第一篇：英語閱讀理解等

考博英語閱讀：

1.中心思想是解—主題型、細(xì)節(jié)型的細(xì)節(jié)也是圍繞中心的細(xì)枝末節(jié) 2.隱蔽處有解—同位語、插入語、定語、長句后半句、從句等 3.不合理項(xiàng)是解；無關(guān)項(xiàng)是解；事實(shí)是解—反其道而行之

4.同義替換是解—照抄原文不是解，同義替換、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換等是解

5.含義不肯定的是解—can, could, may, usually, might, most, more or less, relatively, be likely to, whether or, not necessarily, dubious, hesitate, suggest…是解 6.潛在的是解—potential, trend, threat…是解 7.未知的是解—unknown…是解

8.相對的是解—絕對的不是解，如must, always, never, the most, all, only, any, none, entirely, absolute, 最高級等不是解

9.概括性的是解；—both, various, and, many, general, not only …but also,名詞復(fù)數(shù)，系表結(jié)構(gòu)等是解；

10.抽象的是解—approach, concept, misconception, awareness, property, character, chance, opportunity等是解

11.some是解—someone, somebody, something, someday, some time, certain(一些)等是解

12.重要是解—important, necessity, essential, significant, dominant, special, vital, particular, fundamental等是解

13.基礎(chǔ)是解—basis, be based on, basic, in the nature, origin, originate等是解

14.虛詞型的是解—another, other, more, either, also, beside, additional, extra, same 等是解 15.部分是解—nearly, not enough, part, inadequate等是解

16.復(fù)雜的是解—(簡單的非解)含義矛盾的，中庸的，復(fù)合句，長的，比較結(jié)構(gòu)，深刻含義，雙重否定，三重否定，難的，different, separation, division, X and not X, instead of , complex, discuss, difficult是解

17.相互作用是解—interfere, effect, each other, affect, respond, adapt to, influence, compensate, associate with, relationship, cooperation, depend等是解

18.變化是解—change, shift, vary, alter, variation, formation, no longer, delay, improve, postpone, increase, convert等是解

19.積極向上是解—objective, new, inventive, 獨(dú)出心裁的等是解

20.主觀是解—忽視，neglect, ignore, expect, speculate, suspect, overlook, overestimate, like, dislike等是解

你把真題的解比較一下，是不是命題有規(guī)律！

最后再說一句：閱讀的技巧只是在有好的閱讀基礎(chǔ)上才能使用！

技巧一：看懂

閱讀理解其實(shí)主要考的是“閱讀”之后的“理解”，所以，看得懂乃是第一項(xiàng)技巧。

任何一篇文章，若要能看懂它，至少需要兩個(gè)條件：認(rèn)識單詞和看明白句子。單詞就像蓋房的磚瓦，考博詞匯大約為5500個(gè)，這不是一個(gè)小數(shù)字，也并非三兩天時(shí)間可以記住的，所以，考生必須先買一本考博英語詞匯書進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)、長期的學(xué)習(xí)和記憶。（推薦《考博英語詞匯真題詞頻語境記憶》，該書打破了傳統(tǒng)考博詞匯書按字母順序排序的做法，而是采用歷年真題作為單詞出現(xiàn)頻率的統(tǒng)計(jì)依據(jù)，將所有大綱單詞及超綱單詞按照歷年真題出現(xiàn)的頻率從高到低排列，而且全部按照考過的不同詞義配不同的真題例句，可以使學(xué)生用最少的時(shí)間獲得最好的學(xué)習(xí)效率）.拿到詞匯書之后，首先用大約一周的時(shí)間把這些單詞中你根本不認(rèn)識的挑出來，如rear, tedious, deteriorate, plausible, jargon, isotope, ……,（因?yàn)檫@些單詞你可能完全不認(rèn)識，看到之后兩眼漆黑，所以稱之為“黑”字）.“黑”字是閱讀的頭一個(gè)障礙，單詞不認(rèn)識，句子當(dāng)然看不懂，所以，消滅“黑”字是當(dāng)務(wù)之急。（爭取用一個(gè)月左右的時(shí)間消滅它們！)

考博詞匯中，除“黑”字外，還有大量意思非常明白的所謂“白”字，如：able, benefit, culture, space, topic, ……。此類單詞可一掠而過，除“黑”（完全不認(rèn)識）和“白”（完全明白）字兩類外，還有許多似會不會的“灰”字，如：treaty, tutor, sample, saddle, fuss, ……。甚至還有大量你覺得會但其實(shí)并非如此的“灰”字，如：spring 除了“春天”之外，還當(dāng)“泉水”、“彈簧”講;account除了“帳戶”，還作“原因;理由;解釋;說明;報(bào)告;占……”解。affect除了“愛，深情”之外，還有“做作……”之義。背誦單詞時(shí)，一定要多看詞匯書中所給的例句才能牢記其意義。

除單詞外，有時(shí)句子太長也會對閱讀造成致命的傷害，如：

If you add to this the effects of a sonar set mounted in the small nose of a torpedo rushing through the water at speeds up to 80 miles per hour with its consequent noise and vibration, plus hullborne vibrations from the power plant, it can be seen that only the most advanced electronic filtering gives any chance of success.看完此句，很多考生如墜五里霧中，不知所云。其實(shí)，看懂長難句有點(diǎn)像撒網(wǎng)捕魚，收網(wǎng)時(shí)應(yīng)收緊網(wǎng)繩（叫綱），漁網(wǎng)自然會合攏。不要去亂抓網(wǎng)眼（那叫目）?？撮L難句亦應(yīng)該做到“綱舉目張”，先找句子的骨架（主＋謂＋賓），再解決修飾成份（定、狀等）.此句it后為主句，但it不是其真正主語，叫形式主語，真正主語為后邊的that從句，一般來說，英語的“主＋謂＋賓”也應(yīng)像漢語那樣按順序放好，主語放謂語前，即：“只有最先進(jìn)的電子過濾器才有成功的可能這一點(diǎn)可以被看得很明白。“（形式主語it不必譯）但英譯漢中，應(yīng)盡量少用被動句型。所以，此句可譯為：“可以很清楚地看出：只有最先進(jìn)的電子過濾器才有可能獲得成功”.（形式主語it不必譯）

it前邊不是句子的主要部分，而是一個(gè)由if 所引領(lǐng)的長長的狀語從句。（如果說主＋謂＋賓是樹干的話，定、狀則像樹葉，要繁雜和麻煩得多。）在整個(gè)if...這樣一個(gè)句子構(gòu)成的狀語中，if you（主語）add（謂語）the effect to this（雙賓語）為基本框架;那第二個(gè)賓語為何要倒過來呢？因?yàn)榈谝粋€(gè)賓語effects 后面跟了那么長那么多的定語。（注意：英語常將定語寫在名詞后，這一點(diǎn)與中文大相徑庭：中文的定語一律放在名詞前）

第一個(gè)定語為介詞詞組“of a sonar set ”，修飾effects，譯為：“一套聲納設(shè)施的效果”;第二個(gè)定語為“mounted in the small nose“，過去分詞當(dāng)定語：“被安裝在一個(gè)小鼻子上的”;第三個(gè)定語“of a torpedo” : “一個(gè)魚雷的”;第四個(gè)定語“rushing...”譯為：“以每小時(shí)80英里速度穿行于水里的”;后邊還有一個(gè)“with...“(”plus...”為兩逗號間的插入語)英文定語在名詞后，中文卻將定語放在名詞effects前邊。若定語不止一個(gè)，常采用倒著翻譯的方法，我們稱之為“倒解連環(huán)”.故整句意思為：“如果你把帶著巨大噪音和震動的、以每小時(shí)80英里速度穿過水中的一個(gè)魚雷的鼻尖部位上所安裝的一套聲納設(shè)備的效果也加進(jìn)去考慮的話，再加上還有由電機(jī)部分所造成的外殼的震動，那么，可以清楚地看到：只有最先進(jìn)的電子過濾器才有可能獲得成功。“

這就是考博英語的實(shí)情，怪不得每年的考博大軍中，過60分者寥寥無幾，每年也只有18%左右，英語考得好的同學(xué)，前途自然也比其他人更為光明。

大家切記，英語的句子中，“主＋謂＋賓”基本與中文一致，是按順序擺放的，而定、狀語經(jīng)常倒著放，又長又多，比主、謂、賓要難很多。定、狀語放好了，句子才能看明白，想看懂閱讀理解中的長難句，語法基本功一定要扎實(shí)。

技巧二：選題

看懂文章之后，還有一個(gè)如何選題的問題，所以第二項(xiàng)技巧是選題問題。

眾所周知，讀完文章之后就要對文章后面的問題作出選擇：是選A呢？還是選B、C？還是選D？許多考生說，文章有時(shí)看懂了，題就是選不對。其實(shí)選題也是大有技巧的，閱讀的問題基本上分為五大類：

1.主旨題（又稱中心思想題）: 這類題基本上是問main idea, 或best title是什么；也可以問作者寫此文章的purpose何在；或問此文的conclusion可總結(jié)為什么。碰到這類題最簡單的方法是把文中每段的首句串起來考慮。若是僅問其中某一段的中心思想為何，則可將該段的首、尾句加起來考慮。

2.詞匯題（又稱詞語釋義題）: 這類題常問考生一些不認(rèn)識、從未見過的一些生詞或詞組的意思是什么。解題技巧為參考上、下文，尤其是下文。因?yàn)橄挛某３Ｊ菍υ撛~的解釋、說明、舉例等等。

3.作者態(tài)度題：常問作者對某事是什么態(tài)度：主觀（subjective）還是客觀（objective);肯定（positive）還是否定（negative);贊成（approval）還是反對（opposition）等等。解題的關(guān)鍵是要看作者在文中用了什么樣的口氣。若用褒義詞，顯然是贊成。若用貶義詞，顯然是反對。若客觀陳述，則是中性的立場，不偏不倚。注意：作者態(tài)度常常在轉(zhuǎn)折詞后表明出來。所以，but一詞至關(guān)重要（還有類似的yet, however, although, nevertheless等）.4.推理性問題：其典型詞有兩個(gè)：infer和imply。如：What can you infer from the story? 或What is the implied meaning of this sentence?

切記，推理性問題原文中沒有現(xiàn)成的答案。答案是你自己推想出來的，但不能憑空瞎想，必須以原文中某句話或某個(gè)詞語為依據(jù)去合理推測才能找到合適的答案。

注意：以上四種題型頂多占閱讀理解考試總分的1/4左右，而其他約30分的題都屬于以下提到的：細(xì)節(jié)性問題！

5.細(xì)節(jié)性問題：（聲明：本書中沒有指出題型的，大多為細(xì)節(jié)題）

此類題占閱讀總分40分中的30分左右，因此十分重要。注意，這類問題與推理性問題截然相反，都可以從原文中找到答案，只不過為了迷惑考生，常常將原文進(jìn)行改寫，換一種說法。所以，照抄原文，一字不改的不一定就是答案，而與原文意思相同的，才是正確的。

除了將文章看懂，把題目選對之外，閱讀理解還有兩個(gè)非常重要的注意事項(xiàng)：速度與步驟。

技巧三：速度

大家都知道，僅僅把題選對是不夠的，因?yàn)榭荚囘€有時(shí)間的限制。（你就算選對，每篇文章花一個(gè)小時(shí)那能行嗎？?。┯涀。荚嚳偣?80分鐘，四篇閱讀最多占70～80分鐘（即17～20分鐘一篇），其余時(shí)間還要寫作文、做翻譯、英語知識運(yùn)用等。

那么，對于速度過慢的考生，郭老師有什么建議呢？

第一、加大詞匯量，這樣讀起來才會勢如破竹，一氣呵成。若生詞太多，自然會磕磕跘跘，走不了太快。

第二、閱讀中最忌諱的是一個(gè)字一個(gè)字地去讀，那樣又慢又差。正確的方法是用眼去抓句子的大致結(jié)構(gòu)（叫意群閱讀法）。還記得前面那個(gè)長難句嗎？郭老師并沒有孤零零地去看每一個(gè)詞，而是先找到了it后面的主句，前頭的if句雖然很長，只不過是個(gè)狀語而已。而在主句中，我又抓住了它的主語that only the most advanced electronic filtering gives any chance of success和謂語can be seen。這種提綱挈領(lǐng)的讀法，不僅可以使速度加快，更可以使準(zhǔn)確率提高。

第三、考博是一場艱苦卓絕的拼搏。考博英語又比四、六級要難，所以保持頭腦清醒和旺盛的斗志也至關(guān)重要。因此，考試前一天晚上的充足睡眠十分重要，可以在考場上保持敏銳、清醒的頭腦，這對提高速度和專注精力大有裨益！

技巧四：步驟

閱讀的步驟也十分重要。許多考生拿到文章之后從頭讀起，讀完再去一個(gè)一個(gè)選答案。這種方法十分傳統(tǒng)，叫整體閱讀法。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以有一種全局感或整體感。缺點(diǎn)是文章太長，讀后細(xì)節(jié)記不住，再去找答案又費(fèi)勁又容易出錯(cuò)，許多細(xì)節(jié)都混淆在一起了，得分經(jīng)常不高。郭老師建議同學(xué)們用一下查找閱讀法：讀完第一段就做第一題。然后看第二個(gè)問題問的什么，帶著這個(gè)問題去看第二段，然后是第三段、第四段，依此類推。（注意，有一種問題可能此方法不太適用，那就是：主旨性問題）。查找式閱讀法雖然把文章看得支離破碎，但得分往往很高，因?yàn)槟銊偪匆欢尉腿プ鲆坏李}，這樣記得住細(xì)節(jié)，抓得很準(zhǔn)，廣大考生不妨一試！

考博英語閱讀理解 1、什么是技巧？

什么是技巧呢，簡單的說，技巧就是通過實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn)出來的能夠?qū)ρ杆贉?zhǔn)確的確定正確答 案的具有通用性和普遍性的解題方法。

技巧絕不是天外來客，更不是上帝賜與的餡餅，她只是在實(shí)踐中通過無數(shù)次摸爬滾打摔 打出來的必殺技。

任何脫離開實(shí)踐的所謂“技巧”都只是水中之花、鏡中之月。

而如果這種技巧既使是經(jīng)過了實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn)，而不具有通用性和普遍性的話，那么這也不 是技巧，因?yàn)楸緯淖谥际潜ＷC高分，而不是寄希望于通過某一道兩道題得出的一個(gè)沒有通 用性、普遍性和實(shí)用性的“技巧”。、技巧和實(shí)力

沒有會懷疑技巧和實(shí)力的關(guān)系，他們是相輔相成、相互促進(jìn)的。但是理論是一回事，應(yīng) 用到實(shí)踐又是一回事，正如當(dāng)年的馬克思主義，從理論上來說是完美的，但是應(yīng)用到中國實(shí) 踐卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能解決問題，如果不是毛澤東救中國于水火之中恐怕現(xiàn)在的好日子還沒有到來。所以說盡管許多考生心里明明知道實(shí)力和技巧的關(guān)系，但應(yīng)用到實(shí)踐之中卻往往偏向了 不用費(fèi)太多氣力的技巧方面，這可能導(dǎo)致的后果就是使技巧失去實(shí)力的支撐變成了空中樓閣； 當(dāng)然也有考生根本不相信技巧，一味憑實(shí)力說話，不過這也可能導(dǎo)致一個(gè)后果就是為了成功 花費(fèi)了太多的時(shí)間和精力，甚至可能影響其他專業(yè)課的學(xué)習(xí)，這不符合用最小的代價(jià)獲取最 大的成功的原則。

技巧的應(yīng)用必需以實(shí)力為基礎(chǔ)，一個(gè)簡單的道理就是如果你不能完全看懂考博閱讀理解 的短文，那么你如何保證你的選擇一定是正確的，你如何保證自己一定可以拿到閱讀滿分？ 保證英語過關(guān)？

本書絕不主張賭博，本書主張的是把成功、把命運(yùn)牢牢控制在自己手中！

②、技巧的兩大類——真技巧和偽技巧

這里技巧的分類是從是否有用是否為總則服務(wù)的角度來劃分的，有的技巧雖然聽起來有 道理，但卻和總則（即直接依據(jù)是檢驗(yàn)真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）相背離，這樣的技巧在某些模擬題 中可能適用，但卻難以適應(yīng)難度更高的考博真題。所以技巧可以分為兩大類：實(shí)用的“真技 巧”和華而不實(shí)的“偽技巧”。

實(shí)用的“真技巧”指的是有助于迅速排除干擾項(xiàng)或澄清思維的方法，如在絕大多數(shù)情況 下符合短文中心思想的選擇項(xiàng)都是正確的選擇，除非有題問陷阱的干擾項(xiàng)。

華而不實(shí)的“偽技巧”是指從個(gè)別題目而來或從字面分析得來的不具有普遍性的，似乎 帶有某種規(guī)律性的方法。如許多考博高手宣揚(yáng)的“ some 判斷法”，認(rèn)為選項(xiàng)中只要出現(xiàn)了含 有“ some ”一詞的選項(xiàng)就一定是對的。而這的確在前幾年的考博真題中得到了驗(yàn)證，或者說 因?yàn)檎骖}而總結(jié)出了這樣一個(gè)“規(guī)律”，但這卻僅僅是一種偶合，而不是真正放之任何真題都 適用的規(guī)律性的技巧，所以連續(xù)幾年來的考博閱讀真題中很少出現(xiàn)“ some ”這個(gè)單詞，既使 出現(xiàn)也是作為一種人為的有意識的干擾項(xiàng)。

再比如說，筆者也絕不相信某些大師所說的是“體現(xiàn)否定的是答案”這一類粗糙的技巧，因?yàn)檫@些技巧根本來說都是從答案導(dǎo)技巧，而不是從技巧導(dǎo)答案，一旦沒有推導(dǎo)出來，他們 也可能自園其說。但筆者卻信奉的以技巧來驗(yàn)證答案的準(zhǔn)確與否，而絕非從（偶然的）答案 推導(dǎo)不實(shí)用的偽技巧。任何人都可以從給定的答案說出一大篇道理來，但如果給定一道題目，大多數(shù)人卻無法從他們的這些技巧推導(dǎo)處正確答案，其結(jié)果只能是誤人子弟、毀人前途了。所以從本質(zhì)上來說，實(shí)用的“真技巧”是放之四海皆準(zhǔn)的解題思路，退一萬不說，既使 她沒有起到應(yīng)有的作用她也絕不會害人，絕不會干擾你自身實(shí)力的發(fā)揮。而華而不實(shí)的“偽 技巧”既使蒙對了也是運(yùn)氣，而一旦運(yùn)氣離開了你，那你的前途就握在了不可知的上帝手里，而不會在你自己手里了。

③、不可不知的實(shí)用技巧、“中道”——技巧應(yīng)用的核心

我們以 1996 年的一道考博真題為例：

The best title for this passage might be ____.{A} Inventive Mind {B} Effective Schooling {C} Ways of Thinking

{D} Outpuring of Tnventions

什么是中道呢，就是既不前進(jìn)半步也不會退后半步，一個(gè)詞“恰當(dāng)”。對于這個(gè)例子來說，選項(xiàng) B 和 D 范圍太窄太具體，而選項(xiàng) C 范圍太寬，顯然進(jìn)一步到 C 落下懸崖，退一步到 B 或 D 掉進(jìn)陷阱，恰當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)中心思想的只有 A。所以說對于技巧的應(yīng)用也是一樣，太左或太右都是絕不可取的。、“正確≠答案”——大多數(shù)考生的誤區(qū)

我們以 1993 年的一道考博真題為例：

The passage is mainly about ____.{A} an approach to patents {B} the application for patents {C} the use of patents {D} the access to patents

從全篇短文來看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有道理，可以說都是對的。但是正確絕不是最優(yōu)，而大多數(shù) 考生往往面對這種局面不知所措，難以從中選出正確的選項(xiàng)。上述的例子還只是比較簡單的 比較，偏重于四個(gè)單詞的細(xì)微區(qū)別，而現(xiàn)在考博的難度日益加大，這種正確不等于最優(yōu)的選 項(xiàng)絕對會越來越多，分辯將會越來說難，所以在看懂全文的基礎(chǔ)上時(shí)不是在心里提個(gè)醒，別 一小心掉進(jìn)了陷阱。3、“主旨≈答案”——體現(xiàn)文章主旨的往往是答案，但要看清題問中的陷阱

任何一篇文章都是圍繞著中心思想展開論述的，所以說既使是細(xì)節(jié)也往往是中心思想的 體現(xiàn)，不過也要小心題問中的陷阱，正如前面所論述的題問陷阱，有時(shí)候一不小心白白丟掉 兩分，豈不可惜？

我們以 1996 年的一道考博真題為例：

From the passage we can infer that ____.{A} reasoning has played a decisive role in the devate {B} creationists do not base their argument on reasoning {C} evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists {D} creationism is supported by scientific findings

首先我們應(yīng)當(dāng)看到本題考的是 infer，而不是字面含義的總結(jié)。本文的主題思想就是對 creationists 的批判，從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)來看，只有 B 體現(xiàn)了文章的中心思想，而且在文章中也有直 接的依據(jù)，所以答案只能是她了。

我們再來看看 1998 的一道真題：

What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ____.{A} ”It's no use crying over spilt milk“ {B} ”More haste, less speed“ {C} ”Look before you leap“

{D} ”He who laughs last laughs best“

這是一道非常典型的考文章中心思想的題目，選項(xiàng) A “覆水難收”，選項(xiàng) B “欲速則不達(dá)，心急吃不得熱豆腐”，選項(xiàng) C “三思而后行”，選項(xiàng) D “笑到最后才是最好”。本文的主題論述 的是建造大壩之前要多方考證，否則會帶來不良的后果。所以答案是 C。

如前所述，題問陷阱是主題是答案的克星，前述例子中考的是“ currently ”而不是考

“ should、could ”，在應(yīng)試時(shí)更要小心。、“似是而非，半段正確”最可怕

我們先來看看 1998 年的一道真題：

Which of the following is true according to the passage?

{A} Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.{B} Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.{C} The ”more enlightened“ tend to tag others as antiscience.{D} Tagging environmentalists as ”antiscience“ is justifiable.這是一道設(shè)計(jì)非常巧妙的考題，據(jù)說當(dāng)年答對本題的考生不到 5%，因?yàn)檫@道題考了太多 的細(xì)節(jié)，而且每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有似曾相識的感覺，更何況本題如果以中心思想來判斷的話是非 常難的，因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)中本身就暗藏著陷阱。本題的直接依據(jù)是文中的這樣一句話： But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay is US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest。

這里提醒所有考生注意一點(diǎn)：當(dāng)你感覺到每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)似乎都對、都不對的時(shí)候千萬要回 頭再看看那些你認(rèn)為一定不正確的選項(xiàng)，也許一個(gè)小小的留意就可以讓你輕易拿到兩分，而 且是和別人拉開差距的兩分。本題的關(guān)鍵是 A 項(xiàng)中的短語 in an essay，這個(gè)隱藏在角落里的 小東西直接決定了答案是 A。

我們再來看看 1992 年的一道真題：

It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ____.{A} prevent the sun's rays from reaching the earth's surface {B} mean a warming up in the Arctic {C} account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere {D} raise the temperature of the earth's surface

本題的答案是 D, 盡管 D 看起來太短了一點(diǎn)太直接了一點(diǎn)，這一點(diǎn)令許多大師高手認(rèn)為的 答案應(yīng)當(dāng)復(fù)雜化深刻化的感覺不快。我們現(xiàn)在看看為什么 C 不對，因?yàn)?C 也有直接依據(jù)： Also, the increase in atmospheric would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possible resulting in an alteration of the earth's chief food-growing zones。因?yàn)?carbon dioxide 導(dǎo)致 raise the temperature of the earth's surface，那當(dāng)然也可能導(dǎo)致 great changes in the climate。也就是說單單從短文的角度來說選項(xiàng) C 是正確的，不過短文中的 great changes in the climate 卻是未來的推測，不是現(xiàn)時(shí)的影響，所以選項(xiàng) C 是一個(gè)似是而非不符 合題意的選項(xiàng)，錯(cuò)。、“近義替換≠照抄原文”——照抄原文含義膚淺的選項(xiàng)一般不會是正確選項(xiàng)，但有時(shí)表面膚淺而內(nèi)涵深刻的選項(xiàng)卻是答案

我們可以想見，出題者的目的是設(shè)定最難的系數(shù)，讓考生無從適從，而絕不會輕易的送 給你兩分，那么從反面來說，那些照抄原文的、僅僅是從字面推導(dǎo)的膚淺的意思的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)當(dāng) 不會是答案。但是我們在處理這個(gè)技巧的時(shí)候，要記住任何時(shí)候“依據(jù)”都是處于絕對的最 高的位置的，所以正確的選項(xiàng)又絕對不能脫離開“依據(jù)”，所以往往“近義替換”的選項(xiàng)是答案。

我們先來看看 1993 年的一道真題：

From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.{A} who are at the bottom of the society {B} who are higher up in their social status

{C} who prove better than their fellow-compeitors

{D} who could keep far away from this competitive world

顯然選項(xiàng) A、B、C 不僅是并列項(xiàng)，而且太具體、太片面、含義太膚淺，相對而言，選項(xiàng) D 含義深刻，而且和“直接依據(jù)”中的“ competitor ”表達(dá)的意思是近義替換，所以答案就是 她了。

不過有時(shí)也有特例，我們再來看看 1999 年的一道有點(diǎn)意思的真題：

It seems that some young scientists ____.{A} have a keen interest in prediction {B} often speculate on the future {C} think highly of creative thinking {D} stick to ”scientific method“

本題考的直接依據(jù)是文中的這樣一句話： In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the ”scientific method“ a substitute for imaginative though。在這里筆者并不想討論答案的原委，因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng) A、B 和 C 是三個(gè)并列項(xiàng)，一對皆對、一錯(cuò)皆錯(cuò)，所以答案是 D。筆者想要說的卻是盡管如此簡單的題 可還是有大量考生在考試中答錯(cuò)了，為什么呢？因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為 scientific method 是照抄的原文，似乎太簡單而直接，但卻沒有看到這依然是一種最接近原文的近義替換，所以他們不僅沒有想到如此，而且拋開了“直接依據(jù)是答案的唯一最終標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的總則，最終飲恨不已。

表面膚淺而內(nèi)涵深刻的例子還有一點(diǎn)，比如剛剛在上面舉的這個(gè)例子 {D} raise the temperature of the earth's surface，看起來似乎太簡單了一點(diǎn)，可她恰恰就是你的追求。所以 在技巧的應(yīng)用過程中要細(xì)心體察“近義替換”和“照抄原文”的區(qū)別，根據(jù)實(shí)際情況與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。、“送分主題”——主題性問題中必然有一個(gè)“范圍太寬”的選項(xiàng)和兩個(gè)“范圍太窄” 的選項(xiàng)

正如我們在“中道”——把握技巧的關(guān)鍵中已經(jīng)看到了的，在輕易排除兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)之后往 往會在含義相近的一對選項(xiàng)中選擇，緊扣中心思想不偏不倚的才是答案。所以從某種意義上 來說，主題性問題就是送分的題目。

我們來看看 1991 的一道真題：

This passage is mainly about ____.{A} the functions of carbon dioxide and water {B} the role of water in a growing plant {C} the process of simple sugar formation {D} the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide

這是一個(gè)典型的主題判斷題，選項(xiàng) A 范圍太寬，選項(xiàng) C 和 D 只是文章論述的兩個(gè)方面，和主題相比顯得太具體，所以答案在 B。

我們再來看看 1994 年的一道真題：

What is this passage mainly about?

{A} Approaches to the commercial use of computers.{B} Conveniences brought about by computers in business.{C} Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.{D} Advantages of credit cards in business.這也是一個(gè)比較典型的題目，不同的只是選項(xiàng)設(shè)置的稍微復(fù)雜一些。選項(xiàng) A 只是短文所 論述的一個(gè)方面，過于片面化。選項(xiàng) C 的重點(diǎn)是 automation 顯然范圍大于文章的重點(diǎn) computers，范圍太寬，而選項(xiàng) D 顯然范圍過小，只是 credit cards，所以可以迅速斷定答案 是 B。、順序出題：“后發(fā)”、“先發(fā)”不會是答案

我們來看看 1995 年的一道真題：

When the author says ”a new way of being“(Line 4,Para 3)he is referring to ____.{A} a new approach to experiencing the world {B} a new way of taking risks

{C} a new method of perceiving ourselves {D} a new system of adaptation to change

比較而言，選項(xiàng) B 包含在選項(xiàng) A 之中，選項(xiàng) C 沒有依據(jù)，選項(xiàng) D 在所考語句之后相隔 太遠(yuǎn)的地方出現(xiàn)，從文法上來說和所考點(diǎn)無關(guān)，即“后發(fā)”不會是答案。

同樣的道理，如果選項(xiàng)中有的和所考語句相隔太前的話，這樣的選項(xiàng)一般不會是答案，比方說所考語句在第三自然段，而選項(xiàng) A 的出處在第一自然段，那么選項(xiàng) A 一般不會是解。

因?yàn)檫@體現(xiàn)了出題者“順序出題”的思路，通常而言，考博閱讀理解題問的設(shè)置，尤其 是細(xì)節(jié)題絕對是按照短文順序出題的，而絕不會是第一題考最后一段，第二題又跳回來考第 一段。這也是“先發(fā)”、“后發(fā)”不是答案的實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)。

不過既使如此，技巧也有相對性和例外性，如 2001 年的一道真題：

The direct reason for specialization is ____.{A} the development in communication {B} the growth of professionalisation {C} the expansion of scientific knowledge {D} the splitting up of academic societies

本題答案 C 對應(yīng)的并不是最后幾個(gè)自然段，其直接依據(jù)是短文的第一段： Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge。這顯然和“后發(fā)”非答案有矛盾，不過它體現(xiàn)了文章的中心思想，也不無道理。所以在應(yīng)試中要仔細(xì)考慮、思量，務(wù)必不要放走任何一個(gè)。、“窘境”——當(dāng)選項(xiàng)模擬兩可的時(shí)候如何把握最優(yōu)

這是所有考生都遇到過的情況，所有的選項(xiàng)都看起來似乎是對的，如何確定答案呢？這 時(shí)就要極其小心的根據(jù)“直接依據(jù)”進(jìn)行“比較”，體察選項(xiàng)之間的細(xì)微區(qū)別，這樣才能立于不敗之地。

我們來看看 1997 年的一道真題：

According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? {A} Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.{B} Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.{C} Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.{D} Steve Ross is no longer alive.因?yàn)檫@道題考的是第二、第三兩個(gè)大自然段的細(xì)節(jié)題，所以在緊張的考場上很難迅速找 到每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的直接依據(jù)，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)看起來都正確但似乎又都有問題，這個(gè)時(shí)候的比較是非 常重要的，仔細(xì)看來，選項(xiàng) A、B 和短文中的直接依據(jù)恰好相反，選項(xiàng) C 中的 united as one 在短文中沒有根據(jù)支持，現(xiàn)在只剩下了選項(xiàng) D，初看起來 D 在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中是最象“壞蛋”的，但此時(shí)比較的結(jié)果是必須給予它直接的依據(jù)，結(jié)果在文中找到這樣一句話： At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992。用即讀即 譯閱讀短文時(shí)對于 late 的理解可以是“過去的、上一任的、已故的”意思，在無法給予選項(xiàng) A、B、C 以充分的依據(jù)的情況下，比較而言 D 更有道理。應(yīng)當(dāng)是最優(yōu)答案。果然如此。

④、應(yīng)當(dāng)了解的輔助判斷技巧、難度系數(shù)——最難的往往是答案

這本身就是考博英語閱讀理解和其他任何英語考試的不同點(diǎn)，考博英語閱讀理解的難度 是深層次的、內(nèi)涵性的，它既不同于四六級的直接，而不同于托福只是考察大量單詞的掌握 情況，所以考博英語閱讀理解的關(guān)竅或者說陷阱特別多，這就是難的體現(xiàn)。

難度的體現(xiàn)在于難于理解、難于推導(dǎo)、難于比較、難以在文章中找到直接依據(jù)??出題 者的思路是首先確定一個(gè)正確答案，當(dāng)然這種答案絕不是你一眼就能看出的，然后圍繞這個(gè) 最難的答案設(shè)置其他三個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)，所以說，當(dāng)你覺得拿不定主意的時(shí)候不妨用這個(gè)小技巧判 斷一下。

不過即便判斷是正確的，它也只能作為一種輔助的判斷方式。為什么說只是一種輔助判 斷呢？因?yàn)樗械妮o助判斷的目的在于當(dāng)你無法迅速找到答案、或者找到了答案但心存疑慮 的時(shí)候，能夠給你以證明，除此之外單獨(dú)使用這些技巧是毫無意義的。、太具體的、絕對性的、太極端的選項(xiàng)一般不是答案，抽象的、概括性的、中庸的可

能是答案 這也只是一個(gè)輔助性的判斷技巧，因?yàn)槌龊跻馔獾睦右灿胁簧?。上面這個(gè)技巧符合難 度原則，太具體、太極端、太絕對的選項(xiàng)一眼就可以看出，如果她就是答案，豈不是太簡單 了一點(diǎn)？所以出題者往往喜好那些抽象一點(diǎn)的、概括一些的、中庸一些的選項(xiàng)。

不過太抽象、太概括、太中庸的也未必是答案，尤其是主題性的題問。一旦太概括，超出了本文的范圍，就是“范圍太泛”，泛則濫矣。、語義消極的一般不是答案，語義積極的選項(xiàng)機(jī)率更大

我不知道這是不是象某些大師高手所說的那樣要注重對考生的教育，所以選項(xiàng)一般是積 極的，因?yàn)樗x的文章內(nèi)容一般都是中性和積極的。不過這的確可以在一些考博真題中得到 驗(yàn)證。

在這里我需要提醒考生的是在短文的閱讀過程中要特別注意語氣的變化，尤其是當(dāng)作者 話風(fēng)一改，由贊揚(yáng)變成批判、由消極變成積極的時(shí)候，因?yàn)檫@往往意味著出題者的考點(diǎn)。

不過語義消極的也未必一定就是干擾項(xiàng)，比如說 1993 年的一道真題：

The word ”plagiarize“(Line 9, Para.5)most probably means ”____“.{A} steal and use {B} give reward to {C} make public {D} take and change 從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)來看，選項(xiàng) B 和 C 偏重于褒義，選項(xiàng) D 是中性的選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng) A 顯然是貶義，所以許多考生選擇的結(jié)果是 C 或 D，但這道題的答案恰恰是語義消極的選項(xiàng) A。所以說，任 何技巧都有相對性，尤其是輔助判斷選項(xiàng)。、正確答案一般隱藏于反義、近義、相似的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)之中，除非兩項(xiàng)都是干擾項(xiàng)

這方面的例子舉不勝舉，因?yàn)樵O(shè)置一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)對于出題者來說也不是一件輕松的工作，設(shè)置的原則往往是設(shè)置一個(gè)和答案相似、相反、近義的選項(xiàng)，所以正確的答案往往隱藏于這 些項(xiàng)目之中。

除非兩項(xiàng)都是干擾項(xiàng)，這個(gè)道理也很好理解，因?yàn)槌鲱}者要設(shè)置一對干擾項(xiàng)也不是一件 輕松的工作，這需要耗費(fèi)大量的腦力才能設(shè)置一對有相當(dāng)難度和品味的干擾項(xiàng)。對于同義項(xiàng) 的判斷是極其簡單的，因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)干擾項(xiàng)同義，當(dāng)然不是完全意思一樣，只是裙帶關(guān)系。如果 選項(xiàng) A 對那么選項(xiàng) B 也一定對，所以選項(xiàng) A 和 B 一定都錯(cuò)。

明了這個(gè)小技巧的目的在于提高答題的速度和準(zhǔn)確率，尤其是速度。

⑤、辯證及綜合應(yīng)用技巧

前面已經(jīng)說了許多關(guān)于技巧如何應(yīng)用的話，現(xiàn)在筆者來重新總結(jié)一下：在任何時(shí)候考生 都要記住一個(gè)自明的原則，那就是技巧應(yīng)應(yīng)時(shí)、應(yīng)地、應(yīng)人而根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來使用，如果把 技巧當(dāng)作一個(gè)僵化的、一成不變的東西，那么技巧作為一把雙刃劍可能傷害的就是你自身。另一個(gè)原則就是任何技巧都是為了“直接依據(jù)是真理的最終判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”這個(gè)總則服務(wù)的，絕對不能本末倒至。

最后，技巧的辯證應(yīng)用還在于在解題的過程中要綜合應(yīng)用多種技巧進(jìn)行多方判斷，尤其 是心有疑慮的時(shí)候。

我們還是以上述的 1995 年的一道真題為例來進(jìn)行說明：

When the author says ”a new way of being“(Line 4,Para 3)he is referring to ____.{A} a new approach to experiencing the world {B} a new way of taking risks

{C} a new method of perceiving ourselves {D} a new system of adaptation to change 技巧應(yīng)用：

選項(xiàng) A 和選項(xiàng) B 是相似項(xiàng)，從范圍來看，B 包含在 A 之中；

選項(xiàng) A 和選項(xiàng) B 相比 A 更加抽象、更加概括，B 偏重于具體經(jīng)歷；

選項(xiàng) C 在短文中沒有直接依據(jù)，似是而非；

選項(xiàng) D 的依據(jù)相距太遠(yuǎn)，“后發(fā)”不是答案。

綜合判斷：選項(xiàng) A 是答案。

我們再來看看 1994 年的一道真題：

The author implies that by the year 2000, ____.{A} there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients {B} 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living

{C} the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers {D} there won't be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients 技巧應(yīng)用：

看清題問，題問問的是 author implies，千萬要完全忘記“真我”的干擾；

選項(xiàng) A 和選項(xiàng) B 都是對具體事物的描述，表面化，沒有難度，如果選項(xiàng) A 是答案那么沒 有理由選項(xiàng) B 不是答案，所以選項(xiàng) A、B 一般不是答案；這里不要匆忙下結(jié)論，必須看完所有選項(xiàng)再做出判斷；

選項(xiàng) C 隱藏著一個(gè)選項(xiàng)陷阱 fairly even，這個(gè)小小的東西使得 C 在文中沒有依據(jù)的支撐，一定不是答案；

選項(xiàng) D 體現(xiàn)了這個(gè)段落的整個(gè)中心思想，而且有直接依據(jù)的支撐，所以是答案。

這里需要注意的是本題考的是復(fù)雜長句的理解，所以在即讀即譯的時(shí)候要仔細(xì)看清復(fù)雜長句的意思，這樣可以迅速做出判斷。

最后，我們來看看 1999 年的一道真題：

We learn from the last paragraph that ____.{A} pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce {B} interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers {C} leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago

{D} setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power 技巧應(yīng)用：

選項(xiàng) A 體現(xiàn)了所考自然段的中心思想，似乎她應(yīng)當(dāng)是所求，但是題問中用了一個(gè)誤導(dǎo)性的詞 essential，所以至少選項(xiàng) A 和實(shí)際情況有出入；

選項(xiàng) B 表面上來看照抄了大量原文，懷疑不是答案；

選項(xiàng) C 與直接依據(jù)不符合；

選項(xiàng) D 在文中沒有任何依據(jù)，雖然可以憑“自我”推斷出來，但一定錯(cuò)；

回頭再比較選項(xiàng) A 和 B, 選項(xiàng) A 雖然體現(xiàn)了段中心，但畢竟總則是“直接依據(jù)是唯一最終 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，所以本題的答案是 B。

五、完美的答題流程——使閱讀滿分握在你手

綜上所述，我們可以制定出一個(gè)相對完美的答題流程：

①、先看懂所有題問和選項(xiàng)的含義，劃出關(guān)鍵詞；

②、“即讀即譯”看短文，搜索關(guān)鍵詞的同時(shí)注意轉(zhuǎn)折、強(qiáng)烈語氣詞以及對復(fù)雜長句、超 綱詞的理解，沒完全看懂的地方一定要作出記號（真我）；

③、做題，對應(yīng)短文中的關(guān)鍵詞處查找；如果有拿不準(zhǔn)的選項(xiàng)，一定要在短文處和題問 處前后對照，并且每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)一定要在文中找到證明其對錯(cuò)的直接依據(jù)。萬萬不能憑自己的 主觀臆斷而不在文中查找直接依據(jù)（忘我），尤其是當(dāng)你左右為難的時(shí)候千萬不能草率的認(rèn)定 某項(xiàng)一定錯(cuò)，要前后多斟酌；

④、當(dāng)選項(xiàng)或短文中不懂的生詞難以理解、或選項(xiàng)難以用直接依據(jù)區(qū)分其細(xì)微差別的時(shí) 候，這時(shí)可以運(yùn)用實(shí)用技巧以及輔助技巧進(jìn)行綜合判斷，以從另一個(gè)角度驗(yàn)證答案的正確性。這里應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是：

①、必須養(yǎng)成一遍看懂全文的習(xí)慣，但應(yīng)試時(shí)的“即讀即譯”以泛譯為主，以理解為目 的，在保證理解的前提下盡可能提高閱讀的速度；

②、通常來說，細(xì)節(jié)對應(yīng)于短文中具體的話語，概括題對應(yīng)于中心句或全文的語氣基調(diào)（體現(xiàn)為強(qiáng)烈語氣詞），即便要推論也只能從短文中的具體語句展開，而不能從“常識”展開；

③、不要陷入純技巧的誤區(qū)，只有在看懂全文的基礎(chǔ)上技巧才有真正的用武之地，畢竟 本書的目的是保證滿分，而不是用技巧進(jìn)行賭博，既使是賭博也沒有誰能夠輸?shù)闷鸬?。所?說即便是那些實(shí)用性更強(qiáng)的技巧也是為“直接依據(jù)”服務(wù)的，絕不能顛倒主次。技巧只是提 升速度和增加準(zhǔn)確率，但技巧本身不是速度，更不是準(zhǔn)確率。

不過，為了讓閱讀理解的滿分牢牢握在自己手里，除了一個(gè)完美的答題流程之外，你還 需要注意以下的細(xì)節(jié)：

①、信心：要時(shí)刻相信自己絕對不是平庸的人，自己絕對應(yīng)該是屬于超越平凡人的那一 類人。而且當(dāng)你仔細(xì)研究了歷年閱讀理解的真題之后，你本身也一會具有那種覺得洞悉一切 真諦的信心；

②、心態(tài)：欲速則不達(dá)，尤其在枯燥而相對漫長的復(fù)習(xí)過程中。所以這時(shí)候的心態(tài)非常 重要，你必需要有自己的相對固定的學(xué)習(xí)方法，不能因?yàn)閯e人的影響而輕易改變自己的復(fù)習(xí)計(jì)劃，除非經(jīng)過全面的考證覺得應(yīng)該改進(jìn)自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法、調(diào)整自己的復(fù)習(xí)進(jìn)度；

③、毅力：克制住自己的欲望和惰性，人都有一個(gè)驅(qū)樂避苦的本性，在神與動物的漫長 的直線兩頭，你克制自己的欲望越多，你就會上升向著神的方向（在這里，神的方向至少也 是成功的方向）前進(jìn)的更多，而你放縱自己的越多的時(shí)候，也是你越墮落的時(shí)候；

④、實(shí)力：實(shí)力是一個(gè)相對的東西，而且只有在你具備了信心、心態(tài)、毅力之后你的實(shí) 力才會穩(wěn)步上升，而實(shí)力和技巧是決定是否能夠拿到閱讀滿分的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)；

⑤、臨場狀態(tài)：只有考慮到每一點(diǎn)微小的細(xì)節(jié)，準(zhǔn)備到十分的充分，這樣才能調(diào)整到自 己的狀態(tài)接近到一個(gè)巔峰的狀態(tài)，這時(shí)你想的絕對不會是英語及格的問題，而是擊敗所有對 手，取得絕頂成績的問題。

以上說了這么多，也許有的考生會覺得有些高不可攀，其實(shí)本書所述的都是經(jīng)過實(shí)踐證 明的大實(shí)話，因?yàn)榭疾┦侨松囊粋€(gè)偉大轉(zhuǎn)折，只有各方面考慮周全才能取得最好的成績、上最好的院校。考博英語閱讀理解也一樣，只有也只要完全做到了上述的幾個(gè)基本條件，那么滿分就一定會牢牢握在你的手中！

關(guān)于詞匯問題（Vocabu1ary）

詞匯（Vocabulary）是四級閱讀理解測試中非常重要的一項(xiàng)。詞匯類其實(shí)也是就細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行提問，所不同的是這是唯一關(guān)于詞或詞組的練習(xí)項(xiàng)目，詞匯題往往要求對文章中的某個(gè)單詞、短語甚至句子等找出近義詞或最合適的解釋。解答這類題需要學(xué)生擁有較大的詞匯量?？墒牵瑔卧~記憶似乎已成為學(xué)生普遍反映最頭痛的難題。閱讀理解中詞匯類問題的常見提問方式有下列幾種：

(1)According to the author ,the word ”…“means_______.(2)Which of the following is nearest in meaning to ”…“?

(3)The term ”..“in paragraph… can be best replaced by ….(4)What's the meaning of ”…“in line …of paragraph….?

(5)As used in the line …, the word ”…“refers to _______.一般來說，在文章的閱讀中解決釋義的最鄧辦法是猜測詞義。猜測詞義也需要一定的技巧，可以通過1)上下文間意義的聯(lián)系；2）同義關(guān)系，反義關(guān)系；3）詞的定義；4）對詞的解釋和舉例；5）構(gòu)詞法知識猜測詞義。

1.利用上下文詞語意義的互相聯(lián)系猜測詞義 Example : The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks.They go from island to island in these light marrow boats and collect turtles' eggs

我們從上下文中可以得出以下信息：”canoes“是一種漁夫用樹木做的、來回于島嶼之間的、輕狹長的、類似于小船之類的東西。盡管我們可能還不能肯定它的確切解釋，但這一生詞已經(jīng)不會影響我們的閱讀和理解了。Example ：

Jogging has become very popular in some countries ,It is believed to be a good exercise for old people.”Jogging“的意思通過”a good exercise for old people “可以推斷出是一種適合老年人的劇烈的運(yùn)動方式。

2.利用文章中詞與詞的同義和反義關(guān)系猜測詞義

Example :

If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city ,you might have witnessed a strange sight.You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback , saying something 在文章中可以很容易地判斷出”witnesss“的同義關(guān)系詞是”seen“,因此”witness“就是看見的意思。

Example : In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid ,and the summers hot and dry.顯然，冬天和夏天的氣候是截然相反的，它們的修飾詞的意思也應(yīng)該截然相反。”cold“與”hot“對應(yīng)，”humid“與”dry“對應(yīng)。因此，”humid“是”潮濕" 意思。

第二篇：岳陽樓記等理解默寫

24《送東陽馬生序》宋濂

21《與朱元思書》吳鈞 ⑴描寫讀書之難的句子。①家貧，無從致書以觀，每假借于藏書之家，手⑴總領(lǐng)全文的句子是：風(fēng)煙俱凈，天山共色。自筆錄，計(jì)日以還。②天大寒，硯冰堅(jiān)，手指不可屈伸，弗之怠。③錄畢，寫江上放舟自由情態(tài)的句子是：從流飄蕩，任意東西。走送之，不敢稍逾約。概括贊嘆富春江景的句子是：奇山異水，天下獨(dú)絕。⑵ 寫自己從師之難的句子：嘗趨百里外，從鄉(xiāng)之先達(dá)執(zhí)經(jīng)叩問。??余立⑵描寫水之”異”的句子：水皆縹碧，千丈見底。游魚細(xì)石，直視無礙。急侍左右，援疑質(zhì)理，俯身傾耳以請。嗜學(xué)的結(jié)果是：故余雖愚，卒獲有所湍甚箭，猛浪若奔。聞。⑶描寫山之“奇”的句子：夾岸高山，皆生寒樹，負(fù)勢競上，互相軒邈，爭⑶寫自己求學(xué)之艱的：①衣：余則缊袍敝衣處其間。②食：主人日再食，高直指，千百成峰。無鮮肥滋味之享。③住：寓逆旅。④行：負(fù)篋曳屣行深山巨谷中。⑷從聽覺寫泉響、鳥鳴、蟬叫、猿啼兩組對偶句：泉水激石，泠泠作響；⑷ “余則缊袍敝衣處其間，略無慕艷意”的原因句是：以中有足樂者，不好鳥相鳴，嚶嚶成韻。蟬則千轉(zhuǎn)不窮，猿則百叫無絕。知口體之奉不若人也。⑸觸景生情句，愛慕自然，鄙棄名利句：鳶飛戾天者，望峰息心；經(jīng)綸世⑸文中說明作者不辭辛苦，求師助學(xué)的原因是：①余幼時(shí)即嗜學(xué)。②益慕務(wù)者，窺谷忘反。圣賢之道。

⑹以中有足樂者文末最能概括求學(xué)經(jīng)歷的句子是：蓋余之勤且艱若此。22《五柳先生傳》陶淵明

⑴表現(xiàn)作者性格的句子是：閑靜少言，不慕榮利。25課《詩詞曲五首》 表明先生的吃穿住的句子是：環(huán)堵蕭然，不蔽風(fēng)日；短褐穿結(jié)，簞瓢屢空?！冻陿诽鞊P(yáng)州處逢席上見贈》 ⑵ 先生的三大志趣是：好讀書，性嗜酒，著文章。

1.表達(dá)詩人豁達(dá)的胸懷和奮發(fā)向上、努力進(jìn)取的精神（或：喻含新事物不⑶文中引用黔婁之妻的話以表明心志的句子是：不戚戚于貧賤，不汲汲斷涌現(xiàn)的理趣）的詩句： 于富貴。

沉舟側(cè)畔千帆過，病樹前頭萬木春。

2.喻含新事物不斷涌現(xiàn)的例子的詩句是？ 23《馬說》韓愈 沉舟側(cè)畔千帆過，病樹前頭萬木春。⑴寫伯樂對千里馬起決定作用的名句是：世有伯樂，然后有千里馬。

《赤壁》 ⑵描寫千里馬終身遭遇的句子是：祗辱于奴隸之手，駢死于槽櫪之間，不1.作者發(fā)揮想象，從反面落筆，議論歷史，抒發(fā)感慨的詩句是？ 以千里稱也。

東風(fēng)不與周郎便，銅雀春深鎖二喬。⑶食馬者淺薄愚妄表現(xiàn)：①策之不以其道。②食之不能盡其材。③鳴之而2.作者發(fā)揮想象，從反面落筆議論歷史，抒發(fā)感慨的詩句，詩中蘊(yùn)含“機(jī)不能通其意。遇造人”的哲理且隱含著詩人對自己生不逢時(shí)，懷才不遇的感嘆之情的詩⑷《馬說》中千里馬被埋沒的直接原因是：食不飽，力不足，才美不外見。句是：東風(fēng)不與周郎便，銅雀春深鎖二喬。⑸根本原因是：食馬者不知其能干里而食也。（其真不知馬也。）《過零丁洋》 ⑹對食馬考進(jìn)行強(qiáng)烈諷刺是：執(zhí)策而臨之，曰：“天下無馬!” 1.概括寫出詩人被捕前的全部經(jīng)歷的詩句是？ ⑺文中主旨是：其真不知馬也。

辛苦遭逢起一經(jīng)，干戈寥落四周星。懷才不遇的人?？畤@的兩句話是：千里馬常用，而伯樂不常有。2.寫出國家和個(gè)人的境遇的詩句是？

山河破碎風(fēng)飄絮，身世浮沉雨打萍。

3.概括寫出國家和個(gè)人的境遇的詩句，也是概括兩次抗元，遭受失敗后的 心情的詩句是？惶恐灘頭說惶恐，零丁洋里嘆零丁。八年級下古詩文理解性默寫 4.表現(xiàn)詩人誓死報(bào)國，崇高的愛國情懷和堅(jiān)貞的民族氣節(jié)的詩句是？

人生自古誰無死，留取丹心照汗青。

5、概括寫出詩人被捕前的全部經(jīng)歷的詩句是： 《水調(diào)歌頭》

1.文中闡釋人生哲理的句子是？

人有悲歡離合，月有陰晴圓缺，此事古難全。2.道盡千載離人心愿的句子是？

但愿人長久，千里共嬋娟。

3.此種樂觀曠達(dá)，與親人共勉的詩句是？

但愿人長久，千里共嬋娟?！渡狡卵颉やP(guān)懷古》

1.詩中揭示出歷史是不斷變化發(fā)展的，任何強(qiáng)大的統(tǒng)治者也避免 不了最終的滅亡的詩句是？

傷心秦漢經(jīng)行處，宮闕萬間都做了土。

2.說明無論朝代的興或忘，最苦的都是老百姓的詩句是？（本文的中心句）

興，百姓苦；亡，百姓苦。

26《小石潭記》理解性默寫 1．《小石潭記》中表現(xiàn)溪水蜿蜒曲折的語句是：斗折蛇行，明滅可見。2．寫游魚動態(tài)的句子：俶爾遠(yuǎn)逝，往來翕忽。

3．寫出小石潭源頭悠遠(yuǎn)、兩岸彎曲的語句是：其岸勢犬牙差互，不可知其源。

4．側(cè)面寫潭水清澈的句子是：皆若空游無所依，日光下澈，影布石上。5．表現(xiàn)地理環(huán)境使作者內(nèi)心憂傷凄涼的句子是：凄神寒骨，悄愴幽邃。6．寫游魚自由輕靈游動的姿態(tài)的句子是：潭中魚可百許頭，皆若空游無所依。

7.寫潭中景物中樹木藤蔓的句子是：青樹翠蔓，蒙絡(luò)搖綴，參差披拂。

27《岳陽樓記》理解性默寫

1、寫遷客騷人“悲”、“喜”的句子分別是什么？

答：悲“去國懷鄉(xiāng)，憂讒畏譏；”喜“心曠神怡，寵辱偕忘。”

2、描寫微波時(shí)水面月光的句子是：浮光躍金。

3、描寫無風(fēng)時(shí)水中月影的句子是：靜影沉璧。

4、表現(xiàn)作者關(guān)心國家大事的句子是什么？（與“進(jìn)亦憂，退亦憂”相照應(yīng)的句子是什么？）

答：居廟堂之高則憂其民；處江湖之遠(yuǎn)則憂其君。

5、“進(jìn)”“退”分別照應(yīng)什么？答：居廟堂之高；處江湖之遠(yuǎn)。

6、突出表達(dá)作者曠達(dá)胸襟的句子是：不以物喜，不以已悲。

7、贊美滕子京政績的句子是什么？答：政通人和、百廢具興。

8、作者寫這篇文章的直接原因是什么？答：屬予作文以記之。

9、請從文中找出總寫岳陽樓“大觀”的語句。其中最有氣勢兩個(gè)詞是什么？ 銜遠(yuǎn)山，吞長江，浩浩湯湯，橫無際涯；朝暉夕陰，氣象萬千。（銜、吞）

10、第二段中說“前人之述備矣”，照應(yīng)上文哪句話？答：刻唐賢今人詩賦于其上。

11、從空間角度描寫岳陽樓雄偉景象的句子是：銜遠(yuǎn)山，吞長江，浩浩蕩蕩，橫無際涯。朝暉夕陰，氣象萬千。

12、從時(shí)間角度描寫岳陽樓景象的句子是：朝暉夕陰，氣象萬千。

13、突出表達(dá)作者偉大的政治抱負(fù)（與“吃苦在前，享樂在后”的精神相似）的句子是：先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂。

14、由“四面湖光歸眼底，萬家憂樂到心頭”這副對聯(lián)，你能想到范仲淹《岳陽樓記》中的兩句話是：先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂。

15、面對人生中成功的歡樂和失敗的痛苦，我們應(yīng)擁有“不以物喜，不以己悲”的心態(tài)。（用《岳陽樓記》中原句答）

16、借鳥歡魚躍、花茂草盛描繪晴明之景的句子是：沙鷗翔集，錦鱗游泳；岸芷汀蘭，郁郁青青。

17、文中動靜結(jié)合，描寫洞庭湖月夜美景的句子是：浮光躍金，靜影沉璧。

28《醉翁亭記》理解性默寫

1、寫出醉翁言在此而意在彼，情趣所在的句子是： 醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之間也。

2、描繪山間朝暮之景的句子： 日出而林霏開，云歸而巖穴暝。

3、本文以色彩鮮明的語言，描繪春夏之景的句子： 野芳發(fā)而幽香，佳木秀而繁陰。

4.體現(xiàn)全文核心命意及醉翁命名之意的句子是： 醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之間也。5.表達(dá)作者復(fù)雜感情的句子是：

人知從太守游而樂，而不知太守之樂其樂也。

6.文中貫穿全文主線的句子是：山水之樂，得之心而寓之酒也。7.文中點(diǎn)明全文主旨的句子是：

人知從太守游而樂，而不知太守之樂其樂也。醒能同其樂。8.奠定全文抒情基調(diào)的千古名句（破題句），也是貫穿全文主線的句子是？

醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之間也。

9、美國攻打伊拉克是別有用心，用文中的一句話概括就是？

醉翁之意不在酒。

29《滿井游記》

1.文中作者用兩句話分別寫出了初春水光和春山之態(tài)，請寫出。

初春水光：冰皮始解，波色乍明，鱗浪層層，清澈見底。春山之態(tài)：山巒為晴雪所洗，娟然如拭，鮮妍明媚。

2.文中作者用兩個(gè)長句作比喻，新奇生動，請寫出。

水如：鏡之新開而冷光之乍出于匣也

山如：倩女之靧面而髻鬟之始掠也

30《詩五首》理解性默寫 《飲酒》

1、《飲酒》中表明詩人決意擺脫塵世的干擾，過閑適恬靜的生活的詩句是：結(jié)廬在人境，而無車馬喧。

2、《飲酒》中表達(dá)詩人遠(yuǎn)離世俗名利羈絆，雖身居“人境”而閑靜無憂的原因的詩句是：問君何能爾，心遠(yuǎn)地自偏。

3、《飲酒》中表達(dá)詩人悠然自得、超然物外的思想情趣的名句是：采菊東籬下，悠然見南山。

4、《飲酒》中表達(dá)詩人主觀情感與外界客觀景物融為一體的名句是：采菊東籬下，悠然見南山。

5、《飲酒》中體現(xiàn)詩人心與物遇，進(jìn)入物我兩忘境界的詩句是：采菊東籬下，悠然見南山。

6、“結(jié)廬在人境，而無車馬喧。”的原因是？

心遠(yuǎn)地自偏。

7、文中反映詩人悠游自在志向的句子是？（被王國維譽(yù)為“不知何者為我，何者為物”達(dá)到了物我合一的境界。）

采菊東籬下，悠然見南山。

8、文中表明作者本想說明，卻又不可言傳的詩句是？

此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。

《行路難》

9、《行路難》一詩中比喻人生路上的艱難和仕途受阻塞的句子是：欲渡黃河冰塞川，將登太行雪滿山

10、《行路難》一詩中借用典故表明人生遭遇變化莫測多出偶然，并渴望入仕的句子是：閑來垂釣碧溪上，忽復(fù)乘舟夢日邊。

11、《行路難》中遠(yuǎn)大抱負(fù)和對未來充滿信心的句子是：長風(fēng)破浪會有時(shí)，直掛云帆濟(jì)滄海。、《行路難》中表現(xiàn)作者理想抱負(fù)終會實(shí)現(xiàn)的積極樂觀精神的詩句是：長風(fēng)破浪會有時(shí)，直掛云帆濟(jì)滄海?！睹┪轂榍镲L(fēng)所破歌》

14、《茅屋為秋風(fēng)所破歌》中表現(xiàn)憂國憂民情思的名句是：安得廣廈千萬間，大庇天下寒士俱歡顏。

15、《茅屋為秋風(fēng)所破歌》中表現(xiàn)詩人舍己為人、至死不渝的句子是：何時(shí)眼前突兀見此屋，吾廬獨(dú)破受凍死亦足?！栋籽└杷臀渑泄贇w京》

16、詠雪的千古名句是：忽如一夜春風(fēng)來，千樹萬樹梨花開

17、岑參在《白雪歌送武判官歸京》中以春花喻冬雪的名句是：忽如一夜春風(fēng)來，千數(shù)萬樹梨花開。

18、《白雪歌送武判官歸京》一詩中，從視覺角度、色彩角度看，色彩鮮明，紅白映襯的兩句詩是：紛紛暮雪下轅門，風(fēng)掣紅旗凍不翻。

19、古人宴“絲竹”，而《白雪歌送武判官歸京》一詩中別宴情景卻獨(dú)具異域風(fēng)情句子是：中軍置酒飲歸客，胡琴琵琶與羌笛。

20、古代送別詩中，有很多情景交融的佳句，雖只字未提送別，筆端卻飽含悠悠不盡之情思，達(dá)到了“此時(shí)無聲勝有聲”的藝術(shù)效果?！栋籽└杷臀渑泄贇w京》中這樣的詩句是：山回路轉(zhuǎn)不見君，雪上空留馬行處。

21.、岑參《白雪歌送武判官歸京》最后兩句，將詩人因朋友離去而產(chǎn)生的無限惆悵之情抒寫到了極致，這兩句詩是：山回路轉(zhuǎn)不見君，雪上空留馬行處

22、岑參《白雪歌送武判官歸京》借的（翰海闌干百丈冰，愁云慘淡萬里凝。）景表現(xiàn)詩人愁苦的情懷。

23、以風(fēng)見雪，造成別開生面的開闊雄奇的氛圍的詩句是：北風(fēng)卷地白草折，胡天八月即飛雪。

24、以軍營的奇寒，側(cè)面表現(xiàn)風(fēng)雪威力的詩句是：將軍角弓不得控，都護(hù)鐵衣冷難著?！都汉ルs詩》

25、《己亥雜詩》中表現(xiàn)龔自珍誓死不忘報(bào)國的豪情的是：落紅不是無情物，化作春泥更護(hù)花

26.《己亥雜詩》中表現(xiàn)作者仍愿報(bào)效祖國并蘊(yùn)含哲理的名句是：落紅不是無情物，化作春泥更護(hù)花。

課外古詩

2、作者發(fā)表看法，表達(dá)盛夏比不上早春景色的觀點(diǎn)的句子是：最是一年

一、《贈從弟》 春好處，絕勝煙柳滿皇都。

1、中描寫風(fēng)狂的反復(fù)句是：風(fēng)聲一何盛，松枝一何勁

3、描寫春天的古詩詞：竹外桃花三兩枝，春江水暖鴨先知。（蘇軾《惠崇

2、主旨句：豈不罹凝寒，松柏有本性!春江晚景二首》）

二、《送杜少府之任蜀州》

4、描寫夏的古詩詞：稻花香里說豐年，聽取蛙聲一片。（辛棄疾《西江月》）1.寫送別的地點(diǎn)和有人要去的地方的詩句是？ 城闕輔三秦，風(fēng)煙望五津。

5、描寫秋天的古詩詞：長風(fēng)萬里送秋雁，對此可以酣高樓。李白《宣州謝2.勸慰友人不要哀傷，表達(dá)出詩人豁達(dá)爽朗的胸懷的詩句是？ 無為在歧朓樓餞別校書叔云》 路，兒女共沾巾。

6、描寫冬天的古詩的名句：孤舟蓑笠翁，獨(dú)釣寒江雪。（柳宗元《江雪》）3.把對朋友的真摯感情升華為哲理，寫出四海之內(nèi)有知心朋友就是在天涯

七、《無題》 海角也還是近鄰一樣的親近，說明知心朋友聲息相通的兩句詩是？

4.同1.這首詩寄托了作者仕途苦悶的心情，以及其沉痛的心情寫傷別的詩句窗好友將隨父去西藏就讀，請選擇古詩名句贈別留言，以示萬水千山隔不是？

相見時(shí)難別亦難，東風(fēng)無力百花殘。

斷真摯友誼： 海內(nèi)存知己，天涯若比鄰。

2.常用來比喻教師的工作，被人們用來贊美無私奉獻(xiàn)的精神的詩句是？

5.唐朝陸龜蒙別離詩中有“丈夫非無淚，不灑離別間”的詩句，如朋友遠(yuǎn)春蠶到死絲方盡，蠟炬成灰淚始干。

行你借用“勸君更盡一杯酒，西出陽關(guān)無故人。”不如用哪兩句：

3.寫女子離別后的擔(dān)心含有兩人要各自珍重的意思的詩句是？

海內(nèi)存知己，天涯若比鄰。

曉鏡但愁云鬢改，夜吟應(yīng)覺月光寒。

6、贈別詩在中國古代詩詞中占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋嚷?。不少詩句至今仍被人們廣4.詩中通過祖籍找到慰藉自己的途徑，表達(dá)了自己情感的詩句是？

為傳誦。王維在《送元二使安西》中通過 “ 勸君更盡一杯酒，西出陽關(guān)無蓬山此去無多路，青鳥殷勤為探看。

故人?！眮肀磉_(dá)對友人的深摯感情；王勃更是樂觀，他在《送杜少府之任

5、以極其沉痛的心情寫傷別的詩句是：相見時(shí)難別亦，東風(fēng)無力百花殘。蜀州》用“海內(nèi)存知己，天涯若比鄰?！奔恼Z遠(yuǎn)方朋友，表明只要心心相印，6、常用來比喻教師的工作，被人們用來贊美無私奉獻(xiàn)的精神（表現(xiàn)愛情堅(jiān)貞）（鞠哪怕距離遙遠(yuǎn)，也會覺得近在咫尺。躬盡瘁，死而后已）的詩句是：春蠶到死絲方盡，蠟炬成灰淚始干。

7、寬慰友人，表達(dá)送別情感的千古名句是：海內(nèi)存知己，天涯若比鄰。

八、《相見歡》用巧妙地比喻寫"愁”：翦不斷，理還亂，是離愁。別是一

三、《登幽州臺歌》 般滋味在心頭。

1、指生不逢時(shí)句：前不見古人，后不見來者。

九、《登飛來峰》：

2、描寫空間遼闊抒發(fā)悲哀苦悶心情句是：念天地之悠悠，獨(dú)愴然而涕下!

1、與王之渙“欲窮千里目，更上一曾樓”（“會當(dāng)凌絕頂，一覽眾山小”）兩

四、《送元二使安西》 句有異曲同工之妙的兩句詩：不畏浮云遮望眼，自緣身在最高層。

1、描寫清新明朗的送別環(huán)境句是：渭城朝雨浥輕塵，客舍青青柳色新。

2、詩中蘊(yùn)含“站得高，看得遠(yuǎn)?！钡牡览淼脑娋涫牵?/p>

不畏浮云遮望眼，2、詩中雖只字未提送別，但筆端卻飽含悠悠不盡之情思，達(dá)到了“此時(shí)無自緣身在最高層。

聲勝有聲”的藝術(shù)效果，它是：勸君更盡一杯酒，西出陽關(guān)無故人。、十《蘇幕遮》

五、《宣州謝朓樓餞別校書叔云》

1、描寫登高所見秋景的語句是：碧云天，秋色連波，波上寒煙翠。山映

1、描摹愁緒的千古名句是：抽刀斷水水更流，舉杯銷愁愁更愁。斜陽天接水，芳草無情，更在斜陽外。

2、運(yùn)用想象寫作者壯志豪情的詩句是：

2、抒發(fā)濃烈的思鄉(xiāng)愁緒的語句是：黯鄉(xiāng)魂，追旅思。夜夜除非，好夢留俱懷逸興壯思飛，欲上青天覽明月。人睡。明月樓高休獨(dú)倚，酒入愁腸，化作相思淚。

六、《早春呈水部張十八員外》

1、描寫早春細(xì)雨濛濛、春草初出，若隱若現(xiàn)的美景的句子是： 天街小雨潤如酥，草色遙看近卻無。

第三篇：英語閱讀理解

閱讀理解。Arthur Miller(1915-2005)is universally recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century.Miller's father had moved to the USA from Austria Hungary,drawn like so many others by the“ Great American Dream”.However, he experienced severefinancial hardship when his family business was ruined in the Great Depression of the early l930s.Millers' s most famous play, Death of a Salesman , is a powerful attack on the Americansystem, with its aggressive way of doing business and its insistence on money and social status as indicators of worth.In Willy Loman, the hero of the play, we see a man who has got into trouble with his worth.Willy is “burnt out” and in the cruel world of business thereis no room for sentiment: if he can't do the work, then he is no good to his employer, the Wagner Company, and he must go.Willy is painfully aware of this, and at loss as to whatto do with his lack of success.He refuses to face the fact that he has failed and kills himself in the end.When it was first staged in 1949, the play was greeted with enthusiastic reviews, and it won the Tony Award for Best Play, the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.It was the first play to win all three of these major awards.Miller died of heart failure at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut, on the evening of February10,2005,the 56th anniversary of the first performance of Death of a Salesman on Broadway.阿瑟·米勒（1915-2005）是舉世公認(rèn)的最偉大的劇作家之一20世紀(jì)。米勒的父親已經(jīng)從奧地利匈牙利移居美國，繪制像許多其他的“偉大的美國夢”。不過，他經(jīng)歷了嚴(yán)重的當(dāng)他的家族企業(yè)是毀在了大蕭條時(shí)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難早l930s。?米勒最著名的發(fā)揮，推銷員之死，是美國強(qiáng)大的攻擊系統(tǒng)憑借其積極的做生意的方式及其對金錢和社會的堅(jiān)持地位，價(jià)值的指標(biāo)。在威利·洛曼，劇中的主人公，我們看到誰擁有一個(gè)男人鉆進(jìn)他的身價(jià)麻煩。威利被“燒毀”，并在企業(yè)的殘酷世界里沒有空間感悟：如果他不能做的工作，那么他是沒有好他的雇主，瓦格納公司，他必須去。威利痛苦地意識到了這一點(diǎn)，并在無所適從做他的缺乏成功。他不肯面對事實(shí)，他已經(jīng)失敗，殺死自己到底。?當(dāng)它在1949年首次上演，該劇是迎接熱情的評論，和它贏得了托尼獎最佳戲劇，紐約戲劇批評家獎，并普利策戲劇獎。這是第一次發(fā)揮贏得所有這三個(gè)重要獎項(xiàng)。?米勒在他的家在羅克斯伯里，康涅狄格死于心臟衰竭，對日晚10,2005，在百老匯推銷員之死的首場演出56周年。1.Why did Arthur Miller' s father move to the USA?______ A.He suffered from severe hunger in his home country.B.He was attracted by the “Great American Dream”.C.He hoped to make his son a dramatist.D.His family business failed.2.The play Death of a Salesman _______.A.exposes the cruelty of the American business world B.discusses the ways to get promoted in a company C.talks about the business career of Arthur Miller D.focuses on the skills in doing business 3.What can we learn about Willy Loman? A.ded as a hero by his colleagues.4.What is the text mainly about?______ A.Arthur Miller and his family..The awards Arthur Miller won.C.The hardship Arthur Miller experienced.D.Arthur Miller and his best-known play.答案：BACD閱讀理解。

When I lived in Spain, some Spanish friends of mine decided to visit England by car.Before they left, they asked me for advice about how to find accommodation(住所).I suggested that they should stay at 'bed and breakfast' houses, because this kind of accommodation gives a foreign visitor a good chance to speak English with the family.My friends listened to my advice, but they came back with some funny stories.“We didn't stay at bed and breakfast houses,” they said, “because we found that mostfamilies were away on holiday.” I thought this was strange.Finally I understood what had happened.My friends spoke little English, and they thought 'VACANCIES' meant 'holidays', because the Spanish word for 'holidays' is 'vacaciones'.So they did not go to house where the sign outside said 'VACANCLES', which in English means there are free rooms.Then my friends went to house where the sign said 'NO VACANCLES', because they thought this meant the people who owned the house were not away on holiday.But they found that these houses were all full.As a result, they stayed at hotels!We laughed about this and about mistakes my friends made in reading other signs.In Spanish, the word 'DIVERSION' means fun.In English, it means that workmen are repairing the road, and that you must take a different road.When my friends saw the word 'DIVERSION' on a road sign, they thought they were going to have fun.Instead, the road ended in a large hold.English people have problems too when they learn foreign languages.Once in Paris, when someone offered me some more coffee, I said “Thank you” in French.I meant that I would like some more.However, to my surprise, the coffee pot was taken away!Later I found out that “Thank you” in French means “No, thank you.”當(dāng)我住在西班牙，我的一些西班牙朋友決定去英國的車程。在他們離開之前，他們問我的意見如何找到住宿（住所）。我建議他們應(yīng)該留在“床和早餐”的房子，因?yàn)檫@種住宿給外國游客的好機(jī)會講英語的家庭。我的朋友聽了我的意見，但他們帶回來一些有趣的故事?！拔覀儧]有停留在床和早餐的房子，”他們說，“因?yàn)槲覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)，大多數(shù)家庭外出度假?！拔艺J(rèn)為這是奇怪的。我終于明白發(fā)生了什么事。我的朋友說話一點(diǎn)英語，他們認(rèn)為'空缺'的意思'假期'，因?yàn)槲靼嘌勒Z單詞對于“假期”是“ vacaciones ”。因此，他們沒有去房子里的符號表示外“ VACANCLES '，這在英文的意思是有免費(fèi)的客房。然后我的朋友去房子里的牌子上寫著“ NO VACANCLES '，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這意味著人們誰擁有房子并沒有外出度假。但他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些房子都是全部爆滿。因此，他們住在酒店！我們笑了一下，并約在閱讀其他標(biāo)志犯了錯(cuò)誤我的朋友。在西班牙語，單詞“引水”是指fun.In英語，這意味著工人是修復(fù)道路，你必須采取不同的road.When我的朋友看到這個(gè)詞上一個(gè)路標(biāo)“引水”，他們認(rèn)為他們將不得不fun.Instead，道路在一個(gè)大抱結(jié)束。英國人也有問題，當(dāng)他們學(xué)習(xí)外語。一次在巴黎，當(dāng)有人給我一些更多的咖啡，我說法語“謝謝”。我的意思是我想多一些。然而，出乎我的意料，咖啡壺被搶走了！后來我發(fā)現(xiàn)在法語中的意思是“謝謝你” “不，謝謝你。”

1.My Spanish friends wanted advice about _____.[ ] A.learning English

B.finding places to stay in England

C.driving their car on English roads

D.going to England by car 2.'NO VACANCIES' in English means _____.[ ] A.no free rooms

B.free rooms

C.not away on holiday

D.holidays 3.When someone offered me more coffee and I said “Thank you” in French, I _____.[ ] A.didn't really want any more coffee

B.wanted them to take the coffee pot away C.really wanted some more coffee

D.wanted to express my politeness 4.I was surprised when the coffee pot was taken away because I _____.[ ] A.hadn't finished drinking my coffee B.was expecting another cup of coffee C.meant that I didn't want any more D.was never misunderstood 答案：BACB

An increase in students applying to study economics at university is being attributed to（歸因于）the global economic crisis awakening a public thirst for knowledge about how the financial system works.Applications for degree courses beginning this autumn were up by 15% this January, according to UCAS, the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service.A.spokesman for the Royal Economic Society said applications to do economics at A-level were also up.Professor john Beath, the president of the society and a leading lecture at St Andrews University, said his first-year lectures-which are open to students from all departments—were drawing crowds of 400, rather than the usual 250.“There are a large number of students who are not economics majors, who would like to learn something about it.One of the things I have done this year is to relate my teaching to contemporary events in a way that one hasn’t traditionally done.” He added.University applications rose 7% last year.But there were rises above average in several subjects.Nursing saw a 15% jump, with people’s renewed interest in caters in the pubic sector（部門）, which are seen as more secure in economic crisis.A.recent study showed almost two thirds of parents believed schools should do more to teach pupils about financial matters, and almost half said their children had asked them what was going on, although a minority of parents felt they did not understand it themselves well enough to explain.Zack Hocking, the head of Child Trust Funds, said: “It’s possible that one good thing to arise from the downturn will be a generation that’s financially wiser and better equipped to manage their money through times of economic uncertainty.”

在學(xué)生申請學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，大學(xué)增加被歸因于（歸因于）全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)喚醒公眾對知識的渴求對金融系統(tǒng)是如何工作的。申請學(xué)位課程開始今年秋季分別增長15 ％今年一月，根據(jù)UCAS，大學(xué)及院校招生事務(wù)處。A.發(fā)言人皇家經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)會說應(yīng)用在A級從事經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究也上升。約翰比思教授，社會的總裁和圣安德魯斯大學(xué)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講課，說他的第一年的講座，這是開放給學(xué)生來自各個(gè)部門，都繪制的400人群，而不是通常的250。?“有大量的學(xué)生誰不是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)的學(xué)生，誰愿意了解一些有關(guān)它的。有一件事我今年做的是與我的教學(xué)的方式，一句都沒有做傳統(tǒng)的當(dāng)代事件?！八a(bǔ)充說。大學(xué)申請去年同期上漲了7 ％。但有幾個(gè)學(xué)科上升到高于平均水平。護(hù)士看到了一個(gè)15 ％的漲幅，在迎合在恥骨界人士的新的興趣（部門），這被看作是在經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)更安全。答：最近的研究表明，幾乎三分之二的家長認(rèn)為學(xué)校應(yīng)該做更多的講授財(cái)務(wù)問題的學(xué)生，幾乎一半的人說他們的孩子曾問他們發(fā)生了什么事，雖然父母的少數(shù)覺得他們不理解自己不夠好來解釋。扎克霍金，兒童信托基金的負(fù)責(zé)人說： “這可能是從低迷到出現(xiàn)一個(gè)好處將是這一代人的經(jīng)濟(jì)更聰明，更有能力通過經(jīng)濟(jì)不穩(wěn)定時(shí)期來管理他們的錢。”

71.Professor John Beath’s lectures are.A.given in a traditional way B.connected with the present situation C.open to both students and their parents D.warmly received by economics 72.Incomes in the public sector are more attractive because of their.A.greater stability B.higher pay C.fewer applications D.better reputation 73.in the opinion of most parents.A.eccentrics should be the focus of school teaching B.more students should be admitted to universities C.the teaching of financial matters should be strengthened.D.children should solve financial problems themselves 74.According to Hocking, the global economic crisis might make the youngsters.A.wiser in money management B.have access to better equipment C.confide about their future careers D.get jobs in Child Trust Funds 75.What’s the main idea of the text?

A.Universities have received more applications.B.Economics is attracting an increasing numbers students C.college students benefit a lot from economic uncertainty D.parents are concerned with children’s subject selection.答案 71.B 72.A 73.C 74.A 75.B

第四篇：英語閱讀理解（定稿）

In the early 1990s,the word”Internet”was strange to most people.But today,Internet has become a useful tool for people all over the world.Maybe Internet has been the greatest invention in the field of communication in the history of mankind（人類）

Communicating with others on the Internet is much faster.We can chat with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world.We can e-mail our friends and they can read the e-mails within a minute.Giving all kinds of information is probably the biggest advantage of the Internet.We can use search engines to find the information we need.Just type in a keyword or keywords and the search engine will give us a list of suitable websites to look at.We can enjoy a lot on the Internet by downloading games,visiting chat rooms or surfing（瀏覽）websites.There are some games for free.We can meet new and interesting people in the chat now.We can also listen to music and see films.Now ,there is a lot of service on the Internet such as online banking ,job finding and ticket buying.We can also do shopping and find nearly all kinds of goods.Sometimes we can find something that is quite good but very cheap.26.How many main advantages of the Internet are talked about in the passage?

A.Three.B.Four.C.Five.D.Six.27.What fact doesn?t the passage provide?

A.We can find almost anything we want to know on the Internet.B.Some games on the Internet are free.C.We can buy most things we need on the Internet.D.Goods on the Internet are more expensive than those in real shops.28.Which title best gives the main idea of the passage?

A.Online Shopping

B.Exchanging Information on the Internet

C.The Advantages of the Internet

D.Surfing the Websites on the Internet

You want to know about my staying inAmerica,right?Well,to tell you the truth,it is

really an eye-opening experience study here.In China,I had English classes five times a week since fifth grade.However,I didn?t

know how different textbook English could be from everyday English until I came to

Hotchkiss School,Conmecticut.When I first studied English,I was told to say, “I am fine.”when people say “How are

you ?”But in the US,I found that people say, “I am good.”or “Ilm tired.”

One day ,someone greeted me with “What?s up ?”It ,made me confused.I thought for

a moment and then smiled because I didn?t know what to say.Sincethen,I have discovered more and more differences between Chinese and US

cultures.China ,girls try every possible way to get their skin paler,or “whiter.”

I alsosurprised by how hard-working.US students are.In China,schoolwork is

almost everything ,so we study hard and that? it.But here,a “good”student gets good

grades,does a lot for the public and plays sports or music.The kids here are so talented ,I am starting to be sorry that I gave up playing the piano

at an early age and that I have never thought about sports.61.According to the writer,textbook English is _________everyday English.A.quite different fromB.the same asC.more difficult than

62.What does the word “tan ”in the sixth paragraph mean in Chinese?

A曬黑B曬白C 能量

63.A good US student spends his/her time ________.A.only in doing homework

B.only on sports or music

C.on studies ,sports or music and public work

64.Which of the following is NOT true?

A.The writer is now in US.B.American girls love to have white skin.C.US students are talented and hard-working.65.Which is the best title for the passage?

A.My Own Travel in the US

B.My Studying in the US

C.My Opinion about the US

People often say that the Englishman?s home is his castle.They mean that the home is very important and personal to him.Most people in Britain live in houses ratherthan flats,and many people own their homes.This means that they can make them individual（個(gè)體的）;they can paint them,and change them in any way they like.Most house have a garden,even if it is a very small one,and the garden is usually loved.The house and the garden are the private（私人的）space of the individual.People usually like to mark their space.Are you sitting now in your home or on a train?have you marked the space around yourself as your?If you are on the train you may put your coat or small bag on the seat beside you.If you share a flat you may have one corner or chair which is your own.Once I was travelling on a train to London.I was in a section for four people and there was a table between us.The man on the space on my side of the table at all.I was angry.Maybe he thought that he owned the whole table.I had read a book about non-verbal communication,so I took various papers out of my bag and put them on his briefcase!When I did this he stiffened and his eyes nearly popped(瞪出)out of his head.I had invaded(侵犯)his space!A few minutes later I took my papers off his case in order to read them.He immediately moved his case to his side ofthe table.Of course,it is possible that he just wanted to be helpful to me!

If you are visiting another country you may feel that you don?t have any private space.Hotel rooms look much the same in every country in the world.All day long ,you share public spaces with o ther pople.You see the local people in their private spaces and.Local people can create their private spaces by talking about things you don?t know about.And you even feel that they like you to be outside one of the difficulties of being a traveler!But if you understand it then it helps you.Haven?t you enjoyed being part of a group and “owning”a bit of space?

41.The writer was angry as he was travelling on a train to London because______.A.he had no place to sitB.someone had invaded his “space”

C.too many people shared a section with him

D.some other people talked about things he didn?t know about

42.“… ?”in paragraph 4 means that_______.A.you are alone outside the house

B.you feel lonely because you travel on your own

C.you are alone and therefore you go outside to have some fun

D.you feel lonely and you don?t belong to that place or that group of people

43.In Paragraph 4 ,the pronoun “（所指）“___________”.A.public spacesB.private spacesC.local peopleD.other countries

44.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A.British people dislike marking their space.B.You always feel at home in another country.C.Most British people prefer living in houses to flats.D.You can?t mark your private space in a foreign country.45.Tha main purpose of the passage is to tell readers to _______.A.own private spaces by living in houses

B.have one corner of their own in public places

C.realize the importance of “space”in communication

D.create their private spaces by talking with local people

When I was a foreign teacher in China,every day I taught English to my students and they taught me about China.One day the topic turned to saying “I love you”.I was shocked to learn that not one of my students had saidthis to their mothers,nor had their mothers said it to them.“Does your mom love you?” “Of course ,”they answered.“How do you know ?”was my logical question.They responded that their mons cooked and always toldthem what they were doing wrong to showtheir caring.I was stunned.So mon?s cooking and criticzing read out as “I love you ”.“Then how do you say ?I love you ?to her?”They agreed that getting good gradws,followed by god jobs would be how they showed their love.I come from a culture where most people are expressive enough,so I repeated these queries in classes over time.Gradually,I began to get different response.Some of them had exchanged those sentiments with their moms.One of my favorite stories of change came from a girl.When she came home from university,her mother met her at the door and hugged（擁抱）her.This had never happened before,but her mom said, “Now that you have gone I have more time to myself.I noticed that in some places mothers and children hug each other and I decided it was a good idea and that I would begin hugging you.”

In my family we all say “I love you”a lot.While it is true that we often say the words without having great depth of feelings at that moment,it is almost like a blessing we give each other.Those three little words carry a world of meaning ,even when said as a greeting,but most especially if they are the last words we say to or hear from those we love.52.The foreign teacher_______.A.comes from AmericaB.is a young woman

C.is expressive enoughD.knows much about China

53.Chinese people prefer to show love by________.A.saying “I love you”B.cooking

C.getting good gradesD.doing something helpful;

54.In paragraph 4,what?s the real meaning of the mom?s hugging?

A.She is meeting her daughter at the door.B.She loves her daughter and misses her.C.She is glad that she has more timeto herself

D.She finds it interesting to hug her daughter.55.What?s the main idea of the passage?

A.Say “I love you”more to your family.B.Say “I love you ”a lot to Chinese people.C.Say “I love you ”as a greeting to others.D.Say “I love you ”without great depth of feelings.Every year there is a Spring Festival in China.Usually it is in January or February.It is the most important festival in China.So before it comes，everyone has to prepare things.They buy pork，beef，chicken，fruits and many other things.And they often make a special kind of food—“dumplings”.It means “come together”.On the day before the festival，parents buy new clothes for their children.Children also buy presents for their parents.On the Spring Festival Eve（除夕），all the family members come back to their hometown.This is a happy moment.Some sing and dance，some play cards and others get the dinner ready.When they enjoy the meal，they give each other the best wishes for the coming year.They all have a good time.

26.Which is the most important festival in China?

A.The Mid-Autumn Festival.B.The Spring Festival. C.Children?sDay.

27.When is the Chinese Spring Festival usually celebrated?

A.In March or April.B.In May or June.C.In January or February.

A.ChickenB.DumplingC.Fish

29.What?s the meaning of the food “dumplings” for Chinese people in the Spring Festival?

A.Look up.B.Help yourself.C.Come together.

30.The family 

A.give each other the best wishes

B.buy each other presents

C.sing，dance and play cards

第五篇：八年級英語閱讀理解

In the world, soccer of football is the most popular sport.This is because many countries have wonderful teams for the World Cup.The World Cup is held every four years.To remember 2002 FIFA World Cup, children from different countries and more than 60 children from Japanese schools came together and spent three weekends drawing a big picture called“Dream(夢幻)World Cups”in Japan.The children drew animals, flowers and people playing soccer under a bule bright sky.They wished each football team good luck by drawing the flags(旗幟)of all the countries that will take part in the World Cup in Japan and South Korea.The picture was put up in a park near a playground in Yokohama.Some football teams will have games there.Are you a football fan(迷)？The World Cup makeds more and more people interested in football.Teenagers(青少年)like playing and watching football.Many of them love some football stars so much that they get the pictures of their favourite players on the walls of their rooms.That is the way to show their love for the World Cup as children in Japan.1.If a country wants to take part in the World Cup ,she must have______.A.Many football fans

B.a very good team

C.many football player

D.a big play-ground

2.The next World Cup will be held in_______.A.2006

B.2007

C.2005

D.2004

3.From the passage ,in the picture children drew many things except_________.A.people playing footballB.pictures of some football stars C.a sunny sky

D.flowers 4.In“Dream World Cup”,the children drew the flags of some countries______.A.to show their love for their owe country

B.to tell the people their stories

C.to show their good wishes for the football teams

D.to show their new ideas about football

5.Many teenagers owe the pictures of some football stars because______.A.they are interested in football

B.they are football fans

C.they think their favourite players are great

D.all of A, B and C

Americans with small families own a small car or a large one.If both parents are working, they usually have two cars.When the family is large, one of the cars is sold and they will buy a van(住房汽車)

A small car can hold(容納)four persons and a large car can hold six persons but it is very crowded(擁擠).A van hold seven persons easily, so a family with three children could ask their grandparents to go on a holiday travel.They could all travel together.Mr.Hagen and his wife had a third child last year.This made them sell a second car and buy a van.Their children can use three seats, the sixth and seventh seat are used to put other things, for a family of five must carry many suitcases(衣箱)when they travel.When they arrive at their grandparents’home , the suitcases are brought into the trunk(后備箱).The two seats can then carry the grandparents.Americans call vans motor homes.A motor home is always used for holidays.When a family are traveling to the mountains or to the seaside, they can live in their motor home for a few days or weeks.All the members of a big family can enjoy a happier life when they are traveling together.That is why motor homes have become very popular.In America there are many parks for motor homes.11.From the passage, a van is also called ____________.A.a motor car

B.a motor home

C.a motorbike

D.a big truck 12.Before Mr.Hagen and his wife bought a van, they__________.A.sold their old house

B.moved to their grandparents’house

C.built a new place for a van D.sold their second car

13.A motor home is usually owned by a family with__________.A.a baby

B.much money C.more than two children D.interest in vans 14.Americans usually use motor homer____________.A.to travel with all the family members of holiday B.to do some shopping with all the family members C.to visit their grandparents at weekends D.to drive their children to school every day

15.Motor homes have become popular because___________.A.they can take people to another city when people are free

B.they can let families have a happier life when they go out for their holidays

C.some people think motor homes are cheap

D.big families can put more things in motor homes

One day Mr.Brown sees a young woman in the street with children.He is very surprised because all the child-ren are wearing the same clothes.White caps, blue coats and yellow trousers.“Are all these children yours?” he asks the woman.“Yes, they are.” she answers.“Do you always dress them in the same clothes ?” asks Mr.Brown.“Yes, ” answers the mother.“When we have four children, we dress them in the same clothes because we don’t want to lose any of them.It is easy to see our children among other children because they are all wearing the same clothes.And now we have ten, we dress them like this because we don't want to take other children home by mistake.When there are other children among ours, it is easy to see them because their clothes are different.[

]86.How many people does Mr.Brown see in the street one day? He sees ____in all.A.ten

B.eleven

C.four

D.ten children

[

]87．Why is he surprised? Because ________.A.all the children are boys

B.all the children are in the same clothes

C.all the children are lovely

D.all the children are wearing the same trousers

[

]88.Why does the woman dress her children in the same clothes? Because_______________.A.she has so many children

B.she loves her children

C.she doesn't want to take her children home

D.she wants to see her children easily among others

[

]89.What kinds of clothes are the children wearing when Mr.Brown sees them?

A.White caps, blue coats and yellow trousers.B.Blue caps, yellow coats and white trorsers.C.Yellow caps, white coats and blue trousers.D.White caps, yellow coats and blue trousers.A taxi hit a truck.A policeman spoke to the taxi driver and to the truck driver.He also spoke to Tom.He was a witness(目擊者).This is what they said.TRUCK DRIVER: I was driving from the airport to Newton.A car crossed the road, so I slowed down.I did not stop.A taxi hit the back of my truck.Nobody was seriously hurt but both cars were damaged（受損害）.TAXI DRIVER: I was driving behind a truck a few kilometers from Newton.The truck stopped suddenly.The driver did not give me a warning(警告).I was driving very slowly.I could not pass the truck because there were two cars coming near from Newton.My taxi hit the truck, and some glass cut my left hand.TOM: I was watching the traffic about a kilometer from the airport.A truck was going to Newton.It was not going very quickly.There was a taxi about two hundred meters behind the truck.It was going fast.When the truck slowed down, the taxi hit it.The taxi driver was not looking at the truck.He was looking out of the window at something.My friend saw the accident, too.Tom's friend spoke to the policeman and agreed with Tom.（）56.How many people are mentioned(提到)in the story?

A.Three.B.Four.C.Five.D.Six.（）57.The truck was hit on the way ___________.A.to the airport

B.to the police station

C.to Newton

D.home（）58.From the story, we know _________didn’t tell the truth.A.the truck driver

B.Tom

C.the taxi driver

D.Tom's friend（）59.In fact, Tom's friend was also a _____________.A.witness

B.driver

C.policeman

D.cleaner（）60.What's the best title(題目)for this passage?

A.A Taxi Driver

B.A Traffic Accident

C.A Story of Tom

D.A Truck Driver

In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business.But he was not a good artist.So he invented a very simple camera(照相機(jī)).He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his garden.That was the first photo.The next important date in the history of photography(攝影術(shù))was in 1837.That yeat ,Daguere,another Frenchman, took a picture of his reading room.He used a new kind of cam-era in a differentway.In his picture you couild see exerything very clearly, even the smallest thing.This kind of photo was called a Daguerreotype.Soon, other people began to use Daguerre’s way.Travellers brought back wondeful photos from all around the world.People took picture of famous buildings, cities and mountains.In 1840, photography was developed(發(fā)展）.Then photographers could take picture of people and moving things.That was not simple.The photographers had to carry a lot of film and other machines.But this did not stop them, for example,some in the United Ststes worked so hard.Mathew Brady was a famous American photographers.He took many picture of great people.The picture were unusual beause they were very lifelike(栩栩如生的).Photographers also became one kind of art by the end of the 19th century.Some photos were not just cooies of the real world.They showed feelings, like other kinds of art.6.The first photo taken by Niepce was a picturte of ____________

A.his business

B.his house

C.his garden

D.his window 7.The Daguerrotype was____________.A.a Frenchman B.a kind of picture C.a kind of camera D.a photographer

8.If a photographer wanted to take pictures of moving things in the year of 1840j, he had to__________.A.watch lots of films

B.buy an expensive camera C.stop in most cities

D.take many films and something else with him.9.Mathew Brady______________.A.was very lifelike B.was famous for his unusual pictures

C.was quite strong D.took many pictures of moving people

10.This passage tells us_____________.A.how photography was developed

B.how to show your ideas and feelings in pictures

C.how to take pictures in the world

D.how to use different cameras