第一篇：出租車計(jì)價(jià)器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料

ABSTRACT In this paper, a multi-channel taximeter that is able to deal with more than one passenger simultaneously is proposed.In order to demonstrate the theory of operation of the proposed system, a complete design for an experimental three-channel taximeter(whose prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research)is presented.System location, outline, block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams for the experimental taximeter are also included.1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table(Table 2)can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.

第二篇：出租車計(jì)價(jià)器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯

ABSTRACT 1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻譯.導(dǎo)言

在不發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，早上把人們從他們家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回來(lái)已成為一個(gè)大問(wèn)題，尤其是在大城市。

作為解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一個(gè)部分，在某些國(guó)家出租車用來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，送人們從一個(gè)地方到另外一個(gè)地方。例如，出租車的四個(gè)席位可攜帶四個(gè)不同的沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系的乘客，除了他們的路線是相同的。

因此，依靠目前的傳統(tǒng)的單車道計(jì)價(jià)以確定所需的票價(jià)，把每個(gè)乘客的計(jì)費(fèi)分開(kāi)，這已成為一個(gè)非常困難的問(wèn)題。因此，在出租車司機(jī)，車主，乘客和國(guó)家稅務(wù)部門之間存在著不公平的財(cái)政關(guān)系。

在這種情況下，出租車司機(jī)強(qiáng)迫乘客支付多于他們所應(yīng)付的。在某些情況下乘客支付了他們應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的雙倍。

本常規(guī)單頻道計(jì)程車，出租車司機(jī)不能夠確定出租車日常收入。在某些情況下（出租車的4個(gè)席位），他們可能只有出租車四分之一的收入（大部分的出租車司機(jī)）。從這些支付工資的出租車司機(jī)以及作為燃料費(fèi)用外，還要維修以及汽車折舊等費(fèi)用。事實(shí)上，出租車業(yè)主并非似乎如此糟糕。一項(xiàng)在出租車司機(jī)和車主之間的協(xié)議已經(jīng)達(dá)成，司機(jī)應(yīng)保證每天固定收入，以及向業(yè)主支付燃料以及維修的費(fèi)用。即使如此，還是有的出租車司機(jī)的很大一部分份額之收入的出租車。現(xiàn)在還存在的單聲道計(jì)價(jià)，已經(jīng)變得非常，國(guó)家稅務(wù)部門也知道這種困難 每年估計(jì)出租車業(yè)主的收入支出，以及應(yīng)支付的稅務(wù)也很困難。

為了應(yīng)對(duì)這一問(wèn)題，國(guó)家稅務(wù)部已實(shí)行固定估計(jì)稅，每個(gè)座位的出租車不論收入。在本文中，我們介紹了多通道的士計(jì)程表，可處理超過(guò)一名乘客同時(shí)進(jìn)行的情況。我應(yīng)該指出，我所說(shuō)的長(zhǎng)期旅客指一個(gè)人或一組相關(guān)的人。我同時(shí)也應(yīng)指出，我們提出的多渠道的計(jì)價(jià)，不是簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，一個(gè)多顯示讀數(shù)。作為一個(gè)先進(jìn)的事項(xiàng)，事實(shí)上它包含邏輯電路，可以自動(dòng)計(jì)算變化的車費(fèi)以及每公里行走距離或每分鐘的候車時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車。在下面的部分，我舉出一個(gè)例子，我們將介紹一個(gè)完整的三通道計(jì)價(jià)。框圖以及詳細(xì)的電路圖，實(shí)驗(yàn)三通道計(jì)價(jià)功能也包括在內(nèi)。原型下已建成 埃及贈(zèng)款科學(xué)學(xué)院 和技術(shù)研究。2.實(shí)驗(yàn)

出租車計(jì)價(jià)器理論的運(yùn)作我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置從事電子數(shù)字計(jì)價(jià)依據(jù)。事實(shí)上速度電纜旋轉(zhuǎn)1 圈的每米距離行駛。因此，如果車速電纜耦合與速度傳感器，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)單脈沖每平方米的旅行距離，那么，我們的的士可以三倍于反模塊相與速度傳感器的單位。然而，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是計(jì)價(jià)而不僅僅是只顯示三個(gè)讀數(shù)。事實(shí)上，它包含邏輯電路，可以根據(jù)每公里的行駛距離或每分鐘等候時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車來(lái)自動(dòng)改變車費(fèi)。該裝置可能會(huì)分成兩個(gè)主要部分組成：第一是速度傳感器，這個(gè)傳感器可位于任何地方，在出租車內(nèi)進(jìn)行這樣一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的耦合車速電纜是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

單位包含了主要的電子電路，顯示器以及控制面板。該單位應(yīng)位于前排的司機(jī)和乘客之間。

A． 速度傳感器

其主要職能是本單位提供脈沖的培訓(xùn)，這個(gè)脈沖的頻率會(huì)于旋轉(zhuǎn)角度相適合。一種可能的形式一個(gè)速度傳感器。如果可以包含正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出連接到脈沖整形電路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二極管，1000歐姆的電阻和施密特觸發(fā)逆變器）。

為了找到某種方式來(lái)檢測(cè)出租車的運(yùn)動(dòng)，正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出是糾正通過(guò)一個(gè)通用的硅二極管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F電容。那個(gè)輸出電壓在終端Q是當(dāng)時(shí)限于價(jià)值4.7伏特用益歐姆的電阻以及一個(gè)齊納二極管ZD。出租車的終端電壓在終端Q將高電壓降為零。這電壓可作為改變出租車從距離計(jì)費(fèi)到時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式的開(kāi)關(guān)電壓。

主要的電子和顯示單元

一個(gè)建議是主要形式的電子和顯示單元?？刂坪惋@示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的經(jīng)營(yíng)的士以及四個(gè)可讀顯示器。第一頻道將給出從第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分別應(yīng)付的費(fèi)用，第四個(gè)會(huì)給出總收入給予出租車。最后讀出的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)包括停車的費(fèi)用等等費(fèi)用。頻道選擇器開(kāi)關(guān)1，第2和第3個(gè)，按順時(shí)針/逆時(shí)針的立場(chǎng)。在充分逆時(shí)針的立場(chǎng)，反相應(yīng)的讀出是未標(biāo)明和殘疾人。以順時(shí)針?lè)较騽t是未定義的，清除為零，對(duì)于第一第二第三的乘客分別計(jì)費(fèi)。第四號(hào)推進(jìn)總鈕第四次讀出，使任何人保留讀出相應(yīng)的總收入。經(jīng)過(guò)釋放按鈕，第四次讀出將再次保留。這個(gè)單位還包含主要電子電路將在下一節(jié)充分描述。

描述的主要電子電路

電路一般框圖主要電子電路。它由五個(gè)部分指定的電腦符號(hào)與電話系統(tǒng)整合成為4個(gè)支撐電路，它們是：判斷乘客數(shù)量電路CT1，旅行距離電路CT2，等待時(shí)間電路CT3，時(shí)鐘脈沖顯示電路CT4。

乘客人數(shù)檢測(cè)電路CT1，該電路電腦與電話系統(tǒng)整合有三個(gè)輸出：1，2和3相對(duì)應(yīng)于三個(gè)輸出J，K和L。

這個(gè)循環(huán)電路函數(shù)包含高電壓的終端 J，K或L，如果有1個(gè)或者2，3個(gè)乘客分別租用出租車。這個(gè)組里的任意乘客都是一組相關(guān)的人。當(dāng)一個(gè)乘客進(jìn)入出租車后，我們只是表示這樣一種情況，自由讀出顯示在談到相應(yīng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)，以一個(gè)完全順時(shí)針?lè)较?。這將自動(dòng)斷開(kāi)相應(yīng)的終端1，2或3個(gè)從地面。邏輯關(guān)系各種輸入端子之間第1，第2和第3個(gè)輸出端J，K和L是列于表1。作為一個(gè)組合電路，我們開(kāi)始設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生了一系列布爾函數(shù)。

一種可能的邏輯圖的基礎(chǔ)上，上述源性表達(dá)。它包括兩個(gè)變頻器，4個(gè)2輸入和3輸入以及2個(gè)3輸入或門。B.行駛距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路CT2 如圖所示的方框圖圖4，電路CT2有4個(gè)輸入J，K，L及E和1個(gè)輸出M，輸出功能的電路是供應(yīng)單脈沖的輸出M的某一些脈沖產(chǎn)生的輸出的速度傳感器（出租車行駛了一定得距離），根據(jù)乘客的人數(shù)租用的汽車。我們建議票價(jià)按每公里行駛距離顯示在兩個(gè)表格2里面。

這個(gè)環(huán)路，在這種情況下，應(yīng)提供單脈沖的輸出M的每100，125或143脈沖所產(chǎn)生的輸入端根據(jù)級(jí)別的電壓輸入終端3，K或L。

我們的電路顯示，三個(gè)十年的計(jì)數(shù)器，作為一個(gè)三位數(shù)分頻器的分比率100，125和143個(gè)自動(dòng)選定的電壓一級(jí)終端J，K和L分別。一種可能的線路圖可被驗(yàn)證，上述功能如圖6。它包括三個(gè)十年的計(jì)數(shù)器7490，一個(gè)聲BCD-以杜威解碼器輸入7445，3個(gè)4輸入和1個(gè)3輸入以及1個(gè)2輸入和2個(gè)3輸入或門。

時(shí)間縮放電路CT3.時(shí)間縮放電路含有4個(gè)輸入端 J，K，L及F和一個(gè)輸出端N，這個(gè)電路的函數(shù)根據(jù)表格2的意思（車費(fèi)每2分鐘的等待時(shí)間）是在J，K和L分別供應(yīng)單脈沖到輸出端N時(shí)，提供單脈沖的輸出N。時(shí)間縮放電路將類似于距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路，但是有不同的行駛比率。它包括3個(gè)十進(jìn)制計(jì)數(shù)器7490，2個(gè)3輸入與門和一個(gè)5輸入與門，1個(gè)2輸入與門和一個(gè)3輸入或門。

電路產(chǎn)生時(shí)鐘脈沖的顯示電路CT4 這條電路的作用根據(jù)電壓電平在輸入終端J、K或者L，分別供應(yīng)1，2或者脈沖在每脈沖的輸出終端R引起在任何終端N或M。無(wú)論輸入端N或者M(jìn)中的誰(shuí)發(fā)送脈沖，都只有一個(gè)脈沖能被輸出端P接收。它由一個(gè)反向計(jì)數(shù)器7493構(gòu)成，其中一半是雙JK主從觸發(fā)器電路，型號(hào)為7476，包括三個(gè)變頻器，三個(gè)2輸入與門，一個(gè)3輸入與門，1 2輸入或門以及一個(gè)3輸入或門。當(dāng)脈沖引起在輸入的終端N或M，觸發(fā)器的輸入Q上將產(chǎn)生高級(jí)電壓。這個(gè)門信號(hào)將被連接到計(jì)數(shù)器的輸入A并且連接到輸出終端R。當(dāng)?shù)谝唬诙虻谌齻€(gè)脈沖由漣波計(jì)數(shù)器開(kāi)始計(jì)數(shù)，J,K,L端會(huì)分別根據(jù)電壓的大小來(lái)使產(chǎn)生重置或者翻轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)改變狀態(tài)，然后Q端變?yōu)檩敵龅碗妷?。因此? KHz信號(hào)沒(méi)有能力到達(dá)輸出端R或是計(jì)數(shù)器的輸入端A。為了確保電路的函數(shù)準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤，當(dāng)切換到新頻道時(shí)，觸發(fā)器要清零。對(duì)于功能選擇開(kāi)關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)渠道的描述，稍后會(huì)以一個(gè)成功的5輸入門函數(shù)來(lái)解釋。

顯示電路

該顯示面板將包含三個(gè)4位數(shù)顯示器，這樣可以給出每個(gè)乘客應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的總和，一個(gè)六位數(shù)顯示器可以給出出租車的總收入。一種可能的接線圖的顯示電路。以順時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)所選擇的開(kāi)關(guān)將提供相應(yīng)的顯示，這可以通過(guò)5伏電壓來(lái)分別控制1，第2和3終端。對(duì)應(yīng)的顯示通過(guò)供應(yīng)低級(jí)電壓通過(guò)終端A、C和G，分別。保持終端D和H在低級(jí)狀態(tài)下重置為零對(duì)應(yīng)的顯示分別通過(guò)終端B,D,H而改變低壓狀態(tài)，并準(zhǔn)備好從對(duì)應(yīng)的乘客那里計(jì)算出相應(yīng)的計(jì)數(shù)款額，計(jì)數(shù)脈沖這三個(gè)顯示器通過(guò)終端提供總額。計(jì)數(shù)器還將通過(guò)終端P為3個(gè)顯示器提供脈沖只要這三個(gè)顯示器中任意一個(gè)是正常的，那么總額將被顯示出來(lái)。

時(shí)間和距離變化時(shí)車費(fèi)的改變

在下面的部分，兩種不同的方法使得時(shí)間和距離改變從而導(dǎo)致車費(fèi)發(fā)生變化，有如下建議：首先是當(dāng)以路程計(jì)價(jià)的費(fèi)用低于以時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)的費(fèi)用時(shí)，采用時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)。從此，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的票價(jià)表顯示當(dāng)出租車移動(dòng)速度小于50米/分時(shí)應(yīng)該采用時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式。一種可能的電路可以執(zhí)行此開(kāi)關(guān)行動(dòng)，它包含一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)速限位開(kāi)關(guān)和一個(gè)反轉(zhuǎn)器以及兩個(gè)2輸入與門。接觸的限位開(kāi)關(guān)通常是封閉，只有當(dāng)角速度超過(guò)50RMP的時(shí)候才會(huì)打開(kāi)。第二個(gè)改變將中斷連接到圖10C的輸入端，輸出端Q連接速度的電路。在這種情況下，只要出租車的狀態(tài)保持靜止，那么計(jì)費(fèi)開(kāi)關(guān)就會(huì)處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。

功能選擇旋轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)關(guān)

功能選擇開(kāi)關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)的電壓應(yīng)提供的該終端的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)，以確保正常運(yùn)行的電子電路列于表3。每5個(gè)桿就有4個(gè)板連接著3個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)，每個(gè)符合邏輯功能表3，旋轉(zhuǎn)任何三個(gè)切換到完全順時(shí)針?lè)较驅(qū)⑼ㄟ^(guò)5個(gè)職位。功能的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)可以說(shuō)是從第一的位置通過(guò)直到達(dá)到最后的立場(chǎng)如下：

初始位置：在這個(gè)位置上的低電壓電平適用于第一第二和第三終端，浙江斷開(kāi)來(lái)自三個(gè)中一個(gè)顯示器的5伏特電壓供應(yīng)，設(shè)置三個(gè)顯示器，乘客檢測(cè)電路并與電路系統(tǒng)整合到較低的水平。終端D,H采用低電壓，這是為了確保顯示的總收入選項(xiàng)已被禁用。

步驟1：以順時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)任何旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)一格將提供5伏特電壓到相應(yīng)的顯示，提供一個(gè)高等級(jí)的電壓終端1，2或3，這表明一名乘客已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了出租車。終端C，G應(yīng)為高電平，以確保相應(yīng)的顯示仍然是籠罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不變。

步驟2：旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)1，然后將在終端A，C或G上改變電壓使其處于低電壓狀態(tài)，并會(huì)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的顯示。終端1，2，3以及S上的電壓狀態(tài)保持不變。終端B，D和H應(yīng)保持在較低水平，以確保當(dāng)顯示為無(wú)數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)相應(yīng)的讀出清除為零。

第三篇：出租車計(jì)價(jià)器

基于單片機(jī)的出租車計(jì)價(jià)器設(shè)計(jì)

摘要

出租車計(jì)價(jià)器的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)正是基于一些專用的芯片，才發(fā)揮其有效特性，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)出租車的計(jì)價(jià)功能。此數(shù)字系統(tǒng)主要分為三個(gè)單元，即里程計(jì)數(shù)及顯示單元、價(jià)格計(jì)數(shù)及顯示單元、脈沖產(chǎn)生。本設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)基于單片機(jī)AT89C51的出租車自動(dòng)計(jì)費(fèi)設(shè)計(jì)，附有復(fù)位電路，時(shí)鐘電路等。關(guān)鍵詞：出租車計(jì)費(fèi)器；單片機(jī)；控制

Abstract Taximeter design digital system is based on some special chip, to play their effective characteristics, thus realizing the taxi valuation function.This system is mainly divided into there modules, namely the mileage counting and display unit, and display unit price counting, pulsing.The design is based on a single chip AT89C51taxis design, a reset circuit, clock circuit.Keywords:taximeter,a single-chip microcomputer,control

1引言

1.1 設(shè)計(jì)目的

近幾年來(lái)，出租汽車行業(yè)在各地得以蓬勃發(fā)展，但采用模擬電路和數(shù)字電路設(shè)計(jì)的計(jì)價(jià)器整體電路的規(guī)模較大，用到的器件多，造成故障率高，難調(diào)試。而采用單片機(jī)進(jìn)行的設(shè)計(jì)，相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)功能強(qiáng)大，用較少的硬件和適當(dāng)?shù)能浖嗷ヅ浜峡梢院苋菀椎貙?shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)要求，且靈活性強(qiáng)。

1.2 功能要求

(1)用前4位數(shù)碼管實(shí)時(shí)顯示里程數(shù)，單位為千米，最后一位為小數(shù)位；用后4位數(shù)碼管時(shí)時(shí)顯示金額數(shù)，單位為元，最后一位為小數(shù)位。

(2)規(guī)定出租車?yán)锍绦∮?千米收費(fèi)5元，超過(guò)2千米收費(fèi)為8*(way-20)/5。

1.3 設(shè)計(jì)方法

本設(shè)計(jì)采用AT89C51單片機(jī)為主控器，并用頻率信號(hào)發(fā)生器模擬車速，利用AT89C51的定時(shí)器工作在方式1下定時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)出租車的計(jì)價(jià)設(shè)計(jì)，輸出采用共陰極的集成8位7段數(shù)碼顯示管。設(shè)計(jì)方案及原理

2.1 設(shè)計(jì)方案

采用AT89C51單片機(jī)為主控器，并用頻率信號(hào)發(fā)生器模擬車速，利用AT89C51的定時(shí)器/定時(shí)器T1工作在方式1下定時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)出租車的計(jì)價(jià)設(shè)計(jì)，輸出采用共陰極的集成8位7段數(shù)碼顯示管。本電路設(shè)計(jì)的計(jì)價(jià)器不但能實(shí)現(xiàn)基本的計(jì)價(jià)，而且

單片機(jī)原理及系統(tǒng)課程設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告

還能根據(jù)里程來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)單價(jià)。

2.2 設(shè)計(jì)原理

出租車計(jì)價(jià)是根據(jù)車所行駛的路程以及乘客乘車的里程綜合決定的。出租車行駛總路程可以通過(guò)車輪的周長(zhǎng)乘車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)圈數(shù)得到。即可計(jì)算得到車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)幾周出租車能行駛一公里的路程。通過(guò)計(jì)數(shù)接收到的脈沖個(gè)數(shù)，計(jì)算出當(dāng)前所行駛的路程。同時(shí)，通過(guò)數(shù)碼管顯示當(dāng)前的行駛里程和需支付的車費(fèi)。出租車計(jì)價(jià)器用于記錄里程、起步公里數(shù)與價(jià)格的關(guān)系。模擬出租車計(jì)價(jià)器能根據(jù)總里程數(shù)、起步公里數(shù)的情況作出相應(yīng)報(bào)價(jià)等。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)以AT89C51單片機(jī)為主控器，單片機(jī)的計(jì)數(shù)器/定時(shí)器T1工作在方式1下來(lái)對(duì)外部脈沖計(jì)數(shù)，最后通過(guò)集成的8位7段LED數(shù)碼管顯示里程數(shù)和價(jià)錢?？傮w模塊框圖如圖1所示。

總金額顯示單價(jià)顯示AT89C51脈沖產(chǎn)生動(dòng)態(tài)掃描數(shù)碼管顯示

圖1 總體框圖 硬件設(shè)計(jì)

對(duì)于AT89C51的計(jì)數(shù)器/定時(shí)器T1，通過(guò)對(duì)寄存器TCON的設(shè)置，即使它的M1M0=01，計(jì)數(shù)器/定時(shí)器T1工作在方式1下，構(gòu)成16位計(jì)數(shù)器/定時(shí)器。此時(shí)TH0、TL0都是8位加法計(jì)數(shù)器。此設(shè)計(jì)中，T1為計(jì)數(shù)工作方式，計(jì)數(shù)范圍為1~2^16=1~65536(個(gè)外部脈沖)。當(dāng)計(jì)數(shù)溢出時(shí)則置位并申請(qǐng)中斷，進(jìn)入中斷服務(wù) 執(zhí)行中斷程序。

通過(guò)74HC138接P20、P21、P22輸出來(lái)對(duì)8位7段的智能掃描LED進(jìn)行段選，并且通過(guò)P1口對(duì)LED進(jìn)行位選，最后將結(jié)果顯示在LED上。硬件設(shè)計(jì)圖如圖2所示。

74HC138是三八譯碼器，在工作之前，使74HC138的使能端有效，再使74HC138的A、B、C接P20、P21、P22的輸出達(dá)到對(duì)LED位選線的控制，使相應(yīng)的位顯示相應(yīng)的結(jié)果。硬件總設(shè)計(jì)圖如圖2所示。

第四篇：!出租車計(jì)價(jià)器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯

畢業(yè)論文準(zhǔn)備

ABSTRACT In this paper, a multi-channel taximeter that is able to deal with more than one passenger simultaneously is proposed.In order to demonstrate the theory of operation of the proposed system, a complete design for an experimental three-channel taximeter(whose prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research)is presented.System location, outline, block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams for the experimental taximeter are also included.1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table(Table 2)can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻譯

摘要

本文提出了一種出租車多通道計(jì)價(jià)的方案，能同時(shí)處理一個(gè)以上乘客的情形。為了從理論上說(shuō)明本方案，提出了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)上的三通道型的士的完整設(shè)計(jì)（其原型是根據(jù)埃及科學(xué)和技術(shù)研究學(xué)院的研究而建成得）。.導(dǎo)言

在不發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，早上把人們從他們家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回來(lái)已成為一個(gè)大問(wèn)題，尤其是在大城市。

作為解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一個(gè)部分，在某些國(guó)家出租車用來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，送人們從一個(gè)地方到另外一個(gè)地方。例如，出租車的四個(gè)席位可攜帶四個(gè)不同的沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系的乘客，除了他們的路線是相同的。

因此，依靠目前的傳統(tǒng)的單車道計(jì)價(jià)以確定所需的票價(jià)，把每個(gè)乘客的計(jì)費(fèi)分開(kāi)，這已成為一個(gè)非常困難的問(wèn)題。因此，在出租車司機(jī)，車主，乘客和國(guó)家稅務(wù)部門之間存在著不公平的財(cái)政關(guān)系。

在這種情況下，出租車司機(jī)強(qiáng)迫乘客支付多于他們所應(yīng)付的。在某些情況下乘客支付了他們應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的雙倍。

本常規(guī)單頻道計(jì)程車，出租車司機(jī)不能夠確定出租車日常收入。在某些情況下（出租車的4個(gè)席位），他們可能只有出租車四分之一的收入（大部分的出租車司機(jī)）。從這些支付工資的出租車司機(jī)以及作為燃料費(fèi)用外，還要維修以及汽車折舊等費(fèi)用。事實(shí)上，出租車業(yè)主并非似乎如此糟糕。一項(xiàng)在出租車司機(jī)和車主之間的協(xié)議已經(jīng)達(dá)成，司機(jī)應(yīng)保證每天固定收入，以及向業(yè)主支付燃料以及維修的費(fèi)用。即使如此，還是有的出租車司機(jī)的很大一部分份額之收入的出租車?，F(xiàn)在還存在的單聲道計(jì)價(jià)，已經(jīng)變得非常，國(guó)家稅務(wù)部門也知道這種困難 每年估計(jì)出租車業(yè)主的收入支出，以及應(yīng)支付的稅務(wù)也很困難。

為了應(yīng)對(duì)這一問(wèn)題，國(guó)家稅務(wù)部已實(shí)行固定估計(jì)稅，每個(gè)座位的出租車不論收入。在本文中，我們介紹了多通道的士計(jì)程表，可處理超過(guò)一名乘客同時(shí)進(jìn)行的情況。我應(yīng)該指出，我所說(shuō)的長(zhǎng)期旅客指一個(gè)人或一組相關(guān)的人。我同時(shí)也應(yīng)指出，我們提出的多渠道的計(jì)價(jià)，不是簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，一個(gè)多顯示讀數(shù)。作為一個(gè)先進(jìn)的事項(xiàng)，事實(shí)上它包含邏輯電路，可以自動(dòng)計(jì)算變化的車費(fèi)以及每公里行走距離或每分鐘的候車時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車。在下面的部分，我舉出一個(gè)例子，我們將介紹一個(gè)完整的三通道計(jì)價(jià)?？驁D以及詳細(xì)的電路圖，實(shí)驗(yàn)三通道計(jì)價(jià)功能也包括在內(nèi)。原型下已建成 埃及贈(zèng)款科學(xué)學(xué)院 和技術(shù)研究。.實(shí)驗(yàn)THREECHANNEL

出租車計(jì)價(jià)器理論的運(yùn)作我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置從事電子數(shù)字計(jì)價(jià)依據(jù)。事實(shí)上速度電纜旋轉(zhuǎn)1 圈的每米距離行駛。因此，如果車速電纜耦合與速度傳感器，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)單脈沖每平方米的旅行距離，那么，我們的的士可以三倍于反模塊相與速度傳感器的單位。然而，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是計(jì)價(jià)而不僅僅是只顯示三個(gè)讀數(shù)。事實(shí)上，它包含邏輯電路，可以根據(jù)每公里的行駛距離或每分鐘等候時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車來(lái)自動(dòng)改變車費(fèi)。該裝置可能會(huì)分成兩個(gè)主要部分組成：第一是速度傳感器，這個(gè)傳感器可位于任何地方，在出租車內(nèi)進(jìn)行這樣一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的耦合車速電纜是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

單位包含了主要的電子電路，顯示器以及控制面板。該單位應(yīng)位于前排的司機(jī)和乘客之間。

A． 速度傳感器

其主要職能是本單位提供脈沖的培訓(xùn)，這個(gè)脈沖的頻率會(huì)于旋轉(zhuǎn)角度相適合。一種可能的形式一個(gè)速度傳感器。如果可以包含正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出連接到脈沖整形電路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二極管，1000歐姆的電阻和施密特觸發(fā)逆變器）。

為了找到某種方式來(lái)檢測(cè)出租車的運(yùn)動(dòng)，正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出是糾正通過(guò)一個(gè)通用的硅二極管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F電容。那個(gè)輸出電壓在終端Q是當(dāng)時(shí)限于價(jià)值4.7伏特用益歐姆的電阻以及一個(gè)齊納二極管ZD。出租車的終端電壓在終端Q將高電壓降為零。這電壓可作為改變出租車從距離計(jì)費(fèi)到時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式的開(kāi)關(guān)電壓。

主要的電子和顯示單元

一個(gè)建議是主要形式的電子和顯示單元?？刂坪惋@示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的經(jīng)營(yíng)的士以及四個(gè)可讀顯示器。第一頻道將給出從第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分別應(yīng)付的費(fèi)用，第四個(gè)會(huì)給出總收入給予出租車。最后讀出的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)包括停車的費(fèi)用等等費(fèi)用。頻道選擇器開(kāi)關(guān)1，第2和第3個(gè)，按順時(shí)針/逆時(shí)針的立場(chǎng)。在充分逆時(shí)針的立場(chǎng)，反相應(yīng)的讀出是未標(biāo)明和殘疾人。以順時(shí)針?lè)较騽t是未定義的，清除為零，對(duì)于第一第二第三的乘客分別計(jì)費(fèi)。第四號(hào)推進(jìn)總鈕第四次讀出，使任何人保留讀出相應(yīng)的總收入。經(jīng)過(guò)釋放按鈕，第四次讀出將再次保留。這個(gè)單位還包含主要電子電路將在下一節(jié)充分描述。描述的主要電子電路

它由五個(gè)部分指定的電腦符號(hào)與電話系統(tǒng)整合成為4個(gè)支撐電路，它們是：判斷乘客數(shù)量電路CT1，旅行距離電路CT2，等待時(shí)間電路CT3，時(shí)鐘脈沖顯示電路CT4。

乘客人數(shù)檢測(cè)電路CT1如圖所示的一般框圖，該電路電腦與電話系統(tǒng)整合有三個(gè)輸出：1，2和3相對(duì)應(yīng)于三個(gè)輸出J，K和L。

這個(gè)循環(huán)電路函數(shù)包含高電壓的終端 J，K或L，如果有1個(gè)或者2，3個(gè)乘客分別租用出租車。這個(gè)組里的任意乘客都是一組相關(guān)的人。當(dāng)一個(gè)乘客進(jìn)入出租車后，我們只是表示這樣一種情況，自由讀出顯示在談到相應(yīng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)，以一個(gè)完全順時(shí)針?lè)较?。這將自動(dòng)斷開(kāi)相應(yīng)的終端1，2或3個(gè)從地面。邏輯關(guān)系各種輸入端子之間第1，第2和第3個(gè)輸出端J，K和L是列于表1。作為一個(gè)組合電路，我們開(kāi)始設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生了一系列布爾函數(shù)。

一種可能的邏輯圖的基礎(chǔ)上，它包括兩個(gè)變頻器，4個(gè)2輸入和3輸入以及2個(gè)3輸入或門。B.行駛距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路CT2，電路CT2有4個(gè)輸入J，K，L及E和1個(gè)輸出M，輸出功能的電路是供應(yīng)單脈沖的輸出M的某一些脈沖產(chǎn)生的輸出的速度傳感器（出租車行駛了一定得距離），根據(jù)乘客的人數(shù)租用的汽車。我們建議票價(jià)按每公里行駛距離顯示在兩個(gè)表格2里面。

表2 這個(gè)環(huán)路，在這種情況下，應(yīng)提供單脈沖的輸出M的每100，125或143脈沖所產(chǎn)生的輸入端根據(jù)級(jí)別的電壓輸入終端3，K或L。

我們的電路按圖5顯示，三個(gè)十年的計(jì)數(shù)器，作為一個(gè)三位數(shù)分頻器的分比率100，125和143個(gè)自動(dòng)選定的電壓一級(jí)終端J，K和L分別。一種可能的線路圖可被驗(yàn)證，它包括三個(gè)十年的計(jì)數(shù)器7490，一個(gè)聲BCD-以杜威解碼器輸入7445，3個(gè)4輸入和1個(gè)3輸入以及1個(gè)2輸入和2個(gè)3輸入或門。

時(shí)間縮放電路CT3.時(shí)間縮放電路含有4個(gè)輸入端 J，K，L及F和一個(gè)輸出端N，這個(gè)電路的函數(shù)根據(jù)表格2的意思（車費(fèi)每2分鐘的等待時(shí)間）是在J，K和L分別供應(yīng)單脈沖到輸出端N時(shí)，提供單脈沖的輸出N。時(shí)間縮放電路將類似于距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路，但是有不同的行駛比率。它包括3個(gè)十進(jìn)制計(jì)數(shù)器7490，2個(gè)3輸入與門和一個(gè)5輸入與門，1個(gè)2輸入與門和一個(gè)3輸入或門。

電路產(chǎn)生時(shí)鐘脈沖的顯示電路CT4 這條電路的作用根據(jù)電壓電平在輸入終端J、K或者L，分別供應(yīng)1，2或者脈沖在每脈沖的輸出終端R引起在任何終端N或M。無(wú)論輸入端N或者M(jìn)中的誰(shuí)發(fā)送脈沖，都只有一個(gè)脈沖能被輸出端P接收。它由一個(gè)反向計(jì)數(shù)器7493構(gòu)成，其中一半是雙JK主從觸發(fā)器電路，型號(hào)為7476，包括三個(gè)變頻器，三個(gè)2輸入與門，一個(gè)3輸入與門，1 2輸入或門以及一個(gè)3輸入或門。當(dāng)脈沖引起在輸入的終端N或M，觸發(fā)器的輸入Q上將產(chǎn)生高級(jí)電壓。這個(gè)門信號(hào)將被連接到計(jì)數(shù)器的輸入A并且連接到輸出終端R。當(dāng)?shù)谝唬诙虻谌齻€(gè)脈沖由漣波計(jì)數(shù)器開(kāi)始計(jì)數(shù)，J,K,L端會(huì)分別根據(jù)電壓的大小來(lái)使產(chǎn)生重置或者翻轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)改變狀態(tài)，然后Q端變?yōu)檩敵龅碗妷骸Ｒ虼耍? KHz信號(hào)沒(méi)有能力到達(dá)輸出端R或是計(jì)數(shù)器的輸入端A。為了確保電路的函數(shù)準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤，當(dāng)切換到新頻道時(shí)，觸發(fā)器要清零。對(duì)于功能選擇開(kāi)關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)渠道的描述，稍后會(huì)以一個(gè)成功的5輸入門函數(shù)來(lái)解釋。

顯示電路

該顯示面板將包含三個(gè)4位數(shù)顯示器，這樣可以給出每個(gè)乘客應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的總和，一個(gè)六位數(shù)顯示器可以給出出租車的總收入。以順時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)所選擇的開(kāi)關(guān)將提供相應(yīng)的顯示，這可以通過(guò)5伏電壓來(lái)分別控制1，第2和3終端。對(duì)應(yīng)的顯示通過(guò)供應(yīng)低級(jí)電壓通過(guò)終端A、C和G，分別。保持終端D和H在低級(jí)狀態(tài)下重置為零對(duì)應(yīng)的顯示分別通過(guò)終端B,D,H而改變低壓狀態(tài)，并準(zhǔn)備好從對(duì)應(yīng)的乘客那里計(jì)算出相應(yīng)的計(jì)數(shù)款額，計(jì)數(shù)脈沖這三個(gè)顯示器通過(guò)終端提供總額。計(jì)數(shù)器還將通過(guò)終端P為3個(gè)顯示器提供脈沖只要這三個(gè)顯示器中任意一個(gè)是正常的，那么總額將被顯示出來(lái)。

時(shí)間和距離變化時(shí)車費(fèi)的改變

在下面的部分，兩種不同的方法使得時(shí)間和距離改變從而導(dǎo)致車費(fèi)發(fā)生變化，有如下建議：首先是當(dāng)以路程計(jì)價(jià)的費(fèi)用低于以時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)的費(fèi)用時(shí)，采用時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)。從此，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的票價(jià)表顯示當(dāng)出租車移動(dòng)速度小于50米/分時(shí)應(yīng)該采用時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式。一種可能的電路可以執(zhí)行此開(kāi)關(guān)行動(dòng)如圖10c，它包含一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)速限位開(kāi)關(guān)和一個(gè)反轉(zhuǎn)器以及兩個(gè)2輸入與門。接觸的限位開(kāi)關(guān)通常是封閉，只有當(dāng)角速度超過(guò)50RMP的時(shí)候才會(huì)打開(kāi)。第二個(gè)改變將中斷連接到圖10C的輸入端，輸出端Q連接速度的電路。在這種情況下，只要出租車的狀態(tài)保持靜止，那么計(jì)費(fèi)開(kāi)關(guān)就會(huì)處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。

功能選擇旋轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)關(guān)

功能選擇開(kāi)關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)的電壓應(yīng)提供的該終端的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)，以確保正常運(yùn)行的電子電路列于表3。每5個(gè)桿就有4個(gè)板連接著3個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)，每個(gè)符合邏輯功能表3，旋轉(zhuǎn)任何三個(gè)切換到完全順時(shí)針?lè)较驅(qū)⑼ㄟ^(guò)5個(gè)職位。功能的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)可以說(shuō)是從第一的位置通過(guò)直到達(dá)到最后的立場(chǎng)如下：

初始位置：在這個(gè)位置上的低電壓電平適用于第一第二和第三終端，浙江斷開(kāi)來(lái)自三個(gè)中一個(gè)顯示器的5伏特電壓供應(yīng)，設(shè)置三個(gè)顯示器，乘客檢測(cè)電路并與電路系統(tǒng)整合到較低的水平。終端D,H采用低電壓，這是為了確保顯示的總收入選項(xiàng)已被禁用。

步驟1：以順時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)任何旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)一格將提供5伏特電壓到相應(yīng)的顯示，提供一個(gè)高等級(jí)的電壓終端1，2或3，這表明一名乘客已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了出租車。終端C，G應(yīng)為高電平，以確保相應(yīng)的顯示仍然是籠罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不變。

步驟2：旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開(kāi)關(guān)1，然后將在終端A，C或G上改變電壓使其處于低電壓狀態(tài)，并會(huì)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的顯示。終端1，2，3以及S上的電壓狀態(tài)保持不變。終端B，D和H應(yīng)保持在較低水平，以確保當(dāng)顯示為無(wú)數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)相應(yīng)的讀出清除為零。

第五篇：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告(出租車計(jì)價(jià)器).

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告 題 目 新型出租車計(jì)價(jià)器控制電路設(shè)計(jì) 姓 名 牛敏 學(xué) 號(hào) 120433322 專 業(yè) 班 級(jí) 電氣 123 指 導(dǎo) 老 師 黃俊梅

電子工程系電氣自動(dòng)化教研室 2014年 12月 2 日 一.選題背景和意義

隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展, 人民生活水平的顯著提高, 我國(guó)出租汽車行業(yè)迅 猛發(fā)展,出租汽車已經(jīng)成為我國(guó)城 市公共交通的重要組成部分和現(xiàn)代化城市必 備的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施, 成為人們工作、生活中不可缺少的交通工具。出租汽車服務(wù)行業(yè) 和出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器緊密相關(guān), 因?yàn)槌鲎馄嚤仨毎惭b出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器才能投入營(yíng) 運(yùn)。出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器是一種能根據(jù)乘客乘坐汽車行駛距離和等候時(shí)間的多少進(jìn)行 計(jì)價(jià), 并直接顯示車費(fèi)值的計(jì)量器具。計(jì)價(jià)器是出租汽車的經(jīng)營(yíng)者和乘坐出租汽 車的消費(fèi)者之間用于公平貿(mào)易結(jié)算的工具, 因而計(jì)價(jià)器計(jì)價(jià)準(zhǔn)確與否, 直接關(guān)系 到經(jīng)營(yíng)者和消費(fèi)者的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。依據(jù)國(guó)家有關(guān)法律、法規(guī), 出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器是列 入國(guó)家首批強(qiáng)制檢定的工作計(jì)量器具之一, 也是近年來(lái)國(guó)家質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督部門強(qiáng) 化管理的六類重點(diǎn)計(jì)量器具之一。

二、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)

出租車行業(yè)在我國(guó)是八十年代初興起的一項(xiàng)新興行業(yè),隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì) 的高速發(fā)展, 出租汽車已成為城市公共交通的重要組成部分。多年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)普遍使 用的計(jì)價(jià)器只具備單一的計(jì)量功能。目前全世界的計(jì)價(jià)器中有 90%為臺(tái)灣所生 產(chǎn)?，F(xiàn)今我國(guó)生產(chǎn)計(jì)價(jià)器的企業(yè)有上百家,主要是集中在北京,上海,沈陽(yáng)和廣 州等地。當(dāng)單片機(jī)出現(xiàn)并應(yīng)用于計(jì)價(jià)器后, 現(xiàn)代出租車計(jì)價(jià)器的模型也就基本具 備了,它可以完成計(jì)程,計(jì)價(jià),顯示等基本工作。單片機(jī)以及外圍芯片的不斷發(fā) 展促進(jìn)了計(jì)價(jià)器的發(fā)展。出租車計(jì)價(jià)器在最初使用時(shí)具備的主要功能是根據(jù)行駛 里程計(jì)價(jià),要求精度高,可靠性好。

三、研究的內(nèi)容及可行性分析 1.研究的內(nèi)容 : 計(jì)價(jià)器顯示的營(yíng)運(yùn)金額是營(yíng)運(yùn)里程與價(jià)格的函數(shù)(等候時(shí)間一般折算成一 定比例的里程來(lái)計(jì)算。出租車計(jì)價(jià)器通過(guò)傳感器與行駛車輛連接。出租汽車的 實(shí)際里程通過(guò)傳感器的脈沖信號(hào)在計(jì)價(jià)器里折算成一定的計(jì)價(jià)營(yíng)運(yùn)里程。針對(duì)這 一點(diǎn)我們來(lái)利用單片機(jī)作為控制核心,設(shè)計(jì)一款出租車計(jì)價(jià)器,具有計(jì)價(jià)顯示、等待時(shí)間計(jì)價(jià),公里數(shù)顯示,時(shí)間顯示等相關(guān)功能。

2設(shè)計(jì)要求 :(1 4位數(shù)碼管用于實(shí)時(shí)顯示行車?yán)锍虜?shù)(0.0,單位為公里;4位數(shù)碼管用 于實(shí)時(shí)顯示金額數(shù)(000.0,單位為元。

(2規(guī)定白天出租車單程價(jià)格為 1.5元 /公里 , 往返則價(jià)格為 1.0元每公里。夜間出租車單程價(jià)格為 1.8元 /公里 , 往返則價(jià)格為 1.2元每公里。設(shè)置單程往返 按鍵。

(3 起步公里數(shù)為 3公里, 價(jià)格為 10元, 若實(shí)際運(yùn)行大于 3公里, 按 “基 本要求 2”計(jì)算價(jià)格。

2.設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù) :

1.單片機(jī)控制電路原理與設(shè)計(jì)

2.鍵盤電路原理與設(shè)計(jì)---按鈕來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)乘車方式、狀態(tài)操作、查詢、清除、參數(shù) 調(diào)整等操作。

3.車速檢測(cè)與里程計(jì)算電路原理與設(shè)計(jì)---霍爾傳感器輸出的里程信號(hào)經(jīng)過(guò)光耦 隔離后送到計(jì)量 CPU 的外部中斷 1, 計(jì)量 CPU 通過(guò)中斷計(jì)數(shù)并和 K 值進(jìn)行相關(guān)運(yùn) 算得出行駛里程和車速。

4.數(shù)碼管顯示電路原理與設(shè)計(jì);5.蜂鳴提示原理與設(shè)計(jì)---利用普通蜂鳴器來(lái)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)音提示;為了避免司機(jī)由于 工作緊張而無(wú)法確定是否按下各個(gè)按鈕,我們?cè)黾恿朔澍Q提示功能。6.軟件編程, protues 仿真模擬 四總體設(shè)計(jì)方案

實(shí)驗(yàn)箱有六個(gè)數(shù)碼管,故起步價(jià)、大的費(fèi)用以及單價(jià)均由 P4、P5(即最左 邊兩個(gè)數(shù)碼管顯示,里程由 P2、P3(即中間兩個(gè)數(shù)碼管顯示,脈沖計(jì)數(shù)由 P0、P1(即最右邊兩個(gè)數(shù)碼管顯示。由于缺少霍爾傳感器,因此只能通過(guò)輸入 脈沖模擬。因此電路由時(shí)鐘脈沖電路(8MHZ 接 P1.0、復(fù)位電路、數(shù)碼管顯示電 路構(gòu)成。

2-1 出租車計(jì)價(jià)器總體設(shè)計(jì)圖

2-2 單片機(jī)單元框圖 五計(jì)價(jià)器設(shè)計(jì)思想 5.1具體設(shè)計(jì)思想

利用 80C51單片機(jī)控制出租車計(jì)價(jià)系統(tǒng)工作。

單片機(jī) P1.0口作為脈沖輸入。8255的 PB 口連接一個(gè) 74LS245芯片(雙向 總線驅(qū)動(dòng)器 ,再與外部六個(gè)數(shù)碼管連接, PB 口連接一個(gè) 74LS245芯片與 6個(gè)數(shù) 碼管的公共 COM 端連接, 用于選擇數(shù)據(jù)輸出的地址, 這樣就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)起始價(jià)、單 價(jià)、里程、脈沖計(jì)數(shù)的動(dòng)態(tài)顯示,并且節(jié)省了端口數(shù)。數(shù)碼管的段控制信號(hào)是由 8255的 PB 口經(jīng) 74LS245緩沖器后輸出得到, 6位位控制信號(hào)由 8255的 PA 口經(jīng) 74LS245緩沖器后輸出得到。鍵盤電路由 8255構(gòu)成,其中 8255的 PC0-PC3作為 矩陣式鍵盤行掃描線, 8255的 PA 口為矩陣鍵盤列入線。

5.2計(jì)價(jià)器相應(yīng)控制

通過(guò)軟件編程實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)價(jià)器起始價(jià)、單價(jià)、脈沖技術(shù)的顯示以及按下相應(yīng)鍵實(shí) 現(xiàn)開(kāi)始暫停、設(shè)置單價(jià)、復(fù)位功能,各個(gè)鍵按下的功能如表 2-2所示。

在白天,不用調(diào)節(jié)價(jià)格,當(dāng)里程超過(guò) 3公里即按照每公里 1.5元計(jì)算, 3公 里以內(nèi)則均按起始價(jià) 10元計(jì)費(fèi)。操作如下:白天只要顧客上車,就按下 0鍵, 到達(dá)目的地按下 E 鍵,然后讀數(shù)碼管上的 L6、L5(最左邊兩位數(shù)碼管即為費(fèi) 用,中間兩位即為里程。顧客付費(fèi)完后按下 F 鍵復(fù)位,恢復(fù)起始價(jià)格,等待下一 個(gè)顧客的到來(lái)。

在晚上, 由于夜間行車風(fēng)顯以及司機(jī)加班狀態(tài), 3公里內(nèi)還是按照起始價(jià) 10元計(jì)費(fèi);超過(guò) 3公里則按照每公里 1.2元計(jì)價(jià)。操作如下:按下 2鍵顯示單程 1.8元 /公里,按下 3鍵確定往返是 1.2元 /公里并恢復(fù)起始價(jià) 10元,待顧客上 車按 0鍵開(kāi)始計(jì)價(jià),到達(dá)目的地按下 E 鍵,然后讀數(shù)碼管上的 L6、L5(最左邊

兩位數(shù)碼管即為費(fèi)用,中間兩位即為里程。顧客付費(fèi)完后按下 F 鍵復(fù)位,恢復(fù) 起始價(jià)格,等待下一個(gè)顧客的到來(lái)。

5.3出租車計(jì)價(jià)顯示電路

出租車計(jì)價(jià)器顯示電路主要由代碼實(shí)現(xiàn)。顯示電路如下圖所示。

圖 3-7 出租車計(jì)價(jià)器顯示電路

六、工作進(jìn)度

1.查閱資料,撰寫開(kāi)題報(bào)告 第 1周~第 2周 2.英文資料翻譯 第 3周~第 4周

3.查閱相關(guān)資料,設(shè)計(jì)總體方案 第 5周~第 6周

4.熟悉單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)硬件電路 第 7周~第 10周 5.熟悉 proteus 或 protel 電路設(shè)計(jì)軟件,畫出電路圖 第 11周~第 13周 6.編寫并調(diào)試程序,模擬實(shí)現(xiàn)部分控制功能 第 14周~第 15周 7.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)審查、畢業(yè)答辯 第 16周~第 17周

七、參考文獻(xiàn)

[1].馮先成, 常翠芝.單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) [M].北京:北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社, 2009.[2].元增民.模擬電子技術(shù) [M].北京:中國(guó)電力出版社, 2009.[3].南建輝等.MCS-51單片機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用實(shí)例 [M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社, 2004.3.[4] 王幸之等.單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)抗干擾技術(shù) [M].北京:北京航空航天大學(xué)出版 社，2000.[5] 童詩(shī)白,等.仿真電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.[6] 張毅剛.單片機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用.北京:高等教育出版社,2004.[7] 李秉操.單片機(jī)接口技術(shù)及在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用[M].陜西:陜西電子出版 社,1992.[8] 丁元杰.單片微機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用(第二版.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2002 [9] 蔡惟錚.集成電子技術(shù).哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社，2003.[10]馮博情,吳寧.微型計(jì)算機(jī)原理與接口技術(shù).北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，2010.題目 新型出租車計(jì)價(jià)器控制電路 進(jìn) 度 安 排（1）2014 年 10 月——2014 年 11 月：進(jìn)一步收集和閱讀與論文相關(guān)的 資料。（2）2014 年 10 月——2014 年 11 月：根據(jù)閱讀的資料，構(gòu)思畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 框架。（3）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：初步設(shè)計(jì)出 kappa 值軟測(cè)量數(shù) 學(xué)模型。（4）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：根據(jù)老師的安排安排思路。（5）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：實(shí)驗(yàn)、分析實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,改進(jìn)數(shù)學(xué) 模型。（6）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：確定論文最終方案及完成論文 的撰寫。（7）2014 年 12 月：準(zhǔn)備答辯。指導(dǎo)老師意見(jiàn)： 簽字： 年 月 日