第一篇:片吶醇的制備講稿
設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn) 3,3-二甲基-2-丁酮的制備
一、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?/p>
1.掌握由丙酮制片吶醇以及由片吶醇重排制取片吶酮的原理和方法。2.學(xué)會(huì)查閱、分析和利用文獻(xiàn)資料。
3.結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件,設(shè)計(jì)并完成安息香、二苯乙二酮的制備。
二、反應(yīng)原理
O2CH3CCH3Mg苯HgCl2熱水OHOHCH3CCCH3CH3CH3H2SO4CH3OCH3CCCH3CH3
第一步反應(yīng)為劇烈的放熱反應(yīng),且片吶醇鎂在熱水中才能水解為片吶醇。
三、物理常數(shù)
四、實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置
1.片吶醇的制備
從物理常數(shù)看,苯的沸點(diǎn)是80℃,丙酮的沸點(diǎn)只有56.5℃,而我們的主反應(yīng)是很劇烈的放熱反應(yīng),故必須裝上回流冷凝管;為了避免反應(yīng)過(guò)于劇烈,必須使用滴液漏斗進(jìn)行滴加,采用滴加裝置;反應(yīng)物為非均相反應(yīng),為了增加反應(yīng)物與催化劑的接觸機(jī)會(huì),必須使用攪拌裝置;鎂與兩酮反應(yīng)用質(zhì)子性溶劑(水、醇)會(huì)發(fā)生單分子還原生成異丙醇,用苯作溶劑就發(fā)生雙分子還原,故反應(yīng)儀器、藥品需要干燥無(wú)水,且要在回流冷凝管頂端裝上干燥管。因此本實(shí)驗(yàn)片吶醇的制備裝置為:
干燥管磁力攪拌器 2.片吶酮的制備
片吶醇在加熱條件下重排,故采用回流裝置即可。
五、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟
1.片吶醇的制備
向安裝有磁力攪拌器,回流冷凝管(頂端帶有無(wú)水CaCl2干燥管)及滴液漏斗的干燥的250mL三口瓶中,加入4g鎂粉(由教師定量供給)和50mL干燥苯。將4.5g氯化汞溶于35mL干燥丙酮并加入到滴液漏斗中。在攪拌條件下將滴液漏斗中1/4 的液體加入到三口瓶中,反應(yīng)立即開始,溶液變混濁,如反應(yīng)過(guò)于激烈則將燒瓶置于冷水浴中冷卻(注意該反應(yīng)為放熱反應(yīng),一旦反應(yīng)開始,即使不加熱也能激烈進(jìn)行,若在數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)仍不回流,可水浴加熱至沸騰引發(fā))。其余丙酮溶液逐漸加入,滴加速度以維持適當(dāng)?shù)幕亓魉俣葹橐?。滴加完? 95℃加熱維持沸騰狀態(tài)1 小時(shí)。
將 10mL 水加入滴液漏斗中并滴加入三口瓶,然后95℃加熱,使反應(yīng)混合物在攪拌條件下沸騰30 分鐘,以便使醇鎂化物轉(zhuǎn)化成頻吶醇和氫氧化鎂沉淀。將該溶液(約50℃)過(guò)濾,并用少量丙酮洗滌固體氫氧化鎂,濾液轉(zhuǎn)移至燒瓶,蒸去多余的丙酮和苯,使總體積剩下1/3,然后加入8mL 水。在充分冷卻下,并用玻璃棒摩擦器壁,頻吶醇水合物先呈油狀析出,之后立即固化,抽濾得到白色固體頻吶醇水合物粗品。
2.3,3-二甲基-2-丁酮的合成
向100mL的燒瓶中加入40ml水,10mL濃H2SO4,加入上述的固體頻吶醇水合物,裝上回流冷凝管,加熱沸騰15 分鐘,注意觀察其變化。換成蒸餾裝置蒸餾,直到無(wú)油狀3,3-二甲基-2-丁酮餾份餾出為止。分出餾出液中上層的3,3-二甲基-2-丁酮,用CaCl2干燥后,蒸餾精制,收集104-108℃的餾份。
3.3,3-二甲基-2-丁酮的純度鑒定
將所得的產(chǎn)品用阿貝爾折光儀檢測(cè)純度。
六、注意事項(xiàng)
七、成功關(guān)鍵
第二篇:科研片會(huì)講稿
科研片會(huì)講稿
各位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、老師大家好!
非常高興來(lái)到?jīng)鏊又行男?,?lái)到這和諧、溫馨的校園,也非常感謝孫主任給我這次與各位學(xué)習(xí)、交流的機(jī)會(huì)。在這里我把我鄉(xiāng)在科研引領(lǐng)下,課堂教學(xué)的一些的做法和體會(huì)匯報(bào)給大家,與大家交流。
大三家中心校位于北票西部,現(xiàn)有教師78人,學(xué)生798名,共有六所小學(xué)。
2002年中心校開始啟動(dòng)新一輪的基礎(chǔ)教育課程改革。隨著新課程改革實(shí)驗(yàn)的不斷深入,教師專業(yè)化發(fā)展顯得越來(lái)越重要。積極探索新課程背景下教師專業(yè)發(fā)展的新理念和新思路,構(gòu)建能讓教師走上主動(dòng)發(fā)展之路的校本管理新體系,使校園成為師生共同成長(zhǎng)的精神家園,是學(xué)校發(fā)展的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
一、學(xué)校確立了“教研強(qiáng)師、科研興?!钡陌l(fā)展思路。
以校本教研為依托,以課程改革為切入點(diǎn),不斷更新觀念,提高教育教學(xué)質(zhì)量。大力倡導(dǎo)科研之風(fēng),提高教師專業(yè)化素質(zhì),學(xué)校提倡所有教師在研究狀態(tài)下工作,構(gòu)建了“一個(gè)堅(jiān)持,兩個(gè)健全,三個(gè)增強(qiáng),四個(gè)結(jié)合”的教育科研框架。即:堅(jiān)持教育科研為課堂教學(xué)改革服務(wù)的思想,健全教育科研隊(duì)伍;健全教育科研工作制度,增強(qiáng)前沿意識(shí);增強(qiáng)品牌意識(shí);增強(qiáng)借鑒意識(shí);做到教育科研與常規(guī)教學(xué)相結(jié)合;與創(chuàng)名校相結(jié)合;與素質(zhì)教育相結(jié)合;與提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量相結(jié)合。
以課堂為現(xiàn)場(chǎng),教學(xué)為中心,學(xué)生為主體,解決教育過(guò)程的問(wèn)題為目標(biāo),通過(guò)反思的方式,激發(fā)教育的智慧或機(jī)智,從而更好的開展教育活動(dòng)。
開展“問(wèn)題、課題、實(shí)踐、理論”的科研模式。研究教材、研究學(xué)生,研究教法,在研究中實(shí)現(xiàn)理論與實(shí)踐的對(duì)接,學(xué)校承擔(dān)了國(guó)家級(jí)綜合實(shí)踐科研立項(xiàng)《課程資源開發(fā)利用與教師發(fā)展的研究》經(jīng)驗(yàn)收已順利結(jié)題。省級(jí)思品科研立項(xiàng)《思想品德課活動(dòng)化教學(xué)理論與實(shí)踐研究》經(jīng)驗(yàn)收已結(jié)題。省級(jí)數(shù)學(xué)科研立項(xiàng)《偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)校本教研》正在試驗(yàn)階段。市級(jí)德育方面立項(xiàng)《關(guān)于差生轉(zhuǎn)化的研究》已進(jìn)入結(jié)題階段。國(guó)家級(jí)科研立項(xiàng)《小學(xué)生綜合學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)研究》正在實(shí)驗(yàn)中。各校均有相應(yīng)的縣、校課題。行成了不同層次的課題研究網(wǎng)絡(luò),達(dá)到了全校教師組組有課題,人人有項(xiàng)目。
提供教師學(xué)習(xí)的實(shí)踐空間。最大限度地為教師在目前的日常工作中擠出時(shí)間用于學(xué)習(xí)和積累、反思和發(fā)展,并在制度上給予保證,減少會(huì)議次數(shù),把更多的時(shí)間留給教師學(xué)習(xí)交流;設(shè)了年級(jí)備課組,使同一年級(jí)同一學(xué)科的教師有更多的時(shí)間商討同一年級(jí)的問(wèn)題??臻g包括自我學(xué)習(xí),課堂實(shí)踐的“內(nèi)空間”,以及進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)、校際考察、同行切磋、名師指點(diǎn)等的“外空間”。雙重空間,兩種課堂,內(nèi)外結(jié)合。
營(yíng)造促進(jìn)教師發(fā)展的組織。良好的組織本身就是極好的教育因素,努力創(chuàng)設(shè)良好的組織氛圍,鼓勵(lì)教師參與行動(dòng)研究,并對(duì)研究中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行公開自由的討論,建立教師團(tuán)隊(duì)共享與合作的機(jī)制,引導(dǎo)群體中的每一位教師在改革實(shí)踐中,面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)通過(guò)批評(píng)性的反思,做出新的選擇,不斷調(diào)整教學(xué)行為,成為一個(gè)研究者。
建立良性的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制。鼓勵(lì)教師在發(fā)展過(guò)程中自動(dòng)加壓,在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中求發(fā)展。建立實(shí)驗(yàn)成果獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度,對(duì)于評(píng)獎(jiǎng)辦法,操作程序,獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)內(nèi)容都做出詳細(xì)規(guī)定,使科研獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)規(guī)范化、有序化,采用成果展示、成果推廣以及學(xué)科帶頭人展示活動(dòng)等形式,以激勵(lì)教師在教育實(shí)踐中實(shí)現(xiàn)自我超越,更好地促進(jìn)學(xué)校教學(xué)研究氛圍及教學(xué)研究制度的形成。
二、改進(jìn)教學(xué)常規(guī)管理方法,創(chuàng)設(shè)課改氛圍,提高教師專業(yè)化水準(zhǔn)
(一)備課
中心校要求各校每周兩個(gè)半天進(jìn)行學(xué)科集體備課,對(duì)課堂教學(xué)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行研討,以探求最佳教學(xué)方案。
1、個(gè)人備課
集體備課前先行個(gè)人備課,因?yàn)檫@是集體備課的前提和基礎(chǔ),個(gè)人備課要求有六項(xiàng):(1)備教材,認(rèn)真通研教材和課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn),研究教材特點(diǎn)、弄清重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn),分析與初中教材和其它章節(jié)的關(guān)聯(lián)。(2)備學(xué)法,針對(duì)本班學(xué)情,設(shè)計(jì)施教方案,特別是突出重點(diǎn)、突破難點(diǎn)的方法,如何引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)。(3)備學(xué)生,分析全班學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)情況與學(xué)請(qǐng),思考與設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生主動(dòng)性、積極性的方法和措施。(4)閱讀,研究相關(guān)參考資料,拓寬自身知識(shí)面。
(5)按分層教學(xué)的要求,精選演作習(xí)題,確定當(dāng)堂訓(xùn)練題和隨堂作業(yè)。(6)寫出個(gè)人教案,為集體備課做準(zhǔn)備。
2、組長(zhǎng)檢察
集體備課前,備課組長(zhǎng),教研組長(zhǎng)要對(duì)每位教師的備課逐一進(jìn)行檢查,查看是否符合要求,是否實(shí)用。
3、集體備課
集體備課的程序有四部:(1)講課,采用制定骨干教師先講與隨機(jī)抽簽相結(jié)合的辦法,確定每課時(shí)的講課人。(2)聽課,其它教師聽課過(guò)程中,記錄下自己備課與講課人所講內(nèi)容與教法的異同點(diǎn),以便進(jìn)行反思與改進(jìn)。(3)評(píng)課,先由講課人談備課思路和教學(xué)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn),當(dāng)堂訓(xùn)練題的設(shè)計(jì)等,后由聽課人在教學(xué)內(nèi)容、教材處理、教學(xué)方法、例題與習(xí)題選擇多方面各抒己見,共同探討,確定統(tǒng)一使用的當(dāng)堂訓(xùn)練題和隨堂作業(yè)。
4、修改教案
在前述的基礎(chǔ)上,集思廣益,充分討論,形成共識(shí)。統(tǒng)一教學(xué)制度,目的要求,重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)和隨意練習(xí)與作業(yè),然后個(gè)人進(jìn)行再加工,修改完善教案,并預(yù)作要求學(xué)生做的題目。
這樣做,可以最大限度地挖掘集體的智慧,避免隨意性,發(fā)揮團(tuán)隊(duì)效應(yīng),整體提高教師專業(yè)化業(yè)務(wù)水準(zhǔn),快速帶動(dòng)青年教師,縮短個(gè)人鉆研教材時(shí)間,提高備課效率,可以營(yíng)造共贏氛圍,培養(yǎng)教師的團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作精神。
也可以概括為“三個(gè)有利于”;(1)有利于青年教師的迅速成長(zhǎng);(2)有利于課堂教學(xué)效益的整體提高;(3)有利于學(xué)科教學(xué)水平的整體提高。
最顯著的益處是保證了備課質(zhì)量,特別適合于新課改的要求。
(二)講課
1、創(chuàng)新課堂教學(xué),提煉了“八重一體”為鮮明特征的課堂教學(xué)模式,重實(shí)踐,重讀書,重質(zhì)疑,重評(píng)價(jià),重拓展,重情趣,重感情,使八重融為一體,把學(xué)習(xí)的權(quán)利交給學(xué)生,把學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間還給學(xué)生,充分的發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主體作用。體現(xiàn)了我校師生“情感共鳴、師生同步、師生角色互換、師生資源共享”的課堂教學(xué)理念,煥發(fā)了教學(xué)課堂教學(xué)的生機(jī),全面提高了教學(xué)質(zhì)量。
2、全方位實(shí)行“三個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變”:變“注入式”教學(xué)為“啟發(fā)式”教學(xué);變學(xué)生被動(dòng)聽課為主動(dòng)參與;變單純知識(shí)傳授為知能并重。
全方位落實(shí)“五個(gè)要讓”:能讓學(xué)生觀察的要讓學(xué)生觀察;能讓學(xué)生思考的要讓學(xué)生思考;能讓學(xué)生表述的要讓學(xué)生表述;能讓學(xué)生自己動(dòng)手的要讓學(xué)生自己動(dòng)手;能讓學(xué)生自己推導(dǎo)出結(jié)論的要讓學(xué)生自己推導(dǎo)出結(jié)論。
3、堅(jiān)持“三講”、“三不講”
三講:易混點(diǎn),易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),易漏點(diǎn)。
三不講:學(xué)生自己會(huì)的不講,學(xué)生能會(huì)的不講,學(xué)生怎么也學(xué)不會(huì)的不講。
4、學(xué)校制定了《課堂教學(xué)規(guī)范》,要求講課要做到細(xì)透善誘,即細(xì)致透徹,善于啟發(fā)誘導(dǎo),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的問(wèn)題意識(shí),層層設(shè)疑,步步引導(dǎo)。創(chuàng)設(shè)教學(xué)的情景,讓學(xué)生五官并用,動(dòng)手做、動(dòng)腦思、動(dòng)耳聽、動(dòng)眼看、動(dòng)口議、動(dòng)筆寫。
5、倡導(dǎo)真誠(chéng)的民主教育,即建立新型的、民主的、平等合作的師生關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)教學(xué)和諧
原則,充分體現(xiàn)民族教學(xué)思想。
6、量化指標(biāo),將課堂教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)作為課題改革的突破口,將好課的評(píng)價(jià)基點(diǎn)定位于學(xué)生的動(dòng)。學(xué)校制定出了三條量化指標(biāo):(1)課堂氣氛要熱烈、和諧、民主,學(xué)生敢問(wèn)、敢說(shuō)、敢爬黑板、敢下桌討論,形成一種積極主動(dòng)、爭(zhēng)先恐后、緊張活潑,使說(shuō)、議、評(píng)、寫貫穿始終的課堂學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境。(2)課堂形式要多樣,采取各種各樣的學(xué)習(xí)方法,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的積極性:男女競(jìng)賽,曲藝節(jié)目,討論辨析,小品表演,擂臺(tái)比武等形式。(3)學(xué)生人數(shù)多、密度大、力爭(zhēng)做到人人有份。這是課堂教學(xué)改革成功與否的關(guān)鍵,學(xué)校通過(guò)比例量化,考評(píng)成績(jī),以參與人數(shù)除以班級(jí)人數(shù)的比例的高低衡量教師教學(xué)成績(jī)的優(yōu)劣。
(三)作業(yè)
1、在精深研究各科教材知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),學(xué)生相關(guān)思維方式的基礎(chǔ)上,實(shí)行作業(yè)分級(jí)制,讓不同的學(xué)生“吃好,吃飽”。
2、在作業(yè)和練習(xí)上實(shí)施“三布置”、“三不布置”:布置發(fā)展學(xué)生思維的作業(yè);布置發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律和總結(jié)方法的作業(yè);布置拓寬視野、引導(dǎo)探究、提升能力的作業(yè)。不布置重復(fù)性作作業(yè);不布置懲罰性作業(yè);不布置占有學(xué)生時(shí)間多的作業(yè)。
3、提倡作業(yè)堂堂清,天天清,周周清,月月清,課上多提問(wèn),作業(yè)多面批,課下多輔導(dǎo),錯(cuò)題多次做。
三、落實(shí)市教育局工作部署,實(shí)施“主體參與型課堂教學(xué)模式”,繼續(xù)深化課堂教學(xué)改革
根據(jù)課堂教學(xué)的內(nèi)在規(guī)律和學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的一般規(guī)律,我們的課堂結(jié)構(gòu)是:預(yù)習(xí)探究——反饋點(diǎn)撥——拓展應(yīng)用。
具體操作分七個(gè)環(huán)節(jié):
(1)創(chuàng)設(shè)教學(xué)情境;(2)出示學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo);(3)學(xué)生自主嘗試、發(fā)現(xiàn)提出問(wèn)題;(4)小組交流分享討論;(5)小組之間探討、教師引導(dǎo)點(diǎn)撥;(6)解決問(wèn)題、得出結(jié)論、總結(jié)規(guī)律;
(7)拓展訓(xùn)練、強(qiáng)化新知。
四、創(chuàng)新機(jī)制,為教師專業(yè)化成長(zhǎng)提供保障
中心校堅(jiān)持“出路在改革,生命在特色,活動(dòng)在競(jìng)爭(zhēng),建設(shè)在人才,發(fā)展在創(chuàng)新”的戰(zhàn)略思想。全面啟動(dòng)了“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制,評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)制,激勵(lì)機(jī)制,監(jiān)督機(jī)制,創(chuàng)新機(jī)制”健全了各種評(píng)價(jià)制度,形成了一個(gè)全方位多層次的評(píng)價(jià)體系。做了定量考核與定性考核,平時(shí)考核與期終考核,過(guò)程考核與學(xué)生考核相結(jié)合,實(shí)施“目標(biāo)啟動(dòng)、典范帶動(dòng)、措施促動(dòng)、環(huán)境推動(dòng)、利益驅(qū)動(dòng)、關(guān)心感動(dòng)”的方略。
通過(guò)幾年來(lái)的實(shí)踐,中心校教師的專業(yè)化水平有了整體提高,教師的教和學(xué)生的學(xué)發(fā)生了很大的變化,一是教師的觀念變了,教師在課堂上更多的是關(guān)注;更多的是傾聽;更多的是談話;更多的是溝通。二是學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)變了,愿意和老師辯論;愿意走進(jìn)民主、平等、和諧、充滿智慧的課堂。三是校園的環(huán)境變了,濃濃的學(xué)風(fēng),融洽的師生關(guān)系充滿著校園。
教書育人是教師的天職,只要我們以一顆愛的心對(duì)待學(xué)生,相信總有回報(bào)。
泰戈?duì)栐f(shuō)過(guò):“不是錘的敲打,而是水的載歌載舞,使粗糙的石頭變成了美麗的鵝卵石?!睅煇凼且环N尊重,是一股力量,是一腔激情,更是一段觸及靈魂、動(dòng)人心魄的教育過(guò)程。
最后真誠(chéng)的祝愿我是科研工作在孫主任的引領(lǐng)下,明天更加輝煌;同時(shí)也祝愿我們涼水河中心校明天更加美好。
謝謝大家!
第三篇:實(shí)驗(yàn)7栓劑的制備講稿_工業(yè)藥劑學(xué)
Experiment 7 Preparation of suppositories
Purposes
1.To know the characters and applications of the bases of suppositories.2.To master the characters and applications of fusion method to prepare suppositories.Introduction Suppositories are preparations made by incorporating medicaments in suitable bases, intended for rectal administration.Suppositories are made in different shapes and sizes according to the site of action and their function, generally include vaginal suppository and rectal suppository.The drug and bases in suppositories should be thoroughly mixed.The suppositories are smooth and uniform in appearance.Suppositories are nonirritating and melting, softening or dissolving when inserted in the rectum and are miscible with body fluid to release the medicaments gradually thus exert local or systemic effects.Suppositories are sufficiently hard to withstand handling or packaging without deformation
Cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils and mixtures of polyethylene glycol may be used as suppository bases.The suppository base employed has a marked influence on the release of the active ingredient incorporated in it.While cocoa butter melts quickly at body temperature, it is immiscible with body fluids and this inhibits the diffusion of fat-soluble drugs to the affected sites.Polyethylene glycol is a suitable base for some antiseptics.In cases where systemic action is expected, it is preferable to incorporate the ionized rather than the nonionized form of the drug, in order to maximize bioavailability.Although un-ionized drugs partition more readily out of water-miscible bases such as glycerinated gelatin and polyethylene glycol, the bases themselves tend to dissolve very slowly and thus retard release in this manner.Oleaginous vehicles such as cocoa butter are seldom used in vaginal preparations because of the nonabsorbable residue formed, while glycerinated gelatin is seldom used in recta because of its slow dissolution.Cocoa butter and its substitutes(Hard Fat)are superior for allaying irritation.As in preparations intended for treating internal hemorrhoids.General the volume of mold of suppositories are fixed, but different suppositories may have different weight as the density of the drugs and bases are different.The weight of the suppository bases can be determined by calculating the displacement value, which is definite as the weight proportion of drug to cocoa butter with the same volume.For example, the displacement value of tannic acid is 1.6, which means the volume of 1.6g tannic acids is equivalent to that of 1g cocoa butters.Generally the bases of suppository include greasy bases and water-soluble bases.It can be prepared by the fusion method.Equipments and Materials 1.Equipments
mold of vaginal suppository, mold of rectal suppository, evaporating dish, water bath, ice bath, electric stove, analytical balance, disintegration determination apparatus, etc.2.Materials
cocoa butter, glycerol, gelatin, stearic acid, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, tannic acid, chlorhexide acetate, borneol, citric acid, liquid paraffin, ethanol, tween 80, distilled water PEG400, PEG6000, etc.Procedures 1.Glycerol suppository(1)Formulation Glycerol Sodium carbonate Stearic Acid Distilled water(2)Preparation Sodium carbonate, distilled water and glycerol is mixed in the evaporating dish above the water bath.Add stearic acid slowly into this evaporating dish in the agitation.Then pour this solution into the molds of rectal suppository smeared with liquid paraffin when the mixture turns into settled solution.After they are cooled, scrape off the unnecessary parts, and the final products can be got.2.Tannic acid suppository(1)Formulation
Amount per piece, gram
Total amount per 4 pieces, gram
Tannic acid
0.2g
0.8g Cocoa butter
Q.S
Q.S(2)Preparation
① Determination the weight of the blank suppository Add 4g cocoa butter into evaporating dish which is above the water bath, take away the water bath immediately when the second three parts of the cocoa butter have been melted, keep stirring until all the cocoa butter has been melted.Pour this solution into the molds of rectal suppository smeared with lubricant.After they are cooled, scrape off the unnecessary parts, and the final products can be got.Weigh the total weight and calculate the average that is the amount of black suppositories.② Calculate the amount of cocoa butter in one piece of suppository according to the displacement value of drugs.Displacement value(DV)of tannic acid is 1.6, the weight of blank suppositories determined
8g 0.2g 0.8g 1g is x, if three pieces of suppositories are need to be prepared, the real amount is calculated as four pieces.So the amount(g)of cocoa butter is
4x?0.2?4.1.6③ Calculate the amount of cocoa butter by the method of step(1)and add it to the evaporating dish, keep heating in the water bath until the cocoa butter close to melt.Take away the evaporating dish, and add the tannic acid, stir the mixture fully.Pour this mixture into the molds of rectal suppository smeared with lubricant when it close to congeal and cool in the ice bath immediately, scrape off the unnecessary part, and the final products can be got.*Purpose: The above two formulations are treated to haemorrhoids.3.Chlorhexidini Acetas suppository(1)Formulation Chlorhexide Acetate Tween 80 Borneol Ethanol Glycerol Gelatin(minute grain)Distilled water Total sum: two pieces(2)Preparation Add the gelatin of the formulation in evaporating dish and swell in 20ml of distilled water for 30min to make it soft.Add glycerol, and heat the mixture in water bath to make gelatin dissolve, keep heating until the weight of mixture is 18-20g.Dissolve chlorhexide acetate in tween 80 and borneol in ethanol respectively, mix the above two solutions and add the gelatin solution prepared in the agitation.Pour this mixture into the molds of vaginal suppository smeared with liquid paraffin immediately.After they are cooled, scrape off the unnecessary parts.The final products can be got.4.Tinidazole effervescent suppository(1)Formulation
Amount per piece,g Tinidazole PEG 400 PEG 6000 Sodium bicarbonate Acid citric(2)Preparation Sodium bicarbonate and acid citric must be grinded to fine powder.PEG 400 and PEG 6000
0.25g 1.15g 0.50g 0.28g 0.26g 0.05g 0.2g 0.01g 0.5mL 9.0g 2.7g
Add up to 20.0g are mixed and melted in the water bath.Then add tinidazole, sodium bicarbonate and acid citric into the liquid in the agitation and mix completely, pour this mixture into the molds of rectal suppository immediately.After they are cooled, scrape off the unnecessary parts.Then the final products can be got.*Purpose: The above two formulations are treated to vaginal inflammations.5.Evaluation or Determination of suppository(1)Weight variation Weigh accurately 10 suppositories and calculate the average weight, then weigh individually each of the 10 suppositories.Not more than one of the individual weight deviates from the average weight by more than the weight variation limit, and none deviates by more than twice of that percentage.The weight variation limit of suppositories is shown as following: weight variation ≤±10% if the average weight of suppository ≤1.0g, weight variation ≤±7.5% if the average weight of suppository is 1.0-3.0g and weight variation ≤±5% if the average weight of suppository is >3.0g.The weight variation of suppositories must comply with the above requirements.(2)The time limit of melting Keep 3 suppositories in room temperature for 1h, determine in accordance with the apparatus and method of the disintegration test of tablets.Unless otherwise stated, fatty base suppositories must melt or soften in 30min, water-soluble base suppositories must dissolve in water in 60min.Experimental Instructions
Requirements for preview 1.To master physicochemical property of cocoa butter and the precautions when melt by heating.2.To master the precautions of preparation process of glycerin-gelatin suppositories 3.To master the experimental method and calculation of displacement value(DV)4.To design the procedures according to the teaching materials of the experiment.Procedures and Precautions 1.When prepare the glycerol suppository, the water bath must keep boiling which will make stearic acid react with carbonic acid fully.Stop heating until the mixture turns into clarity and saponifying reaction complete.The chemical equation is as following.2C17H35COOH?Na2CO3?2C17H35COONa?CO2??H2O
The carbon dioxide generated by reaction must be thoroughly removed, and otherwise there will be bubbles in suppositories that may affect the appearance.The suppositories can also be prepared by heating sodium stearate and glycerol in the agitation directly that avoid saponifying reaction and improve the quality the suppositories.2.The glycerol suppositories contain plenty of glycerol(about 90-95%), which have the same effect of hypocatharsis as soda soap generated by saponifying reaction.3.The glycerin-gelatin comprises glycerol, gelatin and distilled water by certain proportion.The gelatin should be swelled in water to make it soft first so that it can be easily dissolved by heating.Glycerin-gelatin is general used as the base of vaginal suppository.It is elastic, doesn’t liquate under body temperature but can dissolve in body fluid gradually and release drug.The dissolving rate can be affected by the proportion of glycerol, gelatin and distilled water.The bigger the ratio of glycerol or distilled water is, the faster dissolving rate of glycerinated gelatin suppositories.4.Cocoa butter should be heated in the water bath below 36℃ in the preparation of tannic acid suppository in case that the crystal form of cocoa butter will transform.The melting point of the new crystal form decreases to 23~25℃ so it is difficult to solidify.Stir tannic acid and cocoa butter fully, keep stirring to transfer the mixture to the mold when it cools close to the solidifying point.The mold should keep in ice bath in advance so that the cocoa butter can solidify immediately which can avoid drugs deposit in the bottom of the mold of suppositories.5.Chlorhexide acetate is soluble in the ethanol, sparingly soluble in water(1.9:100).Tween 80 can help it uniformly disperse in glycerinated gelatin.6.The displacement value should be considered to ensure accurate content of suppositories in the preparation of fatty bases of suppositories.The amount of bases of each suppository can be calculated by the following equation when the displacement value is known.M?E?Df
Where M is the amount of bases, E is the amount of blank bases, D is dosage of each suppositories, f is the displacement value.6.Much foam can be produced from the reaction of sodium bicarbonate and acid citric when tinidazole is prepared into effervescent vaginal suppository.It can increase the contact surface of drug and mucous membrane so that the drug can permeate into the deep part of the fold of mucous membrane to play its drug action fully.The dosage of citric acid in the formulation is higher than theoretical dosage that is profit for killing or inhibiting infusorians and anaerobe as the vagina is in a tart condition.Questions 1.What are the principles of preparation and precautions in the preparation of glycerol suppository?
2.What is the mechanism of action of glycerol suppository? 3.What is the meaning of displacement value according to the experiment?
4.What are the characteristics of glycerin-gelatin base in suppositories?
第四篇:浞水片區(qū)遠(yuǎn)程教育培訓(xùn)講稿
浞水片區(qū)遠(yuǎn)程教育培訓(xùn)講稿
培訓(xùn)目的:使管理遠(yuǎn)程教育的教師能熟練地接收信息,處理信息,使用信息,做好接收系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)工作。
培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容:
1、有關(guān)接收系統(tǒng)的打開,設(shè)置、查看接收情況。
2、遠(yuǎn)教資料的查閱、下載、刻錄、歸檔、應(yīng)用。
3、磁盤空間的清理,遠(yuǎn)教資料的收集、整理。
4、遠(yuǎn)教系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)。培訓(xùn)時(shí)間:三個(gè)學(xué)時(shí)
第一學(xué)時(shí)
一、計(jì)算機(jī)的打開。
電源——UPS——顯示器——主機(jī)。
二、接收系統(tǒng)的打開。
1、接收系統(tǒng)在桌面上,雙擊或右擊——打開。
2、接收系統(tǒng)在任務(wù)欄上的快捷區(qū),單擊即可。
3、以上兩處都沒(méi)有其接收系統(tǒng)的圖標(biāo),應(yīng)從開始菜單去打開,即:開始——程序——選擇相應(yīng)的接收系統(tǒng)。
三、查看接收情況。
(一)清華永新接收卡(九洲接收卡)
1、信息的強(qiáng)弱:如信號(hào)電平有大部分呈藍(lán)色,載波鎖定和同步鎖定前的圖標(biāo)呈藍(lán)色,表示信號(hào)較好。九洲接收卡看信號(hào)電平、信號(hào)品質(zhì)的百分比直接看出信號(hào)的強(qiáng)弱。如信號(hào)電平的藍(lán)色條短,載波鎖定和同步鎖定呈紅色則信號(hào)弱或無(wú)信號(hào)。
2、如果信號(hào)弱或無(wú),檢查的方法有兩種:
(1)看接收機(jī)的信號(hào)顯示條如示滿,說(shuō)明信號(hào)本身弱,如沒(méi)有,要查看接收盤的位置。
(2)如接收機(jī)有信號(hào),而接收卡上顯示無(wú),應(yīng)查看電覽線是否與計(jì)算機(jī)邊接好。
(二)IP數(shù)據(jù)接收系統(tǒng)。
1、直接看任務(wù)欄布告區(qū)的顯示器圖標(biāo)的顏色就可知識(shí)接收情況。
紅色:接收有障礙或無(wú)信息。
黃色:正在正常接收。
灰色:有信號(hào)無(wú)數(shù)據(jù)。
綠色:接收完全。
2、查看接收的是什么內(nèi)容。
單擊布告區(qū)的顯示器圖標(biāo),在相應(yīng)的對(duì)話框內(nèi),可看到接收信息的情況,如:時(shí)間:從什么時(shí)間到什么時(shí)間接收什么內(nèi)容。
(三)以泰接收系統(tǒng)。
1、查看接收情況,點(diǎn)擊文件接收,相應(yīng)的頻道就會(huì)出現(xiàn):正在接收或暫停接收的字樣,或點(diǎn)擊相應(yīng)的頻道,對(duì)話框下面出現(xiàn)接收進(jìn)度情況的百分比,如有,呈綠色,如沒(méi)有信息,呈灰色。
(四)通視DVB接收系統(tǒng)。如有信息,窗口左下角有不斷向上滾動(dòng)的字符。如沒(méi)有滾動(dòng)的字符,說(shuō)明沒(méi)有信息。
四、接收系統(tǒng)的作用及內(nèi)容形式。
(一)清華永新接收卡(九洲接收卡):將天網(wǎng)接收的信息通過(guò)接收機(jī),再由一電覽線通過(guò)接收機(jī)進(jìn)入計(jì)算機(jī)。
(二)以泰文件接收系統(tǒng):接收的信息以頻道形式出現(xiàn),其內(nèi)容主要為“信息技術(shù)、農(nóng)村黨員干部培訓(xùn)、接收系統(tǒng)方面的知識(shí)及一些需下載的軟件,它接收的內(nèi)容放在E盤里。
(三)通視DVB:接收的內(nèi)容以網(wǎng)頁(yè)形式出現(xiàn),其內(nèi)容放在C盤中,查看它接收的內(nèi)容,直接打開接收軟件——節(jié)目單——選擇所需的網(wǎng)頁(yè)。
(四)IP數(shù)據(jù)接收軟件:接收的內(nèi)容以網(wǎng)頁(yè)形式出現(xiàn),主要是教學(xué)方面的知識(shí),其內(nèi)容放在D盤中。
四、接收系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置。
(一)清華永新接收卡(九洲接收卡):其它參數(shù)在安裝時(shí)都已經(jīng)設(shè)置 好了,只是有時(shí)要添加PID值而已,即:在PID值對(duì)話框中,輸入其符號(hào),點(diǎn)擊新增或添加。
(二)以泰接收系統(tǒng):文件——系統(tǒng)設(shè)置。
第二學(xué)時(shí)
一、遠(yuǎn)教資料的查閱、下載、刻錄、歸檔、應(yīng)用。
1、查閱教學(xué)資源:在D盤下找到相應(yīng)的目錄,打開即可,也可以將D盤下的具有教學(xué)資源的所有內(nèi)容的INDEX文件直接發(fā)送到桌面,在桌面上直接雙接此文件即可。
2、查閱新聞及其它資源:在通視DVB下——節(jié)目單(流媒體)——選擇相應(yīng)的網(wǎng)頁(yè)(頻道)。
3、查閱黨員干部培訓(xùn)資源和信息技術(shù)資源:在E盤下,打開相應(yīng)的頻道——文件夾。信息技術(shù)在C—6頻道。
4、下載資料:將收看到的資料打印出來(lái),操作為:如果所查資料的對(duì)話框里有打印功能,可直接打印出來(lái),如沒(méi)有,選定——復(fù)制——打開WORD——粘貼——排版——打印。
5、應(yīng)用、歸檔:將下載下來(lái)的資料傳送給相關(guān)教學(xué)組或相關(guān)人員看、使用,使用后返回遠(yuǎn)教組歸檔,保存資料。
6、刻錄光盤:
(1)數(shù)據(jù)盤的刻錄:將刻錄機(jī)電源插好,放入空盤,雙擊刻錄軟件(NERO PRESS)——數(shù)據(jù)光盤——添加——選擇需刻錄的內(nèi)容——新增——完成——下一步——選擇刻錄速度——刻錄。
(2)VCD盤的刻錄:只是在選擇時(shí)(視頻/圖片)——VCD盤即可,其它步驟和上面的相同。
第三學(xué)時(shí)
一、磁盤空間的清理。
為有更多的磁盤空間,或提示磁盤空間不夠時(shí),需將清理磁盤空間。操作為:打開相應(yīng)的盤——選擇不需要的文件或文件夾——點(diǎn)擊“刪除”或(DEL)鍵,如要徹底的刪除:SHIFT+DEL即可。
二、資料的收集、記錄。
將各類資料歸類,整理,教師查閱情況,造成表冊(cè),看后作好記錄。