公司緊密相連的項目,到現(xiàn)在是更加靈活鼓勵的政策,讓教員和行政官員自己成為他人效仿的典范。在MIT的歷史上,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)層出不窮的成功創(chuàng)業(yè)的范例。他們從MIT出去后不緊是進行咨詢工作,而是把MIT的科技帶到外部世界。

      在MIT有許多學術(shù)與企業(yè)緊密融合的創(chuàng)業(yè)傳奇,在當代有一個公司的成功事例可堪稱典范。三個學院的成員成立一個專攻音效設(shè)備領(lǐng)域的公司(BBMN),而這個領(lǐng)域是競爭激烈的行業(yè),許多問題急待解決,比如音效設(shè)計、設(shè)備優(yōu)化等,他們需要成為行業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。今天,BBMN業(yè)務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)向網(wǎng)絡(luò)領(lǐng)域,他們創(chuàng)造三個教授走出校園闖蕩商業(yè)社會的成功范例。

      所有的MIT的事例說明那些高級教授和行政官員作出校園,利用他們的頭腦和精力進行創(chuàng)業(yè)。他們在學術(shù)界受到尊敬,聲名大震。這些地位和名聲受到尊敬的人們樹立一個評判標準--教授不僅要在學術(shù)研究和咨詢上卓有建樹,而且要有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團隊進行創(chuàng)業(yè)的能力。這就是高度合法性和高度榮譽感的事例在創(chuàng)建公司需要作什么的重要參數(shù)。

      我想談的是MIT學術(shù)機構(gòu)本身。在最近的幾年,MIT學術(shù)機構(gòu)支持和鼓勵新公司的建立。有許多我個人參與的工作,首先是有22年歷史的MIT企業(yè)家論壇。該論壇是為了鼓勵和指導(dǎo)企業(yè)之間的合作。它擔當了一個實地教練角色,每個月有兩個小公司登上講堂的講臺進行演講,一些年輕人可以陳述他們的想法,并接受評選團的評判和審定,指出他們存在的一些問題,比如急于攢錢的問題。

      十年前當我們創(chuàng)立企業(yè)家中心時,我們只有一門課程:新企業(yè),講述撰寫商業(yè)計劃要考慮的一些要素。這一學期,我們新開始了5個學科?,F(xiàn)在共有14個科目。我們新增加了3個教研組,金融、科技管理、人力資源,所有都是為企業(yè)家開設(shè)的。下學期我們開始“設(shè)計和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)企業(yè)組織”,有人力資源的的教授主講。從人的角度如何創(chuàng)建企業(yè)的風格。此外還有金融管理課程。讓學生融入到企業(yè)的運作當作去。這要提到相關(guān)的一個有獎創(chuàng)業(yè)項目(50K Competition)。這一項目開始于10多年前的10Kcompetition,就是在學生當中開展商業(yè)計劃的比賽,第一名獎勵1萬美金(10K)現(xiàn)在第一名是5萬美金(50K)。學生的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司商業(yè)計劃是由風險投資專家、創(chuàng)業(yè)者和校園外的有關(guān)人士評定,而不僅是學院人士打分,第一名獲勝者將獲得5萬美金的獎勵,第二名則獲得2萬5,第三名1萬,每一個取得資格的選手則每人有幾百美元。在50K創(chuàng)業(yè)比賽中,我們至少有500名學生擬定自己建公司的計劃,而他們都知道哪些計劃僅僅因為趣味,哪些真正帶來財富,這樣為他們在以后開辦自己的企業(yè)打好基礎(chǔ)。在過去的一年中發(fā)展最快的領(lǐng)域是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)方面的企業(yè),都是50K計劃中的贏家和學校的其他成員。

      這兒還有一個學術(shù)機構(gòu)鼓勵創(chuàng)業(yè)的事例。在過去的10年中有一個長足發(fā)展的事情是技術(shù)許可辦公室的發(fā)展。學校一直對許可技術(shù)持有疑慮,而10年里在許可技術(shù)方面的發(fā)展有許多搖擺,在后來因為發(fā)展大公司的需要,有所變化,他們將注意力轉(zhuǎn)向如何為MIT帶來技術(shù)。MIT持有一些開發(fā)許可技術(shù)的企業(yè)小部分股權(quán),因此其許可技術(shù)方面得到優(yōu)化,其所占的百分之一的股份帶來2億美元資金的運作。

      MIT不僅是投資自己的風險投資基金,而且還積極給外面的風險投資基金投資,其結(jié)果是他們不僅廣泛地進行投資,而且還吸引許多風險投資專家進入大學。

      現(xiàn)在我們將從學院機構(gòu)鼓勵創(chuàng)業(yè)的討論轉(zhuǎn)向一個嚴肅的話題,那就是政府的角色。MIT地處Cambridge市,馬薩諸塞洲,美利堅合眾國。美國政府在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的發(fā)展中起到很大的作用。這里我要用歷史的視角簡要說明政府角色的問題。在美國的歷史上,從來沒有出現(xiàn)過阻礙和打擊企業(yè)發(fā)展的政府,而是積極的鼓勵支持創(chuàng)業(yè)。有許多不同的機制,它們?nèi)紝儆诠膭顧C制,被美國和許多國家采用,因為這些國家已經(jīng)意識到對高科技創(chuàng)業(yè)進行鼓勵將使全社會受益,沒有人遭受失敗。通過支持創(chuàng)建先進技術(shù)企業(yè),隨著最先進的技術(shù)發(fā)展,全社會居民將得到利益,新的工種產(chǎn)生,尖端行業(yè)萌芽。

      我以美國產(chǎn)生的此種政府行為作為事例說明。首先,政府對待創(chuàng)業(yè)前瞻性的鼓勵態(tài)度。在美國,規(guī)章制度給予那些剛創(chuàng)建的公司帶來的阻礙甚少,當創(chuàng)業(yè)者建立公司時,政府不予阻攔,而相對在中國,在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電信和其他一些行業(yè)方面有待完善。這是非常重要的一點,我很難表達我是多么嚴肅的看待這個問題。然后,政府在建立鼓勵創(chuàng)業(yè)機制的過程中的有效聯(lián)結(jié)。美國有非常嚴密的機制,雖然并不是每一個都有成效,但都是有益的嘗試。其中有一種機制叫“小企業(yè)創(chuàng)新研究工程”(SBIRS),每一個政府機構(gòu)一年花費2億美元,其中百分之二的基金投給那些小公司,因此這些小公司獲得政府研究基金資助的優(yōu)惠條件,尤其是對于那些想建立和發(fā)展高科技的企業(yè)來說。從這層意義上講,政府就象是一個商業(yè)公司鼓勵創(chuàng)業(yè)一樣。

      這兒我要舉一個成功典范,這個典范對于在座的各位啟發(fā)是恰到好處的,因為這個典范現(xiàn)在就坐在我的旁邊,他就是張朝陽。我之所以要將Charles作為范例說明,是我想談一談搜狐是怎么產(chǎn)生的,我還想提一個問題,如果Charles在清華大學繼續(xù)攻讀博士,而不是去MIT讀PH.D.,搜狐是否能夠產(chǎn)生?Charles是清華本科畢業(yè)生,他在這里是同一個人,同樣的智慧,同樣的熱情和同樣的成績,而這里我要建議的他是在MIT獲得的思想轉(zhuǎn)型提供了一種非常重要的能力轉(zhuǎn)向,即對能力、批準、機會等問題準確的理解。我反復(fù)重申的是MIT自100多年來一直鼓勵創(chuàng)業(yè)者出去開辦公司,嘗試做事,給予配合,使其合法化,獲得成功,從而成為與這個社會緊密融合的一部分。

      眾所周知,Charles獲得MIT的博士學位,很清楚他是一個相當聰明的人,受過正規(guī)的教育。而他在MIT獲得的還有他對生活方式的方向和定位,他積極參與各種創(chuàng)立新公司的激烈競爭中。有一天,Charles出現(xiàn)在我的辦公室,跟我談他的理想和向往,他沒有跟我講:“羅伯特教授,我想回國成為清華大學的教授”,而是講:“羅伯特教授,我想回國,建立一個互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司?!蔽覍λv:“你能跟我講你想做什么嗎?”他還是說:“我想回國,建立一個互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司?!蔽覀兊挠懻搹拇碎_始,這次討論持續(xù)了好幾周,見了好幾次面,我開始更多的了解他,他的動力,他的眼光,他的熱情,他真正想干的事情:他想在自己的國家,一個完全不同的地域,運用他在MIT學到的知識和精神在中國建立高科技互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)。我與Charles接觸開始于1996年,經(jīng)過幾番談?wù)摚易罱K決定成為他創(chuàng)建公司的投資第一人,并將與Charles一起成為公司董事會的成員。順便說一句,在最初的兩年里,事實上整個董事會就只有Charles一人。另外一個的投資人是MIT的一個研究生,他出生于一個富裕的企業(yè)家庭,父親是一個生物科技公司的CEO。主持著MIT的媒體實驗室的尼格羅龐帝,早已在你們之間耳熟能詳?shù)闹淌?,成為投資搜狐的第三人,我問他為什么投資搜狐,他把我當作是他投資的一個理由,說因為我投資了,我知道我為什么選擇搜狐,所以他就投資搜狐了。到現(xiàn)在他一直“盲目”。Charles帶著180000美元回到中國,白手起家創(chuàng)建公司;他沒有帶回280000美元,因為我們在1996年用盡辦法也難以籌集到另外的100000美元。我們無法說服別人在當時中國有機會去創(chuàng)建互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司。他們疑慮重重,不能說服他們給我們劃支票。Charles 回到中國建立搜狐,你們都知道后面的歷史了。隨著搜狐收購中國人(ChinaRen.com),搜狐在頁讀數(shù)和用戶數(shù)量上都成為中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司的領(lǐng)頭羊,而且我們將會一直保持這種勢頭。

      我的觀點不在中國的互聯(lián)網(wǎng),而是建立具有企業(yè)家精神的高科技的公司,MIT給中國帶來了一件重要的禮物,那就是樹立了一種教育的榜樣和模式來鼓勵Charles能夠回國創(chuàng)業(yè),開始為你們的國家作出重要的貢獻。我要告訴你們的是我被稱為與中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司工作的人。MIT有很多美國籍的中國人和中國籍的中國留學生,他們很多人給我發(fā)e-mail和給我商業(yè)計劃,說他們要去中國,建立互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司。今天當然想法更多,有的還想創(chuàng)建無線通訊公司或可視網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司,我把很多的想法都轉(zhuǎn)給了Charles,我想他能幫我遴選。

      今天我試圖提供一種歷史的視角,來談在很多方面與清華類似的一個學院,我們是美國的清華,你們是中國的MIT。在科技和商業(yè)學院方面,我們兩個院校都有很密切的合作關(guān)系。我們的斯?。⊿loan)商業(yè)學院正和清華和復(fù)旦大學合作MBA的項目。我想讓你們理解的是在MIT一種重要的獨特性培育了MIT的一種文化,就是讓許許多多的有才華的學生、教師、甚至行政人員會考慮在他們的人生當中下一步會去根據(jù)自己的愿望創(chuàng)辦公司。我想要提出的關(guān)于體制的、超出兩國政府的差異的問題是:中國可否讓清華大學仿效我們在美國成功營造的環(huán)境,如果可能,我們都會享有變革給雙方社會帶來益處。

      我的演講到此結(jié)束,現(xiàn)在回答大家提出的問題。謝謝!

      附錄記者有關(guān)采訪: 問:軟銀公司董事長孫正義目前說中國將出現(xiàn)第二次風險投資浪潮,他們計劃收購200家互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司,請問您對這個問題怎么看?

      答:絕對正確,而且還會出現(xiàn)第三第四次浪潮。中國發(fā)展的機會非常大,有許多創(chuàng)業(yè)者在中國的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)市場上成功發(fā)展,象我在演講結(jié)束舉到的搜狐創(chuàng)始人張朝陽的事例。他們真正了解市場發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,因此,許多重大進展只是時間問題,可能在一年中兩三個月之內(nèi),從而會掀起新一輪的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)投資風潮,中國的機會非常大,浪潮不只一次,有許多次。

      問:在目前NASDAQ股市普遍下跌的情況下,你對搜狐的信心建立在什么基礎(chǔ)之上?

      答:股市不能更多反映公司的發(fā)展狀況,我們需要尋求股市和公司實際發(fā)展情況之間的吻合,搜狐公司比其在7月份上市時又有了許多新的業(yè)績,新的成功,比如從公司內(nèi)部發(fā)展上看,我們有了在訪問量、注冊用戶、EMAIL用戶以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣告銷售方面都有了顯著的進步?,F(xiàn)在,我們成功的收購CHINAREN,增加新的功能,新的員工,新的技術(shù),和新的內(nèi)容頻道。因此,我對搜狐的信心不是基于股票市場,而是實際考察公司本身的發(fā)展狀況。股票市場其實也就是一種市場,在市場上,人們自然會進行買賣活動,有人今天想買東西,有人今天想賣東西,這很正常,而我們要做的是先把事情做好,吸引更多的人來對我們的產(chǎn)品感興趣,購買我們的股票。(摘編自搜狐)

      第二篇:2018清華經(jīng)濟管理學院王珺教授情況知多少

      2018清華經(jīng)濟管理學院王珺教授情

      況知多少

      王珺

      金融系副教授

      清華大學經(jīng)濟管理學院院長助理

      辦公室偉倫樓204

      個人簡介 研究成果 研究項目

      王珺,清華大學經(jīng)濟學博士。1998年加入清華大學經(jīng)濟管理學院,現(xiàn)任副教授。主要研究領(lǐng)域為保險經(jīng)濟學、風險管理與保險、人壽與健康保險、公司財務(wù)。主要教授《保險經(jīng)濟學》、《風險管理與保險》、《人壽與健康保險》、《公司財務(wù)》等課程。于國內(nèi)外期刊發(fā)表多篇論文。

      期刊論文(國內(nèi))

      王珺,高峰,最優(yōu)免賠額定價分析,保險研究,8期,51-56頁,2009-08-24 王珺,宋逢明,預(yù)算軟約束下的銀行高管薪酬機制分析,運籌與管理,3期,18卷,105-110頁,2009-06-25 王珺,高峰,發(fā)展森林保險的政策研究,保險研究,3期,66-70頁,2009-03-24 王珺,我國森林保險的市場失靈與政策建議-基于福建森林保險工作的研究,林業(yè)經(jīng)濟,11期,2008-11-24 王珺,廖理,股權(quán)分置改革中的“實惠效應(yīng)”與“未來效應(yīng)”,中國工業(yè)經(jīng)濟,2008年第11期期,2008-11-16 王珺,高峰,宋逢明,保險市場逆向選擇的模擬研究,保險研究,1期,2008-01-01 王珺,宋逢明,國外森林保險制度綜述及對我國的啟示,林業(yè)經(jīng)濟,11期,2007-11-01 王珺,個人和公司對財產(chǎn)保險需求的經(jīng)濟學比較分析,保險研究,5期,39-43頁,2007-05-01

      期刊論文(國際)

      FengGao,JunWang,AdverseSelectionorAdvantageousSelection?RiskandUnderwritinginChinasHealth-InsuranceMarket,InsuranceMathematicsandEconomics,No.44p505-510,2009-04-2 譯著

      王珺,保險從業(yè)人員的職業(yè)倫理,中國人民大學出版社,2005-09-30 王珺,人壽保險代理人市場行為規(guī)范,中國人民大學出版社,2005-09-01 陳秉正,王珺,風險管理與保險(第二版),清華大學出版社,2005-01-31

      第三篇:復(fù)旦大學兼MIT教授黃亞生英文演講Yasheng Huang Does democracy stifle economic growth

      MBA handouts for English interactions Yasheng Huang: Does democracy stifle economic growth? http:// About this talk Economist Yasheng Huang compares China to India, and asks how China's authoritarian rule contributed to its astonishing economic growth--leading to a big question: Is democracy actually holding India back? Huang's answer may surprise you.About the speaker Yasheng Huang

      Yasheng Huang asks us to rethink our ideas about China and other large emerging economies.Lately he’s been asking, Does democracy hinder or promote economic growth?

      Transcript My topic is economic growth in China and India.And the question I want to explore with you is whether or not democracy has helped or has hindered economic growth.You may say this is not fair, because I'm selecting two countries to make a case against democracy.Actually, exactly the opposite is what I'm going to do.I'm going to use these two countries to make an economic argument for democracy, rather than against democracy.The first question there is why China has grown so much faster than India.Over the last 30 years, in terms of the GDP growth rates, China has grown at twice the rate of India.In the last five years, the two countries have begun to converge somewhat in economic growth.But over the last 30 years, China undoubtedly has done much better than India.One simple answer is China has Shanghai and India has Mumbai.Look at the skyline of Shanghai.This is the Pudong area.The picture on India is the Dharavi slum of Mumbai in India.The idea there behind these two pictures is that the Chinese government can act above rule of law.It can plan for the long-term benefits of the country and in the process, evict millions of people--that's just a small technical issue.Whereas in India, you cannot do that, because you have to listen to the public.You're being constrained by the public's opinion.Even Prime Minister Manmohan Singh agrees with that view.In an interview printed in the financial press of India, He said that he wants to make Mumbai another Shanghai.This is an Oxford-trained economist steeped in humanistic values, and yet he agrees with the high-pressure tactics of Shanghai.So let me call it the Shanghai model of economic growth, that emphasizes the following features for promoting economic development: infrastructures, airports, highways, bridges, things like that.And you need a strong government to do that, because you cannot respect private property rights.You cannot be constrained by the public's opinion.You need also state ownership, especially of land assets, in order to build and roll out infrastructures very quickly.The implication of that model is that democracy is a hindrance for economic growth, rather than a facilitator of economic growth.Here's the key question.Just how important are infrastructures for economic growth? This is a key issue.If you believe that infrastructures are very important for economic growth, then you would argue a strong government is necessary to promote growth.If you believe that infrastructures are not as important as many people believe, then you will put less emphasis on strong government.So to illustrate that question, let me give you two countries.And for the sake of brevity, I'll call one country Country 1 and the other country Country 2.Country 1 has a systematic advantage over Country 2 in infrastructures.Country 1 has more telephones, and Country 1 has a longer system of railways.So if I were to ask you, “Which is China and which is India, and which country has grown faster?” if you believe in the infrastructure view, then you will say, “Country 1 must be China.They must have done better, in terms of economic growth.And Country 2 is possibly India.” Actually the country with more telephones is the Soviet Union, and the data referred to 1989.After the country reported very impressive statistics on telephones, the country collapsed.That's not too good.The picture there is Khrushchev.I know that in 1989 he no longer ruled the Soviet Union, but that's the best picture that I can find.(Laughter)Telephones, infrastructures do not guarantee you economic growth.Country 2, that has fewer telephones, is China.Since 1989, the country has performed at a double-digit rate every year for the last 20 years.If you know nothing about China and the Soviet Union other than the fact about their telephones, you would have made a poor prediction about their economic growth in the next two decades.Country 1, that has a longer system of railways, is actually India.And Country 2 is China.This is a very little known fact about the two countries.Yes, today China has a huge infrastructure advantage over India.But for many years, until the late 1990s, China had an infrastructure disadvantage vis-a-vis India.In developing countries, the most common mode of transportation is the railways, and the British built a lot of railways in India.India is the smaller of the two countries, and yet it had a longer system of railways until the late 1990s.So clearly, infrastructure doesn't explain why China did better before the late 1990s, as compared with India.In fact, if you look at the evidence worldwide, the evidence is more supportive of the view that the infrastructure are actually the result of economic growth.The economy grows, government accumulates more resources, and the government can invest in infrastructure--rather than infrastructure being a cause for economic growth.And this is clearly the story of the Chinese economic growth.Let me look at this question more directly.Is democracy bad for economic growth? Now let's turn to two countries, Country A and Country B.Country A, in 1990, had about $300 per capita GDP as compared with Country B, which had $460 in per capita GDP.By 2008, Country A has surpassed Country B with $700 per capita GDP as compared with $650 per capita GDP.Both countries are in Asia.If I were to ask you, “Which are the two Asian countries? And which one is a democracy?” you may argue, “Well, maybe Country A is China and Country B is India.” In fact, Country A is democratic India, and Country B is Pakistan--the country that has a long period of military rule.And it's very common that we compare India with China.That's because the two countries have about the same population size.But the more natural comparison is actually between India and Pakistan.Those two countries are geographically similar.They have a complicated, but shared common history.By that comparison, democracy looks very, very good in terms of economic growth.So why do economists fall in love with authoritarian governments? One reason is the East Asian Model.In East Asia, we have had successful economic growth stories such as Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore.Some of these economies were ruled by authoritarian governments in the 60s and 70s and 1980s.The problem with that view is like asking all the winners of lotteries, “Have you won the lottery?” And they all tell you, “Yes, we have won the lottery.” And then you draw the conclusion the odds of winning the lottery are 100 percent.The reason is you never go and bother to ask the losers who also purchased lottery tickets and didn't end up winning the prize.For each of these successful authoritarian governments in East Asia, there's a matched failure.Korea succeeded, North Korea didn't.Taiwan succeeded, China under Mao Zedong didn't.Burma didn't succeed.The Philippines didn't succeed.If you look at the statistical evidence worldwide, there's really no support for the idea that authoritarian governments hold a systematic edge over democracies in terms of economic growth.So the East Asian model has this massive selection bias--it is known as selecting on a dependent variable, something we always tell our students to avoid.So exactly why did China grow so much faster? I will take you to the Cultural Revolution, when China went mad, and compare that country's performance with India under Indira Gandhi.The question there is: Which country did better, China or India? China was during the Cultural Revolution.It turns out even during the Cultural Revolution, China out-perfomed India in terms of GDP growth by an average of about 2.2 percent every year in terms of per capita GDP.So that's when China was mad.The whole country went mad.It must mean that the country had something so advantageous to itself in terms of economic growth to overcome the negative effects of the Cultural Revolution.The advantage the country had was human capital--nothing else but human capital.This is the world development index indicator data in the early 1990s.And this is the earliest data that I can find.The adult literacy rate in China is 77 percent as compared with 48 percent in India.The contrast in literacy rates is especially sharp between Chinese women and Indian women.I haven't told you about the definition of literacy.In China, the definition of literacy is the ability to read and write 1,500 Chinese characters.In India, the definition of literacy, operating definition of literacy, is the ability, the grand ability, to write your own name in whatever language you happen to speak.The gap between the two countries in terms of literacy is much more substantial than the data here indicated.If you go to other sources of data such as Human Development Index, that data series, go back to the early 1970s, you see exactly the same contrast.China held a huge advantage in terms of human capital vis-a-vis India.Life expectancies: as early as 1965, China had a huge advantage in life expectancy.On average, as a Chinese in 1965, you lived 10 years more than an average Indian.So if you have a choice between being a Chinese and being an Indian, you would want to become a Chinese in order to live 10 years longer.If you made that decision in 1965, the down side of that is the next year we have the Cultural Revolution.So you have to always think carefully about these decisions.If you cannot chose your nationality, then you will want to become an Indian man.Because, as an Indian man, you have about two years of life expectancy advantage vis-a-vis Indian women.This is an extremely strange fact.It's very rare among countries to have this kind of pattern.It shows the systematic discrimination and biases in the Indian society against women.The good news is, by 2006, India has closed the gap between men and women in terms of life expectancy.Today, Indian women have a sizable life expectancy edge over Indian men.So India is reverting to the normal.But India still has a lot of work to do in terms of gender equality.These are the two pictures taken of garment factories in Guangdong Province and garment factories in India.In China, it's all women.60 to 80 percent of the workforce in China is women in the coastal part of the country, whereas in India, it's all men.Financial Times printed this picture of an Indian textile factory with the title, “India Poised to Overtake China in Textile.” By looking at these two pictures, I say no, it won't overtake China for a while.If you look at other East Asian countries, women there play a hugely important role in terms of economic take-off--in terms of creating the manufacturing miracle associated with East Asia.India still has a long way to go to catch up with China.Then the issue is, what about the Chinese political system? You talk about human capital, you talk about education and public health.What about the political system? Isn't it true that the one-party political system has facilitated economic growth in China? Actually, the answer is more nuanced and subtle than that.It depends on a distinction that you draw between statics of the political system and the dynamics of the political system.Statically, China is a one-party system, authoritarian--there's no question about it.Dynamically, it has changed over time to become less authoritarian and more democratic.When you explain change--for example, economic growth;economic growth is about change--when you explain change, you use other things that have changed to explain change, rather than using the constant to explain change.Sometimes a fixed effect can explain change, but a fixed effect only explains changes in interaction with the things that change.In terms of the political changes, they have introduced village elections.They have increased the security of proprietors.And they have increased the security with long-term land leases.There are also financial reforms in rural China.There is also a rural entrepreneurial revolution in China.To me, the pace of political changes is too slow, too gradual.And my own view is the country is going to face some substantial challenges, because they have not moved further and faster on political reforms.But nevertheless, the system has moved in a more liberal direction, moved in a more democratic direction.You can apply exactly the same dynamic perspective on India.In fact, when India was growing at a Hindu rate of growth--about one percent, two percent a year--that was when India was least democratic.Indira Gandhi declared emergency rule in 1975.The Indian government owned and operated all the TV stations.A little-known fact about India in the 1990s is that the country not only has undertaken economic reforms, the country has also undertaken political reforms by introducing village self-rule, privatization of media and introducing freedom of information acts.So the dynamic perspective fits both with China and in India in terms of the direction.Why do many people believe that India is still a growth disaster? One reason is they are always comparing India with China.But China is a superstar in terms of economic growth.If you are a NBA player and you are always being compared to Michael Jordan, you're going to look not so impressive.But that doesn't mean that you're a bad basketball player.Comparing with a superstar is the wrong benchmark.In fact, if you compare India with the average developing country, even before the more recent period of acceleration of Indian growth--now India is growing between eight and nine percent--even before this period, India was ranked fourth in terms of economic growth among emerging economies.This is a very impressive record indeed.Let's think about the future: the dragon vis-a-vis the elephant.Which country has the growth momentum? China, I believe, still has some of the excellent raw fundamentals--mostly the social capital, the public health, the sense of egalitarianism that you don't find in India.But I believe that India has the momentum.It has the improving fundamentals.The government has invested in basic education, has invested in basic health.I believe the government should do more, but nevertheless, the direction it is moving in is the right direction.India has the right institutional conditions for economic growth, whereas China is still struggling with political reforms.I believe that the political reforms are a must for China to maintain its growth.And it's very important to have political reforms, to have widely shared benefits of economic growth.I don't know whether that's going to happen or not, but I'm an optimist.Hopefully, five years from now, I'm going to report to TEDGlobal that political reforms will happen in China.Thank you very much.(Applause)6

      第四篇:中國政法大學政治與公共管理學院叢日云教授在2013屆畢業(yè)典禮上的演講

      中國政法大學政治與公共管理學院叢日云教授在2013屆畢業(yè)典禮上的演講

      2013屆的同學們:

      今天是你喜慶的日子,是你們的成人禮,是你們?nèi)松囊粋€新的開端。

      你們將披戴上一副莊重的桂冠和禮袍,那表示你們成為了“學士”。在中國傳統(tǒng)的語言中,成為“士”,那就是獲得了一種與眾不同的身份?!皩W以居位曰士”,“以才智用者謂之士”。士有各種,而 “學士”,就是以學問和才智獲得“士”的資格,受人尊重的人。

      所以,我衷心地祝賀你們,祝賀你們十幾年求學終成正果!

      你們今天畢業(yè)走出校門,明天就是社會大學的開學典禮。人生就是一次次的畢業(yè)與開學,但是,只有這次畢業(yè)與開學是人生最重要的轉(zhuǎn)折點。

      與今后的漫長旅程相比,你以前的學習生活只是學步而已;與即將開場的人生大戲相比,此前的學習生活只是序幕而已。

      你們即將進入的這個社會,是一個豐富而精彩的人生舞臺,你們將在那里實現(xiàn)自己的價值,享受你們的人生。但同時,它也是一個險惡的江湖,污濁的泥潭。

      這江湖深不可測,遠非你們所能想像。你從此闖蕩江湖,就像你當初學步一樣。這江湖重新塑造你們的力量,你們可能還沒有足夠的估計。你如今要義無返顧地闖進去了,卻不知道它意味著什么。

      這些天,懷著幾分激動幾分惆悵的你們,都在憧憬著自己燦爛的未來,美好的人生。你們聽到的,都是美好的祝福和高調(diào)的期待與囑托。

      但作為家長,作為老師,作為你們的叢大大,我卻懷著幾分忐忑,只能講些適合大多數(shù)同學的低調(diào)的臨別贈言。

      先秦時代有一個思想家楊朱,有感于人生歧路重重,歧路之中還有歧路,人很容易迷失,于是放聲大哭。竹林七賢之一的阮籍也曾面對歧路,大哭而返。

      人生多歧路,這是人的宿命。如果嚴肅對待人生,不得不一次次面對歧路面前的困惑與焦慮。人生就是無數(shù)的選擇。從人生終極目標的選擇,大的發(fā)展方向的規(guī)劃,直到日常生活中每一個細節(jié)的選擇、邁出每一步的選擇。你的選擇構(gòu)成你的一生。

      正確的一生,還是錯誤的一生。

      以往,家長、社會、學校幾乎為你規(guī)劃了一切。從今以后,你要獨立選擇你的生活道路。

      人生之路只能一個人走下來,沒有依傍,沒有導(dǎo)師。哪怕你一直在隨大流,那也是你的選擇。

      存在主義哲學家薩特曾在80年代的中國風行一時,如今很少有人關(guān)注他了。但他有一句話還是需要提起的,“人是自我選擇的”。人選擇成為自己所是的,并且要對自己的選擇負全部責任。

      在這世界上,每個人都是獨一無二的。你在這個世界上的價值,就在于你與眾不同。所以,每個人首要的選擇,是應(yīng)該成為你自己。

      不要別人做夢你也跟著做夢,被別人忽悠著做夢,做與別人同樣的夢。每個人都有自己的夢。

      要選擇成為你自己,意味著不斷地超越自己。你需要不斷地反思自己,拷問自己,為自己樹立至高的標準,追求最高的境界。

      我們的人生與這個社會的命運息息相關(guān)。

      一代人有一代人的命運。你們這代人有過一個安寧的童年和青少年時代,但你們的未來可能面對著中國社會的重大變革。

      你們?nèi)绻P(guān)注社會動態(tài),就能看到天邊在積聚著烏云,就能聽到烏云中醞釀的風暴。

      敏銳的人都能看到,風云變幻,暗潮涌動,前途莫測。

      最近北大一位教授在畢業(yè)典禮上致詞時向同學們提出幾個嚴肅的問題:本拉登到底是恐怖主義分子,還是神圣的殉道者?金日成究竟是流氓還是政治家?斯諾登究竟是叛國者還是人權(quán)衛(wèi)士?人們都知道這位教授的答案。

      你們該如何回答這幾個問題呢?在我看來,如果在第三個問題上有所困惑尚可原諒,但前兩個問題竟然還是問題,這本身就是令人擔憂的大問題。

      面對可能到來的社會大變局,你將如何選擇?

      當你做出選擇的時候,你是不是一個明白人?

      龍應(yīng)臺女士在《大江大海——1949》里,記錄了無數(shù)人在那一刻的選擇:走還是不走?走,是一輩子;不走,也是一輩子。無數(shù)人的悲劇就從那一刻所做出的選擇開始。

      國家走了一段彎路,對你來說,就是毀了一生。

      面對一些小人物被命運所裹挾的無奈處境,龍應(yīng)臺感慨地說:“一滴水,怎么會知道洪流的方向呢?”

      但我想,你們是政法大學的畢業(yè)生,是政管院畢業(yè)的學士,你們應(yīng)該比普通人更有能力識別洪流的走向。

      人們感嘆,一片漂零的樹葉,無法阻擋洶涌而來的大潮。

      但即使是一片樹葉,你是否有過掙扎?你向哪個方向掙扎?

      如果中國再來一次義和團或紅衛(wèi)兵運動,如果重慶模式成為中國模式,你們能不能清醒地說不?如何你沒有這個見識或勇氣,能不能至少做個無害的逍遙派?

      面對滾滾而來的濁流,如果你不能總是抗爭,你是否可以選擇偶爾抗爭;

      如果你不敢積極的抗爭,你還可以選擇消極地抗爭;

      如果你不能勇敢地表達,你可以選擇含蓄地表達;如果你也不敢含蓄地表達,你可以選擇沉默。

      如果你沒有選擇沉默而是選擇了配合,但你還可以把調(diào)門放低一些。在你主動的或被迫地干著壞事時,能不能內(nèi)心里還殘留一點不安和負罪感。這一點兒不安或負罪感,仍是人性未泯的標記。

      即使你不去抗爭,但對其他抗爭者,要懷著幾分敬重,即使沒有這份敬重,也不要在背后放冷箭,使絆子,助紂為虐。

      我希望,你們在大潮襲來時,選擇站在理性一邊,文明一邊,選擇站在人民一邊。

      當你們走出校園的時候,你們面對著一個特殊的社會。這個社會,已經(jīng)是一個高效率的大染缸。

      當年,墨子看見人家染布,白的進去,五顏六色的出來。他哭了。

      你們應(yīng)該理解,我們今天看著尚有幾分天真純潔的你們,走進這個大染缸時的心情。

      告別母校,意味著告別了純凈的生活,投入滾滾紅塵,滔滔江湖。

      以后你們一次次受傷時,會念起母校,不管在這里經(jīng)歷過多少不快,這已經(jīng)算是一方凈土。

      面對著這樣的社會環(huán)境,你能不能做到舉世皆醉,惟我獨醒;舉世混濁,惟我獨清?

      我對此不抱多大希望,我自己也做不到。如果堅持那樣的處世準則,也只好隨著屈原投入汩羅江。

      但佛教的一個處世原則卻可以給我們一些指引:那就是“隨緣不變,不變隨緣”。既有隨緣,也有不變。不變是原則,隨緣是通融。我想這應(yīng)該是大多數(shù)人能夠?qū)嵺`的準則。

      在個人生活領(lǐng)域,我希望你們選擇健康向上的人生,選擇做一個有良知的文明人。

      當然,坦率地告訴你們冷酷的現(xiàn)實,并不是讓你們應(yīng)該選擇消極和放棄。人們常說,我們雖然長著黑色眼睛,卻用它尋找光明。沒有光明和希望,那是不可能繼續(xù)下去的絕望的人生。

      你內(nèi)心的一片凈土只屬于你,只要你守護著它,任何外部力量都無法進入。曾有一位西方人面對放棄的忠告時說,我不是要改變世界,我只是不想改變自己。也就是說,“你不能決定明天的太陽幾點升起,但你能決定幾點鐘起床?!?/p>

      同學們,你們就要遠走高飛了。今天,我們注視著你們離開的背影,而追隨著你們腳步的,是我們永久的牽掛!

      不論你們是聰明乖巧,還是魯鈍耿直,不論你們是否高富帥和白富美,你們都是我們的學生。

      我們關(guān)注你們的成功,關(guān)注你們的幸福,更關(guān)注你們是否走在正路上。

      愿上蒼眷顧你們!

      再見了,同學們!

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