第一篇：江蘇自考英語二考前抱佛腳資料-看完包70分

2011年自考英語

（二）章節(jié)復(fù)習(xí)資料匯總 重點(diǎn)單詞擴(kuò)充講解：

1.organizational: a 組織上的

由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：organize: v 組織； organization: n 組織； organizer: n 組織者

請看下列習(xí)題，選擇該組詞里恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空：

1).Last week, our school ________ a spring outing.2).The task calls for the highest _________ skill.3).China has joined World Trade __________.4).He is the __________ of the speech contest.Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer

2.objective: n 目標(biāo)； a 客觀的，反義詞subjective: 主觀的 3.predict: v 預(yù)言、預(yù)示；

由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：prediction: n 預(yù)言； predictable: a 可預(yù)測的； predictor: n 預(yù)言家

4.simplify: v 簡化

由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：simple: a 簡單的； simply: ad 簡單地，僅僅地； simplification: n 簡化； simplified: a 被簡化的。

Exercises for the above words:

1).The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.2).Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ____ edition is quite easy.3).There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______ a question of procedure.4).The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor.Answers: simple;simplified;simply;simplification

5.tendency: n 趨勢、傾向；tend : v 傾向于?，tend to do sth

e.g.old people have the tendency of getting fatter.Or old people tend to get fatter.6.managerial: a 經(jīng)理的、經(jīng)營上的；

由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：manage: v管理、經(jīng)營； management: n;manager: n 經(jīng)營者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可經(jīng)營的。

7.argue: v 爭辯、爭論，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人爭論； argue sb into doing sth說服某人做某事； argue sb out of doing sth說服某人不要做某事。

e.g.1>.The young couple always argue with each other over their child’s

education.2>.I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.8.define: v 給?下定義； definition: n 定義

9.profitability: n 賺錢，獲利

由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：profit: n 利潤； profitable: a 有利可圖的, 有好處的；

profitless: a 沒有利潤的。

1).He has made a _____ from running a small restaurant.2).The deal was ______ to all of us.3).They valued _______ differently, which led to disagreement as to the correctness of decision.Answer: profit, profitable;profitability.10.correctness: n 正確性； 字根：correct: a 正確的； v 糾正，correction: n 糾正； incorrect: a 不正確的。

11.unintended: a 非計(jì)劃中的，由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：intend: v 打算，計(jì)劃；intention: n ； intended: a 計(jì)劃中的

課文難句講解、分析

1.A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1)

譯：決策就是從幾種可以選擇的做法中作出選擇。

分析：該句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。made from among alternative courses of action that are available是過去分詞短語做定語修飾a choice;其中that are available是定語從句修飾courses of action.像這樣一環(huán)修飾一環(huán)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)在英文中很普遍，因此為了看懂句子大家必須學(xué)會(huì)分析。這是整個(gè)英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中很重要的能力！

2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.(p1)

譯：做出決策的原因是因?yàn)榇嬖趩栴}，目標(biāo)或目的有錯(cuò)誤，或者有某種東西防礙著它們的實(shí)現(xiàn)。

分析：該句又是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。That引導(dǎo)三個(gè)并列的表語從句，①a problem exists，②goals or objectives are wrong；③something is standing in the way of accomplishing them。短語：make a decision:做出決策；stand in the way: 阻擋、防礙

3.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.(p2)

譯：通常管理者必須對未來的情況做出最佳預(yù)測，從而使偶然性盡可能少地發(fā)生，但因?yàn)椴淮_定性總是存在，所以決策常伴隨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

分析：前半句是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。what the future will be是at的賓語；as little as possible做leave的賓語；since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，相當(dāng)于because.4.If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.(p3)

譯：如果沒有選擇，就不會(huì)有決策。

分析：這是一句很簡單的條件狀語從句，但它有一個(gè)很重要的考點(diǎn)：to be made。這是動(dòng)詞不定式做定語修飾decision，有將來意味。比如：The last question to be discussed today is how to divide the work among ourselves.5.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.(p3)

譯：對于管理者而言，每次決策都受到政策、程序、法律以及慣例等因素制約。

分析：這句話的考點(diǎn)是based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like。同樣是過去分詞短語做定語修飾constraints。其中詞組：base?on以?為基礎(chǔ)。如：The film is based on s short story by Jack London.6.But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.(p4)

譯：但是這種簡化的傾向使得他們看不到其他可供選擇的方法。

分析：該句主語the tendency to simplify，謂語blinds;them是賓語。to simplify是定語，修飾the tendency；to other alternatives是賓補(bǔ)。其中短語：blind sb to sth:使?看不見?；

we shouldn’t let our prejudices blind us to the facts.7.Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.(p6 line 4--6)

譯：因?yàn)閭€(gè)人（和組織）關(guān)于如何達(dá)到目的常有不同的觀點(diǎn)，哪種是最優(yōu)的選擇可能要看是誰做出決策。

分析：這是一個(gè)由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。其中how to attain the goals做介詞about的賓語，who makes the decision做介詞on的賓語。

8.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.(p7 line 2--4)

譯：其中有一些目標(biāo)比其它的更重要，但其順序和重要程度因人和不同的部門而異。

分析：請注意比較級more important than，詞組：vary from person to person譯成中文：因人而異，可以推出：因季節(jié)而異vary from season to season?.9.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.(p7 line 5--7)

譯：當(dāng)面對同一件日常事情時(shí)，銷售經(jīng)理傾向于看銷售問題，而生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理則會(huì)看生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的問題，等等。

分析：前半部分為?？純?nèi)容，它是when + 過去分詞短語，構(gòu)成時(shí)間狀語部分。其中詞組：

be presented with = be faced with當(dāng)面對?

When faced with difficulties, we should be brave..10.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.(p9)

譯：人們經(jīng)常假設(shè)一項(xiàng)決策是孤立的現(xiàn)象。

分析：句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單：主謂賓（從句）。其中assume: = imagine;isolated: adj 孤立的。

phenomenon: n 現(xiàn)象；復(fù)數(shù)變化較特殊：phenomena 重點(diǎn)單詞、詞組詳講

1.interview: n/v 采訪、面試；interviewer: n 采訪者； interviewee: n 被采訪者

e.g.1>.Who's the most famous person you've ever interviewed on TV?

2>.In a TV interview last night, she denied she had any intention of resigning.2.criticism: n 批評，評論； criticize: v 批評； critical: a 批評的、挑剔的、關(guān)鍵的；critic: n 評論家, 請?zhí)钐羁础?/p>

1> He is a literary ______.2> We are at a _______time in our history.3> He can't take ________.4> The boy was ______ by his father for being late for school.Answers: critic, critical, criticism, criticized

3.indifference: n 冷漠、漠不關(guān)心；indifferent: a 冷漠的，反義詞：enthusiastic: 熱情的

cf: different: a 不同的，名詞：difference;反義詞：same.4.inefficiency: n 無效，由此聯(lián)想得到：

efficient: a 高效率的； efficiency: n inefficient: a 低效率的 5.conservative: a 保守的、保存的； conserve: v 保存； conservation: n

6.apply to sb for sth: 向某人申請某物

e.g.The student applied to the embassy for a visa.7.take the trouble to do sth: 不辭勞苦、費(fèi)力地做某事

e.g.If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, you'd know what I was talking about.8.put oneself in somebody's place: 設(shè)身處地?

If you put yourself in your mother's place, you will understand why she is so worried about you.9.in hand: 手頭上有，進(jìn)行中

I've got enough money in hand to buy a new car.10.turn down: 調(diào)小，降低，拒絕

Turn down the TV, for the baby is sleeping.He turned down the job because the pay isn't good enough.課文難句分析

1.The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.（p2）

譯：這里的關(guān)鍵詞是準(zhǔn)備和自信，它們將使你前程遠(yuǎn)大。

分析：which will carry you far非限定性定語從句，修飾preparation and confidence。另外請注意：key關(guān)鍵的；preparation是prepare的名詞；confidence: n 信心。Confident: a 有信心的；self-confidence: 自信心。

2.Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for.(p4)

譯：了解你所申請的工作和你希望為之工作的組織。

分析：you are applying for定語，修飾the job;you hope to work for定語修飾the origination。詞組：apply to sb for sth向某人申請什么。

3.It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.(p6)

譯：它表明你對雇主和你的工作的態(tài)度冷漠，不感興趣。

分析：it主語；shows謂語；an unattractive indifference賓語；to your employer and to your job間接賓語。Show sth to sb=show sb sth.另外，請注意：indifference: 冷漠，漠視。

4.He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.(p7)

分析：who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job全部都是定語，修飾somebody。注意介詞with表示帶有。； have interest in sth對?有興趣。

5.Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.(p8)

譯：你找到的任何有關(guān)未來雇主的信息在面試中都能為你所用，以表示你費(fèi)了心思去掌握一些關(guān)于你希望為其工作的人的事實(shí)。

分析：從這個(gè)句子的長度大家也能看出這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。主體結(jié)構(gòu)為：anything can be used to your advantage.that you find out about the prospective employer是定語從句；during the interview狀語；to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for是目的狀語；who you hope to work for是另外一個(gè)定語從句修飾the people.詞組：to your advantage: 對你有利；work for sb為某人工作。

6.Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.(p10)

譯：面試中如果你想確切地知道某些話的含義，不要害怕請對方解釋清楚，但一定要有禮貌。

分析：基本句型：not be afraid to do sth;不要害怕去做某事；ask for clarification要求澄清；that has been said during the interview定語，修飾something;what was implied賓語；do be polite: 其中do為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，如：do be careful!I do love you!He does lie to us!

7.Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.(p16)

譯： 拿著邀請你面試的通知書，以防萬一交談出現(xiàn)困難時(shí)顯示。

分析：這是一個(gè)祈使句。Have動(dòng)詞，拿著；the letter賓語；inviting you for an interview現(xiàn)在分詞做定語；ready to show狀語；in case there is any difficulty in communication條件狀語從句；詞組：there is some difficulty in sth/doing sth在?方面有困難。如：We have some difficulty speaking English fluently.8.There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn.(p20)

譯：由五個(gè)人構(gòu)成的專門小組幾乎不可能輪流與你握手。

分析：這句話的重點(diǎn)在于that a panel of five ants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn是一個(gè)同位語從句，是對little likelihood的解釋。其中：likelihood: n 可能性，相當(dāng)于possibility;go through經(jīng)歷； in turn:輪流。

9.Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?(p23)

譯：您介意換個(gè)說法來問這個(gè)問題嗎？

分析：考點(diǎn)mind doing sth.如： Would you mind turning down the TV?

語法：介紹as的相關(guān)用法

as是一個(gè)乍一看簡單，但實(shí)際在英語中用法很復(fù)雜的小詞。從詞類上講，可以用作介詞、副詞、連詞以及關(guān)系代詞；從語法功能角度來看，可以構(gòu)成介詞賓語，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，時(shí)間狀語從句，方式狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，比較狀語從句和定語從句。此外as還出現(xiàn)在很多固定搭配中，如： as if, as though, as long as, as to, as for, so as to, etc.請看下列例句,并請分析出as的具體用法。

1.I work as an English teacher in a middle school.2.Run as fast as you can.3.Young as he is, he knows more than I.4.Just as I was leaving, the telephone rang.5.Please do as I have told you.6.As I am the oldest child in my family, I must take care of the other children.7.Such people as you have described are rare now Learn new words and phrases

1.astronomer: n 天文學(xué)家；astronomy: n 天文學(xué)

2.explode: v 爆炸,由此聯(lián)想：explosive: a 爆炸性的/n 炸藥；explosion: n 爆炸

1).When the bomb______, many people were seriously wounded.2).The unexpected ________ frightened the little girl.3).It might be possible to convert _____ energy into heat.Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive

3.density: n 密度；聯(lián)想產(chǎn)生：dense: a 密度大的，反義詞：sparse;

densely: ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的

1).The ____ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction.2).The business area of the city is _____ populated.3).This liquid has a much greater ____ than water.Answers: dense, densely, density

4.shrink: v 收縮、退縮、縮水

1).As a result of careless washing, the jacket has shrunk to a child's size.2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood.5.measurement: n 衡量、測量；

由此聯(lián)想：measure: n措施/v 衡量、測量；measurable: a 可衡量的，可測量的

1).We must take _____ to protect our environment.2).We have come within ______ distance of success.3).Clocks give us a ______ of time.4).There the rainfall is ______ not in inches but in feet.Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured

6.implication: n 含義、暗示；imply: v 暗示

7.basis: n 基礎(chǔ)、根據(jù)，由此可以聯(lián)想得到：base: n 底部；v 以?為底，為根據(jù)；basic: a 基礎(chǔ)的，根本的；

basically: ad 根本上來說，1).If you want to improve your English, you must have a solid ______.2).The furniture of out dorm is really _____: two beds, two chairs and tables.3).The charges are false for they are not ______ on proven facts.4).Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to adopt the ____ workable one.Answers: basis, basic, based, basically

8.observatory: n 天文臺(tái)；由此可以聯(lián)想得到：

observe: v 觀察；observation: n 觀察；observer: n 觀察家

9.convincing: a 有說服力的，使人信服的；convince: v 使人信服；convinced: a 感到有說服力的，常見搭配：convince sb of sth;convince sb that

1).He gave us a convincing speech.2).He convinced me f his sincerity.10.operate: v 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、操作、動(dòng)手術(shù)；operation : n 手術(shù)，操作；operator: 操作者

11.research into對?進(jìn)行研究

She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.12.swallow up: 吞沒、耗盡

Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies.13.apply to sb/sth：適用于某人/某事，請對比：

apply to sb for sth向某人申請某事；apply A to B將A 應(yīng)用于B

1).You should apply what you have learned to your work.2).I applied to him for a new job.3).The study method doesn't apply to everyone

Analyze the important sentences among the text

1.Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1)

譯：哦，這個(gè)問題很難回答，因?yàn)槲覀兺ǔＳ脕砻枋鲆环N科學(xué)現(xiàn)象的現(xiàn)有術(shù)語在這里不夠用。

句子分析：it是形式主語，to answer this question是句子主語；since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon是定語從句，修飾terms;inadequate: 不充分的，不合格的。

2.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light.(p1)

譯：天文學(xué)家和科學(xué)家認(rèn)為黑洞是一個(gè)空間區(qū)域，而不是一個(gè)物體，物質(zhì)會(huì)掉進(jìn)黑洞而沒有物體可以從中逃脫出來，即使是光也不行。

句子分析：into which和from which引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)定語從句，介詞：into和fall搭配；from 和escape搭配。這種介詞+which的定語從句的形式請多注意。

3.The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.(p2)

譯：（關(guān)于黑洞形成的）理論就是一些星球的密度增長到某個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)就會(huì)爆炸。

句子分析：這是一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句。that用來引導(dǎo)表語從句，不可省略。其中又包含一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。to a particular point是達(dá)到某一個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)的含義。

4.But if the star is very large(much bigger than our sun)this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.(p2)

譯：但如果星球很大（比我們的太陽還要大得多），其收縮過程可能很劇烈，以致于產(chǎn)生了黑洞。

句子分析：這是一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，so?that表示如此?以致，是結(jié)果狀語從句。

如：I'm so tired that I can even sleep on my way home.5.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.(p2)

譯：假想一下地球收縮到彈球兒那么大，但仍具有同樣的質(zhì)量和更強(qiáng)的吸引力，你就會(huì)對黑洞的力量又某種概念。

句子分析：該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為imagine?.and you ??事實(shí)上相當(dāng)于if you imagine?, you will have some idea?..這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)在歷年的考試中曾出現(xiàn)過。請記?。浩硎咕? and + 陳述句= if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。如：Hurry up and you can catch the last train!

另外，該句還有兩個(gè)定語成分reduced to the size of a marble和having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull用來修飾the earth.前者為過去分詞，而后者為現(xiàn)在分詞。詞組：

have some idea of sth對?有所了解

6.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.(p3line13--14)

譯：只是近來科學(xué)家才開始對黑洞進(jìn)行具體的研究。

句子分析：本句的核心結(jié)構(gòu)為it is?that的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語only recently。詞組：research into sth對?進(jìn)行研究。

7.The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.(p4)

譯：有關(guān)黑洞最有說服力的證據(jù)來自對雙星體系的研究。

句子分析：該句主語evidence，謂語comes from；賓語research into binary star systems。

The most convincing是定語，修飾evidence.其中請注意convincing:令人信服的，通常修飾物的形容詞多以-ing結(jié)尾；而修飾人的多以-ed結(jié)尾。如：

I feel excited after hearing the surprising news.8.Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star.(p4)

譯：我們所看到的星球的物質(zhì)正在被吸引到伴星去。

句子分析：主語matter;謂語is being pulled，這是一個(gè)進(jìn)行被動(dòng)語態(tài)；towards the companion star介詞賓語；from the one which we can see定語。

9.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.(p5line4--6)

譯：另一方面，科學(xué)家也提出有一天高科技會(huì)利用黑洞的力量為人類服務(wù)。

句子分析：請注意在本句中suggest不是建議的含義，是指出、指明的意思。advanced高級的、先進(jìn)的；make use of sth利用?，該詞組可以拓展成：make good use of 好好加以利用；make full use of充分加以利用。

10.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5)

譯：他們展示給我們一個(gè)不同于我們自己的世界運(yùn)行方式的世界，并對我們最基本的時(shí)空經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出了質(zhì)疑。

句子分析：這個(gè)句子復(fù)雜在于：從which引導(dǎo)的很長的定語從句，特別注意;operate：v 操作；in a way以某種方式；be different from同?不同；question: v 質(zhì)疑，詢問Learn new words and phrases

1.resolve: v 旋轉(zhuǎn)，常見搭配關(guān)系為：resolve around sb/sth圍繞?轉(zhuǎn)。

She spends all of her time resolving around her family.The earth resolves around the sun.2.solar: a 太陽的，日光的

solar energy太陽能；solar system太陽系；solar month陽歷月

3.concerned: a 有關(guān)的、擔(dān)心的

Her job is something concerned with computer.He is concerned about the result of the exam.4.colored: a 有色的，對比；colorful: a 豐富多彩的 I like orange-colored coat.Everybody likes colorful life.5.religion: n 宗教，religious: a 虔誠的；

請對比：region: n 地區(qū)；regional: a 地區(qū)的 6.circumstance: n 情況、境遇；

Under no circumstances can we waste time.7.a great many = a number of = many很多，修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。而a great deal of + u.n

A great many students are absent today.I have wasted a great deal of time.8.above all: 首先、首要

After the war, he longed above all to see his wife and family.9.as a rule: 通常、一般而言

As a rule, I only watch sports news.Analyze the important sentences among the text:

1.First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun.(p1)

譯：首先，讓我們把地球看作是圍繞太陽運(yùn)行的一顆行星。

句子分析：first of all首先，詞組：consider sth as sth把?當(dāng)作?，與之類似的詞組還有：

look up sth as sth;review sth as sth;treat sth as sth?;revolving around the sun是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語修飾a planet。

2.These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system.(p1)

譯：這九大行星和太陽一起構(gòu)成我們所說的太陽系。

句子分析：該句主語為：These nine planets；謂語是make up；what is called our solar system是賓語；together with the sun是狀語，而并非句子主語。關(guān)于該語法內(nèi)容請見本講后面的grammar---主謂一致。

3.How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery ??(p1)

譯：這個(gè)奇妙的星系是怎樣起源的？什么使它保持極其精確的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，很大程度上現(xiàn)在還是一個(gè)謎。

句子分析：這也是一個(gè)主語很復(fù)雜的句子：How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy是主語，它是一個(gè)主語從句。關(guān)于該語法內(nèi)容請見本講后面的grammar---主謂一致。

4.The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.(p4)

譯：水域的總面積大約是陸地面積的三倍大。

句子分析：該句的核心句型是A + be + 倍數(shù)+ as + adj + as + B.e.g.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific Ocean.5.These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.(p5)

譯：這些海洋之所以重要是因?yàn)樗麄冇绊懼鹘?jīng)區(qū)域的附近陸地的氣候，也是因?yàn)樗鼈償y帶大量的微生物，植物，而這些構(gòu)成魚類食品的一大部分。

句子分析：這是一個(gè)由because引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，其中close to where they flow是定語，修飾the land areas；詞組：large quantities of + c.n/u.n;which forms a large part of the food for fishes是定語從句修飾animal and vegetable life。其中l(wèi)ife是指生命，不可數(shù)名詞。

6.The circumstances under which different people live make a difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.(p8)

譯：不同民族的生活環(huán)境造就了他們和我們極為不同的生活方式，我們應(yīng)該做的是去了解他們不同的生活環(huán)境以便可以更好理解其他地區(qū)的人們。

句子分析：該句中的under which和in which又是介詞+which的定語從句用法，修飾The circumstances和the way；so that引導(dǎo)的時(shí)目的狀語從句。其中：make a diference;使?不同，產(chǎn)生差異；business 是指責(zé)任；

7.Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.譯：其中很重要的實(shí)在沒有對于與我們不同的人們和他們必須過的那種生活有大量的了解之前，我們應(yīng)該避免對他們有先入為主的看法。

句子分析：Above all是狀語，意思是最重要的，首先；we主語；should avoid謂語；deciding what we think about people different from ourselves賓語；without first?狀語。different from ourselves是定語，修飾people;having learned動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)，表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作早于deciding發(fā)生。重要詞組：above all;avoid doing;a great deal

8.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.譯：確實(shí)我們了解其他人越多，我們就越能理解他們的觀點(diǎn)，通常我們就更喜歡那些人。

句子分析：該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為：the more?the more?the better意思：越?就越?；如：

The longer you keep this wine, the better it tastes.The busier I am, the happier I am.Grammar 主謂一致

主謂一致是指句中的主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上須保持一致。我們一般遵從三個(gè)原則：

1、語法一致的原則：是指主語為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要與其相呼應(yīng)。

2、意義一致的原則：指謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語所表達(dá)的概念，而不取決于表面的語法標(biāo)志，主要表現(xiàn)為某些集體名詞后可跟動(dòng)詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。如果這些集體名詞指整體概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；指具體成員時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)。

3、就近原則：是指謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于離它最近的詞語，而無須考慮其他的詞。

主謂一致的熱點(diǎn)

1．由 many a 或 more than + 單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。

Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall.More than one student has visited the exhibition.2．“??的幾分之幾”和“??的百分之幾” 作主語時(shí)，其謂語用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)取決于 of 后的名詞。

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.40 percent of the students in our class are girls.3．“a number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；“ the number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。

A number of pupils like reading picture-books.The number of the students in our class is 55.4．并列主語如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這時(shí) and 后面的名詞前沒有冠詞。

The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often works with the workers.5．成對的名詞，如bread and butter涂黃油的面包，soda and water汽水，coffee and milk加牛奶的咖啡，aim and end目的，salt and water鹽開水等，雖然有and連接，但仍表單一概念，作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。

A knife and fork is on the table.6．由 and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語的前面分別有each, every或no修飾時(shí)，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。

No student and no teacher is invited to the party.In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education.7．主語是單數(shù)，其后跟有together with, along with(與??一道)，as well as(和；也)，no less than(和??一樣)，rather than(而不)，以及with, not, like, but, except, besides, including 等引起的短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。

He as well as his sister is a League member.8．在定語從句中主語是關(guān)系代詞who, that, which,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)一致。

I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know.9．主語是一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如clothes, trousers, glasses, compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。但這類表示成雙的東西的名詞前有a pair of修飾時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。

My trousers are being washed now.There is a pair of shoes in the box.10．表示度量、價(jià)格、時(shí)間的復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞組作主語時(shí)一般被看作一個(gè)整體，謂語用單數(shù)形式。

Ten dollars is not enough.Three months has passed since he left.11．主語是以-ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞以及news, works(工廠)等都屬形式復(fù)數(shù)，而意義單數(shù)的名詞，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。另外means一詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形應(yīng)視具體情況而定。

Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn.A new means of teaching is being used in that school.12．主語是用作書名、劇名、報(bào)紙名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。

The United States is a developed country.13．主語是family, team, group, crowd, class, committee等集合名詞時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語用單數(shù)形式，如指的是全體人員時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

His family are all music lovers.14．“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句”之前有the only, the very, the等限定詞和修飾語時(shí)，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

She is the only one of these women who plays the violin.15．主語是疑問代詞who, what, which,不定代詞all, more, most, any, none等以及名詞half, part, the rest等既可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義又可表示單數(shù)意義，其謂語視情況而定。

Half of the visitors are from Europe.Half of the fruit is bad.16．主語是表示數(shù)量的“one and a half +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。主語是“one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，其謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

One and a half bananas is left on the table.There are one or two things I‘d like to know about.17．the +形容詞或分詞作主語時(shí)，如指一類人。其謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，如指抽象概念，其謂語用單數(shù)。如：

The rich are not always happy.The new is sure to replace the old.18．由not only ? but also, neither?nor, either?or, not ?but以及or連接的并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要與最靠近它的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。

Not only your father's friends but also your father likes smoking.19．在倒裝句中以及在There be ?結(jié)構(gòu)中，如主語是并列的，謂語動(dòng)詞往往和其后面的第一個(gè)主語取得數(shù)上的一致。

Where is your mother and younger sister?

There is a pen , two pencils and five books on the desk.20．動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式作主語，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。

When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.Learn new words and phrases

1.weaken: v 削弱、減弱，字根：weak: a 虛弱的 構(gòu)詞形式：adj/n + en或en + adj/n = v

Shorten, enlarge, enable, enrich, loosen, tighten etc.2.nationwide: a 全國范圍的，通過該詞我們可以得到：worldwide:全世界范圍的，regionwide, etc.3.legal: a 合法的，反義詞：illegal,不合法的；legalize: v 使?合法化。

The Netherlands became the first country to legalize euthanasia.4.ensure: v 確保、擔(dān)保，常見用法如下：

1).The police can ensure the witness from danger.2).We can ensure that the work will be done in the right way.5.oppose: v 反對、對抗；名詞：opposition , 形容詞：opposed

1).What he said was totally opposed to the facts.2).Many people oppose building a new highway because of the great cost.6.tradition: n 傳統(tǒng)，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

traditional: a;traditionally: ad;反義詞為：modern

1)._____ Chinese medicine is believed to be effective for many diseases.2).It's important to keep up the fine ____ of plain living and hard work.3).Christmas is ____ a holiday for a family to get together.Answers: Traditional, tradition, traditionally

7.consideration: n 考慮、體諒、照顧，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

Consider: v 考慮；considerate: a 體諒的，be considerate of;considerable: a 相當(dāng)多的。請練習(xí)一下：

1).Losing 30 pounds changed her appearance _____.2).It is very ____ of you to send me a birthday card.3).The matter is receiving the serious ____ of the manager.4).He left behind him a ____ amount of debt.Answers: considerably, considerate, consideration, considerable

8.disabled: a 殘疾的，傷殘的，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

able: a 有能力的；be able to do sth;unable: a 沒有能力的；enable: v 使人能夠enable sb to do sth;ability: n 能力籨isable: v 使人殘疾

1).As long as they are physically ____, they tend to live on their own.2).The _____ to be clearly heard is extremely important for any speaker.3).I'd like to go to the cinema, but I'm _____ to.4).Education should ____ every student to develop morally, intellectually and physically.5).A car accident ____ him from playing football.6).Special care should be given to the ______.Answers: able, ability, unable, enable, disabled(v), disabled(a)

9.prohibition: n 禁止、禁令，prohibit: v prohibit sb from doing sth;

10.sensitive: a 敏感的，be sensitive to sb/sth;同根詞：sensible: a 明智的，be sensible of sth

1).I am sensitive to your criticism.2).It's sensible of you to make such a decision.Analyze the important sentences among the text

1.Affected with a serious disease, Van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.(p2)

譯：因患有嚴(yán)重的疾病，Van Wendel再也不能清楚地講話了，他知道他已經(jīng)沒有康復(fù)的可能，其病情正在迅速惡化。

句子分析：Affected with a serious disease是過去分詞短語做原因狀語，可以改寫成原因狀語從句：because he was affected with a serious disease, ?.另外，there was no hope of recovery和that his condition was rapidly deteriorating都是動(dòng)詞knew的賓語。詞組：be affected with sth患有?疾病。如：

All the cows in the farm are affected with mad-cow disease.hope of recovery:康復(fù)的希望。

2.Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and showed on TV last year in the Netherlands.(p3)

譯：Van Wendel在他的醫(yī)生給她進(jìn)行最后結(jié)束生命的那一陣之前的后三個(gè)月的生活被拍成了電影并于去年在荷蘭的電視上首次播映。

句子分析：該句的主語較長，were之前均是。其中，核心名詞Van Wendel's last three months of life，后面的before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor是動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)做定語。film這里當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用，拍電影。

3.The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.(p3)

譯：這個(gè)節(jié)目此后被二十個(gè)國家所購買。每次放映，都引起一場關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的全國性的大討論。

句子分析：這是一個(gè)?？季渥?。考點(diǎn)一：since: adv 從那以后；考點(diǎn)二：each time是名詞作時(shí)間狀語，前面不用介詞；考點(diǎn)三：debate on sth關(guān)于?的討論。

4.However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.(p4)

譯：然而，在荷蘭議會(huì)兩年前提出的議案的指導(dǎo)原則下執(zhí)行安樂死的醫(yī)生，通常是不會(huì)被起訴的。

句子分析：該句核心內(nèi)容有三點(diǎn)：carry out ?實(shí)施，執(zhí)行；under?guidelines在?原則下，under是按照，根據(jù)的意思；introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago是過去分詞短語做定語，修飾guidelines。

5.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others?(p5)

譯：醫(yī)生應(yīng)該被允許去結(jié)束他人的性命嗎？

句子分析：該句中主要核心內(nèi)容是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞過去分詞。如：In hot days, flowers must be watered every day.6.Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.(p8)

譯：C.S是國家收容所委員會(huì)的主席和收容運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)起人，認(rèn)為安樂死并沒有考慮到照顧臨終病人有多種方式。

句子分析：主語Cicely Saunders，President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement是主語的同位語，謂語后面是一個(gè)賓語從句，而其中又包括一個(gè)小的賓語從句。重要詞組：take sth into account = take sth into consideration將?考慮在內(nèi)。如：when judging his performance, don't take his age into account.另一個(gè)詞組：care for關(guān)心某人。

7.It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out.(p8)

譯：這很容易使老人們，殘疾人和依靠別人生存的人感覺到他們是負(fù)擔(dān)，因此應(yīng)該選擇離開人世。

句子分析：該句it是形式主語，真正的主語是動(dòng)詞不定式，to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out。另外還請注意：the elderly, the disabled and the dependent是屬于：the + adj 所構(gòu)成的固定表達(dá)方式，相當(dāng)于elderly people, disabled people and dependent peoole,是復(fù)數(shù)概念，因此若作主語句子的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

In our country, the old are taken good care of by the young.詞組：opt out選擇放棄。如：I think I'll opt out the game.8.What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.(p9)

譯：那些反對安樂死的人是在告訴我們將死的人們沒有這種權(quán)利。

句子分析：乍一看，這是一個(gè)簡單句子，但若仔細(xì)分析，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是一環(huán)套一環(huán)的結(jié)構(gòu)。句子主體結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)是：What those people are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.主語是一個(gè)主語從句，What those people are telling me； 表語是一個(gè)表語從句：that dying people haven't the right.另外，who oppose euthanasia是定語，修飾those people;請注意下列幾個(gè)詞的用法：oppose: v 反對； dying people即將死去的人們；have the right to do sth有權(quán)力去做某事。

9.But there are situations where death is a friend.(p9)

譯：但是在一種情況下死亡是朋友。

句子分析：該句唯一的考點(diǎn)為：where;此時(shí)它引導(dǎo)定語從句，相當(dāng)于in which.關(guān)于定語從句的關(guān)系詞選擇的問題，主要取決于先行詞在從句中所作成分，請對比：

1).The house ??which he bought last year is very big.2).The house where he was born is very old now.3).The house whose windows face south is very big.10.The film showing Cees Van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive;? his wife had only her husband's interests at heart.(p10)

譯：顯示CVW之死的電影既感人又敏感，他妻子的心里只有丈夫的利益。

句子分析：這是一句曾出現(xiàn)于國考中的句子?？键c(diǎn)：showing Cees Van Wendel's death。

是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語，修飾the film;詞組：have sth at heart:對?十分關(guān)心，將?放在心上。He is selfish, and he has nothing but his own interest at heart Learn new words and phrases

1．statistics: n 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字；keep statistics;statistical: a 統(tǒng)計(jì)的；statistician: n 統(tǒng)計(jì)員

2.diplomat: n 外交家，由此聯(lián)想得到：

diplomacy: n 外交，外交手腕；diplomatic: a 外交的；請對比：diploma: 文憑

3.exploit: v 開發(fā)、開采、剝削，由此聯(lián)想得到：

exploitable: a 可開發(fā)的；exploited: a 被開發(fā)的；exploitation : n

1).The workers in capitalist countries are cruelly exploited by the capitalists.2).There are laws against the exploitation of child labor.3).His highly exploitable talent can't create wealth for society if he doesn't make great efforts.4.abuse: v/n 濫用，如: abuse one's authority 濫用職權(quán)

5.execute: v 實(shí)行、執(zhí)行，將?處死，由此聯(lián)想得到：

executive: a執(zhí)行的，決策權(quán)的，n 行政領(lǐng)導(dǎo) CEO=chief executive officer首席執(zhí)行官；execution: n 執(zhí)行、實(shí)行。

1).You shouldn't be slow in the _____ of your duties.2).The soldiers ____ the captain's orders as soon as they received the call.3).After the discussion of the ____ committee, the labor law was put into force in may, 1994.Answers: execution, executed, executive

6.guilt: n 有罪、內(nèi)疚；guilty: a 內(nèi)疚的；guiltless: a 無罪的 7.employee: n 雇員；由此聯(lián)想得到：

employ: v 雇傭；employment: n 雇傭；employed: a 被雇的，有工作的；unemployed: a 失業(yè)的；employer: n 雇主

1).The police ______ force to break up the crowd.2).Many ____ were thrown out of job as a result.3).Business activities were greatly reduced and almost 60% of the workers were out of ______.4).During the Depression, many workers were ______.Answers: employed, employees, employment, unemployed

8.immigrant: a 移民的，n 移民；immigrate: v;immigration: n

1).During the gold rush, California attracted many immigrants from other states.2).Many Italians immigrated to the United States and Canada.3).In the 1980s, a law against the immigration of Asian peoples was put into practice.9.deport: v 驅(qū)逐出境，由此聯(lián)想得到：

port: 港口；import:進(jìn)口；export:出口；airport:空港；passport:通行證，護(hù)照

10.be deserving of 值得、應(yīng)得

His efforts are certainly deserving of praise.New words from text B

11.deny : v 否認(rèn)，拒絕接受，后接doing.He denied lying to us.12.ineffective: a無效的，反義詞：effective.13.watch over: 看護(hù)、看管。

They use specially trained dogs to watch over their sheep at night.14.in unison: 一致地，協(xié)調(diào)地

They sang Happy Birthday to me in unison.15.pay back: 償還，報(bào)復(fù)，回報(bào)

1).If you lend me 50 Yuan, I will pay you back on Friday.2).I'll pay him back for the trick he played on me.Analyze the important sentences among the text:

1.There are estimated to be more than 20000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain(p1)

譯：據(jù)估計(jì)，在英國工作的外籍家傭有20000多人。

句子分析：此句為there be句型的變體。該句型是英語中常見句式，稱“存在句”謂語動(dòng)詞一般由be充當(dāng)，但還可以根據(jù)句意換成其它動(dòng)詞，如：

1).There are a lot of people in the meeting room.2).There will be a meeting tomorrow.3).There used to be a church at the corner of the street.4).There happened to be an old friend of mine in the hotel.5).There is sure to rain tomorrow.6).There stands a bank next to my school.另外，working in Britain是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，修飾domestic servants。

2.Of these 20000, just under 2000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.(p1)

譯：根據(jù)某個(gè)設(shè)在倫敦的幫助在英國工作的國外傭人的活動(dòng)組織聲稱，在這20000名傭人中又近2000人被他們的雇主剝削和虐待。

句子分析：Of these 20000是狀語，under 2000是數(shù)詞作整個(gè)句子主語，are being exploited and abused是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)做謂語，剩余的是狀語。另外，under是低于?不到?的意思；---based設(shè)在?的，以?為基礎(chǔ)的；

3.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or escaping virtually impossible.(p2)

譯：他們的護(hù)照可能已被拿走，其實(shí)際上既不能離開液或不能逃走。

句子分析：have their passports removed是VOC結(jié)構(gòu)，使have sth done句型的具體使用，表示賓語和動(dòng)詞之間是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系，如：Last week I have my computer repaired.making leaving or escaping virtually impossible是現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語，其中l(wèi)eaving or escaping是動(dòng)名詞，做making的賓語。virtually是幾乎的意思，相當(dāng)于almost.4.In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.(p3)

譯：其中一個(gè)事例就是關(guān)于一個(gè)菲律賓女傭在被判謀殺罪后，在新加坡被處決，盡管各個(gè)地區(qū)的人都抗議她的罪行尚未得到充分證實(shí)。

句子分析：was executed表被動(dòng)，after being convicted of murder是時(shí)間狀語，請注意：being動(dòng)名詞，convicted被判罪，被動(dòng)，詞組：sb is convicted of sth 某人被判有?罪。如：

She has twice been convicted of fraud.(她已經(jīng)兩次被判犯有詐騙罪。)

despite盡管，是介詞，因此其后只能跟名詞，而不能接句子。Protests是抗議的意思，that her guilt had not been adequately established是Protests的同位語從句，具體解釋Protests的內(nèi)容。from various quarters= from various places.5.I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount.(p4)

譯：我本應(yīng)該得到120英鎊的報(bào)酬，但我從未得到那個(gè)數(shù)目。

句子分析：詞組be supposed to do sth應(yīng)該做某事，如：You are supposed to get there as early as possible.be paid ?被支付?錢。

He is paid 1000yuan for finishing such a task.6.At the end of 1994, the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.(p7)

譯：1994年年底，英國政府引進(jìn)新的措施來保護(hù)家傭們，使其免受雇主的虐待。

句子分析：At the end of 1994時(shí)間狀語，the British Government主語，introduced謂語，new measures賓語，to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers是不定式做目的狀語。詞組：protect sb from sth保護(hù)?使之遠(yuǎn)離?

Each parent should protect their child from TV violence.7.So if they do complain, they risk being deported.(p8)

譯：所以，如果他們真的抱怨的話，就會(huì)冒著被驅(qū)逐出境的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

句子分析：do complain:是謂語動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，意思：的確抱怨道的話?前面我們曾經(jīng)見過it is/was? that/who?的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，它不能用來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語，只能強(qiáng)調(diào)主語、賓語和狀語，而要想強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語，只能借助于助動(dòng)詞do, does, did.For example:

1).I do love you!

2).He does study very hard.3).I did meet Bill Gates last week.8.Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for.(p9)

譯：給予那些愿意做同類工作但是想更換雇主的家傭們這種自由，這正是國際反奴役組織這樣的團(tuán)體向政府爭取的。

句子分析：Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer是動(dòng)名詞短語作主語，其中to seek the same type of work but with a different employer是不定式作定語修飾the freedom，謂語是is, 后面的what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for是表語從句。if they so choose是條件狀語從句，做插入語。

9.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.(p9)

譯：他們說，就是更換雇主的權(quán)利才能把雇傭同奴役區(qū)別開來。

句子分析：該句的主要形式是it is?引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句。強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語the right to change employers.they say 是插入語。詞組：distinguish A from B將A 同B區(qū)分開。

The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.| Key words and phrases

1.musician : n 音樂家，與其同根的常見詞匯：music : n 音樂；musical : a 音樂的，musically : adv 從音樂上來說的。Please do the exercises:

1).The ____ of the Beatles became very successful and famous during the 1960s.2).Although he was born in America, he could play many Chinese ____ instruments.3).Folk music, the blues and rock'n'roll remained _____ and culturally distinct in the 1960s.4).Bob Dylan, a famous folk ____ in America, was best known for his anti-war song.Answers: music, musical, musically, musician

2.consciousness: n 意識(shí)、知覺，與其同根的常見詞匯：conscious: a 有知覺的、有意識(shí)的 = aware，反義詞：unconscious = unaware;副詞：consciously, unconsciously。常用搭配：be aware/unaware of sth;be aware/unaware that.1).I was ____ that I had made a mistake.2).____ did not return to the injured man for two hours.3).When a person immigrates to a new country, he should ______ adapt himself to the new environment.Answers: conscious, consciousness, consciously

3.originate: v 發(fā)源、發(fā)生,與其同根的常見詞匯：origin : n 起源、發(fā)源； original : a 原始的，新穎的；n 原著、原稿，originality : n 創(chuàng)新、創(chuàng)造力

1).The use of steam originated many new reforms.2).I wonder the origins of life on the earth.3).The Indians were the original inhabitants of North America.4).The quarrel originated in conflicts between the two families.5).Her design is of great originality.4.imitator: n 模仿者，聯(lián)想：imitate: v 模仿；imitation : n 模仿

5.limitless : a 無限制的，與其同根的常見詞匯：limit : n 極限，v 限定；limited;a 有限的，limitation: n 局限

1).His knowledge about insurance is rather ______.2).His energy seems to have no ____.3).A wise man knows his ____.4).In front of the ____ ocean, he found he was rather insignificant.Answers: limited, limits, limitation, limitless.6.penetrating: a 穿透的，貫穿的，動(dòng)詞：penetrate;名詞：penetration

7.participant: n 參加者，參與者，與其同根的常見詞匯：participate: v, participation : n 固定搭配：participate in sth.8.take over: 接管、接任、When he retired, his son took over business from him.9.take on : 擔(dān)任，雇用

1).He has taken on a new job.2).The employer takes on twenty more workers.Text B:

10).composer: n 作曲家，動(dòng)詞 compose，名詞 composition

11).inspire: v 鼓舞，產(chǎn)生靈感，inspiration : n 靈感

Genius is 1% of inspiration and 99% of hard work.12.invariably: ad 不變地，同根詞：variable: a 可變的；variety: n 各種各樣，變化； vary : v 變化；various : a 各種各樣的

13.sake : n 緣故；for the sake of sth為了?的緣故，好處

The company has decided for economy's sake to close down this department.14.harmony : n 協(xié)調(diào)，harmonize: v使?和諧；harmonious : a 和諧的

15.in a sense: 從某種意義上說。

In a sense, you are right.16.it goes without saying that不言而喻，理所當(dāng)然

It goes without saying that you will be paid for the overtime work.Analyze the difficult sentences:

1.The new music was built out of materials already in existence??(p1)

譯：新音樂是從已有的三種音樂發(fā)展起來的?

句子分析：詞組in existence現(xiàn)有的、已有的；out of = from.2.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness.(p1)

譯：這三種形式保留著音樂和文化方面的特色，甚至直到1965年，這三種音樂沒有一種表達(dá)出任何激進(jìn)的新的意識(shí)形態(tài)。

句子分析：主語：The three forms；謂語（系動(dòng)詞）：remained；表語：distinct.musically and culturally是副詞修飾distinct。as late as 1965時(shí)間狀語，none沒有一個(gè)；new states of consciousness新的意識(shí)狀態(tài)。Radically修飾new.3.What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this.(p2)

譯：所發(fā)生的情況，如果用語言盡可能表達(dá)出來是這樣的。

句子分析：主語：What happened，主語從句；was this系表結(jié)構(gòu)；as well as在本句中應(yīng)理解為：as?as，像。一樣好。put inyo words: 用文字表達(dá)

4.They freely took over elements from jazz, from American country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources.(p2)

譯：他們自由地吸取爵士樂、美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂的成分，隨著時(shí)間的推移甚至從更多的來源中吸取營養(yǎng)。

句子分析：本句核心形式：take over sth from sth從?中吸取?；as time went on意思是：隨著時(shí)間的推移，如：as time goes on, our vocabulary is enlarging gradually.Diverse: a 不同的，各種各樣的，相當(dāng)于various.如：

New York is a very culturally diverse city.5.What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.(p2)

譯：音樂的很快發(fā)展成為具有多種形式并且?guī)缀蹙哂袩o限的表現(xiàn)力。

句子分析：主語：What developed，后面是一個(gè)系表結(jié)構(gòu)，readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression分別是現(xiàn)在分詞短語和形容詞短語做定語，修飾music.另外：take on意思：具有；be capable of doing sth有能力做某事。

6.Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.(p3)

譯：事實(shí)上，電子學(xué)的確可以制作出到那時(shí)為止樂器所發(fā)不出的聲音。

句子分析：did make是謂語的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，possible是賓補(bǔ)，提到賓語sounds以及定語從句之前是國考的重要考點(diǎn)，目的是為了避免結(jié)構(gòu)的頭重腳輕現(xiàn)象。（在下一句話中我們還會(huì)見到相同用法。）

7.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a total effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.(p3)

譯：電子揚(yáng)聲器也使得在音量方面能夠有意想不到的提高，音樂在人類耳朵所能承受范圍內(nèi)變得響亮，具有穿透力，由此表達(dá)了一種完美的效果，所以聽眾已不是被動(dòng)的聽眾，現(xiàn)在的聽眾是完全投入的聽眾，他們在全身心感受著音樂。

句子分析：本句話非常復(fù)雜，可分為四個(gè)層次：第一層次是主句：Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume；第二層次從the music becoming直至句尾是現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，做伴隨狀語。第三層次：so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句；第四層次從feeling到句尾為現(xiàn)在分詞短語，又是分詞做伴隨狀語。

8.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best as they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.(p4)

譯：家里有了唱片，聽眾盡力模仿舞廳燈光效果并通過使用藥物以加強(qiáng)整體感受。

句子分析：With records at home方式狀語；imitated和heightened兩個(gè)并列謂語動(dòng)詞；as best as one could盡力做某事,如： I sear I will teach him a lesson as best as I could.Key words and phrases

1.efficiency : n 效率，其他同根詞：efficient: a 高效率的；inefficient: a 效率低的；inefficiency : n;effective: a 有效果的

1).He has done much to increase the ____ of English teaching.2).She is very _____ in reducing waste.3).His ____ study method caused his failure.4).The city government took some _____ measures to reduce unemployment.Answers: efficiency, efficient;inefficient, effective

2.increasingly: ad不斷增加地，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

increase：v 增加;increasing: a 不斷增加的;decrease: v減少；

1).Drinking and smoking among young people _____ to an alarming extent.2).The truth is becoming ______ apparent.3).The ____ friendly relations between the two countries strengthen the cultural exchanges between them.3.prevalent: a 流行的，普通的 = popular

4.calculator : n 計(jì)算者，計(jì)算器，calculate: v 計(jì)算；calculation : n 計(jì)算;calculating: a 詭計(jì)多端的

5.expose: v 使暴露，揭露，揭發(fā)，exposure: n;expose sb to sth讓某人接觸。。

6.completion: n 完成、結(jié)束，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

complete: v完成，a 完整的，completeness: n 完整；incomplete: a 不完整的

1).He ____ denied the existence of god.2).He has never ____ a project on time.3).Money will be paid half in advance and half on _______.4).When will the new railway ________?

7).intensity : n 強(qiáng)烈、劇烈，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

intense = strong: a 強(qiáng)烈的, intensive: a 密集的，加強(qiáng)的；intensify: v 加強(qiáng)；intension: n 強(qiáng)烈、緊張。

1).We should ____ the struggle for peace.2).There are few strong situations or moments of dramatic ______.3).They have been receiving a four-day ____ training course.4).They kept working in the ____ heat.Answers: intensify, intensity, intensive, intense

8.defective : a 有缺點(diǎn)的，defect: n 缺點(diǎn)

9.assemble: v 集合、裝配； assembly: n 裝配

10.expose sth/sb to sth:暴露，面臨、遭受

1).People often expose their skin to the sun in summer.2).I won't expose my soldiers to such unnecessary risks.11.in that: 在于，因?yàn)?/p>

1).I like the country better in that it is closer to nature.12.in question: 正被談?wù)摰?，正被考慮的(通常放在被修飾名詞后面)

We know nothing about the plan in question.Analyze the difficult sentences

1.Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.(p2)

翻譯：今天大多數(shù)機(jī)器人用于汽車工業(yè)，它們按照編好的程序接任了汽車和卡車車身的焊接和噴漆這一類的工作。

分析：該句的考點(diǎn)是where引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，修飾in the automotive industry。另外請注意幾個(gè)詞的用法：employ: v 雇傭，使用，相當(dāng)于use;program: v 編寫程序；take over: 接管、接收、接任，如：Do you want me to take over the driving if you are tired?

such...as例如，welding and spray painting是動(dòng)名詞，做賓語。

2.Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well.(p3)

翻譯：除了在汽車生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域替代人工勞動(dòng)外，機(jī)器人也開始在別的工業(yè)部門應(yīng)用，雖然應(yīng)用程度低一些。

分析：該句考點(diǎn)如下：already taking over human tasks in the automotive field是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語；to be seen不定式的被動(dòng)概念；although to a lesser degree讓步狀語，to a lesser degree是表示：在更小的程度上，反義詞：to a larger degree.3.The robots used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.(p3)

翻譯：核電站里使用機(jī)器人處理輻射材料，避免人員接觸放射性物質(zhì)。

分析：主語：The robots；謂語：handle；賓語：the radioactive materials；used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials是過去分詞短語做定語；preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做伴隨狀語。being exposed to動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)；prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事。

4.Robots differ form automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.(p4)

翻譯：機(jī)器人與自動(dòng)化裝置的區(qū)別在于它們完成一項(xiàng)特定任務(wù)后可以由計(jì)算機(jī)重新編程去執(zhí)行另一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。

分析：該句重要考點(diǎn)：in that,相當(dāng)于because, 所引導(dǎo)從句表原因。如：

Men are different from other animals in that the former can create and use tools while the latter cannot.5.It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.(p5)

翻譯：人們不知道是否有一天機(jī)器人能具有像人類一樣好的視覺。

分析：該句的主語是whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句。（有關(guān)知識(shí)請見課后補(bǔ)充語法。），it 是形式主語；as good as human vision是后置定語修飾vision;

6.Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.(p6)

翻譯：在其他方面努力取得進(jìn)展的工程人員正在設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)驗(yàn)新的金屬手臂和手指，使機(jī)器人具有觸覺。

分析：請注意該句中幾個(gè)-ing的區(qū)別：working on other advances是非謂語動(dòng)詞中的現(xiàn)在分詞；are designing and experimenting是謂語動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)；giving robots a sense of touch是非謂語動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞做結(jié)果狀語。詞組：experiment with sth實(shí)驗(yàn)。。

7.These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.(p7)

翻譯：未來具有觸覺、視覺并能決策的機(jī)器人將可以做很多工作。

分析：主語：These future robots；謂語：will have；賓語：plenty of work to do。

assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions是過去分詞短語做定語，修飾主語，其中動(dòng)詞不定式to see and make decisions是另外一個(gè)定語，修飾the ability.詞組：be assembled with sth = be equipped wth sth裝備有。。；a sense of touch觸覺，同樣的短語還有：a sense of sight/hearing/smell/taste:視覺，聽覺，嗅覺，味覺；a sense of humor/direction:幽默感/方向感。make decisions做出決定；plenty of sth充足的，足夠的

8.Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.(p7)

翻譯：任何希望了解未來工業(yè)的人必須懂機(jī)器人。

分析：這句話是國考題目中常考的?？键c(diǎn)：wanting to understand the industry of the future，是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語，修飾anyone.詞組：know about sth了解。。，懂得。。

補(bǔ)充語法知識(shí)：名詞性從句

名詞性從句是由if, whether, that 和各種疑問詞充當(dāng)連接詞所引導(dǎo)的從句，其功同名詞一樣。

一．主語從句

主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：

1).It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.2).It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.3).It is in the morning that the murder took place.4).It is John that broke the window.必背

用形式主語it引導(dǎo)的主語從句相當(dāng)多，有些已形成固定的語法和譯法。常見的有：

It is said that...據(jù)說?? It is reported that...據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)??

It is well known that...眾所周知?? It is announced that...據(jù)宣布??

It is believed that...人們相信?? It is thought that...人們認(rèn)為??

It is understood that...自不待言?? It must be pointed out that...必須指出??

It must be admitted that...必須承認(rèn)??

2.主語從句的語序

主語從句要求使用陳述句語序，而非一般疑問句語序。如：

What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.使我感到驚訝的是這個(gè)小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。

How he was successful is still a puzzle.他是如何成功的仍然是個(gè)謎。

3.連接詞的選用

（1）that和what的選用

that和what都可引導(dǎo)主語從句。what除起連接作用外，還在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)某些成分，可作從句的主語、賓語或表語。而that在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，無詞義，只起連接詞作用。如：

What he wants is a book.他想要的是一本書。

That light travels in straight lines is known to all.眾所周知，光線沿直線運(yùn)行。

（2）if和whether的選用

引導(dǎo)主語從句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：

Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.我們明天是否在戶外開晚會(huì)要看天氣而定。

（3）其它連接代詞和副詞的選用

根據(jù)主語從句的具體意義，正確的選擇who, which, when, where, why, how等連接詞，這些連接詞既有疑問含義，又起連接作用，同時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)各種成分。如：

When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided.我們何時(shí)舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)還沒有決定。

Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear.還不清楚昨天誰打破了玻璃。

Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference.你決定買哪一輛車都不會(huì)有任何區(qū)別。

二．賓語從句

在復(fù)合句中用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。

1.賓語從句常由that引導(dǎo)，在口語中常省略。當(dāng)主句中謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞不受主句中謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的影響，按需要可以使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。如：

She says(that)she works from Monday to Friday.從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.從句是一般將來時(shí)

當(dāng)主句謂語是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句中的時(shí)態(tài)一般用表示過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。如：

He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.從句是一般過去時(shí)

He said(that)he was going to take care of the baby.從句是過去將來時(shí)

He said(that)they were having a meeting at that time.從句是過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

當(dāng)主句謂語是過去時(shí)態(tài)，而賓語從句敘述某一客觀真理（事實(shí)）時(shí)，賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：

The teacher told us(that)nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.老師告訴我們世上無難事只怕有心人。

He said that light travels much faster than sound.他說光傳播比聲音傳播快得多。

2.否定轉(zhuǎn)移

1)將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用肯定式。

I don't think I know you.我想我并不認(rèn)識(shí)你。

I don't believe he will come.我相信他不回來。

注意：若謂語動(dòng)詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。

I hope you weren't ill.我想你沒有生病吧。

2)將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。

It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看來他們不知道往哪去。

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.看來我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。

三．表語從句

表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語從句”?？梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還有the reason is that? 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can't get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位語從句

同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

1.同位語從句的功能

同位語從句對于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：

1)The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2．同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別

(1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。

(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。例如：

1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

Key words and phrases

1.warning: n 警告，warn : v 警告，warn sb not to do sth;give sb a warning

2.shift: v/n 替換，轉(zhuǎn)移，改變，轉(zhuǎn)變，輪班

1).There has been a shift in fashion from formal to more informal dress.2).The wind shifted from east to north.3).She works the day shift and her husband works the night shift.3.speculate: v 思索、推測，speculate on/upon/about sth, speculation: n, speculator: n

4.datum: n 資料、數(shù)據(jù)，復(fù)數(shù)形式：data;又如：bacterium: 細(xì)菌，bacteria;

medium, media.5.reliability: n 可靠性，reliable: a 可靠的，unreliable: a 不可靠的

6.partial: a 偏袒的，部分的，be partial to sb.7.up-to-date: a 最新的，out of date: 過時(shí)的，to date: 至今

1).Will long dress go out of date next year?

2).To date, we have not received any replies from him.3).She always wears clothes that are right up to date.8.analyze: v 分析，analysis: n，復(fù)數(shù)形式：analyses.9.work on:從事?； 對?有影響

1).The scientist has been working on environmental protection for many years.2).The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.10.set sth up:設(shè)立、建立、提出

1).A statue was set up in the center of the city.2).Many countries agreed to set up an international organization to keep peace.3).Einstein set up many important theories.Analyze the difficult sentences:

1.Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.(P1)

翻譯：科學(xué)家們正致力于研究預(yù)報(bào)地震何時(shí)何地發(fā)生的計(jì)劃。

分析：Scientists are working on program是句子的主體部分，to predict where and when an earthquake will occur是動(dòng)詞不定式做定語，修飾program.其中，where and when an earthquake will occur是動(dòng)詞predict的賓語從句，注意疑問句的語序。詞組：work on:從事?，對?有影響，如：

The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.2.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved.(P1)

翻譯：他們希望研究出一種早期警報(bào)系統(tǒng)，用來預(yù)報(bào)地震，以挽救人們的生命。

分析：該句中that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾an early warning system，另外，so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。注意，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)在這句話中的用法。

3.Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.(P2)

翻譯：有記載的兩次最大的地震發(fā)生在中國和阿拉斯加。

分析：主語Two of the biggest earthquakes，謂語took place。該句考點(diǎn)，形容詞最高級，the biggest;that were ever recorded是定語從句；were recorded表示“被記錄”；詞組：take place發(fā)生、舉行，請注意：該詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：

Great changes have taken place in Beijing in recent years.4.The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, ?..(P4)

翻譯：積極參與地震預(yù)報(bào)研究的國家包括日本?。

分析：該句考點(diǎn)，詞組be involved in sth參與?；或be actively involved in sth積極地參與?如：All the countries in the world should be actively involved in protecting the environment.5.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake.(P4)

翻譯：這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)一直處于戒備狀態(tài)，搜索著警告的跡象，這些跡象顯示出在地震前可能發(fā)生巖層松動(dòng)狀況。

分析：這句話的主干是These networks are on the alert for warning signs，它后面是兩個(gè)套在一起的定語從句，均是由that引導(dǎo)的，第一個(gè)修飾warning signs；第二個(gè)修飾the weakening of rock layers。詞組：on the alert: 警戒、防備著?如：

Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick-pockets.6.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.(P4)

翻譯：他們密切注意與斷層運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)的水位和水溫的變化。

分析：詞組：watch for密切注意?；be associated with同?有關(guān)系。

7.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.(P6)

翻譯：人們都認(rèn)為不可能可靠地預(yù)報(bào)地震。

分析：that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，其中cannot be 不可能，表示推測語氣；with any reliability帶有任何可能性。

8.While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.(p6)

翻譯：盡管這是一個(gè)小的開端，但畢竟只是處于初始階段。

分析：本句中的while意思是“盡管，雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。請看下面的句子，區(qū)分while含義：

1).While I was walking along the street, I met an E.T.2).I like watching TV while my husband likes playing chess in the spare time.3).While he has tries several times, he still fails again.Grammar: 倒裝句

英語中主語在前,謂語在后的語序稱為自然語序。

由于語法、修辭的需要謂語置于主語之前，稱為全部倒裝；助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等移到主語之前而主要?jiǎng)釉~仍然在主語之后的，稱作半倒裝.全部倒裝和半倒裝的句子統(tǒng)稱倒裝句。

倒裝句之全部倒裝

全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和 一般過去時(shí)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：

1)here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。

There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is your letter.2)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首，謂語表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。

In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。

Here he comes.Away they went.倒裝句之部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。

1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。

Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。

I have never seen such a performance.The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例題

1)Why can't I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room

A.is smoking permitted B.smoking is permitted

C.smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit

答案A.這是一個(gè)倒裝問題。當(dāng)否定詞語置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.2)Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

第二篇：【看完包你上常青藤的英語學(xué)習(xí)資料】 (10)

美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇:

1990 Wellesley College Commencement AddressBarbara Pierce Bush

Thank you very, very much, President Keohane.Mrs.Gorbachev, Trustees, faculty, parents, and I should say, Julia Porter, class president, and certainly my new best friend, Christine Bicknell--and, of course, the Class of 1990.I am really thrilled to be here today, and very excited, as I know all of you must be, that Mrs.Gorbachev could join us.These--These are exciting times.They're exciting in Washington, and I have really looked forward to coming to Wellesley.I thought it was going to be fun.I never dreamt it would be this much fun.So, thank you for that.More than ten years ago, when I was invited here to talk about our experiences in the People's Republic of China, I was struck by both the natural beauty of your campus and the spirit of this place.Wellesley, you see, is not just a place but an idea--an experiment in excellence in which diversity is not just tolerated, but is embraced.The essence of this spirit was captured in a moving speech about tolerance given last year by a student body president of one of your sister colleges.She related the story by Robert Fulghum about a young pastor, finding himself in charge of some very energetic children, hits upon the game called “Giants, Wizards, and Dwarfs.” “You have to decide now,” the pastor instructed the children, “which you are--a giant, a wizard, or a dwarf?” At that, a small girl tugging at his pants leg, asked, “But where do the mermaids stand?” And the pastor tells her there are no mermaids.And she says, “Oh yes there are--they are.I am a mermaid.”

Now this little girl knew what she was, and she was not about to give up on either her identity, or the game.She intended to take her place wherever mermaids fit into the scheme of things.“Where do the mermaids stand? All of those who are different, those who do not fit the boxes and the pigeonholes?” “Answer that question,” wrote Fulghum, “And you can build a school, a nation, or a whole world.” As that very wise young woman said,“Diversity, like anything worth having, requires effort--effort to learn about and respect difference, to be compassionate with one another, to cherish our own identity, and to accept unconditionally the same in others.You should all be very proud that this is the Wellesley spirit.Now I know your first choice today was Alice Walker--guess how I know!--known for The Color Purple.Instead you got me--known for the color of my hair.Alice Walker's book has a special resonance here.At Wellesley, each class is known by a special color.For four years the Class of '90 has worn the color purple.Today you meet on Severance Green to say goodbye to all of that, to begin a new and a very personal journey, to search for your own true colors.In the world that awaits you, beyond the shores of Waban--Lake Waban, no one can say what your true colors will be.But this I do know: You have a first class education from a first class school.And so you need not, probably cannot, live a ”paint-by-numbers“ life.Decisions are not irrevocable.Choices do come back.And as you set off from Wellesley, I hope that many of you will consider making three very special choices.The first is to believe in something larger than yourself, to get involved in some of the big ideas of our time.I chose literacy because I honestly believe that if more people could read, write, and comprehend, we would be

that much closer to solving so many of the problems that plague our nation and our society.And early on I made another choice, which I hope you'll make as well.Whether you are talking about education, career, or service, you're talking about life--and life really must have joy.It's supposed to be fun.One of the reasons I made the most important decision of my life, to marry George Bush, is because he made me laugh.It's true, sometimes we've laughed through our tears, but that shared laughter has been one of our strongest bonds.Find the joy in life, because as Ferris Bueller said on his day off, ”Life moves pretty fast;and ya don't stop and look around once in a while, ya gonna miss it."

(I'm not going to tell George ya clapped more for Ferris than ya clapped for George.)

The third choice that must not be missed is to cherish your human connections: your relationships with family and friends.For several years, you've had impressed upon you the importance to your career of dedication and hard work.And, of course, that's true.But as important as your obligations as a doctor, a lawyer, a business leader will be, you are a human being first.And those human connections---with spouses, with children, with friends--are the most important investments you will ever make.At the end of your life, you will never regret not having passed one more test, winning one more verdict, or not closing one more deal.You will regret time not spent with a husband, a child, a friend, or a parent.We are in a transitional period right now--We are in a transitional period right now, fascinating and

exhilarating times, learning to adjust to changes and the choices we, men and women, are facing.As an example, I remember what a friend said, on hearing her husband complain to his buddies that he had to babysit.Quickly setting him straight, my friend told her husband that when it's your own kids, it's not called babysitting.Now maybe we should adjust faster;maybe we should adjust slower.But whatever the era twenty--whatever the era, whatever the times, one thing will never change: fathers and mothers, if you have children, they must come first.You must read to your children, and you must hug your children, and you must love your children.Your success as a family, our success as a society, depends not on what happens in the White House, but on what happens inside your house.For over fifty years, it was said that the winner of Wellesley's annual hoop race would be the first to get married.Now they say, the winner will be the first to become a C.E.O.Both--Both of those stereotypes show too little tolerance for those who want to know where the mermaids stand.So--So I want to offer a new legend: the winner of the hoop race will be the first to realize her dream--not society's dreams--her own personal dream.And who--Who knows? Somewhere out in this audience may even be someone who will one day follow in my footsteps, and preside over the White House as the President's spouse--and I wish him well.Well, the controversy ends here.But our conversation is only beginning.And a worthwhile conversation it has been.So as you leave Wellesley today, take with you deep thanks for the courtesy and the honor you have shared with Mrs.Gorbachev and with me.Thank you.God bless you.And may your future be worthy of your dreams.

第三篇：2016年10月全國自考英語二00015考前復(fù)習(xí)資料(詞匯)

2016年10月全國自考英語二00015考前復(fù)習(xí)資料（詞匯）

公共英語三級可頂替自考英語

（二）公三bao過聯(lián)系球球

F fabulous：a.神話式的；驚人的，難以置信的 face：n.臉

facial：a.面部的

facility：n.[常pl.]設(shè)備，設(shè)施；便利，容易

fact：n.實(shí)際

factor：n.因素，要素

factory：n.工廠

fade：vi.凋謝，枯萎；（顏色）褪去vt.使褪色

fail：v.失敗

failure：n.失??；故障；沒做到，不履行

faint：vi.暈倒

fair：a.公平的 fairy：n.神仙，仙人

faithfully：ad.忠誠地；如實(shí)地

fall：vi.落下 n.落下；秋天

fall apart：四分五裂；崩潰

fall by the wayside：半途而廢，中途退出

fallacy：n.謬見，錯(cuò)誤的信念；謬誤的推理，謬論

FALSE：a.錯(cuò)誤的 familiar：a.熟悉的 family：n.家庭

famous：a.著名的

fancy：n.幻想；愛好，迷戀 a.別致的 vt.幻想

fantastic：a.異想天開的，不現(xiàn)實(shí)的；難以相信的 fantasy：n.想像，幻想

far：a.遠(yuǎn)的

farfetched：a.牽強(qiáng)的；未必會(huì)的，靠不住的 fascinating：a.迷人的，銷魂奪魄的 fascination：n.令人著迷的事物，魅力；迷戀

fashion：n.方式，樣子；流行式樣

fat：a.肥的

fatal：a.致命的，毀滅性的

fate：n.命運(yùn)；注定

father：n.父親

fault：n.缺點(diǎn)，毛病；錯(cuò)誤，過失；[地]斷層

favour：a.親切的

favourite：a.特別喜愛的；中意的 fear：n.恐怖

fearful：a.可怕的，嚇人的；害怕的，膽怯的 feasible：a.可行的，可能的

feature：n.特征；相貌 vt.以…為特色 vi.起重要作用

February：n.二月

federal：a.聯(lián)邦的

feed：v.飼養(yǎng) n.飼料；食物

feel：vi.感覺

feel bitter at：對…懷恨

feel like：想（做某事），愿意

feeling：n.感覺 a.有同情心的 fellow：n.同事

female：a.雌的，女（性）的 n.女子；雌性動(dòng)物

feminine：a.女性的，似女性的；[語法]陰性的 Ferris Greenlet：費(fèi)里斯·格林里特（人名）

fever：n.發(fā)燒

few：a.很少

fiddle：n.小提琴 vi.拉提琴；不停撥弄，亂動(dòng)

fiddle with：擺弄，玩弄；弄虛作假

field：n.原野

fiercely：ad.兇猛地，兇殘地；猛烈地

fifteen：num.十五

fifth：num.第五

fifty：num.五十

fight：v.打架

figure：n.數(shù)字；人物；外形vt.（out）演算出；想出

Filipino：n.菲律賓人（語）a.菲律賓人的；菲律賓的 fill：v.裝滿

final：n.結(jié)局；最后

finance：n.財(cái)政，金融；經(jīng)費(fèi)，資金

financial：a.財(cái)政的，金融的 find：v.找到

finding：n.發(fā)現(xiàn)（物）；[常pl.]（調(diào)查或研究）結(jié)果

fine：a.美好的 finger：n.手指

finish：vt.完成

fire：n.火焰

fireman：n.消防隊(duì)員

firm：a.穩(wěn)固的 n.公司

first：a./ad.第一

first of all：首先，第一

fish：n.魚

fishing：n.捕魚，釣魚

fit：v.適合

fitness：n.適合，恰當(dāng)，合理；健康

five：num.五

fix：v.固定 n.方位 flag：n.旗子；標(biāo)記

flat：a.平坦的

flatten：vt.把…弄平vi.變平

flavor：n.味，味道；風(fēng)味，特色 vt.給…調(diào)味

flee：“vi./vt.（fled，fled）逃離；逃避”

flexible：a.柔韌的，柔順的；可變通的，靈活的 flight：n.飛行，飛翔；航班，班機(jī)；逃跑，潰退

float：vi./vt.（使）漂浮i

flood：n.洪水 v.淹沒

floor：n.地板

Florence Nightingale：南丁格爾

Florida：佛羅里達(dá)（美國州名）

flow：vi.流動(dòng) n.流

flower：n.鮮花

fluctuate：vi.波動(dòng)，起伏；動(dòng)搖 vt.使波動(dòng)，使起伏

fluctuation：n.波動(dòng)，起伏

fly：vi.飛翔

focal：n.焦點(diǎn)的

focus：vt./vi.（使）聚焦，（使）集中 n.焦點(diǎn)，中

focus on：集中

fog：n.霧

foggy：a.霧的，有霧的，多霧的 fold：vt./vi.折疊；對折 n.褶（痕）

folk：n.人們；[口]家屬，親屬 a.民間的

follow：v.跟隨

following：a.接著的，下列的

fond：a.喜愛的 food：n.食物

fool：n.愚人

foolish：a.愚蠢的

foolishness：n.愚蠢；可笑

foolproof：a.連傻子都懂的；不會(huì)出毛病的 football：n.足球

footing：n.立足處；穩(wěn)固的地位，基礎(chǔ)

for：prep.為

for instance：例如，比如

for short：簡稱，縮寫

for the most part：在很大程度上，多半

for the sake of：為了…之好處；為了…的目的 force：n.力量

Ford：（美國）福特汽車公司；福特牌汽車

fore：ad.在前面 a.先前的；在前部的 n.前部

forecast：vt.預(yù)測，預(yù)報(bào)；預(yù)示

forefront：n.最前線，最前列；最主要的位置

foreign：a.外國的 foreigner：n.外國人

forest：n.森林

forestland：n.林地

forever：ad.永遠(yuǎn)

forget：vt.忘記

form：v.建立

formal：a.外形的

formation：n.[地]巖層；形成，構(gòu)成 former：a.在前的，以前的 n.前者

formerly：ad.以前，從前

formula：n.（formulas或formulae）公式

fortunate：a.幸運(yùn)的；幸福的 fortunately：ad.幸運(yùn)地，幸虧

fortune：n.財(cái)富；運(yùn)氣

forty：num.四十

forward：a.早的；迅速的 fossil：n.化石 a.化石的

foster：vt.鼓勵(lì)，促進(jìn)；養(yǎng)育 a.收養(yǎng)的 foundation：n.根據(jù)；基金會(huì)；基礎(chǔ)，地基

founder：n.創(chuàng)始者；締造者

four：num.四

fourteen：num.十四

fox：n.狐貍

frame：n.構(gòu)架，框架

France：法蘭西，法國

Francis Bacon：培根

frankly：ad.坦白地，直率地；坦率地說

Franz Schubert：舒伯特（奧地利作曲家）

fraud：n.欺騙（行為）；騙局，詭計(jì)

Frederick W.Taylor：弗雷德里克·泰勒

free：a.自由的 freedom：n.自由

freeze：vt.結(jié)冰；冷凍

French：a.法國的 frequent：a.頻繁的

frequently：ad.經(jīng)常地，頻繁地

fresh：a.新鮮的

freshman：n.新手，生手；大學(xué)一年級學(xué)生

friction：n.摩擦（力）；不和，傾軋

Friday：n.星期五

friend：n.朋友

friendliness：n.友好

friendly：a.友好的 friendship：n.友誼

frighten：vt.使驚嚇

frog：n.蛙

from：prep.從

front：n.前面

frown：vi.皺眉，不滿，用皺眉對…表示不滿（at）

fruit：n.水果

fruitful：a.有成果的，有收獲的

frustrate：vt.挫敗；阻撓…的成功；使受挫折

fulfil（l）：vt.履行，完成 fulfill：vt.履行；實(shí)行

full：n.全部

fully：ad.完全地，全部地，徹底地；充分地

fume：n.煙，氣；有害懸浮微粒 vi.冒煙；發(fā)怒

fun：n.有趣的人；玩笑

function：n.功能；職責(zé)；函數(shù) vi.運(yùn)行，起作用

functional：a.功能的；職務(wù)上的；實(shí)用的 fund：n.基金，專款；儲(chǔ)備，貯存 vt.提供資金

fundamental：a.基本的，根本的 n.基本原則，基本原理

funny：a.有趣的

fur：n.軟毛；毛皮；毛皮衣物

furnace：n.熔爐，火爐

furnish：vt.供應(yīng)，提供；裝備，（用家具）布置

furniture：n.家具；設(shè)備

further：a.更遠(yuǎn)的

furthermore：ad.而且，此外

future：n.未來

G gain：v.&n.增加

galaxy：n.[天]星系，[G]銀河系

Galileo：伽利略（意大利物理學(xué)家及天文學(xué)家）

gamble：vi./vt.賭博；打賭；投機(jī) n.賭博；冒險(xiǎn)

game：n.游戲

gang：n.一隊(duì)，一族；一群，一幫

gap：n.裂口，裂縫

garage：n.車庫；加油站

garbage：n.廢料，垃圾，污物

garden：n.花園

gas：n.氣體；煤氣；汽油

gate：n.大門

gather：v.集合

gathering：n.聚集；集會(huì)

gaze：vi./n.凝視，注視

gaze at：凝視，注視

gem：n.寶石，珠寶

general：a.普通的

generalize：vt.歸納，概括出，從…引出一般結(jié)論；推廣

generally：ad.一般地，通常，大體上

generation：n.一代（人）；產(chǎn)生，發(fā)生

gentle：a.溫和的 gentleman：n.紳士

genuine：a.真正的，名副其實(shí)的；真誠的，坦率的 geography：n.地理學(xué)

George Bush：喬治·布什

George McGovern：喬治·麥戈文

George Wallace：喬治·華萊士

Georgia：喬治亞（美國州名）

German：a.德國的 Germany：n.德國

gesture：n.姿勢，手勢；（外交等方面的）姿態(tài)，表示

Gesualdo：杰蘇阿爾多（意大利作曲家）

get：v.獲得

get into：進(jìn)入，陷入；染上（習(xí)慣）

get one's teeth into：死死咬??；認(rèn)真對待，全神貫注于

get rid of：擺脫，解脫，除去

giant：n.巨人；巨物，巨大的動(dòng)物 a.巨大的 gift：n.禮物

ginger：n.生姜，姜

girl：n.女孩

Giuseppe Verdi：威爾弟（意大利作曲家，作歌劇3余部）

give：v.給

give up：交出，讓出；放棄，拋棄，辭去

given：prep.考慮到

glad：a.高興

glance：v.掃視 n.眼光

glass：n.玻璃

glitter：vi.閃閃發(fā)光，閃爍 n.閃光

global：a.球形的，球面的；世界的；普遍的 glory：n.榮譽(yù)

GNP：（=gross national product）

go：v.進(jìn)行

go along with：和…一起

go in for：參加，從事；以…為興趣，愛好

go on a diet：節(jié)食

go over：越過，渡過；仔細(xì)檢查

go to hell：見鬼去（罵人用法）

go wrong：走錯(cuò)路；失敗，出毛病

goal：n.目的，目標(biāo)；得分進(jìn)球，球門

god：n.上帝

going：n.進(jìn)行狀況 a.進(jìn)行中的；現(xiàn)行的 goings and comings：來往；活動(dòng)，發(fā)生的事 gold：n.黃金

golden：a.金色的 golfer：n.高爾夫球運(yùn)動(dòng)員

good：a.好；優(yōu)良的 goodbye：int.再見

government：n.政府

grab：vt./n.攫?。蛔ト?vi.攫??；抓住（at）

grade：n.等級

gradual：a.逐漸的

gradually：ad.逐漸地，逐步地

graduate：v.（使）（大學(xué)）畢業(yè) n.大學(xué)畢業(yè)生，研究生

graduated：a.（稅）累進(jìn)的；分等級的；刻度的；畢業(yè)的 grain：n.谷物

grammar：n.語法

grammarian：n.語法學(xué)家

Grand Banks：大淺灘（紐芬蘭島東南的大西洋淺灘）

granddaughter：n.孫女；外孫女

grandfather：n.祖父；外祖父

grandmother：n.祖母，外祖母

grandparent：n.（外）祖父或（外）祖母

grandson：n.孫子；外孫子

grant：vt.同意；準(zhǔn)予 n.同意，授予；撥款

graph：n.圖表，曲線圖

grass：n.草

grateful：a.感激的

grave：a.嚴(yán)重的；嚴(yán)肅的，莊重的 n.墳?zāi)?/p>

gravel：n.碎石，砂礫

gravitational：a.吸引作用的，萬有引力的，地心引力的 gravity：n.嚴(yán)肅，認(rèn)真；重要性；[物]重力

gray：a.灰色的 n.灰色（=grey）

grayscale：灰度

graze：vi./vt.喂草；放牧；（牲畜）吃草

grease：n.油脂；滑脂油

greasy：a.涂有油脂的，油污的；油膩的，滑的 great：a.偉大的

Greek：a.希臘的；希臘人（語）的 n.希臘語（人）

green：a.綠色的

greenhouse：n.玻璃暖房，溫室

greet：v.問候

grip：vt./n.緊握，緊夾；掌握，控制

groom：n.新郎

ground：n.地面；戰(zhàn)場

group：n.組

grouse：n.松雞

grownup：a.成熟的，成人的 n.成年人

growth：n.增長，增加；生長，發(fā)展

Guam：關(guān)島（美國在西太平洋的重要海、空軍基地）

guarantee：n./vt.保證，擔(dān)保，保修

guard：v.守衛(wèi)

Guatemala：危地馬拉

guess：v.&n.猜測

guesser：n.猜測者

guest：n.客人

guide：n.向?qū)?v.指導(dǎo)

guideline：n.指導(dǎo)方針，指導(dǎo)原則，準(zhǔn)則，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

guilt：n.有罪；內(nèi)疚

guilty：a.內(nèi)疚的；有罪的 guitar：n.六弦琴，吉他

gulf：n.海灣

Gulf Stream：墨西哥灣流

gun：n.槍

guy：n.家伙，青年；人

H habit：n.習(xí)慣

habitual：a.習(xí)慣性的，習(xí)以為常的；慣常的 hair：n.頭發(fā)

half：n.一半

halfway：a.中途的，不徹底的 ad.至半途，中途地

hall：n.禮堂

Halloween：n.萬圣節(jié)前夕

hand：n.手

handful：n.一把，一小撮

handle：n.柄，把手 vt.運(yùn)用，操縱；經(jīng)營，管理

handsome：a.英俊的；大方的 hang：v.懸掛；絞死

hang on to：緊緊握??；依靠，求助于

hang up：把…掛起來；掛斷（電話）；延遲，拖延

happen：v.發(fā)生

happiness：n.幸福；愉快

happy：a.幸福的 hard：a.困難的

hardandfast：a.明確的，不容改變的 ad.堅(jiān)定地，不變動(dòng)地

hardly：ad.幾乎不

hardworking：a.努力工作

harm：n./vt.傷害，損害，危害

harmful：a.（對…）有害的（to）

harmony：n.協(xié)調(diào)，和諧；融洽，一致

Harry Emerson Fosdick：福斯迪克

Harry S.Truman：杜魯門（美國第33任總統(tǒng)）

harsh：a.粗糙的；（聲音）刺耳的；嚴(yán)厲的，苛刻的 Harvard：（美國）哈佛大學(xué)

Harvard University：（美國）哈佛大學(xué)

harvest：n.&v.收獲

haste：n.急速，急忙

hat：n.帽子

hate：v.憎恨

have：v.有

have a corner on：壟斷（某物）=to have a（the）corner（on）

have access to：可接近，可進(jìn)入

have an edge：應(yīng)付過去

have effect on：對…有影響

have……at heart：對某事十分關(guān)心

have……in common：與…一樣有…

have……to do with：與…有關(guān)

Hawaii：夏威夷（美國州名）

haze：n.薄霧

he：pron.他

head：n.頭

headache：n.頭痛

heading：n.標(biāo)題

headline：n.大字標(biāo)題；[pl.]新聞提要

headmaster：n.（中學(xué)或小學(xué)的）校長

headquarters：n.司令部，指揮部；總部，總店

health：n.健康

healthcare：n.保健

healthcare：n.衛(wèi)生保健

hear：v.聽到

heart：n.心

heartbeat：n.心搏；心跳（聲）

heartbreaking：a.使人心碎的

heat：n.熱 vt.加熱

heaven：n.天堂

heavy：a.重的

heck：int.[口][hell的委婉語]見鬼

height：n.高度

heighten：vt.加高，提高，增高；增加，增大，加強(qiáng)

hell：n.地獄，陰間；用以咒罵或表示憤怒，不滿

hello：int.喂

help：v.&n.幫助

helpful：a.給予幫助的，肯幫助的；有益的，建設(shè)性的 hence：ad.因此，由此

Henning：漢寧（人名）

Henry Kaiser：凱澤（美國實(shí)業(yè)家）

her：pron.她

herd：n.獸群；牧群 vt.放牧

here：n.這

hero：n.英雄

hers：pron.她的 herself：pron.她自己

hide：n.獸皮

high：a.高的

highly：ad.高地；非常

highway：n.公路；（水陸）交通干線

hiker：n.徙步旅行者

hill：n.山

him：pron.他

himself：pron.他自己

hinder：vt.阻止；妨礙（from）

hire：n.租金；工錢

his：pron.他的 historical：a.歷史的 history：n.歷史

hit：v.打擊

hobby：n.業(yè)余愛好

hold：v.保持

hold good for：（對…）適用

hole：n.洞

holiday：n.假期

home：n.家

homely：a.家庭的；簡單的，平常的

homemade：a.家里做的；自制的；本國制造的 homeostasis：n.[生]體內(nèi)平衡；（社會(huì)）自動(dòng)平衡

homeostatic：a.[生]體內(nèi)平衡的；（社會(huì)）自動(dòng)平衡的 homework：n.家庭作業(yè)

honest：a.誠實(shí)的

honestly：ad.誠實(shí)地；正直地；的確，實(shí)在 honesty：n.誠實(shí)，正直；坦率，真誠

honour：vt.尊敬

hood：n.風(fēng)帽，頭巾；（汽車的）發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩

hope：n.&v.希望

horizon：n.地平線；（喻）眼界，見識(shí)

hormonal：a.荷爾蒙的，激素的 hormone：n.激素，荷爾蒙

horse：n.馬

hospice：n.（晚期病人）收容所

hospital：n.醫(yī)院

host：n.主人

hostile：a.敵對的；不友善的，敵意的 hostility：n.敵意，敵視

hot：a.熱情的；熱

hotel：n.旅館

hour：n.小時(shí)

house：n.房子

House：n.[英]議院

household：n.家庭，戶 a.家庭的，家常的

housekeeper：n.管理家務(wù)的主婦；女管家

housewife：n.家庭主婦

housework：n.家務(wù)勞動(dòng)；家事

Houston：休斯敦（美國德克薩斯州東南部港市）

how：ad.如何

How come……：怎么會(huì)…

however：ad.無論如何

huge：a.巨大的

Hugo Wolf：沃爾夫（奧地利作曲家）

human：a.人的，人類的 n.人

humanistic：a.人文主義的，人本主義的，人道主義的 humanity：n.個(gè)性，博愛，仁慈；人類

hundred：num.百

hungry：a.饑餓的 hunt：v.&n.打獵

hunter：n.獵人，狩獵者；搜尋者

Hunter：亨特（人名）

Huntsville：亨茨維爾（城市名，位于阿拉巴馬州北部）

hurry：v.趕緊

hurt：v.刺痛

husband：n.丈夫

hut：n.小屋，棚屋

hydrogen：n.氫

hypothesis：n.假說，假設(shè)；（無根據(jù)的）猜測，揣測

hysterical：a.癔病的，歇斯底里的；患癔病的

I I：pron.我 ice：n.冰

iceberg：n.冰山

idea：n.主意

identical：a.同一的；完全相同的，相等的 identify：vt.認(rèn)出，鑒定；認(rèn)為…等同于（with）

identify……as：把…看成

identify……with：把…和…等同起來

identity：n.同一，一致；身份，本體

if：conj.如果

ignorance：n.無知，愚昧；不知

ignore：vt.不顧，不理，忽視

ill：a.有病的

illegal：a.非法的；違規(guī)的 illness：n.疾??；生病

illusion：n.錯(cuò)覺；幻覺

illustrate：vt.說明，闡明；給…作插圖說明

illustration：n.說明；例證，插圖

image：n.像，形象，映象，圖像

imagery：n.寫作中直喻或比喻的使用；意象

imagination：n.想像，想像力；空想，幻覺

imaginative：a.富于想像力的，愛想像的 imagine：vt.設(shè)想；想象

imitate：vt.模仿，仿效；仿制，仿造

imitative：a.模仿的；仿制的 imitator：n.模仿者

immediate：a.立即的，即刻的；直接的，最接近的 immediately：ad.立即地，即刻地；直接地，緊密地

immigrant：a.移民的，僑民的 n.移民，僑民

immigration：n.移居；外來的移民

immobilize：vt.使不動(dòng)，使固定

immovable：a.固定的；不改變的，堅(jiān)定不移的 impact：n.沖擊，碰撞；影響 vt.裝緊，壓緊

impact on：對…之影響

impart：vt.把…分給；給予（to）

imperative：a.絕對必要的；命令的，強(qiáng)制的；祈使的 implement：vt.實(shí)現(xiàn)；完成；履行

implication：n.含意，暗示；牽連，涉及，卷入

imply：vt.暗示，含有…的意思

import：v.&n.進(jìn)口

importance：n.重要（性）

important：a.重要的 impossible：a.不可能的

impoverished：a.貧困的，赤貧的 impractical：a.不切實(shí)際的，不能實(shí)行的

imprecisely：ad.不準(zhǔn)確地，不精確地

imprecision：n.不精確，不正確

impress：vt.給…深刻的印象，使銘記

impress……on：使…銘記，牢記

impression：n.印象，感想

impressive：a.給人印象深刻的，感人的 improve：vt.改進(jìn)；改善

improvement：n.改進(jìn)，增進(jìn)

improvise：vt.即興創(chuàng)作；臨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備，臨時(shí)湊成 in：prep.在…里

in a sense：在某種意義上

in accordance with：與…一致；依照，根據(jù)

in addition：另外，加之

in addition to：加之；又；除…之外；并且

in advance：預(yù)先，事先；在前面

in between：在中間；每間隔；在…期間

in case：若；如果；萬一

in conclusion：最后，在結(jié)束時(shí)

in contrast：成對比

in effect：實(shí)質(zhì)上，實(shí)際上；正在實(shí)行，有效

in fact：實(shí)際上

in favour of：贊成，支持；為…的利益，有利于

in front of：在…前面

in hand：手頭上有

in large measure：很；大半；大部分

in need of：需要

in one's mind's eye：在腦海里

in order to：為了

in other words：換句話說；也就是說 in part：部分地，在某種程度上

in place of：代替

in power：掌權(quán)的，執(zhí)政的 in pursuit of：追求，尋求

in question：正被談?wù)摰?in reality：實(shí)際上，事實(shí)上

in reluctant to：不愿意

in return：作為回報(bào)

in search of：尋找，尋求

in series：串聯(lián)電路的；成串聯(lián)的

in terms of：根據(jù)，按照；從…方面（來說）

in that：在于，原因是

in the face of：在…面前，當(dāng)著…的面；不顧

in the final analysis：歸根結(jié)底

in the first place：首先

in the least：一點(diǎn)，絲毫（不）（用于否定句）

in the light of：按照，根據(jù)；鑒于

in the meantime：在此期間，（與此）同時(shí)

in the running：參賽，參加競選

in the strict sense：在嚴(yán)格的意義上

in the way：擋路；礙事

in time：及時(shí)；終于

in turn：依次，輪流；反過來

in unison：完全一致地

in vain：無效地；無結(jié)果地；徒然

inability：n.無能，無能為力

inability to：沒有……的能力

inactive：a.不活動(dòng)的；不活躍的 inadequate：a.不充分的；不能勝任的 incapable：a.無能力的；不能的（of）

incapacity：n.無能力，不能

incapacity to：沒有……的能力

inch：n.英寸

incidence：n.影響程度，影響范圍；發(fā)生率

incident：n.事件

include：vt.包括

income：n.收入

incomplete：a.不完整的

inconsiderate：a.不替別人考慮的；不體諒人的 inconvenience：n.不方便；麻煩，打擾 vt.麻煩，打擾

inconvenient：a.不方便的；麻煩的 increase：v.&n.增加

increasingly：ad.不斷增加地

indeed：ad.真正地

independence：n.獨(dú)立，自立

independent：a.獨(dú)立的，自主的 India：印度

Indian：a.印度的

indicate：vt.指示，指出；表示，表明

indication：n.指示，表示；象征，跡象

indifference：n.冷漠；不感興趣（to）

indifferent：a.冷漠的，不關(guān)心的，不積極的 indigestible：a.難消化的；不能消化的

individual：n.個(gè)人，個(gè)體，獨(dú)立單位 a.個(gè)人的；個(gè)別的 individualistic：a.個(gè)人主義（者）的 Indonesia：n.印度尼西亞

industrial：a.工業(yè)的，產(chǎn)業(yè)的 industrialize：vt.（使）工業(yè)化

industry：n.工業(yè)

inefficiency：n.無效；效能差

inefficient：a.無效的；效率低的

inevitable：a.不可避免的，必然（發(fā)生）的 inevitably：ad.不可避免地，必然地

inexact：a.不正確的，不精確的

inexpensive：a.花費(fèi)不多的，價(jià)錢不貴的 infant：n.嬰兒，幼兒 a.嬰兒的，幼兒的 inference：n.推論，推理，推斷

infiltrate：vt./vi.滲入，透過；浸潤

infinitely：ad.無限地，無窮地

inflexible：a.不可彎曲的；不可改變的，固執(zhí)的

inflict：“vt.使遭受（損傷，苦痛等），使承受（on，upon）”

influence：n.影響（on）；勢力，權(quán)勢 vt.影響

influence on：對…的影響

information：n.通知；消息

infrastructure：n.基礎(chǔ)；基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)

infrequent：a.很少發(fā)生的 inhabitant：n.居民，住戶

inhibition：n.抑制；阻止，禁止；[心]感情阻力

inhumane：a.不人道的，殘忍的

initial：a.最初的，開始的；詞首的 n.首字母

initiate：vt.開始，創(chuàng)始；發(fā)起，倡議，提出

injection：n.注射；注射劑，針劑

injury：n.損害，傷害；受傷處

inner：a.內(nèi)部的，里面的；思想的 n.內(nèi)部；里面 inorganic：a.無機(jī)的 insect：n.昆蟲

insert：vt.插入，嵌入

inside：n.里面；內(nèi)部

insist：v.堅(jiān)持

insist upon：堅(jiān)持；堅(jiān)決主張

insistently：ad.堅(jiān)持地

inspect：vt.檢查，視察

inspire：vt.鼓舞；使產(chǎn)生靈感

install：vt.安裝

instance：n.例，實(shí)例

instantaneously：ad.瞬間地；即刻地

instead：ad.代替；更換

instead of：代替；而不是…

instinct：n.本能，直覺；生性，天性

instruction：n.教學(xué)，指導(dǎo)；命令，指示，用法說明

instrument：n.儀器；樂器

insurance：n.保險(xiǎn)；保險(xiǎn)金，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)

integrate：vt./vi.使結(jié)合，使并入；使成一體

integrated：a.成整體的，完全的，完整的 intellectual：n.知識(shí)分子 a.智力的，理智的 intelligence：n.智力，理解力，聰明；情報(bào)，消息

intelligent：a.聰明的，明智的 intelligently：ad.明智地，聰明地

intend：vt.想要，打算，計(jì)劃；意指，意思是

intend to：想要，打算

intense：a.強(qiáng)烈的，緊張的；熱烈的 intensity：n.強(qiáng)烈，劇烈

intention：n.意圖，打算

interact：vi.互相作用；互相影響；交往

interaction：n.相互作用，相互影響

interchangeable：a.可交換的；可互換的 interest：n.興趣；重要性

interesting：a.有趣味的

interfere：vi.干涉，介入；妨礙，干擾

interference：n.干涉，干預(yù)；妨礙

interference with：干涉，干擾

intermediate：a.中間的；中級的 internal：a.內(nèi)部的，內(nèi)在的；國內(nèi)的 international：a.國際的，世界的 interpret：vt.解釋，說明；口譯，翻譯

interrupt：vt.打斷，打擾；阻礙 vi.打斷，打擾

interstate：a.[主美]州際的

interval：n.間隔，間距；幕間（或工間）休息

interview：n.&v.接見

interviewer：n.接見者；面談?wù)?/p>

intimidate：vt.恐嚇，恫嚇

into：prep.到…里

introduce：v.介紹

invariably：ad.不變地

invasion：n.入侵，侵略

invention：n.發(fā)明，創(chuàng)造；捏造，虛構(gòu)

inventor：n.發(fā)明者，創(chuàng)造者

inversion：n.反向；倒轉(zhuǎn)，倒置

investigate：vt./vi.調(diào)查，調(diào)查研究

investment：n.投資；（時(shí)間，精力的）投入

invisible：a.看不見的，無形的 invite：vt.邀請

involve：vt.使卷入，使參與（in）；牽涉；包含，含有

involvement：n.卷入，牽連；牽連到的事，復(fù)雜情況

involvement in：介入，參與

Iowa：衣阿華（或譯愛俄華）（美國州名）

Iran：伊朗（西南亞國家）

Iraq：伊拉克

Ireland：n.愛爾蘭

iron：n.鐵 v.燙平

irrelevant：a.不相干的，離題的，與…不相干

irresponsible：a.無責(zé)任械?，不负赠囄?/p>

Isaac Newton：牛頓（英國物理學(xué)家，數(shù)學(xué)家和天文學(xué)家）

island：n.島嶼

isolate：vt.使隔離，使孤立 a.孤立的

issue：n.問題；（書刊的）期號 vt.發(fā)行，頒布，出版

it：pron.它

It goes without saying that：不言而喻，理所當(dāng)然

Italian：n.意大利人；意大利語

Italy：n.意大利

item：n.條，條款，項(xiàng)目

its：pron.它的 itself：pron.它自己

ivory：n.象牙 a.象牙制成的；似象牙的 ivy：n.常青藤

Ivy League：常春藤聯(lián)合會(huì)；名牌大學(xué)的

J jail：n.監(jiān)獄，看守所；監(jiān)禁 vt.監(jiān)禁；拘留，禁錮

James Carville：詹姆斯·卡維爾

January：n.一月

Japan：日本

jaw：n.頷，顎

jazz：n.爵士樂

Jefferson Airplane：杰弗遜飛機(jī)（美國搖滾樂隊(duì)名）

jeopardize：vt.使處于危險(xiǎn)境地；危及，損害

Jerome Kagan：杰羅姆·卡根

Jerome Singer：杰羅姆·辛格（人名）

Jerry McNeely：杰里·麥克尼利（人名）

Jerusalem：耶路撒冷（西南亞巴勒斯坦地區(qū)著名古城）

jet：n.噴射；噴嘴；噴氣式飛機(jī)，噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)

Jimmy Carter：吉米·卡特

Joan Freyberg：瓊·弗雷伯格（人名）

job：n.工作

Johannes Brahms：勃拉姆斯（833897年，德國作曲家）

John Anderson：約翰·安德森

John Foster Dulles：杜勒斯（美國國務(wù)卿）

John Major：約翰·梅杰（前英國首相）

John Rae：約翰·雷（人名）

Johnson：約翰遜（人名）

join：v.加入

jounalism：n.新聞業(yè)；[總稱]報(bào)刊；新聞學(xué)

journalism：n.新聞業(yè)；[總稱]報(bào)刊；新聞學(xué)

journey：n.旅行

joy：n.歡樂；高興

judg（e）ment：n.審判，判決；看法，意見；評價(jià)；判斷

judgement：n.審判，判決；看法，意見；評價(jià)；判斷

juice：n.汁，液

July：n.七月

jumble：vt./vi.混雜

jump：v.&n.跳躍

junction：n.連接，結(jié)合；結(jié)合點(diǎn)，交叉點(diǎn)

June：n.六月

just：ad.剛才 a.公正的

justify：vt.證明…是正當(dāng)?shù)?；為…辯護(hù)

juvenile：a.青少年的 n.青少年

Kathleen Weinstein：凱思琳·溫斯坦（人名）