第一篇：建筑安全專業(yè)英文翻譯

模板工程安全管理

Security Management for formwork engineering

前言：企業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)事故的發(fā)生原因是多方面的，主要有違反操作規(guī)程或勞動(dòng)紀(jì)律；教育培訓(xùn)不夠，缺乏安全操作知識(shí)；生產(chǎn)設(shè)備不符合安全要求；安全防護(hù)設(shè)施缺少或存在缺陷等，但事故的根本原因在于人的不安全行為，因此企業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵是改善人的行為方式，最大限度地減少人的不安全行為。

Preface:There are many reasons can cause the enterprise production safety accidents, mainly including violation of rules and labor disciplines,short of education training and the safe operation knowledge, production equipment does not suit the safety requirements, lack of the security facilities and flawed, however,the basic reason of the accident depends on the person’s unsafe behavior, so the key to the enterprise’s safety production is to improve people's behavior in order to reduce the unsafe behavior.目前企業(yè)安全文化的培養(yǎng)和建設(shè)，從員工的行為入手，提高他們的安全意識(shí)，確立企業(yè)的安全目標(biāo)，倡導(dǎo)共同的安全價(jià)值觀、思維方式和行為規(guī)范，由此營(yíng)造員工心理認(rèn)同和具有團(tuán)體凝聚力的良好的安全生產(chǎn)環(huán)境和秩序，有效地調(diào)節(jié)和控制員工的行為，達(dá)到自律的最高境界。

At present, the training and construction of the enterprise culture starts from the stuff's behavior.Their safety awareness must be improved and establish the safety goals.Promote the common safety values as well as the thinking ways and behavior norms , from above we can creat staff psychological agreement and the group attention and a good safety environment as well as the order.Staff behavior can be effectively adjusted and controlled to reach the highest state of self-discipline.企業(yè)安全文化可以分為環(huán)境文化、物質(zhì)文化、行為文化、意識(shí)文化幾個(gè)方面。

Enterprise safety culture can be divided into the environment culture, material culture, behavior culture, cultural awareness several aspects.文化是抽象的，必須與管理實(shí)際相結(jié)合方能發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的效應(yīng)；而管理的實(shí)施也應(yīng)該充分考慮企業(yè)文化的定位和建設(shè)，二者的有機(jī)融合，才能真正達(dá)到企業(yè)文化的建立和管理水平提高雙贏的目的。

.Culture is abstract,it must be connected with the management and realities which can play the main effects.However,the measure of the management should also take fully consider of the enterprise culture’s position and the building.Both of them organic integration can really achieve the perposes of enterprise’s culture and the management level.下面以廣東奧林匹克體育場(chǎng)工程為例，就如何實(shí)現(xiàn)二者的有機(jī)結(jié)合并以此促進(jìn)大型建筑企業(yè)和大型工程項(xiàng)目的安全生產(chǎn)管理作一個(gè)初步的研究。

The following is an example of Guangdong Olympic Stadium Engineering on how to achieve the two organic combinations and after that promote large construction companies and large projects have safety production management for a first study.1.制定目標(biāo)，建立體系——安全環(huán)境文化

1.Making goals, establish the system-safe environment and culture

作為施工總承包單位，不僅要高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和嚴(yán)格按照合同履行業(yè)主提出的“質(zhì)量、工期、投資”的“三控制”要求，同時(shí)必須落實(shí)好對(duì)整個(gè)工程施工安全生產(chǎn)的全方位控制。

As a total construction contract company, it should not only have high standards and strict accordance with the contract which has performed “ quality, duration and investment”the “three control” requirements,at the same time the company must take charge of the full range to the whole safety production construction.為此在工程動(dòng)工之際，總承包項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部就提出了安全生產(chǎn)創(chuàng)“六無(wú)”的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管理目標(biāo)，即實(shí)現(xiàn)“無(wú)重傷、無(wú)死亡、無(wú)坍塌、無(wú)中毒、無(wú)火災(zāi)、無(wú)重大機(jī)械事故”。

So at the beginning of the occasion, the general contractor project manager comes up with the safe production to create “six no” high standards manage goals,the aim is to achieve “no serious injuries, no deaths, no collapses, no poisoned, no fires and no major machinery accidents.” 與此同時(shí)，以項(xiàng)目總經(jīng)理為安全生產(chǎn)第一責(zé)任人，成立了安全生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)，并設(shè)置專門的安全生產(chǎn)管理部門，將安全生產(chǎn)管理責(zé)任制層層落實(shí)，嚴(yán)格抓好進(jìn)場(chǎng)參建隊(duì)伍的管理，組織其建立相應(yīng)的安全生產(chǎn)管理機(jī)構(gòu)并制定有關(guān)的責(zé)任制度、教育制度、安全技術(shù)交底制度、檢查制度、獎(jiǎng)罰制度等一整套現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全管理的規(guī)章制度，并與各參建單位簽訂責(zé)任書，落實(shí)安全管理考核指標(biāo)，在合同上明確安全生產(chǎn)施工的具體責(zé)任和嚴(yán)格的獎(jiǎng)懲條款，堅(jiān)決杜絕“三違”行為，做到“三不”（不傷害自己、不傷害別人、不被別人傷害），由此建立橫到邊、縱到底，專管成線、群管成網(wǎng)的安全管理體系，形成全員管理格局。

At the same time, to project General Manager for safety first responsibility people, has set up safety production, and set a specifical safety management sector, put safety management

accountability layer layer implementation, strictly catch the built team of management in and out, organization its founded corresponding of safety management institutions and developed the responsibility system, education system, safety technology low-down system, check system, rewards system,and set site security management of rules and regulations, and signed responsibility with all parameter built units take change of the management assessment index, in contract clearly safety construction of every responsibility and strictly of rewards and punishments terms, firmly give up an end to “three contrary to” behavior, do “three does not”(does not hurt themselves, does not hurt others and not be hurt by others), then established cross to edge, and longitudinal what, charge into line, and group tube into network of security management system, formed full management pattern.從設(shè)立消防臺(tái)帳人手，完善動(dòng)火審批制度、消防檢查制度、獎(jiǎng)罰制度、巡邏制度、倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理、火災(zāi)撲救及事故處理制度、危險(xiǎn)品裝運(yùn)和使用規(guī)定，制定突發(fā)事件的應(yīng)急方案等，建立施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)防火的管理規(guī)章制度，堅(jiān)持不懈抓消防，對(duì)液化煤氣瓶的運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存和使用時(shí)的防曬、防爆、防火等都制定了嚴(yán)密的措施。

From established fire station account, perfect fire approval system, fire check system, rewards system, patrol system, warehouse management, fire fighting and the accident dealing

system, dangerous goods shipping and using provides, set up burst out event of emergency programme, established construction site fire of management rules, persistent caught fire, on liquefaction gas bottle of transport, store and use of anti-Sun, explosion-proof, fire, and the tight of measures.建立“總承包項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部防火責(zé)任人、分項(xiàng)目部防火責(zé)任人、專業(yè)施工隊(duì)防火責(zé)任人、防火安全員——巡（監(jiān)）火員、義務(wù)消防隊(duì)”五級(jí)消防管理架構(gòu)，組織了專門的治安防火巡邏隊(duì)，配備對(duì)講機(jī)等必要裝備，形成全員參與、全天候群防群治的消防組織網(wǎng)絡(luò)，工地設(shè)有專職巡火員40人，夜間巡邏隊(duì)員8人，義務(wù)消防隊(duì)員196人。

Established “total contract project manager Department fire responsibility people，devide project Department fire responsibility people, professional construction team fire responsibility people, fire security member--patrol(prison)fire member, and obligations fire team” five level fire management schema, organizate specifical security fire patrol, equipped with radio, necessary equipment, formed full participation,wait mass prevention and of fire organization network, site has full-time patrol fire Member 40 people, night patrol member 8 people, obligations fire Member 196 people.2.確定重點(diǎn)，加大投入——安全物質(zhì)文化

2.Make sure the key, increase investment----safety material culture

為了控制好施工環(huán)境的安全因素，按照施工總平面布置的要求，嚴(yán)格管理各項(xiàng)施工設(shè)施。

In order to control the construction of environment factors,as the requirements of General construction layout strict with management and the construction of facilities.在基礎(chǔ)施工階段，基坑面積大、范圍廣，還有6個(gè)獨(dú)立深大基坑，為了確保施工安全，將所有基坑周邊圍蔽起來(lái)，共設(shè)立1.2m高的防護(hù)欄長(zhǎng)達(dá)2678m，并在道路旁邊的基坑裝設(shè)安全警示燈，邊坡每隔6m豎起1個(gè)“嚴(yán)禁攀爬、防止觸電”的警示牌，24小時(shí)監(jiān)控邊坡安全。

In Foundation construction stage, pit area large, range wide,besides there are 6 a independent deep large pits, to make sure the construction security, make all pits around surrounding coverd up, total established 1.2m high of protection bar up to 2678m, and set up security warning lamp next to the road, slope each across 6m up 1 “is strictly prohibited climbing, prevent shock” warning brands, 24 hours monitoring slope security.此外，考慮到本工程底板厚、面積大，鋼筋綁扎作業(yè)人員多，為了切實(shí)保證生產(chǎn)安全，禁止電焊機(jī)進(jìn)入底板范圍，確保電源電纜與鋼筋脫離接觸。

In addition, considering the thickness of engineered floor, large area, reinforcement binding workers, in order to ensure the production safety, prohibition of the welding machine into the floor area, make sure the power cable and the disengagement of reinforcement.在設(shè)備機(jī)具的安全性和維修管理上嚴(yán)格設(shè)備進(jìn)場(chǎng)的性能檢查，嚴(yán)抓安裝就位后的安全調(diào)試，并建立設(shè)備卡及時(shí)記錄使用過(guò)程的故障、維修、保養(yǎng)情況，以保障施工設(shè)備的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。對(duì)于特殊設(shè)備如塔吊、樁機(jī)等必須取得勞動(dòng)監(jiān)督部門的檢驗(yàn)合格證方準(zhǔn)使用；對(duì)井式提升籠強(qiáng)制要求使用12種安全裝置，經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)合格并配備勞動(dòng)監(jiān)督部門認(rèn)可的安全員方可投入使用。

Equipment implements security on the management and maintenance of strict entry of equipment performance checks, strict security after installation debugging and building equipment failure, repair and maintenance of records in a timely manner using process, to guarantee the normal operation of construction equipment.For special equipment such as tower cranes, pile driver must obtain a labour supervision Department of inspection certificate must use;on the hoist cage force 12 safety devices to use, approved by the qualified and equipped with labor watchdog security staff can be put into use.在消防方面強(qiáng)化管理，確保防火安全。

In fire protection and strengthening management, make sure fire safety.消防投入雖然看不到直接經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，但總承包項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部充分認(rèn)識(shí)到“安全就是效益”，因此對(duì)于消防工作需要投入的經(jīng)費(fèi)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)高度重視，該花的錢決不省，確保按照有關(guān)消防管理?xiàng)l例不折不扣地配備消防器材和設(shè)施，沿體育場(chǎng)周邊設(shè)置了1條直徑100mm，長(zhǎng)約1600m的消防水管，四周設(shè)置了配備消防水帶的消防栓，合理設(shè)置消防設(shè)施，如滅火器、消防箱、消防水池、消防沙堆等；各幢臨時(shí)房屋上都架設(shè)了避雷針；施工期間又根據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的實(shí)際情況投入20多萬(wàn)元，增設(shè)了1套消防專用供

水系統(tǒng)，這樣使得工地的消防設(shè)施達(dá)到較高水平，整個(gè)消防系統(tǒng)配置完善、消防通道暢通，特別是宿舍、倉(cāng)庫(kù)、腳手架、模板堆場(chǎng)和易燃易爆物品臨時(shí)存放點(diǎn)等重點(diǎn)監(jiān)控部位，消防措施得力，有效地將火險(xiǎn)隱患消滅在萌芽之中。

Although protection fire input can’t see the directly statistics, but total contract project manager Department full awareness of “security is benefit”,thus so for fire work,it needs funding input,leaders pay high attention, the money never spend province, ensure in accordance with about fire management Ordinance compromise to equipped with fire equipment and facilities, along Stadium around set has 1 section diameter 100mm, long about 1600m of fire pipes, around set has equipped with fire water with of fire suppository, reasonable set fire facilities,such as fire extinguisher, fire box, Fire pool, fire sand,and so on all building temporary housing Shang are erection lightning rod;during the construction as well as under site of reality input more than 200,000 yuan, additional 1 set fire dedicated water system, so that makes site of fire facilities reached high level, entire fire system configuration perfect, and fire channel smooth, especially hostels, warehouse, scaffold, template yard and flammable easy explosion articles temporary store points, focus monitoring parts, fire measures effect, effective to will fire hidden eradication in sprout in.施工場(chǎng)地的變換以及施工階段的變化，導(dǎo)致施工用電線路改動(dòng)工作量巨大。

Construction site chages and transformation period changes, leading to construction of power line changes to heavy workloads.總承包項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部始終嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行建設(shè)部《施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)臨時(shí)用電安全技術(shù)規(guī)范》（JCJ48-88）的要求，臨時(shí)用電針對(duì)不同施工階段和不同專業(yè)特點(diǎn)，均編制有專項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)方案，堅(jiān)持做到三級(jí)配電，兩級(jí)保護(hù)，電箱實(shí)行“一機(jī)、一閘、一保護(hù)”制，照明、動(dòng)力分別設(shè)置，采用TN-S接零保護(hù)系統(tǒng)。在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)及臨設(shè)范圍設(shè)置防雷系統(tǒng)，保證雷雨季節(jié)施工作業(yè)及居住環(huán)境的防雷安全。

Total contract project manager Department always strictly implementation construction site temporary electricity security technology specification under(JCJ48-88)of requirements, temporary electricity for different construction stage and different professional features, are prepared special design programme, adhere to do three level distribution, two level protection, electric box implemented “a machine, a gate, and a protection” system, lighting, and power respectively set, used TN-S received zero protection system.鋼屋蓋吊裝作業(yè)時(shí)，重點(diǎn)監(jiān)督吊裝施工臨時(shí)用電方案的實(shí)施，合理架設(shè)用電線路。

Lightning protection system for construction site and range setting,to be sure the thunderstorm season Lightning Safety of construction work and living environment.When hoisting of steel roof, with a focus on supervision and erection of temporary

power supply scheme implemented, mainly set up electricity lines.裝修期間重點(diǎn)對(duì)電箱少裝漏電保護(hù)器進(jìn)行整頓，嚴(yán)厲查處使用“拖板”和亂接亂拉行為，并對(duì)碘鎢燈的使用做出限制。

Decoration focus on fewer boxes during installation of residual current operated protective devices for straightening out, strictly investigated and “extension” and behavior, and use limitations for tungsten lamp.3.全面防御，重點(diǎn)監(jiān)控——安全行為文化

3.Full defense, mainly monitoring----security behavior culture

3.1 統(tǒng)一思想，加強(qiáng)教育

3.1 seek unity, strengthen education

總承包項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部經(jīng)常組織員工學(xué)習(xí)安全生產(chǎn)政策和法律法規(guī)，教育干部員工深刻領(lǐng)會(huì)安全生產(chǎn)的重要性和嚴(yán)肅性，同時(shí)認(rèn)真落實(shí)安全技術(shù)交底制度，有針對(duì)性提出各個(gè)施工階段的安全要求，包括臨時(shí)施工用電、深基坑圍護(hù)、高支模、高空吊裝等專項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)和安全技術(shù)方案，制定和下達(dá)雨季施工、防雷、防暑、防臺(tái)風(fēng)等季節(jié)性專項(xiàng)安全措施，保證安全教育普及到施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的每位員工。

Total contract project manager Department often organization staff learning safety policy and legal regulations, education cadre staff deeply understand the importance of safety and seriousness, while seriously implementation security technology low-down system, there is targeted made all construction stage

of security requirements, including temporary construction electricity, and deep pit enclosure, high support die, high lifting, special design and security technology programme, developed and order rainy season construction, and anti-mine, and

Sunstroke prevention, Typhoon, and other seasonal special security measures, to make sure security education to each employee in the construction site.進(jìn)場(chǎng)員工必須掌握必要的安全知識(shí)和安全技術(shù)，自覺遵守工作紀(jì)律和安全操作規(guī)程，保證忙而不亂，達(dá)到“我懂安全、我要安全、從我做起、保證安全”的根本目的。

Admission staff must be equipped with the necessary knowledge and security technologies, consciously obey work discipline and safety procedures,make sure the busy and in order, a “I understand safety, I want security, starting from me, being sure security” basic purposes.在施工高峰期現(xiàn)場(chǎng)人數(shù)多達(dá)5053人，全部人員都接受過(guò)嚴(yán)格的安全教育和培訓(xùn)，各種安全教育都簽名存檔。

At the construction site during the peak number of 5,053 people, all personnel are trained in the rigorous security education and training, safety education of all kinds are the signature archive.所有特殊工種（電工、電梯工、焊工等）均經(jīng)專業(yè)培訓(xùn)，并持有專業(yè)主管部門簽發(fā)的上崗合格證，由于措施得當(dāng)，最大限度地提高了安全系數(shù)，為防止安全事故提供了有力保障。

All special types(electrician, Elevator workers, welders, etc)are specialized training, and holds a professional induction certificate issued by the competent authorities, due to correctly measure, maximizes safety, provides a strong guarantee for preventing safety accidents.組織各參建單位開展“做一件預(yù)防事故”、“憶一次事故教訓(xùn)”、“當(dāng)一天安全員”的活動(dòng)，以社會(huì)上活生生的慘痛案例進(jìn)行安全教育，時(shí)刻警醒每位員工，提高他們的憂患意識(shí)，大大提高了教育效果。

Organize all participation units “accident prevention”, “recalls a lesson”, “As security guards in a day” campaign, to living bitter case of safety education in the community, time to time wake up each staff, enhance their awareness of hardship, greatly improving the educational effects.3.2 抓好防護(hù)，嚴(yán)格監(jiān)控

3.2 Catch protection, strictly monitoring

落實(shí)有針對(duì)性的各類專項(xiàng)防范措施，下大力氣解決存在的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，嚴(yán)防高處墜落，對(duì)于高支模、深基坑、大型機(jī)械設(shè)備、大負(fù)荷用電設(shè)施等部位，定期監(jiān)測(cè)，專人負(fù)責(zé)；對(duì)于高溫、高濕、臺(tái)風(fēng)、易燃易爆等惡劣施工環(huán)境，制定周密的應(yīng)急預(yù)案，管理到位，落實(shí)到人。

Targete various special prevention measures, deal with the weaknesses, prevent high Department fall,as for high support

die, deep pit, large machinery device, large load electricity facilities, parts, regularly monitoring, have only person responsible for it,as for high temperature, high wet, typhoon, flammable easy explosion, bad construction environment, make up the emergency plans carefully, management in place, implementation to people.（1）模板、腳手架和作業(yè)平臺(tái)：上層看臺(tái)坡度大，懸挑跨度大，外懸挑端支模高度近40m，是安全控制的重點(diǎn)部位之一，嚴(yán)格落實(shí)高支模的安全措施，是保證看臺(tái)安全施工的關(guān)鍵。

templates, scaffolding and work platforms: upper stand slope, cantilever span, cantilever-side formwork height near 40m outside, security control is one of the important parts, strict security measures for implementation of high-formwork are the key to guarantee the safety of stand construction.為此，重點(diǎn)監(jiān)控、落實(shí)模板搭建和拆除的安全保證措施，加強(qiáng)成品保護(hù)，防止支模立柱與外腳手架立桿共用等違章行為，消除支模的安全隱患。

Therefore, focusing on monitoring, implementation of safety guarantee for template building and clearing measures, forcing the finished product protection, prevent the formwork cdumn and scaffold upright sharing violation, get ride of the security risk.（2）塔柱與鋼屋蓋高空作業(yè)：由于塔柱形體高大，高空作業(yè)危險(xiǎn)性大，故施工期間24小時(shí)派專人輪值，監(jiān)控塔柱施工安全。

（2）Towers and steel roof aerial work: because the Tower body large, high risk, it sent 24 hour shifts during the construction period, monitoring of Tower column construction safety.鋼結(jié)構(gòu)屋蓋高空安裝作業(yè)采取在看臺(tái)搭設(shè)滿堂紅操作平臺(tái)的做法，為了加大安全系數(shù)，將鋼管立桿與4層樓面鋼筋混凝土立柱拉結(jié)在一起，加強(qiáng)棚架安全性能；在中間設(shè)置隔離層，加強(qiáng)走梯和通道的安全監(jiān)控，采取懸挑鋪平網(wǎng)保護(hù)，臨邊和靠近立桿的電箱以及其它設(shè)施加設(shè)防護(hù)棚，在棚架平臺(tái)的周邊設(shè)置1.2m高圍護(hù)欄桿，并拉掛安全網(wǎng)，同時(shí)在使用中注重棚架的維護(hù)和檢查。

Steel housing cover high installed job take in stands erection full red operation platform of practices, to increased safety factor, will pipe state rod and 4 layer building surface reinforced concrete column pull knot in together, strengthening scaffolding security performance;in middle set isolation layer, strengthening go ladder and channel of security monitoring, take hanging pick paved the network protection, p edge and near State rod of electric box and other facilities plus set protection shed, in scaffolding platform of around set 1.2m high enclosure railing, and pull hanging security network, In use at the same time focus on maintenance and inspection of scaffolding.在鋼屋蓋結(jié)構(gòu)桿件焊接施工中，動(dòng)火點(diǎn)多達(dá)6500多處，給消防管理工作帶來(lái)了很大的壓力。

Rod welding in the construction of steel roof structure, fire up to more than 6,500 points, brought a great deal of pressure to fire management work.為此，在焊接點(diǎn)部位專門設(shè)置了專用水箱，配置了相應(yīng)的消防器材，加強(qiáng)了專人監(jiān)控和檢查。

To this end, the site has been specially set up a dedicated tank at the welding point, configure the appropriate fire-fighting equipment, strengthened the special monitoring and checking.（3）結(jié)構(gòu)施工階段，高空、立體、交叉作業(yè)施工繁多，安全防護(hù)主要以“三寶、四口、五臨邊”為重點(diǎn)，對(duì)28個(gè)梯口、96個(gè)進(jìn)出口、36個(gè)洞口、35個(gè)井口和預(yù)留管道口、井式提升籠的進(jìn)出料口等進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格圍蔽保護(hù)。

（3）Structures in the construction phase, high altitude, stereo, cross many construction, safety protection mainly in “three, four, five” focus on the import and export of 28 lifts, 96, 35, 36 hole well head pipes and reserved port, hoist cage in and out of the strictly enclosed protection material.對(duì)拆除排柵后形成的四周臨邊進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)維護(hù)，同時(shí)及時(shí)加強(qiáng)圍護(hù)施工過(guò)程中形成的新“口子”和臨邊等。

After demolition and drainage grid form around edges to focus on maintaining, at the same time strengthening enclosure

construction in a timely manner in the course of the new “find” and limb.（4）在污水處理池、渠箱、管溝和地下車道等施工中，針對(duì)“面窄溝深”的·特點(diǎn)，嚴(yán)抓“三寶”，執(zhí)行安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，杜絕麻痹思想，統(tǒng)一使用鋼管設(shè)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化防護(hù)欄桿，拉掛合格安全網(wǎng)，設(shè)置警示安全牌。

(4)in wastewater treatment, drainage tank, trench and underground in such construction as driveway against “narrow trenches deep” · characteristics, strict “three treasures”, implementation of security standards, put an end to vigilance, reunification uses steel tubes set standard protective railings, Hung qualified safety nets, set alert security.（5）施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)煙民眾多，為確保消防安全，在安全區(qū)域開設(shè)專門的吸煙點(diǎn)，配有專用水桶，嚴(yán)禁在非吸煙點(diǎn)吸煙，并嚴(yán)格獎(jiǎng)罰制度。

(5)the construction site many smokers, to ensure fire safety, in the security zone set up special smoking point, with a dedicated bucket, is forbidden to smoke in non-smoking point, and strict punishment system.（6）進(jìn)行鋼筋取樣時(shí)，必須先把作業(yè)模板淋濕，并配有滅火器及專人監(jiān)控，作業(yè)完畢經(jīng)檢查符合消防安全要求后才能離開。

(6)for steel sample must be wet job templates, and are equipped with fire extinguishers and hand control, after the job is complete by checking compliance with fire safety requirements before we leave.3.3 加強(qiáng)檢查，落實(shí)整改

3.3 strengthening checks, implementing rectification and reform

結(jié)合工地的實(shí)際特點(diǎn)，制定相關(guān)的防護(hù)措施，重點(diǎn)抓好安全防護(hù)和落實(shí)安全生產(chǎn)責(zé)任制，對(duì)重點(diǎn)部位實(shí)行重點(diǎn)檢查、危險(xiǎn)部位反復(fù)檢查，著重查制度、查違章、查隱患，不斷檢查、督促、整改和落實(shí)，嚴(yán)查密檢，確保人人、時(shí)時(shí)處于安全的良好狀況，預(yù)防事故的發(fā)生。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，則一查到底，按章處罰并勒令整改，決不手軟和姑息。

Combined the site characteristics, develop protection measures, focus on safety and the implementation of responsibility system for production safety, key checks imposed on key parts, hazardous site repeatedly checking, investigation system-oriented, investigate violations, examining risks, constant inspection，supervision，rectification

and implementation, a thorough investigation of the secret, and ensure the security of all, always in good condition, to prevent accidents from happening.Once problems are detected, investigated, punished and ordered to reorganize, not soft and palliative care.整改指令書明確規(guī)定整改的完成時(shí)間，并且按照IS09002的模式封閉，即整改指令書發(fā)出后，被要求整改單位要簽署整改完成情況和時(shí)間，由安全管理部門核實(shí)整改情況后確認(rèn)，才能將整改指令書歸檔存查。

Rectification and reform instruction book clearly defines the completion time for rectification and reform, and according to the IS09002 mode of closed, that is, after the issue of rectification and reform instruction book, were signed to reorganize by requiring the modification to completion and time, confirmed by the safety authorities after verifying the rectification, to rectification and reform instruction book archive file for reference.由于人員多，素質(zhì)不一，總承包項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部特別重視狠抓個(gè)人防護(hù)問(wèn)題，自始至終強(qiáng)制性要求按規(guī)范佩戴安全帽、高空作業(yè)必須系安全帶等，對(duì)違反者一經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)立刻予以制止，耐心教育并嚴(yán)格按章處理，促使廣大員工自覺使用防護(hù)措施。

Due to large numbers of varying quality, general contract project manager Department attached particular importance to pay close attention to personal protection, from beginning to end mandatory specifications must be wearing a safety helmet, aerial work, such as seat belts, for violations of those found to stop it immediately, patient education and in strict accordance with chapter, prompted the General staffs and consciously use of protective measures.3.4 積極活動(dòng)，廣泛宣傳

3.4 Active activity wide publicity

積極開展安全生產(chǎn)周和“安康杯”活動(dòng)。安全生產(chǎn)周是本工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)強(qiáng)化安全活動(dòng)的主要形式之一，每年都緊緊圍繞這一主題開展內(nèi)容豐富的活動(dòng)，采取懸掛標(biāo)語(yǔ)橫幅、出宣傳?？堎N宣傳掛圖等有效措施，廣泛進(jìn)行宣傳教育，同時(shí)認(rèn)真組織專項(xiàng)安全檢查，成立“安康杯”安全競(jìng)賽活動(dòng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)，制定活動(dòng)方案和安全保證措施，組織安全知識(shí)競(jìng)賽活動(dòng)、安全大檢查及專項(xiàng)安全檢查，將安全生產(chǎn)意識(shí)，貫徹到每個(gè)員工日常的施工作業(yè)中。

Actively carry out safety production week, and “Ankang Cup”.Safety week is this engineering site strengthening security activities of main form one, annual are tightly around this a theme carried out content rich of activities, take hanging slogans banner, and out publicity special issue, and posted publicity charts, effective measures, widely for publicity education, while seriously organization special security checks, established “Ankang Cup” security race activities led institutions, developed activities programme and security guarantee measures, organization security knowledge race activities, and security large check and the special security checks, will safety consciousness, Daily construction jobs into each employee.在消防安全方面，充分利用實(shí)物、圖片、錄像等進(jìn)行宣傳教育，強(qiáng)化日常的安全防火教育。

In terms of fire safety, making full use of real objects and pictures, videos and other publicity and education, strengthening the day-to-day security and fire prevention education.在“安全生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)周”和“119”宣傳周活動(dòng)中，邀請(qǐng)消防局的消防專家開設(shè)消防知識(shí)講座，訂做大型消防宣傳標(biāo)語(yǔ)，購(gòu)買宣傳掛圖及消防宣傳教育片等，進(jìn)行廣泛的宣傳教育。

“Safety action week” and “119” awareness week activities, inviting fire station fire experts Forum of open fire, made a large fire propaganda slogans, buy publicity posters and propaganda and education of fire, and carry out extensive publicity and education.對(duì)傳媒新聞報(bào)道保持高度警覺，社會(huì)上重大火災(zāi)事故見報(bào)當(dāng)天就召集各參建單位有關(guān)管理人員開緊急會(huì)議，布置相應(yīng)的工作，組織專項(xiàng)檢查，及時(shí)將有關(guān)報(bào)道和評(píng)論組織學(xué)習(xí)，充分利用案例提高參建人員的消防意識(shí)，及時(shí)吸取社會(huì)上火災(zāi)事故的教訓(xùn)。

Remain alert to news media coverage, major fires in the community press day is called the participation units of management opened an emergency meeting, layout work, organize special inspection, organizational learning reports and comments in a timely manner, full use of the case raise participation consciousness of officers of the fire services, draw lessons from fires in the community in a timely manner.4.全員管理，成效顯著——安全意識(shí)文化

4.staff management, effective----safety culture

經(jīng)過(guò)上述努力，該項(xiàng)目在整個(gè)工程施工的978天中，未發(fā)生過(guò)一起重大安全事故，實(shí)現(xiàn)了“六無(wú)”安全管理目標(biāo)，先后近500次接受國(guó)家、省、市各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的視察、檢查以及國(guó)內(nèi)外建筑同行的參觀并得到高度評(píng)價(jià)。

Through these efforts, 978 days of the construction of the project in the project as a whole, has not been a major accident, that “six free” safety management objectives, has nearly 500 national, provincial and municipal leaders at all levels of inspections, checks, and building counterparts at home and abroad to visit and were highly evaluated.工程還榮獲了國(guó)家優(yōu)質(zhì)工程“魯班”獎(jiǎng)，全國(guó)建筑業(yè)新技術(shù)應(yīng)用金牌示范工程、廣東省科技進(jìn)步一等獎(jiǎng)等20多個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)以及被省、市評(píng)為安全生產(chǎn)文明施工優(yōu)良樣板工地、安全生產(chǎn)最佳樣板工地，項(xiàng)目總經(jīng)理連續(xù)3年被評(píng)為廣州市安全生產(chǎn)標(biāo)兵。

Engineering has also won the national quality engineering “Luban Award”, national demonstration project of gold in the application of new technologies in the construction industry, Guangdong Provincial Science and technology progress Prize, more than 20 awards and appraised by provincial and municipal excellent model site safety culture construction, safety in the best model sites, project 3 years in a row was named General Manager of Guangzhou production model.同時(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)本工程安全生產(chǎn)管理實(shí)踐，廣大員工的安全生產(chǎn)意識(shí)大大提高，生產(chǎn)行為更為規(guī)范，更加自覺，形成

了一個(gè)良好的安全生產(chǎn)管理氛圍，為今后類似大型工程施工的安全生產(chǎn)管理提供了有益的借鑒。

At the same time through the engineering safety management practice, greatly enhance the safety awareness of general staff, conduct more standard, more consciously, form a good atmosphere of safety production management, similar to the construction of major projects for the future management of safe production provide a useful reference.

第二篇：機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯

Design of machine and machine elements Machine design Machine design is the art of planning or devising new or improved machines to accomplish specific purposes.In general, a machine will consist of a combination of several different mechanical elements properly designed and arranged to work together, as a whole.During the initial planning of a machine, fundamental decisions must be made concerning loading, type of kinematic elements to be used, and correct utilization of the properties of engineering materials.Economic considerations are usually of prime importance when the design of new machinery is undertaken.In general, the lowest over-all costs are designed.Consideration should be given not only to the cost of design, manufacture the necessary safety features and be of pleasing external appearance.The objective is to produce a machine which is not only sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable life, but is at the same time cheap enough to be economically feasible.The engineer in charge of the design of a machine should not only have adequate technical training, but must be a man of sound judgment and wide experience, qualities which are usually acquired only after considerable time has been spent in actual professional work.Design of machine elements

The principles of design are, of course, universal.The same theory or equations may be applied to a very small part, as in an instrument, or, to a larger but similar part used in a piece of heavy equipment.In no ease, however, should mathematical calculations be looked upon as absolute and final.They are all subject to the accuracy of the various assumptions, which must necessarily be made in engineering work.Sometimes only a portion of the total number of parts in a machine are designed on the basis of analytic calculations.The form and size of the remaining parts are designed on the basis of analytic calculations.On the other hand, if the machine is very expensive, or if weight is a factor, as in airplanes, design computations may then be made for almost all the parts.The purpose of the design calculations is, of course, to attempt to predict the stress or deformation in the part in order that it may sagely carry the loads, which will be imposed on it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine.All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests.A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests such as tension, compression, torsion, and fatigue and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery.In addition, it has been amply proved that such details as surface condition, fillets, notches, manufacturing tolerances, and heat treatment have a market effect on the strength and useful life of a machine part.The design and drafting departments must specify completely all such particulars, must specify completely all such particulars, and thus exercise the necessary close control over the finished product.As mentioned above, machine design is a vast field of engineering technology.As such, it begins with the conception of an idea and follows through the various phases of design analysis, manufacturing, marketing and consumerism.The following is a list of the major areas of consideration in the general field of machine design: ① Initial design conception;

② Strength analysis;③ Materials selection;④ Appearance;⑤ Manufacturing;⑥ Safety;⑦ Environment effects;⑨ Reliability and life;

Strength is a measure of the ability to resist, without fails, forces which cause stresses and strains.The forces may be;① Gradually applied;② Suddenly applied;2

③ Applied under impact;④ Applied with continuous direction reversals;⑤ Applied at low or elevated temperatures.If a critical part of a machine fails, the whole machine must be shut down until a repair is made.Thus, when designing a new machine, it is extremely important that critical parts be made strong enough to prevent failure.The designer should determine as precisely as possible the nature, magnitude, direction and point of application of all forces.Machine design is mot, however, an exact science and it is, therefore, rarely possible to determine exactly all the applied forces.In addition, different samples of a specified material will exhibit somewhat different abilities to resist loads, temperatures and other environment conditions.In spite of this, design calculations based on appropriate assumptions are invaluable in the proper design of machine.Moreover, it is absolutely essential that a design engineer knows how and why parts fail so that reliable machines which require minimum maintenance can be designed.Sometimes, a failure can be serious, such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speeds.On the other hand, a failure may be no more than a nuisance.An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in the automobile cooling system.The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant, a condition which is readily detected and corrected.The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude.Generally speaking, dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulties than static loads and, therefore, fatigue strength must be considered.Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle.For example, brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved.In general, the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure, which include the following: ① Stress;② Deformation;3

③ Wear;④ Corrosion;⑤ Vibration;⑥ Environmental damage;⑦ Loosening of fastening devices.The part sizes and shapes selected must also take into account many dimensional factors which produce external load effects such as geometric discontinuities, residual stresses due to forming of desired contours, and the application of interference fit joint.Selected from” design of machine elements”, 6th edition, m.f.sports, prentice-hall, inc., 1985 and “machine design”, Anthony Esposito, charles e., Merrill publishing company, 1975.Quality assurance and control

Product quality is of paramount importance in manufacturing.If quality is allowed deteriorate, then a manufacturer will soon find sales dropping off followed by a possible business failure.Customers expect quality in the products they buy, and if a manufacturer expects to establish and maintain a name in the business, quality control and assurance functions must be established and maintained before, throughout, and after the production process.Generally speaking, quality assurance encompasses all activities aimed at maintaining quality, including quality control.Quality assurance can be divided into three major areas.These include the following: ①Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing;②In-process quality control during manufacturing;③Quality assurance after manufacturing.Quality control after manufacture includes warranties and product service extended to the users of the product.Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing

Quality assurance often begins ling before any actual manufacturing takes place.This may be done through source inspections conducted at the plants that

supply materials, discrete parts, or subassemblies to manufacturer.The manufacturer’s source inspector travels to the supplier factory and inspects raw material or premanufactured parts and assemblies.Source inspections present an opportunity for the manufacturer to sort out and reject raw materials or parts before they are shipped to the manufacturer’s production facility.The responsibility of the source inspector is to check materials and parts against design specifications and to reject the item if specifications are not met.Source inspections may include many of the same inspections that will be used during production.Included in these are: ①Visual inspection;②Metallurgical testing;③Dimensional inspection;④Destructive and nondestructive inspection;⑤Performance inspection.Visual inspections

Visual inspections examine a product or material for such specifications as color, texture, surface finish, or overall appearance of an assembly to determine if there are any obvious deletions of major parts or hardware.Metallurgical testing

Metallurgical testing is often an important part of source inspection, especially if the primary raw material for manufacturing is stock metal such as bar stock or structural materials.Metals testing can involve all the major types of inspections including visual, chemical, spectrographic, and mechanical, which include hardness, tensile, shear, compression, and spectr5ographic analysis for alloy content.Metallurgical testing can be either destructive or nondestructive.Dimensional inspection

Few areas of quality control are as important in manufactured products as dimensional requirements.Dimensions are as important in source inspection as they are in the manufacturing process.This is especially critical if the source supplies parts for an assembly.Dimensions are inspected at the source factory

using standard measuring tools plus special fit, form, and function gages that may required.Meeting dimensional specifications is critical to interchangeability of manufactured parts and to the successful assembly of many parts into complex assemblies such as autos, ships, aircraft, and other multipart products.Destructive and nondestructive inspection

In some cases it may be necessary for the source inspections to call for destructive or nondestructive tests on raw materials or p0arts and assemblies.This is particularly true when large amounts of stock raw materials are involved.For example it may be necessary to inspect castings for flaws by radiographic, magnetic particle, or dye penetrant techniques before they are shipped to the manufacturer for final machining.Specifications calling for burn-in time for electronics or endurance run tests for mechanical components are further examples of nondestructive tests.It is sometimes necessary to test material and parts to destruction, but because of the costs and time involved destructive testing is avoided whenever possible.Examples include pressure tests to determine if safety factors are adequate in the design.Destructive tests are probably more frequent in the testing of prototype designs than in routine inspection of raw material or parts.Once design specifications are known to be met in regard to the strength of materials, it is often not necessary to test further parts to destruction unless they are genuinely suspect.Performance inspection

Performance inspections involve checking the function of assemblies, especially those of complex mechanical systems, prior to installation in other products.Examples include electronic equipment subcomponents, aircraft and auto engines, pumps, valves, and other mechanical systems requiring performance evaluation prior to their shipment and final installation.Selected form “modern materials and manufacturing process”

Electro-hydraulic drum brakes Application

The YWW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally closed brake, suitable for horizontal mounting.It is mainly used in portal cranes, bucket stacker/reclaimers’slewing mechanism.The YKW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally opened brake, suitable for horizontal mounting, employing a thruster as actuator.with the foot controlling switch the operator can release or close the brake.It is mainly used for deceleration braking of portal cranes’slewing mechanism.In a non-operating state the machinery can be braked by a manual close device.The RKW series brake is a normally opened brake, which is operated by foot driven hydraulic pump, suitable for horizontal mounting.Mainly used in the slewing mechanism of middle and small portal cranes.When needed, the brake is activated by a manual closed device.Main design features Interlocking shoes balancing devices(patented technology)constantly equalizes the clearance of brake shoes on both sides and made adjustment unnecessary, thus avoiding one side of the brake lining sticking to the brake wheel.The brake is equipped with a shoed autoaligning device.Main hinge points are equipped with self-lubricating bearing, making high efficiency of transmission, long service life.Lubricating is unnecessary during operation.Adjustable bracket ensure the brake works well.The brake spring is arranged inside a square tube and a surveyor’s rod is placed on one side.It is easy to read braking torque value and avoid measuring and computing.Brake lining is of card whole-piece shaping structure, easy to replace.Brake linings of various materials such as half-metal(non-asbestos)hard and half-hard, soft(including asbestos)substance are available for customers to choose.All adopt the company’s new types of thruster as corollary equipment which work accurately and have long life.Hydraulic Power Transmission The Two Types Of Power Transmission

In hydraulic power transmission the apparatus(pump)used for conversion of the mechanical(or electrical,thermal)energy to hydraulic energy is arranged on the input of the kinematic chain ,and the apparatus(motor)used for conversion of the hydraulic energy to mechanical energy is arranged on the output(fig.2-1)

The theoretical design of the energy converters depends on the component of the bernouilli equation to be used for hydraulic power transmission.In systerms where, mainly, hydrostatic pressure is utilized, displacement(hydrostatic)pumps and motors are used, while in those where the hydrodynamic pressure is utilized is utilized gor power transmission hydrodynamic energy converters(e.g.centrifugal pumps)are used.The specific characteristic of the energy converters is the weight required for transmission of unit power.It can be demonstrated that the use of hydrostatic energy converters for the low and medium powers, and of hydrodynamic energy converters of high power are more favorite(fig.2-2).This is the main reason why hydrostatic energy converters are used in industrial apparatus.transformation of the energy in hydraulic transmission.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.driving motor(electric, diesel engine);mechanical energy;pump;

hydraulic energy;

hydraulic motor;mechanical energy;

load variation of the mass per unit power in hydrostatic and hydrodynamic energy converters

1、hydrostatic;2.hydrodynamic Only displacement energy converters are dealt with in the following.The

elements performing converters provide one or several size.Expansion of the working chambers in a pump is produced by the external energy admitted, and in the motor by the hydraulic energy.Inflow of the fluid occurs during expansion of the working chamber, while the outflow(displacement)is realized during contraction.Such devices are usually called displacement energy converters.The Hydrostatic Power

In order to have a fluid of volume V1 flowing in a vessel at pressure work spent on compression W1 and transfer of the process, let us imagine a piston mechanism(fig.2-3(a))which may be connected with the aid of valves Z0 and Z1 to the external medium under pressure P0 and reservoir of pressure p1.in the upper position of the piston(x=x0)with Z0 open the cylinder chamber is filled with fluid of volume V0 and pressure P0.now shut the value Z0 and start the piston moving downwards.If Z1 is shut the fluid volume in position X=X1 of the piston decreases from V0 to V1, while the pressure rises to P1.the external work required for actuation of the piston(assuming isothermal change)is W1=-∫0x0(P-P0)Adx=-∫v1v0(P-P0)dv

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機(jī)器和機(jī)器零件的設(shè)計(jì)

機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)

機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)為了特定的目的而發(fā)明或改進(jìn)機(jī)器的一種藝術(shù)。一般來(lái)講，機(jī)器時(shí)有多種不同的合理設(shè)計(jì)并有序裝配在一起的部件構(gòu)成的，在最初的機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)階段，必須基本明確負(fù)載、元件的運(yùn)動(dòng)情況、工程材料的合理使用性能。負(fù)責(zé)新機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)最初的最重要的是經(jīng)濟(jì)性考慮。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，選擇總成本最低的設(shè)計(jì)方案，不僅要考慮設(shè)計(jì)、制造、銷售、安裝的成本。還要考慮服務(wù)的費(fèi)用，機(jī)械要保證必要的安全性能和美觀的外形。

制造機(jī)器的目標(biāo)不僅要追求保證只用功能的合理壽命，還要保證足夠便宜以同時(shí)保證其經(jīng)濟(jì)的可行性。負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)器的工程師，不僅要經(jīng)過(guò)專業(yè)的培訓(xùn)，而且必須是一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確判斷而又有豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人，具有一種有足夠時(shí)間從事專門的實(shí)際工作的素質(zhì)。

機(jī)器零件的設(shè)計(jì)

相同的理論或方程可應(yīng)用在一個(gè)一起的非常小的零件上，也可用在一個(gè)復(fù)雜的設(shè)備的大型相似件上，既然如此，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算是絕對(duì)的和最終的。他們都符合不同的設(shè)想，這必須由工程量決定。有時(shí)，一臺(tái)機(jī)器的零件全部計(jì)算僅僅是設(shè)計(jì)的一部分。零件的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸通常根據(jù)實(shí)際考慮。另一方面，如果機(jī)器和昂貴，或者質(zhì)量很重要，例如飛機(jī)，那麼每一個(gè)零件都要設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。

當(dāng)然，設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算的目的是試圖預(yù)測(cè)零件的應(yīng)力和變形，以保證其安全的帶動(dòng)負(fù)載，這是必要的，并且其也許影響到機(jī)器的最終壽命。當(dāng)然，所有的計(jì)算依賴于這些結(jié)構(gòu)材料通過(guò)試驗(yàn)測(cè)定的物理性能。國(guó)際上的設(shè)計(jì)方法試圖通過(guò)從一些相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的而基本的實(shí)驗(yàn)中得到一些結(jié)果，這些試驗(yàn)，例如結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的及現(xiàn)代機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)到的電壓、轉(zhuǎn)矩和疲勞強(qiáng)度。

另外，可以充分證明，一些細(xì)節(jié)，如表面粗糙度、圓角、開槽、制造公差和熱處理都對(duì)機(jī)械零件的強(qiáng)度及使用壽命有影響。設(shè)計(jì)和構(gòu)建布局要完全詳細(xì)地說(shuō)明每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，并且對(duì)最終產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行必要的測(cè)試。

綜上所述，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)非常寬的工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。例如，從設(shè)計(jì)理念到設(shè)計(jì)分析的每一個(gè)階段，制造，市場(chǎng)，銷售。以下是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的一般領(lǐng)域應(yīng)考慮的主要方面的清單：

①最初的設(shè)計(jì)理念

②受力分析

③材料的選擇

④外形

⑤制造

⑥安全性

⑦環(huán)境影響

⑧可靠性及壽命

在沒有破壞的情況下，強(qiáng)度是抵抗引起應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變的一種量度。這些力可能是：

①漸變力

②瞬時(shí)力

③沖擊力

④不斷變化的力

⑤溫差

如果一個(gè)機(jī)器的關(guān)鍵件損壞，整個(gè)機(jī)器必須關(guān)閉，直到修理好為止。設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)新機(jī)器時(shí)，關(guān)鍵件具有足夠的抵抗破壞的能力是非常重要的。設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)盡可能準(zhǔn)確地確定所有的性質(zhì)、大小、方向及作用點(diǎn)。機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)不是這樣，但精確的科學(xué)是這樣，因此很難準(zhǔn)確地確定所有力。另外，一種特殊材料的不同樣本會(huì)顯現(xiàn)出不同的性能，像抗負(fù)載、溫度和其他外部條件。盡管如此，在機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中給予合理綜合的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算是非常有用的。

此外，顯而易見的是一個(gè)知道零件是如何和為什麼破壞的設(shè)計(jì)師可以設(shè)計(jì)出需要很少維修的可靠機(jī)器。有時(shí)，一次失敗是嚴(yán)重的，例如高速行駛的汽車的輪胎爆裂。另一方面，失敗未必是麻煩。例如，汽車的冷卻系統(tǒng)的散熱器皮帶管松開。這種破壞的后果通常是損失一些散熱片，可以探測(cè)并改正過(guò)來(lái)。零件負(fù)載類型是一個(gè)重要的標(biāo)志。一般而言，變化的動(dòng)負(fù)載比靜負(fù)載會(huì)引起更大的差異。因此，疲勞強(qiáng)度必須符合。另一個(gè)關(guān)心的方面是這種材料是否直或易碎。例如有疲勞破壞的地方不易使用易碎的材料。一般的，設(shè)計(jì)師要靠考慮所有破壞情況，其包括以下方面：

①應(yīng)力

②應(yīng)變

③外形

④腐蝕

⑤震動(dòng)

⑥外部環(huán)境破壞

⑦緊固件的松脫

零件的尺寸和外形的選擇也有很多因素。外部負(fù)荷的影響，如幾何間斷，由于輪廓而產(chǎn)生的殘余應(yīng)力和組合件干涉。

質(zhì)量保證與控制

產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量是生產(chǎn)中最重要的。如果放任質(zhì)量惡化下去，生產(chǎn)者會(huì)很快發(fā)現(xiàn)銷售量銳減，可能從而會(huì)導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)業(yè)的失敗。用戶期望他們買的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量性能好，而且如果制造商想建立并維持其信譽(yù)，必須在產(chǎn)品制造前制造過(guò)程中及制造過(guò)程后進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制和質(zhì)量保證。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，質(zhì)量保證包括所有的活動(dòng)，其包括質(zhì)量建立和質(zhì)量控制。質(zhì)量保證可以被分為三個(gè)主要領(lǐng)域，他們?nèi)缦滤觯?①制造之前的原材料的檢查 ②在制造加工過(guò)程中的質(zhì)量控制 ③制造之后的質(zhì)量保證

生產(chǎn)制造后的質(zhì)量控制包括保證書和面對(duì)產(chǎn)品用戶的服務(wù)。生產(chǎn)制造之前的原材料檢驗(yàn)

質(zhì)量保證常常在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)制造之前就開始了。這些都是生產(chǎn)者在供應(yīng)原材料、散件或配件的車間里進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。生產(chǎn)制造公司的原材料檢驗(yàn)員到供應(yīng)廠并且檢查原材料及于制造的另配件。原材料檢驗(yàn)為生產(chǎn)者提供了一次機(jī)會(huì)，那就是在原料及散件被運(yùn)到生產(chǎn)車間之前先進(jìn)行挑選淘汰。原料檢察員的責(zé)任是去檢查原料和零件是否達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)格并且淘汰那些未達(dá)到特殊指標(biāo)的原料。原料檢驗(yàn)有很多于檢查產(chǎn)品相同的檢驗(yàn)。其如下所述： ①目測(cè) ②冶金測(cè)試 ③尺寸測(cè)試

④損傷檢驗(yàn) ⑤性能檢驗(yàn) 目測(cè)

目測(cè)檢驗(yàn)一種產(chǎn)品或原料的某些特征，如顏色、紋理、表面光潔度或部件的總體外觀，從而判斷其是否具有明顯的缺損。冶金測(cè)試

冶金測(cè)試常常是原料間嚴(yán)厲的一個(gè)很重要的部分，尤其是像棒料、建筑材料毛坯一些原材料。金屬測(cè)試包含所有主要的檢驗(yàn)類型，其中有目測(cè)，化學(xué)檢驗(yàn)，光譜檢驗(yàn)和機(jī)械性能檢驗(yàn)，其包括硬度、伸縮性能、剪切性能、壓縮性能和合成 12

成分的光譜分析。冶金測(cè)試既可用于成品件也可用于預(yù)制件。尺寸檢驗(yàn)

質(zhì)量控制的一些領(lǐng)域是重要的生產(chǎn)件的要求尺寸。尺寸在檢驗(yàn)過(guò)程中，像其在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中一樣重要。如果這些零件是為總成供應(yīng)的，那尺寸尤其嚴(yán)格。一些尺寸在生產(chǎn)車間用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)量工具進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，像特種接頭、造型和需求的功能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)度量。符合尺寸規(guī)格對(duì)所制造多部件的互換性和對(duì)多部件成功組裝成復(fù)雜的裝置，如汽車、輪船、飛機(jī)和其他多部件產(chǎn)品都地極其重要的。損傷檢驗(yàn)

在一些情況下，對(duì)原材料或零部件采取損傷測(cè)試的原始測(cè)驗(yàn)是很必要的。特別是涉及到大批的原材料時(shí)。例如，在被運(yùn)到生產(chǎn)車間作最終機(jī)器之前，對(duì)鑄件進(jìn)行X-射線、電磁離子、染色滲透劑技術(shù)的探傷是很必要的，又對(duì)機(jī)器總成的電子或持久運(yùn)作測(cè)試而確定的規(guī)格，是無(wú)損測(cè)試的又一例證。有時(shí)，對(duì)材料及零件的測(cè)試是很必要的，但由于無(wú)損測(cè)試的花費(fèi)和成本及時(shí)間不是任何時(shí)候都允許的。

例如，有壓力測(cè)試決定在設(shè)計(jì)中其是否安全。損傷測(cè)試經(jīng)常用于設(shè)計(jì)樣機(jī)的測(cè)試，而不是原材料或零件的常規(guī)檢驗(yàn)。一旦設(shè)計(jì)達(dá)到了所希望的材料強(qiáng)度，通常對(duì)零件做進(jìn)一步的損傷測(cè)試是不必要的，除非他們確實(shí)存在疑點(diǎn)。

性能測(cè)試

性能測(cè)試在零部件被其他產(chǎn)品被安裝之前，檢查部件的功能，尤其是那些機(jī)械構(gòu)造復(fù)雜的部件。例如電子設(shè)備零件，飛機(jī)和汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，泵、閥及其他需要在裝運(yùn)和最后安裝前進(jìn)行性能測(cè)驗(yàn)的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)。

選自《現(xiàn)代材料和制造工藝》

汽車起重機(jī)的不同類型

根據(jù)汽車吊的使用情況，像：工作的范圍，工作的自然情況。他們的構(gòu)造裝備體現(xiàn)著不同的理念。

1、工作范圍（不同的設(shè)計(jì)）

當(dāng)起重機(jī)工作在一個(gè)小范圍內(nèi)（倉(cāng)庫(kù)，碼頭，戲臺(tái)等）告訴是沒有必要的。根據(jù)這種應(yīng)用，我們的裝置最高速為35km/h。

驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置布置在后面，集成了車輛和起重機(jī)的控制，這種類型稱為：?jiǎn)悟?qū)起重機(jī)。當(dāng)起重機(jī)在大場(chǎng)地內(nèi)工作時(shí)，有幾個(gè)較遠(yuǎn)的工作點(diǎn)，高速軸就是必要的了。隨之而來(lái)的，布置在車輛后端的單驅(qū)動(dòng)是不可能的。由于這個(gè)原因，提供兩個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)是必要的，相對(duì)的允許像傳統(tǒng)卡車那樣驅(qū)動(dòng)車輛。這種類型的起重機(jī)，在構(gòu)造上必須裝備一個(gè)特殊的變速箱，對(duì)起重機(jī)允許像傳統(tǒng)車輛那樣的前進(jìn)和后退。我們這種類型的起重機(jī)裝備了一個(gè)特殊的變速箱，可以提供一個(gè)前進(jìn)速度和一個(gè)后退速度，一般其最大運(yùn)輸速度為：55/60km/h，這種類型稱為雙驅(qū)起重機(jī)。

2、地面情況

當(dāng)起重機(jī)操作困難時(shí)，在平整的路面上（體育場(chǎng)，碼頭，倉(cāng)庫(kù)等）起構(gòu)造是傳統(tǒng)概念的單驅(qū)動(dòng)的運(yùn)輸工具。

如果起重機(jī)離開路面移動(dòng)到惡劣路況下（臟且沙軟的路面）不平的，其構(gòu)造根據(jù)“全工況路面”的限定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而建立，其要求實(shí)現(xiàn)：

雙驅(qū)甚至是三驅(qū)；兩種速度范圍，有一個(gè)特別慢的值；不同驅(qū)動(dòng)軸的轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)；軸端的特殊軸承；特殊的制動(dòng)；提供低壓的大尺寸的輪胎，在軟地面上運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；獨(dú)立的大車輪；懸空的地面監(jiān)視和清晰的構(gòu)造是非常重要的；安裝及駕駛服務(wù)

所有的主要點(diǎn)是絕對(duì)必要的對(duì)于在無(wú)路的情況下的各種類型的車輛，有一個(gè)良好的運(yùn)行。

當(dāng)然起重機(jī)不得不在各種路況下工作，為此其裝備了雙驅(qū)。

（附圖見英文資料）

液力傳動(dòng)

動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)的兩種類型

在液力傳動(dòng)中，用來(lái)將機(jī)械能（電能、化學(xué)能）轉(zhuǎn)化成液力能的裝置（泵）被布置在傳動(dòng)鏈的輸入端，而用來(lái)將液力能轉(zhuǎn)化成機(jī)械能的裝置（馬達(dá)）被布置在輸出端。（圖2-1）

這種能量轉(zhuǎn)化的理論上的設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)是液力傳動(dòng)的各部分的伯努里方程。

在系統(tǒng)中，流體靜壓力主要用來(lái)替代泵和馬達(dá)，而在某些方面，流體動(dòng)力是作為液力能轉(zhuǎn)化后的力傳動(dòng)而被利用的（如離心泵）這種能量轉(zhuǎn)換的特征取決于單位力的傳動(dòng)。他能說(shuō)明這種微小力的液體靜壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換和高壓力的液體動(dòng)力能轉(zhuǎn)換更受人們的歡迎。（圖2-2）者是液力轉(zhuǎn)換被應(yīng)用于工業(yè)器械的主要原因。液力傳動(dòng)的能量轉(zhuǎn)換

1、原動(dòng)機(jī)（電機(jī)、內(nèi)燃機(jī)）

2、機(jī)械能

3、泵

4、液力能

5、液壓馬達(dá)

6、機(jī)械能

7、負(fù)載 在流體靜力能和流體動(dòng)力能中單位里的質(zhì)量變化

替代能量轉(zhuǎn)換僅應(yīng)用以下幾方面，在液體靜壓力轉(zhuǎn)換中相關(guān)的替代執(zhí)行元件提供一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)工作室，他們恒定或尺寸可變。

泵的工作室在外部能量進(jìn)入時(shí)伸長(zhǎng)，馬達(dá)是靠液力能，工作是伸長(zhǎng)時(shí)液體流入，而收縮時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)流體流出。這些裝置通常被稱為能量轉(zhuǎn)換裝置。液體充滿一個(gè)體積為V1的容器，在壓力P1下所作的功W是壓縮功W1和改變液體的功W2組成的。

為了分析這個(gè)過(guò)程，讓我們假設(shè)一個(gè)活塞機(jī)構(gòu)（圖2-3（a）），它是有兩個(gè)閥Z0、Z1和貯液器連接而成，表面壓力為P0，貯

液器內(nèi)部壓力為 P1，活塞處于上部的X=X0處，Z0打開，液體充滿體積為V0的汽缸，壓力為 P0，現(xiàn)在關(guān)閉閥Z0，并且開始向下移動(dòng)活塞，如果 Z1關(guān)閉，當(dāng)活塞下降到 X=X1處時(shí)，液體體積由V0變?yōu)閂1，此時(shí)壓力升至P1，驅(qū)動(dòng)活塞所作的外部功是（假設(shè)熱量改變）

W1=-∫X1X0(P-P0)Adx=-∫V1V0(P-P0)dv

制動(dòng)器的應(yīng)用

YWW系列電力液壓塊式制動(dòng)器是一種常閉、臥式安裝的制動(dòng)器，主要用于門座式起重機(jī)、斗輪堆取料機(jī)以及中大型塔式起重機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的制動(dòng)。

YKW系列電力液壓塊式制動(dòng)器是一種常開、臥式安裝的制動(dòng)器，推動(dòng)器為閉合（上閘）驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置，它通過(guò)腳踏開關(guān)控制，司機(jī)在司機(jī)室內(nèi)可隨意空。主要用于門座式起重機(jī)和塔式起重機(jī)等回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的減速制動(dòng)。當(dāng)需要在機(jī)構(gòu)斷電時(shí)（非工作狀態(tài)）進(jìn)行制動(dòng)，可通過(guò)增設(shè)手動(dòng)閉合（上閘）來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

RKW系列制動(dòng)器為常開式、液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)、臥式安裝的制動(dòng)器。通過(guò)腳踏式液壓泵進(jìn)行控制，可實(shí)現(xiàn)隨意制動(dòng)。主要用于中小型門座式起重機(jī)和塔式起重機(jī)的回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)。帶有手動(dòng)閉合（上閘）裝置，在非工作狀態(tài)下有需要時(shí)，可通過(guò)其進(jìn)行維持制動(dòng)。主要設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)

聯(lián)鎖式退距均等裝置，專利技術(shù)，在使用過(guò)程中可始終保持兩側(cè)瓦塊制動(dòng)襯浮貼制動(dòng)輪的現(xiàn)象；設(shè)有瓦塊自動(dòng)隨位裝置。

主要擺動(dòng)鉸點(diǎn)均設(shè)有自動(dòng)潤(rùn)滑軸承，傳動(dòng)效率高，壽命長(zhǎng)，在使用過(guò)程中無(wú)需潤(rùn)滑。

設(shè)有可調(diào)式支撐裝置，確保制動(dòng)器工作靈活自如。

制動(dòng)彈簧在方管內(nèi)布置）（僅YWW產(chǎn)品）并在一側(cè)設(shè)有標(biāo)尺，用戶可十分方便的讀出制動(dòng)力距值，免去測(cè)量和計(jì)算的麻煩。

制動(dòng)襯墊為卡裝式整體結(jié)構(gòu)，更換十分方便，快捷，備有半金屬（無(wú)石棉）硬質(zhì)和半硬質(zhì)，軟質(zhì)（含石棉）等不同材質(zhì)的制動(dòng)襯墊供用戶選擇。全部采用本公司新型推動(dòng)器配套，動(dòng)作靈敏，壽命長(zhǎng)。

第三篇：大學(xué)專業(yè)英文翻譯

建筑系：Architecture

土木工程：Civil Engineering

流體機(jī)械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering

制冷及低溫工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering 化工過(guò)程機(jī)械 Chemical Process Equipment 電氣工程 Electrical Engineering

電機(jī)與電器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus 電力系統(tǒng)及其自動(dòng)化 Power System and its Automation 高電壓與絕緣技術(shù) High Voltage and Insulation Technology 電力電子與電力傳動(dòng) Power Electronics and Power Drives

電工理論與新技術(shù) Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering 電子科學(xué)與技術(shù) Electronics Science and Technology 物理電子學(xué) Physical Electronics 電路與系統(tǒng) Circuits and Systems

微電子學(xué)與固體電子學(xué) Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics 電磁場(chǎng)與微波技術(shù) Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology 信息與通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering 通信與信息系統(tǒng) Communication and Information Systems 信號(hào)與信息處理 Signal and Information Processing 控制科學(xué)與工程 Control Science and Engineering

控制理論與控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering

檢測(cè)技術(shù)與自動(dòng)化裝置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment 系統(tǒng)工程 Systems Engineering

模式識(shí)別與智能系統(tǒng) Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems 導(dǎo)航、制導(dǎo)與控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control 計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù) Computer Science and Technology 計(jì)算機(jī)軟件與理論 Computer Software and Theory 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu) Computer Systems Organization 計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù) Computer Applied Technology 建筑學(xué) Architecture

建筑歷史與理論 Architectural History and Theory 建筑設(shè)計(jì)及其理論 Architectural Design and Theory

城市規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)（含風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)）Urban Planning and Design(including Landscape Planning and Design)

建筑技術(shù)科學(xué) Building Technology Science 土木工程 Civil Engineering

巖土工程 Geotechnical Engineering 結(jié)構(gòu)工程 Structural Engineering 市政工程 Municipal Engineering

供熱、供燃?xì)狻⑼L(fēng)及空調(diào)工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering

防災(zāi)減災(zāi)工程及防護(hù)工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering

橋梁與隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering 水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering

水文學(xué)及水資源 Hydrology and Water Resources 水力學(xué)及河流動(dòng)力學(xué) Hydraulics and River Dynamics 水工結(jié)構(gòu)工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering

水利水電工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering

港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering 測(cè)繪科學(xué)與技術(shù) Surveying and Mapping

大地測(cè)量學(xué)與測(cè)量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering 攝影測(cè)量與遙感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

地圖制圖學(xué)與地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering 化學(xué)工程與技術(shù) Chemical Engineering and Technology 化學(xué)工程 Chemical Engineering 化學(xué)工藝 Chemical Technology 生物化工 Biochemical Engineering 應(yīng)用化學(xué) Applied Chemistry 工業(yè)催化 Industrial Catalysis

地質(zhì)資源與地質(zhì)工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering 礦產(chǎn)普查與勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration 地球探測(cè)與信息技術(shù) Geodetection and Information Technology 地質(zhì)工程 Geological Engineering 礦業(yè)工程 Mineral Engineering 采礦工程 Mining Engineering

礦物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering

安全技術(shù)及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering 石油與天然氣工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering 油氣井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering

油氣田開發(fā)工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering

油氣儲(chǔ)運(yùn)工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering 紡織科學(xué)與工程 Textile Science and Engineering 紡織工程 Textile Engineering

紡織材料與紡織品設(shè)計(jì) Textile Material and Textiles Design

紡織化學(xué)與染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering 服裝設(shè)計(jì)與工程 Clothing Design and Engineering

輕工技術(shù)與工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering 制漿造紙工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering 制糖工程 Sugar Engineering

發(fā)酵工程 Fermentation Engineering

皮革化學(xué)與工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering

交通運(yùn)輸工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering 道路與鐵道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering

交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control 交通運(yùn)輸規(guī)劃與管理 Transportation Planning and Management 載運(yùn)工具運(yùn)用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering

船舶與海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 船舶與海洋結(jié)構(gòu)物設(shè)計(jì)制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure

輪機(jī)工程 Marine Engine Engineering

水聲工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering

航空宇航科學(xué)與技術(shù) Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology 飛行器設(shè)計(jì) Flight Vehicle Design

航空宇航推進(jìn)理論與工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering 航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle 人機(jī)與環(huán)境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering 兵器科學(xué)與技術(shù) Armament Science and Technology

武器系統(tǒng)與運(yùn)用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器發(fā)射理論與技術(shù) Armament Launch Theory and Technology

火炮、自動(dòng)武器與彈藥工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering 軍事化學(xué)與煙火技術(shù) Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics 核科學(xué)與技術(shù) Nuclear Science and Technology

核能科學(xué)與工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering 核燃料循環(huán)與材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials 核技術(shù)及應(yīng)用 Nuclear Technology and Applications

輻射防護(hù)及環(huán)境保護(hù) Radiation and Environmental Protection 農(nóng)業(yè)工程 Agricultural Engineering

農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering 農(nóng)業(yè)水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering

農(nóng)業(yè)生物環(huán)境與能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering 農(nóng)業(yè)電氣化與自動(dòng)化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation 林業(yè)工程 Forestry Engineering 森林工程 Forest Engineering

木材科學(xué)與技術(shù) Wood Science and Technology

林產(chǎn)化學(xué)加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products 環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程 Environmental Science and Engineering 環(huán)境科學(xué) Environmental Science 環(huán)境工程 Environmental Engineering 生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程 Biomedical Engineering

食品科學(xué)與工程 Food Science and Engineering 食品科學(xué) Food Science

糧食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工及貯藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products 水產(chǎn)品加工及貯藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products 農(nóng)學(xué) Agriculture 作物學(xué) Crop Science

作物栽培學(xué)與耕作學(xué) Crop Cultivation and Farming System 作物遺傳育種學(xué) Crop Genetics and Breeding 園藝學(xué) Horticulture 果樹學(xué) Pomology 蔬菜學(xué) Olericulture 茶學(xué) Tea Science

農(nóng)業(yè)資源利用學(xué) Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources 土壤學(xué) Soil Science

植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué) Plant Nutrition 植物保護(hù)學(xué) Plant Protection 植物病理學(xué) Plant Pathology

農(nóng)業(yè)昆蟲與害蟲防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control 農(nóng)藥學(xué) Pesticide Science 畜牧學(xué) Animal Science

動(dòng)物遺傳育種與繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Science

動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與飼料科學(xué) Animal Nutrition and Feed Science 草業(yè)科學(xué) Practaculture Science

特種經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)學(xué)（含蠶、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type Economic Animals(including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)獸醫(yī)學(xué) Veterinary Medicine

基礎(chǔ)獸醫(yī)學(xué) Basic Veterinary Medicine

預(yù)防獸醫(yī)學(xué) Preventive Veterinary Medicine 臨床獸醫(yī)學(xué) Clinical Veterinary Medicine 林學(xué) Forestry

林木遺傳育種學(xué) Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding 森林培育學(xué) Silviculture

森林保護(hù)學(xué) Forest Protection 森林經(jīng)理學(xué) Forest Management

野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)與利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization 園林植物與觀賞園藝 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture

水土保持與荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating 水產(chǎn)學(xué) Fisheries Science

水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖學(xué) Aquaculture Science 捕撈學(xué) Fishing Science

漁業(yè)資源學(xué) Science of Fisheries Resources 醫(yī)學(xué) Medicine

基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué) Basic Medicine

人體解剖與組織胚胎學(xué) Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 免疫學(xué) Immunology

病原生物學(xué) Pathogenic Organisms

病理學(xué)與病理生理學(xué) Pathology and Pathophysiology 法醫(yī)學(xué) Forensic Medicine 放射醫(yī)學(xué) Radiation Medicine

航空航天與航海醫(yī)學(xué) Aerospace and Nautical medicine 臨床醫(yī)學(xué) Clinical Medicine

內(nèi)科學(xué)（含心血管病學(xué)、血液病學(xué)、呼吸系病學(xué)、消化系病學(xué)、內(nèi)分泌與代謝病學(xué)、腎臟病學(xué)、風(fēng)濕病學(xué)、傳染病學(xué)）Internal medicine(including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)

兒科學(xué) Pediatrics 老年醫(yī)學(xué) Geriatrics 神經(jīng)病學(xué) Neurology

精神病與精神衛(wèi)生學(xué) Psychiatry and Mental Health 皮膚病與性病學(xué) Dermatology and Venereology 影像醫(yī)學(xué)與核醫(yī)學(xué) Imaging and Nuclear Medicine 臨床檢驗(yàn)診斷學(xué) Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 護(hù)理學(xué) Nursing

外科學(xué)（含普通外科學(xué)、骨外科學(xué)、泌尿外科學(xué)、胸心血管外科學(xué)、神經(jīng)外科學(xué)、整形外科學(xué)、燒傷外科學(xué)、野戰(zhàn)外科學(xué)）Surgery(General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)婦產(chǎn)科學(xué) Obstetrics and Gynecology 眼科學(xué) Ophthalmic Specialty 耳鼻咽喉科學(xué) Otolaryngology 腫瘤學(xué) Oncology

康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)與理療學(xué) Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy 運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué) Sports Medicine 麻醉學(xué) Anesthesiology

急診醫(yī)學(xué) Emergency Medicine 口腔醫(yī)學(xué) Stomatology

口腔基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué) Basic Science of Stomatology 口腔臨床醫(yī)學(xué) Clinical Science of Stomatology

公共衛(wèi)生與預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué) Public Health and Preventive Medicine 流行病與衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué) Epidemiology and Health Statistics

勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生與環(huán)境衛(wèi)生學(xué) Occupational and Environmental Health 營(yíng)養(yǎng)與食品衛(wèi)生學(xué) Nutrition and Food Hygiene

兒少衛(wèi)生與婦幼保健學(xué) Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health 衛(wèi)生毒理學(xué) Hygiene Toxicology

軍事預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué) Military Preventive Medicine 中醫(yī)學(xué) Chinese Medicine

中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine

儀器科學(xué)與光電工程學(xué)院 School of Instrument Science and Opto-electronic Engineering

1、測(cè)控技術(shù)與儀器 Measurement & Control Technology and Instrument

2、光信息科學(xué)與技術(shù) Optic Information Science & Technology

機(jī)械與汽車工程學(xué)院 School of Machinery and Automobile Engineering

3、車輛工程 Vehicles Engineering

4、工業(yè)工程 Industrial Engineering

5、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) Industry Design

6、過(guò)程裝備與控制工程 Process Equipment & Control Engineering

7、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 Machine Design & Manufacture & Its Automation

8、交通工程 Transportation Engineering

9、熱能與動(dòng)力工程 Thermal Energy & Power Engineering

材料科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院 School of Material Science and Engineering

10、金屬材料工程 Metal Materials Engineering

11、材料物理 Materials Physics

12、無(wú)機(jī)非金屬材料工程 Inorganic Non-metallic Materials Engineering

13、材料成型及控制工程 Material Forming & Control Engineering

電氣與自動(dòng)化工程學(xué)院 School of Electric Engineering and Automation

14、電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化 Electric Engineering and Automation

15、生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程 Biomedical Engineering

16、自動(dòng)化 Automation

計(jì)算機(jī)與信息學(xué)院 School of Computer and Information

17、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù) Computer Science & Technology

18、電子信息工程 Electronic Information Engineering

19、電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù) Electronic Information Science & Technology 20、通信工程 Communications Engineering

21、信息安全I(xiàn)nformation Security

化學(xué)工程學(xué)院 School of Chemical Engineering

22、高分子材料與工程 Macromolecule Material and Engineering

23、化學(xué)工程與工藝 Chemical Engineering and Technics

24、制藥工程 Pharmacy Engineering

25、應(yīng)用化學(xué) Applied Chemistry

土木建筑工程學(xué)院 School of Civil Engineering

26、給排水工程 Water Supply & Drainage Engineering

27、工程力學(xué) Engineering Mechanics

28、水利水電工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering

29、土木工程 Civil Engineering 30、建筑環(huán)境與設(shè)備工程 Architectural Environment & Equipment Engineering 建筑與藝術(shù)學(xué)院 School of Architecture and Arts

31、城市規(guī)劃 Urban Planning

32、建筑學(xué) Architecture

33、藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì) Artistic Design

資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院 School of Resources and Environment

34、地理信息系統(tǒng) Geographic Information System

35、環(huán)境工程 Environment Engineering

36、勘查技術(shù)與工程 Exploration Technology & Engineering

37、資源勘查工程 Resources Exploration Engineering

理學(xué)院 School of Sciences

38、電子科學(xué)與技術(shù) Electronic Science & Technology

39、數(shù)學(xué)與應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué) Applied Mathematics 40、微電子學(xué) Microelectronics

41、信息與計(jì)算科學(xué) Science of Information & Computation

42、應(yīng)用物理學(xué) Applied Physics

管理學(xué)院 School of Management

43、電子商務(wù) Electronic Commerce

44、會(huì)計(jì)學(xué) Accounting

45、工商管理 Business Management

46、勞動(dòng)與社會(huì)保障 Labour and Social Security

47、信息管理與信息系統(tǒng) Information Management & System

48、旅游管理 Tourism Management

49、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷 Marketing

人文經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 School of Humanities and Economics

50、財(cái)政學(xué) Finance

51、廣告學(xué) Advertisement

52、國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易 International Economy & Trade

53、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) Economics

54、思想政治教育 Education in Ideology and Politics

55、英語(yǔ) English

56、法學(xué) Law

57、社會(huì)工作 Social Work

生物與食品工程學(xué)院 School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering

58、生物工程 Bioengineering

59、生物技術(shù) Biotechnology 60、食品科學(xué)與工程 Food Science and Engineering

第四篇：計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)課程名稱英文翻譯

計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)課程名稱英文翻譯

（計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)（教師教育）專業(yè)的課程名稱和英文名稱）中國(guó)現(xiàn)代史綱要 Outline of Moderm Chinese History 5 大學(xué)英語(yǔ) College English 6 大學(xué)體育 College PE 7 心理學(xué) Psychology 8 教育學(xué) Pedagogy 9 現(xiàn)代教育技術(shù) Modern Technology 10 教師口語(yǔ) Teachers' Oral Skill 11 形勢(shì)與政策 Current Situation and Policy 12 大學(xué)生就業(yè)與指導(dǎo) Career Guidance 13 學(xué)科教學(xué)法 Course Teaching Methodology 14 生理與心理健康教育15 環(huán)境與可持續(xù)發(fā)展 Environment and Sustainable Development 16 文獻(xiàn)檢索 Literature Retrieval 17 大學(xué)體育 College PE 18 大學(xué)語(yǔ)文 College Chinese 19 高等數(shù)學(xué) Higher Mathematics 20 計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)論 Introduction to ComputerScience 21 程序設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ) Programming Foundations

Health and Physiology Education 22 程序設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of ProgrammingFoundations 23 線性代數(shù) Linear Algebra 24 大學(xué)物理 College Physics 25 大學(xué)物理實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of CollegePhysics 26 電路與電子技術(shù) Circuits and Electronics 27 電工與電子技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of Circuits andElectronics 28 數(shù)字邏輯電路 Digital Logic Circuit 29 數(shù)字邏輯電路 Experimentation of DigitalLogic Circuit 30 離散數(shù)學(xué) Discrete Mathematics 31 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) Data Structures 32 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of DataStructures 33 計(jì)算機(jī)組成與系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)Architecture 34 操作系統(tǒng) Operating System 35 操作系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of Operating System 36 計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò) Computer Network 37 計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of Computer Network 38 面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O(shè)計(jì) Object-Oriented Programming 39 面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)Programming 40 匯編語(yǔ)言程序設(shè)計(jì) Assembly Language

of Object-Oriented Computer Organization and Experimentation 41 匯編語(yǔ)言程序設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of Assembly Language 42 概率與數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì) Probability and Statistics 43 JAVA語(yǔ)言 Java Language 45 JAVA語(yǔ)言實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of Java Language 46 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)原理 Databases Principles 47 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)原理實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of Databases Pninciples 48 專業(yè)英語(yǔ) Discipline English 49 人工智能導(dǎo)論 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 50 算法設(shè)計(jì)與分析 Design and Analysis Of Algorithms 51 微機(jī)系統(tǒng)與接口 Microcomputer System and Interface 52 編譯原理 Compiling Principles 53 編譯原理實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of Compiling 54 數(shù)學(xué)建模 Mathematics Modeling 55 軟件工程 Software Engineering

計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)課程名稱英文翻譯下（2）

（計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)（教師教育）專業(yè)的課程名稱和英文名稱）56 軟件工程實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of Software Engineering 57 嵌入式系統(tǒng) Embedded System 58 嵌入式系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of Embedded System 59 多媒體技術(shù) Multimedia Technology 60 Experimentation of Multimedia Technology 61 信息系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì) Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 62 UNIX操作系統(tǒng)分析 UNIX System Analysis 63 UNIX/Linux操作系統(tǒng)分析 Experimentation of UNIX/Linux SystemAnalysis 64 單片機(jī)原理 Principles of Single-ChipComputer 65 信息安全與保密概論 Introduction to Security andm Cryptography 66 Web應(yīng)用技術(shù) Applications of Web 67 高級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)應(yīng)用技術(shù)Advanced Application of Database Technology 68 組網(wǎng)技術(shù) Technology ofBuildingNetwork 69 組網(wǎng)技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn) Technology of Building Network 70 計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué) Computer Graphics 71 嵌入式接口技術(shù) Embedded Interface 72 嵌入式接口技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)Experimentation of Embedded Interface 73 數(shù)字圖像處理 Digital Images Processing 74 數(shù)字圖像處理實(shí)驗(yàn) Digital Images Processing 75 網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用軟件開發(fā) Network Application Development

XML原理與應(yīng)用 XML Principle and Application 77 XML原理與應(yīng)用實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation ofXML Principle

andApplication 78 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)維護(hù) Maintenance of Computer System 79 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)維護(hù)實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of Computer

Maintenance 80 網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理技術(shù) Network Management Technology 81 網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn) Experimentation of NetworkManagement 82 數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)與數(shù)據(jù)挖掘 Data Storage and Data Digging 83 項(xiàng)目管理 Project Management 84 軟件開發(fā)實(shí)例 Cases of Sotiware Development 85 企業(yè)資源規(guī)劃(ERP)Enterprise Resource Planning 86 新技術(shù) New Technology 87 科研創(chuàng)作指導(dǎo) Supervision in Science ResearchCreation 88 電子商務(wù)概論 Introduction of ElectronicBusiness 89 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué) Computer Aided Teaching

另：

計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)論 Introduction to ComputerScience 程序設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ) Foundations ofProgramming 電路與電子技術(shù) Circuits and Electronics 數(shù)字邏輯電路 Digital Logic Circuit 離散數(shù)學(xué) Discrete Mathematics 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) Data Structures 計(jì)算機(jī)組成與系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu) Computer Organization and Architecture 操作系統(tǒng) Operating System 計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò) Computer Network 面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O(shè)計(jì) Object-Oriented Progjamming 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)原理 Databases Principles

第五篇：數(shù)學(xué)系各專業(yè)英文翻譯格式

數(shù)學(xué)系各專業(yè)英文翻譯格式

數(shù)學(xué)與應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)

Grade 03,Class 2,Major in Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi

信息與計(jì)算科學(xué)專業(yè)

Grade 03,Class 2, Major in Information and Computing Science, Department of Mathematics, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi