第一篇：烯烴轉(zhuǎn)化單元中英文對照工藝1

OCU PROCESS DESCRIPTION

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)化單元工藝說明

1.1 Plant Composition 裝置組成

Shanxi Coking Company Ltd.intends to build a 104 kta Olefins Conversion Unit(OCU)in the Fine Coal Chemical Zone, Zhaocheng, Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, P.R.C.The capacity of the unit will be 104 kta polymer grade propylene based on 8000 operation hours per year.The plant feed will be the Mixed C4/C5 product from the Light Olefins Recovery Unit(LORU).In addition, the plant also produces the following by-products: 山西焦化股份有限公司計劃在中國山西省洪洞縣趙城鎮(zhèn)精細煤化工園區(qū)建設(shè)一套10.4萬噸/年烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置（OCU）。該裝置的生產(chǎn)能力為10.4萬噸/年聚合級丙烯，年開工率8000小時。裝置進料將采用來自輕烯烴回收裝置（LORU）的混合C4/C5產(chǎn)品。另外，該裝置還生產(chǎn)以下副產(chǎn)品：

Mixed C4 to N-Butene Unit

混合C4，輸送至正丁烯裝置 C4+ by-product Stream

C4+副產(chǎn)品流

SHU Vent Gas

選擇加氫裝置放空氣體

OCU Vent Gas

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置（OCU）放空氣體

DME Purge

二甲醚吹掃氣體

The plant shall be flexible to handle 60-120% of normal capacity and designed for 36 months between turnaround.The plant shall be designed for an operating life of 20 years.本裝置的操作彈性范圍為正常生產(chǎn)能力的60-120%，并且裝置大修的間隔應(yīng)為36個月。裝置的使用年限應(yīng)設(shè)計為20年。

The OCU unit consists of the following sections 烯烴轉(zhuǎn)化裝置由以下工段組成： DME Removal

二甲醚脫除單元

1st Stage Selective Hydrogenation Unit(SHU1)1段選擇加氫單元（SHU1）

2nd Stage Selective Hydrogenation Unit(SHU2)2 段選擇加氫單元（SHU2）Debutanizer

脫丁烷塔

OCU Feed Treatment

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置進料處理 OCU Reactors

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置反應(yīng)器 Deethylenizer

脫乙烯塔 Depropylenizer

脫丙烯塔 Regeneration System

再生系統(tǒng)

1.2 Process Flow Description 工藝流程描述 1.2.1 DME Removal

二甲醚脫除單元

Mixed C4’s/C5’s from LORU are fed on flow control to the DME Removal Column.This column removes most of the DME and Light Ends contained in the Mixed C4/C5 Feed.來自輕烯烴回收裝置的混合C4/C5在流量控制下進入二甲醚脫除塔（299-T-3101），以脫除混合C4進料中的DME和輕組分。

The DME Removal Column pressure is set to allow the column overhead to be condensed against Cooling Water and reboiled using LP2 Pressure Steam.The tower net overhead is a small vent stream containing the DME removed from the feed, as well as any light compounds in the feed.The net overhead vent stream is recycled on flow control along with the 1st Stage Selective Hydrogenation(SHU-1)vent stream to the Charge Gas Compressor Second Stage Suction Drum.DME脫除塔的壓力設(shè)定為能夠通過冷卻水對塔頂排放氣進行冷凝，并通過低低壓（LP2）蒸汽對其進行重沸。塔頂凈排放氣流量不大，含有從進料中脫除的DME以及進料中的輕組分。在流量控制下，塔頂凈排放氣與第一段選擇加氫裝置（SHU-1）排放氣循環(huán)至進料氣壓縮機二段入口罐。

Heat input to the tower is controlled by a flow controller on the LP2 steam-heated reboiler.Periodic analysis of the bottoms assures the bottoms product contains no more than 5 wt ppm DME.The tower bottoms pumped and cooled against Cooling Water and sent on flow control, reset by level control, to the 1st Stage Selective Hydrogenation Unit.DME脫除塔熱量輸入通過LP蒸汽加熱重沸器的流量控制器進行控制。對塔底物料進行定期分析，確保塔底產(chǎn)物中DME的含量不大于5wppm。塔底物料泵出后，通過冷卻水進行冷卻，然后在流量控制下（基于塔底液位控制器設(shè)定值）送入SHU一段。

1.2.2 1st Stage Selective Hydrogenation(SHU-1)1段選擇加氫單元（SHU1）

The bottoms of DME column are fed to the SHU Feed Surge Drum.This stream is then pumped to 1st Stage SHU Reactor pressure on flow control, reset by level control, and mixed with a portion of the 1st Stage SHU Reactor effluent recycled back to the feed.This Mixed C4/C5 Feed stream is heated to the required reactor temperature in a Low-Low Pressure steam-heated heat exchanger and then mixed with Hydrogen on flow-ratio control.二甲醚脫除塔塔底物料進入選擇加氫裝置進料緩沖罐，并在流量控制下（基于進料緩沖罐液位控制器設(shè)定值）泵送至第一段SHU反應(yīng)器，與循環(huán)回進料的一部分第一段SHU反應(yīng)器流出物混合?；旌螩4/C5通過低低壓蒸汽加熱換熱器加熱至要求的反應(yīng)器溫度，然后按照流量比與氫氣混合。

Hot Mixed C4’s/C5’s and Hydrogen then pass downflow through the 1st Stage SHU Reactor where butadiene is selectively hydrogenated to n-butenes and pentadienes are selectively hydrogenated to n-butenes and n-pentenes, respectively.Since the selective hydrogenation process is exothermic, a temperature rise occurs across the reactor.The heat of

reaction is absorbed by the C4/C5 stream as it passes through the catalyst bed.The reaction product is separated in the 1st Stage SHU Reactor Separator Drum.The vapor from the drum is cooled against Cooling Water to recover C4’s/C5’s which flow to the separator drum.The remaining vent gas is recycled to the LORU.The liquid from the separator drum is pumped to reactor pressure.Some of the liquid is recycled back to the reactor on flow control and the rest is cooled and fed the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor via flow control reset by the1st Stage SHU Separator Drum level controller.The feed temperature to the 2nd Stage Reactor is controlled by by-passing some of the liquid around the 1st Stage SHU Reactor Recycle/Product Cooler.Effluent from the 1st Stage SHU contains about 2300 wt ppm butadiene and pentadienes.熱混合C4/C5和氫氣然后向下流經(jīng)第一段SHU反應(yīng)器，在該反應(yīng)器中丁二烯通過選擇加氫處理被轉(zhuǎn)化為正丁烯，而戊二烯通過選擇加氫處理被轉(zhuǎn)化為正丁烯和正戊烯。由于選擇加氫反應(yīng)為放熱反應(yīng)，反應(yīng)器內(nèi)部會出現(xiàn)溫升。由于反應(yīng)熱沿催化劑床傳遞，因此使用C4/C5物流對反應(yīng)熱進行吸收。反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物在第一段SHU反應(yīng)器分離罐中分離。來自分離罐的部分蒸氣由冷卻水冷卻以回收C4/C5，回收的C4返回分離罐，剩余排放氣循環(huán)回LORU。分離罐液體通過泵提升至反應(yīng)器壓力，部分液體在流量控制下循環(huán)回反應(yīng)器，剩余液體經(jīng)冷卻后按照第一段SHU分離罐液位控制器設(shè)定值以流量控制方式進入第二段SHU反應(yīng)器。第二段反應(yīng)器進料溫度通過第一段SHU反應(yīng)器循環(huán)物料/產(chǎn)品冷卻器的液體旁通閥來進行控制。來自第一段SHU裝置的流出物約含有2300wppm的丁二烯和戊二烯。

Gradual loss of catalyst activity will occur as the active sites on the catalyst become coked.Regeneration of the catalyst is required when catalyst activity has dropped to the point when the reactor outlet temperature of about 89℃ is reached.Regeneration requires the catalyst bed to be taken offline, drained and purged of hydrocarbons, heated with

hot nitrogen and then superheated with steam.Air is metered into the stream to decoke the bed.A final nitrogen purge that contains a controlled amount of hydrogen reduces the catalyst bed.隨著催化劑活性中心逐漸結(jié)焦，催化劑將逐漸失去活性。隨著催化劑活性逐步降低，當反應(yīng)器出口溫度達到約89°C時，就需要對催化劑進行再生。催化劑再生時要求催化劑床離線，并將反應(yīng)器內(nèi)部烴物料排出并吹掃干凈，使用熱氮氣進行加熱，然后使用蒸汽進行過熱。以流量控制方式向物流中引入空氣，以對床層進行清焦。使用含一定量氫氣的氮氣對催化劑床進行還原。

A spare reactor is provided so that production can be maintained while one reactor is regenerated.A SHU Reactor Regeneration Electric Heater is used to heat the hot gas mixtures used to regenerate the 1st Stage SHU Reactor catalyst.設(shè)置備用反應(yīng)器可以保證在對其中一臺反應(yīng)器進行再生期間不會中斷裝置運行。SHU反應(yīng)器再生電加熱器用于加熱第一段SHU反應(yīng)器催化劑再生所需的熱混合氣。

1.2.3 2nd Stage Selective Hydrogenation(SHU-2)2段選擇加氫單元（SHU2）

The 1st Stage SHU effluent contains about 2300 wt ppm butadiene and Pentadienes combined.The total butadiene and pentadiene content is further reduced to 50 wt ppm in the 2nd Stage SHU.The 2nd Stage SHU is a once-thru system with feed heating and effluent cooling.第一段SHU流出物中含有約2300wtppm的丁二烯和戊二烯，在第二段SHU裝置中，將總的丁二烯和戊二烯含量進一步降至50wtppm。第二段SHU是一個單程系統(tǒng)，在系統(tǒng)中完成進料加熱和流出物冷卻。

1st Stage SHU effluent after pumping and mixing with hydrogen on flow-ratio control is heated to the hydrogenation reactor temperature in a LP2 steam-heated heat exchanger and then hot mixed C4/C5’s and

hydrogen then pass upflow through the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor where the remaining butadiene is selectively hydrogenated to n-butenes and pentadienes to respective pentenes.Since the selective hydrogenation process is exothermic, a temperature rise occurs across the reactor.The heat of reaction is absorbed by the C4/C5 stream as it passes through the catalyst bed.The reaction product is immediately cooled in the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor Effluent Cooler and flows to the OCU Fresh/Recycle C4/C5 Surge Drum through a back pressure controller.The controller maintains the 2nd stage SHU Reactor in the liquid phase.將第一段SHU流出物泵出，并按照規(guī)定的流量比與氫氣混合，然后通過LP2蒸汽加熱換熱器加熱至加氫反應(yīng)器溫度。熱混合C4/C5和氫氣然后向上流經(jīng)第二段SHU反應(yīng)器，在該反應(yīng)器中，剩余丁二烯通過選擇加氫處理被轉(zhuǎn)化為正丁烯，戊二稀轉(zhuǎn)化為正戊烯。由于選擇加氫反應(yīng)為放熱反應(yīng)，反應(yīng)器內(nèi)部會出現(xiàn)溫升。由于反應(yīng)熱沿催化劑床傳遞，因此使用C4/C5物流對反應(yīng)熱進行吸收。反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物緊接著在第二段SHU反應(yīng)器流出物冷卻器中冷卻，然后在背壓控制器控制下進入OCU新鮮/循環(huán)C4/C5緩沖罐。該背壓控制器用于使第二段SHU反應(yīng)器中物料保持為液相。

Gradual loss of catalyst activity will occur as the active sites on the catalyst become coked.Regeneration of the catalyst is required when catalyst activity has dropped to the point when a reactor outlet temperature of about 89℃ is reached.Regeneration requires the catalyst bed to be taken offline, drained and purged of hydrocarbons, heated with hot nitrogen and then superheated with steam.Air is metered into the stream to decoke the bed.A final nitrogen purge that contains a controlled amount of hydrogen reduces the catalyst bed.隨著催化劑活性中心逐漸結(jié)焦，催化劑將逐漸失去活性。隨著催化劑活性逐步降低，當反應(yīng)器出口溫度達到約89°C時，就需要對催化劑進行再生。催化劑再生時要求催化劑床離線，并將反應(yīng)器內(nèi)部烴物料排出并吹

掃干凈，使用熱氮氣進行加熱，然后使用蒸汽進行過熱。以流量控制方式向物流中引入空氣，以對床層進行清焦。使用含一定量氫氣的氮氣對催化劑床進行還原。

No spare reactor is provided.When the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor requires regeneration the 1st stage SHU Reactor is temporarily run in less selective mode to reduce the butadiene and pentadiene content sufficient to feed the OCU.沒有提供備用反應(yīng)器。當需要對第二段SHU反應(yīng)器進行再生時，應(yīng)臨時降低第一段SHU反應(yīng)器的選擇加氫性能，從而將丁二烯和戊二稀含量降至規(guī)定值，以向OCU裝置進料。

A SHU Reactor Regeneration Electric Heater is used to heat the hot gas mixtures used to regenerate the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor catalyst.SHU反應(yīng)器再生電加熱器用于加熱第二段SHU反應(yīng)器催化劑再生所需的熱混合氣。

1.2.4 Debutanization

脫丁烷

The effluent from SHU-2 is sent to the debutanizer.This column removes C5 components to produce a Mixed C4 stream suitable for feed the OSBL N-butene Unit.來自二段選擇加氫裝置的流出物進入脫丁烷塔。該塔脫除C5組分以生產(chǎn)適合進入界區(qū)外正丁烯裝置的混合C4產(chǎn)品流。

The debutanizer overhead is condensed by cooling water and reboiled by desuperheated LP2 pressure steam.A portion of the liquid from the debutanizer reflux drum is sent as reflux to the tower and the remaining liquid is taken as mixed C4 product, which is sent to OSBL.The bottoms C5 product is pumped and cooled to 40℃ by cooling water, before being sent to the OCT Fresh/Recycle C4/C5 Surge Drum.脫丁烷塔塔頂物經(jīng)冷卻水冷凝后通過減溫較低壓力蒸汽再煮沸。來自脫丁烷塔回流罐液體的一部分進入該塔作為回流，剩余液體抽出作為混合

C4產(chǎn)品輸送到界區(qū)外。塔底C5產(chǎn)品經(jīng)泵抽出后用冷卻水冷卻至40℃，然后輸送至OCT新鮮/循環(huán)C4/C5緩沖罐。

1.2.5 OCT Reactor Feed Treatment

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置進料處理 The debutanizer overhead is combined with the Mixed C4 Raffinate from the N-Butene unit(OSBL)and the recycle C4/C5’s in the OCT Fresh/Recycle C4/C5 Surge Drum.The Mixed C4s/C5’s from this drum are pumped to the OCT reaction pressure and combined with Fresh and Recycle Ethylene, mixed in a static mixer to dissolve the Ethylene in the liquid C4/C5, then treated in the OCT Reactor Feed Treater.The operating pressure of the treater is such that the Mixed C4+C5/Ethylene feed is in liquid phase.脫丁烷塔塔頂物料與界區(qū)外正丁烯裝置混合C4的抽余液及循環(huán)C4/C5在OCT新鮮/循環(huán)C4/C5緩沖罐中混合。來自該罐的混合C4/C5經(jīng)泵提升至OCT反應(yīng)器壓力，并與新鮮和循環(huán)乙烯在靜態(tài)混合器中混合，以使乙烯溶解在液體C4/C5中，然后在OCT反應(yīng)器進料處理器中進行處理。處理器設(shè)計運行壓力能夠保證使混合C4+C5乙烯進料保持為液相。

The OCT Reactor Feed Treater is designed to remove trace potential catalyst temporary poisons in the Mixed C4+C5/Ethylene stream that could impair the OCT Reactor performance such as oxygenates, sulfur, alcohols, carbonyls, and/or water.There are two treaters provided in the system.One is normally in operation;while the other is in regeneration or on standby.The treater regeneration initially requires draining of the liquid inventory followed by regeneration using hot Nitrogen from the Regeneration Gas System plus a supplemental electric heater.The treater effluent passes through a filter to remove any adsorbent dust.OCT反應(yīng)器進料處理器用于脫除C4+C5乙烯混合進料中的痕量催化劑毒物，如氧合物、羰基化合物、乙醇、硫化合物和/或水，以防止對OCT反應(yīng)器運行性能造成影響。系統(tǒng)設(shè)置兩臺處理器：一臺通常處于運行狀態(tài)，另一臺用于再生目的或作為備用處理器。在對處理器進行再生時，首先對處理器進行排液，然后采用來自再生氣系統(tǒng)的熱氮氣和輔助電加熱器進行再生。處理器流出物送入過濾器，以脫除任何吸附劑粉末。

1.2.6 OCU Reactors

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置反應(yīng)器

In this section, the OCU Reactor feed is heated to the required reaction temperature, passed through the OCU Reactor and cooled prior to OCU reactor effluent fractionation.The main reactions that occur are ethylene plus 2-butene forming propylene and ethylene plus 2-pentene forming propylene plus 1-butene.Some byproducts, primarily C5 to C8 olefins, are also formed by side reactions.在本工段，將OCU反應(yīng)器進料加熱至要求的反應(yīng)溫度后送入OCU反應(yīng)器，并且在將OCU反應(yīng)器流出物送入精餾塔之前應(yīng)先進行冷卻。主要OCU反應(yīng)是以乙烯和2-丁烯作為原料經(jīng)反應(yīng)生成丙烯以及乙烯和2-戊烯反應(yīng)生成丙烯和1-丁烯。另外，也發(fā)生一些副反應(yīng)，所生成的副產(chǎn)品主要為C5-C8烯烴。

The OCU reactor feed is vaporized and heated to the required OCU Reactor temperature in an OCT Reactor Feed/Effluent Exchanger followed by the OCT Reactor Feed Heater.The OCU reaction occurs in a fixed bed catalytic reactor.The OCU catalyst is a mixed catalyst bed comprised of magnesium oxide and tungsten oxide on silica.The reactions occurring are essentially isothermal.OCU反應(yīng)器進料先由OCT反應(yīng)器進料/流出物換熱器進行汽化，然后再通過OCT反應(yīng)器進料加熱器加熱至要求的OCU反應(yīng)器溫度。OCU反應(yīng)在固定床催化反應(yīng)器中進行。OCU催化劑為混合催化劑，由氧化鎂和以硅藻土為載體的氧化鎢制備而成。所有反應(yīng)基本上均為等溫反應(yīng)。

Prior to entering the recovery section, the OCU Reactor effluent is cooled by interchange with reactor feed followed by the OCT Reactor Effluent Cooler against Cooling Water.在進入回收工段之前，OCU反應(yīng)器流出物首先與OCU反應(yīng)器進料進行換熱，然后在OCT反應(yīng)器流出物冷卻器中通過冷卻水進行冷卻。

Regeneration of the OCU Reactor requires the catalyst bed to be taken offline, purged of hydrocarbons, and heated with hot Nitrogen.A nitrogen-air mixture is then fed to the reactor to decoke the bed.A nitrogen purge, which contains a controlled amount of hydrogen, reduces the catalyst bed.A high temperature Nitrogen desorption step follows to remove any traces of oxygen and water from the bed.Hot regeneration gases for the regeneration of the OCU Reactor are provided by the Regeneration Gas Heater.在對OCU反應(yīng)器進行再生時需要使催化劑床離線、將烴物料吹掃干凈、使用熱氮氣進行加熱。然后，向OCU反應(yīng)器注入氮氣-空氣混合氣體以對床層進行清焦。使用含一定量氫氣的氮氣對催化劑床進行還原。隨后進行熱氮氣解吸，以將催化劑床的痕量氧氣和水分脫除。OCU反應(yīng)器再生用高溫再生氣由再生氣加熱器提供。

1.2.7 Deethylenizer 脫乙烯塔

The OCU Reactor effluent is chilled by vaporizing a portion of the Recycle Ethylene in the Deethylenizer Feed Chiller.The chilled feed then flows to the Deethylenizer column.OCU反應(yīng)器流出物通過在脫乙烯塔進料深冷器中對一部分循環(huán)乙烯進行汽化來實現(xiàn)冷卻。然后，已冷卻進料流入脫乙烯塔。

The Deethylenizer pressure is selected to recycle vent gas from the reflux drum and to allow the overhead to condense against-24℃ Propylene Refrigerant from the Propylene Refrigeration System of the LORU.A small vent gas stream containing Hydrogen, Methane, and Ethylene flows from the reflux drum on flow control to the LORU for recovery.10

脫乙烯塔設(shè)計壓力能夠?qū)碜曰亓鞴薜呐欧艢膺M行循環(huán)，并使用來自LORU裝置丙烯制冷系統(tǒng)的-24°C丙烯冷劑對塔頂物料進行冷凝。一小股含有氫氣、甲烷和乙烯的排放氣以流量控制方式從回流罐流入LORU進行回收。

Fresh Ethylene liquid is fed to the Deethylenizer Reflux Drum.The bulk of the tower overhead is condensed against Propylene Refrigerant and sent to the Deethylenizer Reflux Drum.Liquid from the reflux drum is split, with a portion pumped to OCU Reactor Feed Treater pressure to supply Recycle Ethylene, and a portion pumped separately to supply tower reflux on flow control.The net Fresh plus Recycle Ethylene is pumped and sent to the Deethylenizer Feed Chiller on flow control.A portion of the Recycle Ethylene stream is vaporized in this heat exchanger.The rest bypasses the feed chiller on temperature control, in order to maintain the OCU Reactor feed in the liquid phase at the outlet of the OCU Reactor Feed Treater.The Recycle Ethylene stream then mixes with Fresh and Recycle C4’s/C5’s at the OCU Reactor Feed Treater Mixer and flows to the OCU Reactor Feed Treaters.新鮮乙烯液體送入脫乙烯塔回流罐。大量脫乙烯塔塔頂物料經(jīng)丙烯冷劑冷凝后送入脫乙烯塔回流罐。脫乙烯塔回流罐中的液體分為兩股：一股液體泵送至OCU反應(yīng)器進料處理器作為循環(huán)乙烯，另外一股液體以流量控制方式泵送回脫乙烯塔作為回流。凈新鮮乙烯和循環(huán)乙烯以流量控制方式泵送至脫乙烯塔進料深冷器。在脫乙烯塔進料深冷器中，一部分循環(huán)乙烯被汽化，而剩余循環(huán)乙烯以溫度控制方式進入脫乙烯塔進料深冷器旁路，以確保將來自O(shè)CU反應(yīng)器進料處理器出口的OCU反應(yīng)器進料保持為液相。然后，循環(huán)乙烯通過OCU反應(yīng)器進料處理器混合器與新鮮和循環(huán)C4、C5混合后流入OCU反應(yīng)器進料處理器。

The tower is reboiled by LP2 Steam with the bottoms product flowing to the Depropylenizer on flow control, reset by level control.A temperature

controller is used to control the reboiler steam to maintain the proper bottoms specification.脫乙烯塔內(nèi)物料通過LP2蒸汽進行重沸，塔底產(chǎn)品按照液位控制器設(shè)定值以流量控制方式流入脫丙烯塔。通過溫度控制器對重沸器蒸汽流量進行控制，以確保塔底產(chǎn)品始終符合規(guī)格要求。

1.2.8 Depropylenizer

脫丙烯塔

The Depropylenizer separates the Deethylenizer bottoms into three products: 脫丙烯塔（299-T-3302）將脫乙烯塔塔底物料分離為三種產(chǎn)品： ? Polymer Grade Propylene(overhead)聚合物級丙烯（塔頂產(chǎn)品）； ? C4/C5 Recycle(side-draw)C4、C5循環(huán)物流（側(cè)線抽出）； ? C4+ byproduct(bottoms product)C4+副產(chǎn)品（塔底產(chǎn)品）The tower pressure is selected to condense the overhead against Cooling Water and reboil against LP2 Steam.The tower C4/C5 side-draw is cooled in a Cooling Water heat exchanger and recycled on flow control to mix with the Fresh C4/C5 feed in the OCT Fresh/Recycle C4/C5 Surge Drum.脫丙烯塔設(shè)計壓力能夠通過采用冷卻水對塔頂產(chǎn)品進行冷凝，然后使用LP2蒸汽進行重沸。脫丙烯塔C4、C5側(cè)線抽出物流通過冷卻水換熱器進行冷卻，然后以流量控制方式循環(huán)回OCT新鮮/循環(huán)C4、C5緩沖罐，并與新鮮C4、C5進料混合。

The tower overhead is completely condensed and sent to the Depropylenizer Reflux Drum.The liquid from this drum is then pumped and split with a portion providing reflux, on flow control for the tower.The remainder of the liquid is the Polymer Grade Propylene Product and is sent to OSBL on flow control reset by level control.脫丙烯塔塔頂產(chǎn)品經(jīng)完全冷凝后，送入脫丙烯塔回流罐。然后，將脫丙烯塔回流罐中的液體泵出并分為兩股物流：一股液體以流量控制方式送

回脫丙烯塔作為回流，剩余液體作為聚合物級丙烯產(chǎn)品按照液位控制器設(shè)定值以流量控制方式送至界區(qū)外（OSBL）。

The tower bottoms product is C4+ by-product.It is cooled against cooling water and sent on flow control reset by level control to OSBL.脫丙烯塔塔底產(chǎn)品為C4副產(chǎn)品。該副產(chǎn)品按照液位控制器設(shè)定值以流量控制方式送至OSBL。

A temperature controller is used to control the reboiler steam rate to the Depropylenizer.通過溫度控制器對自重沸器去脫丙烯塔的蒸汽流量進行控制。1.2.9 Regeneration System 再生系統(tǒng)

A treater Regeneration System is used to provide hot Regeneration Gas during the heating stage of regeneration and cold Regeneration Gas during the cooling stage of regeneration.處理器再生系統(tǒng)用于為每一再生加熱階段提供高溫再生氣以及為再生冷卻階段提供低溫再生氣。

1.2.9.1 Treater Regeneration 處理器再生

Hot nitrogen is supplied from the Regeneration Gas System to regenerate the OCU Reactor Feed Treaters.The Regeneration Nitrogen is supplied at the battery limits.Cold Regeneration Nitrogen is sent as cold Regeneration Nitrogen to treater when required.Hot Regeneration Nitrogen is first heated against HP steam in the Treater Regeneration Gas Steam Heater and further heated in the Treater Regeneration(electric)Gas Heater before flowing to the treater when required.由再生氣系統(tǒng)提供熱氮氣，OCU反應(yīng)器進料處理器進行再生。自界區(qū)提供再生氮氣。低溫再生氮氣當需要時提供給OCU反應(yīng)器進料處理器用作低溫再生氮氣。當要求向處理器引入高溫再生氮氣之前，應(yīng)先通過處理器再生氣體（電）加熱器對高溫再生氮氣進行進一步加熱。

The relative amounts of hot and cold Regeneration Nitrogen flow and temperature are controlled automatically to achieve complete regenerations within the required cycle times.Although the treaters are typically designed for a 48 hour adsorption cycle, they are typically designed for a 24 to 36 hour regeneration cycle.高溫和低溫再生氮氣相對流量和溫度采用自動控制方式，以確保在規(guī)定的再生周期內(nèi)實現(xiàn)完全催化劑再生。盡管處理器吸附周期通常設(shè)計為48小時，但其再生周期通常設(shè)計為24到36小時。

Spent Regeneration Nitrogen returning from the treaters is cooled and sent to the Flare System.來自處理器的廢再生氮氣經(jīng)冷卻后送入火炬系統(tǒng)。1.2.9.2 C4/C5 Stripping System

C4/C5汽提系統(tǒng)

This system is a closed–loop process where the pressure is dependent on condensing C4’s/C5’s against Cooling Water.The system includes a C4/C5 Stripping Holding Drum, which is inventoried from the cooled 2nd Stage SHU Reactor effluent stream.Filling is controlled so that the rate is less than 5% of the forward flow from the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor effluent to avoid disturbing the OCU operation.In the first stage of regeneration, the butenes are pumped to sufficient pressure, vaporized in a LP2 Steam heater and superheated to about 120℃.The hot C4/C5 vapor is then sent to the OCU Reactor Feed Treaters on flow control where it strips the C4’s/C5’s trapped on the adsorbent pores(stripping/warm soak).The effluent vapor is then condensed in the C4/C5 Stripping Condenser against Cooling Water and collected in the C4/C5 Stripping Holding Drum.Pressure control on the C4/C5 Stripping Holding Drum allows for venting of non-condensables during this stripping/warm soak step.14

丁烯汽提系統(tǒng)為密閉回路系統(tǒng)，運行壓力取決于通過冷卻水對C4/C5 進行的冷凝。丁烯汽提系統(tǒng)包括一個C4/C5 汽提儲罐，用于存儲來自第二段SHU反應(yīng)器的已冷卻流出物。對去C4/C5 汽提儲罐的進料流量進行控制，確保低于來自第二段SHU反應(yīng)器流出物流量的5%，以避免影響OCU裝置的正常運行。在第一階段再生期間，通過泵將丁烯壓力提升至足夠高后經(jīng)由LP2蒸汽加熱器進行汽化，再過熱至120℃。然后，以流量控制方式將C4/C5氣體送入OCU反應(yīng)器進料處理器，以將截留在吸附劑空隙中的C4/C5 汽提出來（汽提/溫?zé)峤荩?。汽提后的丁烯氣體通過C4/C5 汽提冷凝器使用冷卻水冷凝后收集至C4/C5 汽提儲罐。對C4/C5 汽提儲罐進行壓力控制有助于在汽提/溫?zé)峤萜陂g將不冷凝氣排放出來。

When the stripping step is complete, the spent butenes/C5’s in the C4/C5 Stripping Holding Drum are drained by pumping on flow control to the drain drum of the regenerating treater.當完成汽提操作后，通過泵以流量控制方式將C4/C5汽提儲罐中的廢丁烯排入再生處理器排液罐。

第二篇：中英文對照A

《美國口語慣用法例句集粹》Ａ

A(Page 1-4)

1.about

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道這到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 來一塊魚肉三明治怎么樣？What about me? 我怎么樣？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不會進那幢舊房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我記得那個晚上，那又怎樣？What's this all about? 這到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你該露面的時候了。

2.above

1)

2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.湯姆認為自己沒必要努力工作。

3.act

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把發(fā)生的事演示一下嗎？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜歡在課堂上搗蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那個愛說粗言穢語的喜劇演員應(yīng)該凈化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我們需要統(tǒng)一意見后來見你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.報紙上稱那次地震為天災(zāi)。Masa is a class act.瑪莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

1)

2)

3)

4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我們打算控告我們的債務(wù)人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比賽中你看到有什么有趣的精彩場面嗎？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地區(qū)要采取行動反對那項垃圾處理場的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

1)

2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我們的對手在身高上比我們占有優(yōu)勢。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.沒有人喜歡被捉弄（或：被欺騙、利用）

6.after

1)

2)

3)

4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起來事情終會解決的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.這軟飲料有種讓人難受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不覺

得這已是“事后諸葛亮”了嗎？

7.again

1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不會感到

厭倦）

8.age

1)

2)Would you please act your age!請你做事要有一個與自己年齡相稱的樣子。This is a “coming of age” movie.這是一部成人影片。

9.air

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸點新鮮空氣。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.雖然我不知道到底是出了什么差錯，但我能隱隱約約感覺到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.當邁克喜歡的節(jié)目被取消時，他感到很傷心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我們的房子出勤率售一事還沒有最后定下來。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.獲得冠軍后，我飄飄欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是來個沒有頭腦的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克遜的新歌到處都在不斷地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飛機時暈機了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我們之間的關(guān)系不要很別扭。

10.all

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起來最后我們還是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我們已幾乎完成了那個項目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.總的來說，我認為這一天過得很充實。Let's go all-out and win this game!讓我們盡全力來打贏這場比賽。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.當我們看見那座建筑突然起火時，我們知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我們大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果這對你都是一回事的話，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他們以極快的速度逃脫警察的追趕。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的進來。Let's settle this matter once and for all.讓我們來把這個問題一次性地徹底解決掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.馬克是一個全能運動員。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入選全明星隊的比賽了嗎？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的學(xué)校

100米跑的歷史最高記錄。

11.alley

1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽車不是我拿手的活兒。

12.alone

1)

2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一個人呆會兒。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些閑事嗎？

13.along

1)

2)You knew all along what was going on.你從一開始就知道所發(fā)生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相處得不好。

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生來到這兒尋求他的“美國夢”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外國人在美國居住時被美國化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.沒有選擇職業(yè)的自由是完全違背美國精神傳統(tǒng)的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比爾是全美（橄欖球）明星賽的四分衛(wèi)隊員。I just can't go on the American way.我無法適應(yīng)美國方式。

15.animal

1)

2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水運動真正激發(fā)出了湯姆的活力與激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那個年輕演員在熒幕

上充分顯示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我給埃米打了電話，但是沒人接。

17.apple

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去過紐約嗎？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你問我有沒有感覺出你們兩人之間的不和，是嗎？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.麗塔喜歡把一切都弄得井井有條。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一個馬屁精。

18.arm

1)

2)

3)

4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不著你強迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一個沒救了的紙上談兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯帶有武器，十分危險。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公園里到處都是

手挽手散步的戀人。

19.around

1)

2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.約翰遜教練已有三十年的經(jīng)驗了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在這里晝夜值班。

20.as

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起來在人來過這里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我準備回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.馬蒂表現(xiàn)得像什么也沒發(fā)生過一樣。I want this room left as is.我希望這間房子保持原樣。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.變動從明天開始實施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜尋綁架者的工作受

挫。

1)

2)

3)

4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我們每個月的煤氣費平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我們平均每周吃一次雞肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特視自己為一名普通的美國人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美國平常日

子里，有100,000個孩子帶手槍去上學(xué)。

22.away

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你認為你可以免受處罰？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他們能費除掉這些復(fù)雜的稅務(wù)表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我們正在為慶祝我們的紀念日而安排一次周末的外出活動。Tom wants to run away from home.湯姆想從家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凱茜計劃在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

第三篇：中英文對照

AEROFLEX “亞羅弗”保溫 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利頓空調(diào) Alfa laval阿法拉伐換熱器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壯”保溫 AUX 奧克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力謀”閥門 BERONOR西班牙“北諾爾”電加熱器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃燒器 BOSIC “柏誠”自控 BROAD 遠大

Burnham美國“博恩漢”鍋爐 CALPEDA意大利“科沛達”水泵 CARLY 法國“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 開利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普萊力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克萊門特” Copeland“谷輪”壓縮機 CYRUS意大利”賽諾思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空調(diào)

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”壓縮機

DUNHAM-BUSH 頓漢布什空調(diào)制冷 DuPont美國“杜邦”制冷劑 Dwyer 美國德威爾 EBM “依必安”風(fēng)機

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英國“英菲尼蘭“閥門 EVAPCO美國“益美高”冷卻設(shè)備 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”壓縮機 FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空氣幕 FUJI “富士”變頻器

FULTON 美國“富爾頓”鍋爐 GENUIN “正野”風(fēng)機 GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯爾 GRUNDFOS “格蘭富”水泵 Haier 海爾 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韋爾自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龍

KRUGER瑞士“科祿格”風(fēng)機 KU BA德國“庫寶”冷風(fēng)機 Liang Chi 良機冷卻塔 LIEBERT 力博特空調(diào) MARLEY “馬利”冷卻塔 Maneurop法國“美優(yōu)樂”壓縮機 McQuary 麥克維爾 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除濕機 Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“萊富康”壓縮機 RIDGID 美國“里奇”工具 RUUD美國“路德”空調(diào) RYODEN “菱電”冷卻塔 SanKen “三墾”變頻器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英國森威爾自控 Schneider 施耐德電氣 SenseAir 瑞典“森爾”傳感器 SIEMENS 西門子

SINKO ",28商機網(wǎng);新晃“空調(diào) SINRO “新菱”冷卻塔 STAND “思探得”加濕器 SWEP 舒瑞普換熱器 TECKA “臺佳”空調(diào) Tecumseh“泰康”壓縮機 TRANE 特靈

TROX德國“妥思”風(fēng)閥 VASALA芬蘭“維薩拉”傳感器 WILO德國“威樂”水泵 WITTLER 德國”威特”閥門 YORK 約克

ZENNER德國“真蘭”計量

第四篇：中英文對照

醫(yī)院中英文對照

發(fā)熱門診Have Fever主治醫(yī)師Doctor-in-charge 供應(yīng)室Supply Room謝絕入內(nèi)No entering 紅燈亮?xí)r謝絕入內(nèi)No entering when red light

彩超、心電圖Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院樓Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.護士Nueser康復(fù)理療科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中藥計價China medical price account肛腸科Ano-proctology

皮膚、肛腸、男性科、泌尿科候診Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮膚科、肛腸科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中醫(yī)科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

預(yù)防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、藥庫Logistic Room、Seore入院登記In-patient Admisson 高壓氧治療Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center掛號收費Registration

中心藥房Cenreral Pharmacy內(nèi)科門診Internal Medicine Clinic會議室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 產(chǎn)科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神經(jīng)、燒傷外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手術(shù)室Operation Room 泌尿、腫瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.婦科Gynecology Dept.內(nèi)二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2產(chǎn)房及愛嬰中心Delivery Room內(nèi)一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手間Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮膚科Dermatology Dept.中醫(yī)骨傷科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐廳Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.電工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 內(nèi)、兒科候診 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能檢查候診Function Exam 中醫(yī)科候診TCM Clinic放射科候診Radiology Clinic 婦科門診Gynecology Dept.產(chǎn)科候診Obstentrics Clinic 肛腸科候診Ano-proctology婦科候診Gynecology Clinic 產(chǎn)科門診Obstentrics Dept.五官科候診ENT.Clinic 外科候診Surgery Clinic輸液中心Transfusion Center 皮膚、泌尿科候診 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic檢驗候診Clinical Laborotories 家屬休息Relation Rest Room口腔科門診Stomatology Clinic 內(nèi)兒科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics鏡檢科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.檢驗中心Laboratory Center 功能檢查Function Exam Dept.登記處Registration 預(yù)防保健門診Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收費處Cashier 美容科、鏡檢科門診 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收費健康發(fā)證Gharge lssue Bill of Health試敏觀察室Scratch Espial Room

第五篇：中英文對照

共軌技術(shù)

隨著人們對低油耗、低廢氣排放、發(fā)動機低噪聲的需求越來越大，對發(fā)動機和燃油噴射系統(tǒng)的要求也越來也高。對柴油發(fā)動機燃油噴射系統(tǒng)提出的要求也在不斷增加。更高的壓力、更快的開關(guān)時間，以及根據(jù)發(fā)動機工況修訂的可變的流量速率曲線，已經(jīng)使得柴油發(fā)動機具有良好的經(jīng)濟性、低污染、高動力性，因此柴油發(fā)動機甚至進入了豪華高性能轎車領(lǐng)域。達到這些需求的前提是擁有一個可以精確霧化燃油并具有高噴油壓力的燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。同時，噴油量必須精確計算，燃油流量速率曲線必須有精確的計算模型，預(yù)噴射和二次噴射必須能夠完成。一個可以達到以上需求的系統(tǒng)即共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。

共軌系統(tǒng)包括以下幾個主要的部分： ①低壓部分，包含燃油共軌系統(tǒng)組件。

②高壓系統(tǒng)，包含高壓泵、油軌、噴油器和高壓油管等組件。

電控柴油機系統(tǒng)EDC主要由系統(tǒng)模塊，如傳感器、電子控制單元和執(zhí)行機構(gòu)組成。共軌系統(tǒng)的主要部分即噴油器。它們擁有一個可以快速開關(guān)噴嘴的執(zhí)行閥(電磁閥或壓電觸發(fā)器)，這就允許對每個氣缸的噴射進行控制。

所有的噴油器都由一個共同的油軌提供燃油，這就是“共軌”的由來。在共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)中，燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是分開的。噴油壓力的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速和噴油量無關(guān)。EDC控制每個組件。

(1)壓力產(chǎn)生。

燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是通過蓄能器分離開來。將具有壓力的燃油提供給為噴射做好準備的共軌系統(tǒng)的蓄能器。

由發(fā)動機驅(qū)動的連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)的高壓泵提供所需噴油的壓力。無論發(fā)動機的轉(zhuǎn)速高低，還是燃油噴射量的多少，油軌中的壓力均維持在一定值。由于幾乎一致的噴油方式，高壓泵的設(shè)計可以小的多，而且它的驅(qū)動轉(zhuǎn)矩可以比傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)低，這源于高壓泵的負載很小。

高壓泵是徑向活塞泵，在商用車上有時會使用內(nèi)嵌式噴油泵。(2)壓力控制

所應(yīng)用的壓力控制方法主要取決于系統(tǒng)。

一種控制油軌壓力的方式是通過一個壓力控制閥對高壓側(cè)進行控制。不需噴射的燃油通過壓力控制閥流回到低壓回路。這種控制回路允許油軌壓力對不同工況(如負載變化時)迅速做出反應(yīng)。

在第一批共軌系統(tǒng)中采用了對高壓側(cè)的控制。壓力控制閥安裝在燃油軌道上更可取，但是在一些應(yīng)用中，它被直接安裝在高壓泵中。

另一種控制軌道壓力的方式是進口端控制燃油供給。安裝在高壓泵的法蘭上的計量單元保證了泵提供給油軌精確的燃油量，以維持系統(tǒng)所需要的噴油壓力。

發(fā)生故障時，壓力安全閥防止油軌壓力超過最大值。

在進口端對燃油供給的控制減少了高壓燃油的用量，降低了泵的輸入功率。這對燃油消耗起到積極的作用。同時，流回油箱的燃油溫度與傳統(tǒng)高壓側(cè)控制的方法相比得到了降低。

雙執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)也是一種控制軌道壓力的方式，它通過計算單元對壓力進行控制，并且通過壓力控制閥對高壓端進行控制，因此同時具備高壓側(cè)控制與進口端燃料供給控制的優(yōu)勢。

(3)燃油噴射

噴油器直接將燃料噴到發(fā)動機的燃燒室。它們由與燃油軌道直接相連的短高壓油軌提供燃油。發(fā)動機的控制單元通過與噴油器結(jié)合在一起的控制閥的開閉控制噴油嘴的開關(guān)。

噴油器的開啟時間和系統(tǒng)油壓決定了燃油供給量。在恒壓狀態(tài)下，燃油供給量與電磁閥的開啟時間成正比，因此與發(fā)動機或油泵的轉(zhuǎn)速(以時間為計量的燃油噴射)無關(guān)。

(4)液壓輔助動力

與傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)相比，將壓力的產(chǎn)生與燃油的噴射分離開來，有利于燃燒室的充分燃燒。燃油噴射壓力在系統(tǒng)中基本可以自主選擇。目前最高燃油壓力為1600巴，將來會達到1800巴。

共軌系統(tǒng)通過引入預(yù)噴射或多次噴射可以進一步減少廢氣排放，也能明顯降低燃燒噪聲。通過多次觸發(fā)高速轉(zhuǎn)換閥的開閉可以在每個噴射周期內(nèi)實現(xiàn)多達5次的噴射。噴油針閥的開閉動作是液壓輔助元件助力的，以保證噴射結(jié)束的快速性。

(5)控制和調(diào)節(jié)

發(fā)動機的控制單元通過傳感器檢測加速踏板的位置以及發(fā)動機和車輛的當前工況。采集到的數(shù)據(jù)包括：

① 曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)角； ② 燃油軌道的壓力； ③ 進氣壓力；

④ 進氣溫度、冷卻液溫度和燃油溫度； ⑤ 進氣量； ⑥ 車速等。

電控單元處理輸入信號。與燃燒同步，電控單元計算施加給壓力控制閥或計算模塊、噴油器和其他執(zhí)行機構(gòu)(如EGR閥，廢氣渦輪增壓器)的觸發(fā)信號。

噴油器的開關(guān)時間應(yīng)很短，采用優(yōu)化的高壓開關(guān)閥和專業(yè)的控制系統(tǒng)即可實現(xiàn)。

根據(jù)曲軸和凸輪軸傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)，對照發(fā)動機狀態(tài)(時間控制)，角度/時間系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)噴油正時。電控柴油機系統(tǒng)(EDC)可以實現(xiàn)對燃油噴射量的精確計算。此外，EDC還擁有額外的功能以進一步提高發(fā)動機的響應(yīng)特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括對柴油燃油噴射正時的精確控制，和在給定壓力下對油量的控制。這樣，它們就保證了柴油發(fā)動機具有能耗低、運行平穩(wěn)的特點。

其他開環(huán)和閉環(huán)控制功能用于減少廢氣排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具體例子有：

① 廢氣在循環(huán)控制； ② 增壓控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 電子防盜控制系統(tǒng)等。(6)控制單元結(jié)構(gòu)。

由于發(fā)動機控制單元通常最多有8個噴油器輸出口，所以超過八缸的發(fā)動機需要兩個控制單元。它們通過內(nèi)置高速CAN網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“主/從”接口進行連接，因此也擁有較高的微控制器處理能力。一些功能被 分配給某個特定的控制單元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根據(jù)需求情況(如檢測傳感器信號)可以動態(tài)地分配給一個或多個控制單元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).