第一篇：模塊七 Unit 1閱讀材料中英文對(duì)照版

M7U1 READING Unit 1 Living with technology The evolution of video and sound devices Early history of TV The first public TV broadcasts were made in the USA in 1925.Later, in 1928, the first long-distance TV broadcast was made between the UK and the USA.Regular public broadcasting followed shortly afterwards, first beginning on 11 May 1928 in New York and on 20 August 1929 in London.Many different people contributed to the development of TV.Most early TV broadcasts were made using a system developed by John Logie Baird in the UK.However, his system was very primitive and had many drawbacks.An American, Philo Farnsworth, made important breakthroughs in the development of TV in the late 1920s and early 1930s.Modern TVs use many of the principles first discovered by Farnsworth.John Logic Baird constructed the first colour TV in 1928, but it was not until 1938 that the first colour TV programme was broadcast.It took more than two decades, though, until 1951, for regular colour TV broadcasts to begin in the USA.Regular colour TV broadcasts were delayed in the UK until 1967.However, within a short time nearly all TV broadcasts were made in colour, and within five years more colour TVs than black-and-white TVs were being used.The modern age：satellite TV Satellites were used to broadcast TV beginning in 1962.Satellites allow TV to be broadcast live over vast distances, with everyone receiving the same broadcast at the same time.They also make TV accessible to people who live far away from cities, and satellite dishes can often be seen distributed throughout the countryside and remote areas.Of course, only a small percentage of people own satellite dishes.However, most people still benefit from satellite TV, as local TV companies broadcast the signals they get from satellite receivers to the population living nearby.Early history of sound recorders It all began in 1877, when Thomas Edison made the first recording of a human voice on his invention, the record player.Early record players used round tubes to record on.However, in 1887 Emile Berliner, a German living in the USA, invented a record player that used discs as alternatives to tubes, and so the modern record player was born.The first record players had to be wound up by hand and only played records that were two minutes long.Times surely have changed!

Sound and video recorders In 1928, the first tape recorders used to copy sound were made in Germany.Most early recorders employed steel tape to record on, which made them heavy and difficult to use, or paper tape, which was easier to use but often broke.It was not until the early 1950s that most tape recorders began using plastic tape as they do today.Meanwhile, electrical components eventually became so small that, by the late 1960s, portable cassette players were developed, along with video recorders which were used by TV stations.By the late 1970s, video recorders small and cheap enough for home use were introduced.Sound and video go digital In 1982, the first CDs were made available.CDs are often used for storing and playing music because they have a much better sound quality than traditional records and cassettes.In 1993, the VCD was born, and in 1995, the DVD was invented.The DVD is now the standard for recording

M7U1 READING and playing back video.The future With the development of digital technology, sound and video can now be stored on a PC, on the Internet, or using some form of portable storage.This will soon make records, cassette recorders, CDs, DVDs and even TVs things of the past.Technology is now changing faster than most people can keep pace with.Who can foresee what the future will bring?

Project

To phone or not to phone? In the USA, the Amish--a Christian group--are famous because they drive carriages instead of cars, do not use TVs or refrigerators, and do not have personal telephones.Many people assume the Amish must have religious reasons for their many rules, but this is not true.In truth, whenever a new technology is introduced, the Amish meet and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.They then vote on whether they will accept it.The Amish reject cars because they like having tight communities where everyone lives close together.They have no TVs or refrigerators because their homes do not have electricity--they do not think it is necessary and dislike dealing with strangers, such as the people who work at the electric company.Since the Amish value seeing each other face to face, they oppose having telephones in their houses.However, in each community there is often a small building that has a telephone for emergencies.The telephone is very convenient for communication, and most people in the world today cannot live without it.However, maybe the Amish have a valid point.Which is more of a friend, someone you often talk to over the phone or someone you often talk to face to face? And, if you need help, who can help you better, someone far away or someone in the room with you? There is something important about being together and sharing life that cannot be found over a telephone wire.There are other disadvantages to the telephone, as well.For example, no matter what the circumstances, when the phone rings, everything stops so that the call can be answered.Your family could be eating dinner or chatting together, yet this will be interrupted.However, most phone calls are not really that important;certainly, they could not be more important than family time.Then, when you are absorbed in a book or simply trying to rest, the phone always seems to be ringing, destroying whatever peace you might have.However, the person calling is often merely a salesman or someone who has dialled the wrong number.With mobile phones, these problems increase.How many times have you been talking with a friend, only for your friend to interrupt the conversation to answer a call? For some reason, a typical mobile phone call is nearly always given greater importance than a face-to-face conversation.Yet, once again, most mobile phone calls are about rather small matters.When asked later what the call was about, your friend always answers, 'Oh, nothing really.' If the call was really about 'nothing', then why was it so important as to interrupt your conversation and waste your precious time?

Of course, using the mobile phone for text messages is the worst.In one study, girls average 80 text messages a day, and boys average 30.What do people talk about in text messages? While these messages always seem important at the time, most people cannot really remember them the next day.Phones and text messages focus on building relationships with many people.However，M7U1 READING these relationships are often quite shallow.Many teenagers say that while they have a lot of friends, they really have no best friend.The use of technology for communication rather than talking face to face is one reason why this is true.Meanwhile, real relationships are often sacrificed, and whatever personal peace one has is destroyed whenever the phone rings.The Amish in general have a higher degree of mental health than most people.They have very calm and stable lives because they value community and living in peace above all else, especially new technology.Maybe they are right.Maybe we should throw all of our phones into the dustbin, along with our cars and TVs for good measure.Maybe we should rid ourselves of modern technology and return to simpler times.What's that?...Sorry, I have to go.The phone's ringing...影像和聲音設(shè)備的發(fā)展

電視的早期歷史

無(wú)線電視傳輸節(jié)目于1925年在美國(guó)首次公開(kāi)播出。隨后在1928年，英美兩國(guó)之間第一次實(shí)現(xiàn)了遠(yuǎn)距離電視播送。之后不久便開(kāi)始定期向公眾播放，在紐約的開(kāi)播時(shí)間是1928年5月11日，在倫敦的開(kāi)播時(shí)間是1929年8月20日。

很多不同的人對(duì)電視的發(fā)展做出了貢獻(xiàn)。早期電視大多使用有英國(guó)人約翰洛吉貝爾德開(kāi)發(fā)的系統(tǒng)。然而，他的系統(tǒng)非常原始，有許多缺點(diǎn)。20世紀(jì)20年代末和30年代初，美國(guó)人斐洛法恩斯沃斯在電視的研發(fā)上取得了重大突破。現(xiàn)代電視機(jī)使用了許多由法恩斯沃斯首先發(fā)現(xiàn)的原理。

約翰洛吉貝爾德于1928年制造出第一臺(tái)彩色電視機(jī)，但直到1938年第一個(gè)彩色電視節(jié)目才播出。彩色電視節(jié)目到1951年才得以在美國(guó)定期播出，其間經(jīng)歷了二十多年的時(shí)間。在英國(guó)，定期的彩色電視節(jié)目的播出一直延遲至1967年。然而，在短時(shí)間內(nèi)，幾乎所有的電視節(jié)目都被制作成了彩色的，不出五年，彩色電視機(jī)的使用率就超過(guò)了黑白電視機(jī)。當(dāng)代：衛(wèi)星電視

衛(wèi)星用于播送電視節(jié)目始于1962年。衛(wèi)星讓遠(yuǎn)距離直播電視節(jié)目成為可能，大家在同一時(shí)間可以收到相同的電視節(jié)目。它們也使遠(yuǎn)離城市的人們可以收看電視，在農(nóng)村和邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)經(jīng)常可以看到衛(wèi)星天線。當(dāng)然，只有一小部分人擁有自己的衛(wèi)星天線。然而，大多數(shù)人仍然受益于衛(wèi)星電視，因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)氐碾娨暪景褟男l(wèi)星接收器接收到的信號(hào)傳送給附近的居民。錄音機(jī)的早期歷史

一切始于1877年，這一年托馬斯愛(ài)迪生用他發(fā)明的留聲機(jī)第一次錄制了人的聲音。早期的錄音機(jī)是使用圓管記錄聲音的。然而，在1887年，一位僑居美國(guó)的德國(guó)人埃米爾貝利納發(fā)明了使用唱片來(lái)代替圓管的留聲機(jī)，這樣現(xiàn)代錄音機(jī)就誕生了。最早的留聲機(jī)必須手搖上發(fā)條，而且只能播放兩分鐘長(zhǎng)的錄音。時(shí)代確實(shí)已經(jīng)改變！錄音機(jī)和錄像機(jī)

1928年，第一批磁帶錄音機(jī)在德國(guó)制造出來(lái)。大多數(shù)最早的錄音機(jī)用鋼質(zhì)磁帶或者紙質(zhì)磁帶錄音。鋼質(zhì)磁帶很沉，使用起來(lái)困難；紙質(zhì)磁帶用起來(lái)雖方便，但常常破損。直到20世紀(jì)50年代初，大多數(shù)錄音機(jī)才開(kāi)始使用塑料磁帶，就跟現(xiàn)在一樣。同時(shí)，電器元件最終變得很小，到60年代后期，便攜式錄音機(jī)被研制出來(lái)，電視臺(tái)使用的錄像機(jī)也隨之出現(xiàn)。到了20世紀(jì)70年代末，足夠小巧而價(jià)廉的家用錄像機(jī)被采用。聲音和視頻數(shù)字化

1982年，最早的CD光盤(pán)出現(xiàn)了。它們通常用來(lái)存儲(chǔ)和播放音樂(lè)，其音質(zhì)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)勝過(guò)任何傳統(tǒng)的唱片和卡帶錄音機(jī)。1993年VCD誕生，1995年DVD問(wèn)世。目前，DVD是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的視頻錄制和回放設(shè)備。

M7U1 READING 未來(lái)展望

隨著數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展，聲音和視頻現(xiàn)在可以?xún)?chǔ)存在個(gè)人電腦上、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，或使用某種形式的便攜式儲(chǔ)存設(shè)備儲(chǔ)存。這將很快使唱片、卡帶錄音機(jī)、CD、DVD甚至電視成為過(guò)去。技術(shù)變革快得大多數(shù)人難以跟上。誰(shuí)能預(yù)見(jiàn)未來(lái)會(huì)帶來(lái)什么呢?

打電話(huà)還是不打？

在美國(guó)，阿曼門(mén)諾派（一個(gè)基督教團(tuán)體）很有名，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)教派的教徒不開(kāi)汽車(chē)而使用非機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)，不用電視和冰箱，也沒(méi)有私人電話(huà)。許多人認(rèn)為阿曼門(mén)諾派有這么多規(guī)矩，肯定是因?yàn)樽诮淘颍聦?shí)并非如此。實(shí)際上，每當(dāng)出現(xiàn)一項(xiàng)新技術(shù)，阿曼門(mén)諾派教徒便開(kāi)會(huì)討論其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。然后，他們投票決定是否要接受它。阿曼門(mén)諾派教徒拒絕汽車(chē)，因?yàn)樗麄兿矚g享有關(guān)系緊密的社區(qū)，在這里大家一起住得很近。他們沒(méi)有電視機(jī)和電冰箱，因?yàn)樗麄兊募覜](méi)有電——他們認(rèn)為電力并非必需，而且他們不喜歡與陌生人打交道，例如那些在電力公司工作的人。

由于阿曼門(mén)諾派教徒重視彼此面對(duì)面地交往，他們反對(duì)在住宅里裝電話(huà)。然而在每個(gè)社區(qū)常常有一個(gè)小亭子，里面有一部緊急電話(huà)。

電話(huà)非常便于溝通，當(dāng)今世界上大多數(shù)人的生活都離不開(kāi)它。然而，也許阿曼門(mén)諾派教徒有個(gè)合理的觀點(diǎn)。哪一個(gè)更像是朋友呢：是你在電話(huà)中經(jīng)常交談的某個(gè)人，還是你經(jīng)常面對(duì)面地交談的某個(gè)人？還有，如果你需要幫助，誰(shuí)能更好地幫助你呢：是遠(yuǎn)方的某個(gè)人，還是與你同處一室的某個(gè)人？在一起并分享生活，其中蘊(yùn)藏著某種重要的東西，而這種東西是無(wú)法通過(guò)電話(huà)線獲得的。

電話(huà)還有其他缺點(diǎn)。例如，無(wú)論在什么情況下，當(dāng)電話(huà)鈴聲響起時(shí)，為了能接電話(huà)，一切都要停下來(lái)。你們一家人可能正在一起吃晚飯或聊天，這卻會(huì)被電話(huà)打斷。然而，大多數(shù)電話(huà)不是真的那么重要。它們當(dāng)然不會(huì)比與家人在一起共度時(shí)光更重要。還有，當(dāng)你專(zhuān)注地看一本書(shū)或者只想休息時(shí)，電話(huà)似乎總是響個(gè)不停，打破了你本來(lái)可以享有的一切安寧?？纱螂娫?huà)的人常常只是一名推銷(xiāo)員或撥錯(cuò)了號(hào)碼的某個(gè)人。

有了移動(dòng)電話(huà)，這樣的問(wèn)題就更多了。有多少次你正在與一位朋友交談，可是僅僅為了接一個(gè)電話(huà)，你的朋友就中斷了交談呢？由于某種原因，一個(gè)平常的手機(jī)來(lái)電幾乎總是被賦予比面對(duì)面交談更多的重要性。不過(guò)，話(huà)又說(shuō)回來(lái)，大部分的手機(jī)來(lái)電只涉及相當(dāng)微不足道的事情。當(dāng)事后被問(wèn)及來(lái)電是有關(guān)什么事時(shí)，你的朋友總是回答說(shuō)：“噢，其實(shí)也沒(méi)什么事?！比绻麃?lái)電真的是“沒(méi)什么事”，那么它為什么如此重要以至于打斷你們的交談，并浪費(fèi)你們的寶貴時(shí)間呢？

當(dāng)然，用手機(jī)發(fā)短信是最糟的事。在一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中，女孩平均每天發(fā)80條短信，男孩平均發(fā)30條。人們?cè)诙绦胖姓務(wù)撌裁茨?？盡管這些短信在當(dāng)時(shí)總是看似重要，但第二天大多數(shù)人并不能真的記得它們。電話(huà)和短信意在與許多人建立感情關(guān)系。然而，這樣建立起來(lái)的交情常常是相當(dāng)淺的。許多青少年說(shuō)，雖然他們有很多朋友，但事實(shí)上他們卻沒(méi)有最好的朋友。之所以會(huì)這樣，一個(gè)原因就是通信技術(shù)的應(yīng)用代替了面對(duì)面的交談。同時(shí)，真正的關(guān)系往往被犧牲了，而且，每當(dāng)電話(huà)鈴聲響起時(shí)，個(gè)人所擁有的任何寧?kù)o都會(huì)被打破。

總的說(shuō)來(lái)，阿曼門(mén)諾派教徒的心理健康程度高于大多數(shù)人。他們過(guò)著非常平靜而穩(wěn)定的生活，因?yàn)樗麄兛粗厣鐓^(qū)和寧?kù)o生活，并視其高于其他的一切，特別是新技術(shù)。也許他們是對(duì)的。也許我們應(yīng)該把所有的電話(huà)連同小汽車(chē)和電視機(jī)一起扔進(jìn)垃圾箱。也許我們應(yīng)該使我們自己擺脫現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，回到更為簡(jiǎn)單的時(shí)代。

那是什么？??對(duì)不起，我得走了。我的電話(huà)響了??

M7U1 READING

This article will focus on two drugs that started revolutions in medicine.If you open up any medicine cupboard or go to any medicine counter in the world, it is likely that you will find aspirin and penicillin.Both of these medicines have saved millions of people's lives and have proved beneficial to mankind since they were invented.Aspirin Aspirin was invented in 1897.However, the basic chemical used to make aspirin can be found in nature.Nearly 3,500 years ago, people chewed on leaves or drank a kind of tea made from leaves possessing a special chemical to reduce body pains and fever.About 2,500 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates, father of all doctors, made a juice from a tree bark containing salicylic acid for the same effect.It was in 1897 that a European chemist called Dr Felix Hoffmann produced aspirin from this chemical.The first trials of this medicine took place in 1899, when the company Hoffmann worked for began distributing the medicine in powder form to physicians to use with patients.A year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops in the form of tablets.Within a short time, aspirin became the best-selling medicine in the world for pain relief Not only has aspirin proved vital for reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with.Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin had the potential to reduce the risk of heart attacks, because it helped the blood circulate better.The report was ignored.However, in 1971, Smith and Willis from the UK proved that aspirin could have that effect, and in 1977 a study carried out in the USA showed that aspirin could prevent strokes, as well.Eleven years later, Dr Thun from the USA showed that aspirin could reduce the risk of some cancers by 40 per cent.In 1999, aspirin was over 100 years

old, and yet there have been more discoveries about how it can help increase the length of people's lives.In 2003, a Chinese doctor, Dr Yuan Minsheng, found that aspirin could reduce blood sugar levels and, therefore, help people with diabetes.Another drug that has helped increase the standard of people's health is penicillin, which is considered by many to be one of the most important medicines in contemporary society.It was discovered by a Scottish scientist named Alexander Fleming in 1928.He noted that a dish in which he was trying to grow bacteria for an experiment looked abnormal--there was blue mould in it.It astonished him to see the bacteria surrounding the mould dead, which meant that the mould had killed them.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium and found that it killed the bacterium too.He immediately realized that the mould might have an application in treating illnesses caused by bacteria.He named the liquid made from the mould 'penicillin'.However, the development of penicillin as a drug faced two problems.First, he was unable to find a procedure to make penicillin pure

M7U1 READING enough to work as a medicine.Second, it was difficult to produce penicillin in the ample quantities needed to be effective.In 1940, two other scientists, Howard Florey(Australian)and Ernst Chain(German-born English), helped solve these problems, and managed to make and test the new drug in large quantities.Since the new drug was needed for World War II, the government approval process for penicillin was accelerated, and mass production began in 1944.Due to the widespread use of penicillin, many lives were saved during the war.If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from sickness or even small wounds.Penicillin became the greatest drug of the 20th century, saving millions of lives.In 1945, the three scientists, Fleming, Florey and Chain, shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their work.Magic needles: Chinese acupuncture One of the most famous Chinese medical treatments is the art of 'magic needles', or Chinese acupuncture.It was developed long ago, perhaps as early as 2000 BC.There is evidence that acupuncture began during the Stone Age, when stone tools called bian(砭)were used to press areas of the body.As acupuncture developed, the simple bian stones were replaced by stone needles.Eventually, metal needles began to appear and took their place.There were nine different kinds of needles.These included a needle with a head like an arrow, used for making shallow holes in the surface of the skin;a needle with a round tip, used for pressing the tissue under the skin;a dull needle, used for tapping against pressure points;and a needle like a small sword, used for letting liquid out of body parts which had swollen up.These needles could be made of different metals, such as gold and silver.Some acupuncturists today still use gold and silver needles, but the majority use only stainless steel ones.The main needle now used for acupuncture is fine and sharp.Most of the others have been replaced by more complex medical instruments.For example, the needle looking like a sword has been replaced by a sharp knife that doctors use in operations.Acupuncture uses stainless steel needles that are put into the skin at certain points on the body so that a disease can be cured or a health problem solved.These points are called acupuncture points.When acupuncture was first practised, there were 365 such points.The number of acupuncture points was the same as the number of days in a year.However, over the last 2,000 years, this number has gradually increased to about 2,000.Some acupuncturists insert needles at or near the body part affected by the disease, while others select points according to the symptoms that the patient has.If you go to an acupuncturist, he or she will ask you questions about your medical history and your way of life.The acupuncturist will look at the colour of your skin and your tongue, listen to your breathing, and check your pulses.M7U1 READING Western medicine only recognizes one pulse which indicates the heartbeat.However, according to traditional Chinese medicine, there are twelve different pulses, six on each wrist, and every one of them is connected with a major body organ or its function.By checking all the pulses, the acupuncturist can find out which energy channel does not have enough energy.Some of the medical problems that can be treated by acupuncture include severe pains, headaches, injuries, stomach problems and high blood pressure.Some people have also used acupuncture to treat smokers, alcoholics and people who are addicted to drugs.How acupuncture reduces pain is not clear.One theory explaining this phenomenon suggests that acupuncture blocks pain signals from reaching the brain.Another theory relates acupuncture to the production of chemicals in the body which reduce pain.A lot of people now subscribe to these theories.As a unique contribution of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture spread to many other Asian countries, such as Japan, as early as the 6th century.It was introduced to the West in the 17th century.Today acupuncture has become popular round the world, as have other traditional Chinese medicines.The World Health Organization recommends acupuncture as a good treatment for over forty medical problems.While doubts about its safety have faded away, interest continues to grow.My name is Zhu Fei and I am speaking in favour of the Internet I believe that the Internet has positive effects on our lives.There are two main points which must be included when we analyse the Internet.The first is its value for people who are looking for information.The second is our ability to relate to others through the Intemet.When people need information, from the news and weather forecasts to travel packages and academic research, the Internet is now the first source they turn to.With the touch of a button or the click of a mouse, a student will find abundant information from the largest libraries and museums in the world at his or her command.Internet users can communicate with experts on all sorts of topics, and read articles written by people who are leaders of their fields.Yet, some people are sceptical.They claim that surfing the Internet is a waste of time.They make the assumption that children spend too much time chatting and playing games instead of focusing on their school work.However, a recent survey conducted in the USA shows that 80 per cent of Intemet users employ it mostly to search for answers to questions.The second most common use of the Internet, for 79 per cent of Internet users, is to find out information about hobbies.These statistics prove that gathering information is the primary use for the Internet.M7U1 READING Another truly wonderful aspect of the Internet is the way people use it to build social bonds.One of the greatest benefits of Internet friendships is that they are based on common interests, rather than appearance or age.Young people from diverse backgrounds and different countries can form friendships that will last their entire lives.What is more, people who are disabled and must stay in their homes can correspond and communicate with others around the globe who have similar interests.Without the Internet, these people would have fewer avenues to meet people.For these reasons, I believe the Internet is a positive tool that helps make our lives better.Unit 3

The Internet has negative effects on our lives My name is Li Lei and I will be speaking against the Internet.In my opinion, the Internet has negative effects on our lives.The main drawbacks of the Internet I will address today are that it has too much information that has not been evaluated for accuracy, and that it is transforming the way people spend their time.Of course, access to up-to-date, accurate information is an important thing for anyone who is doing research.One great strength of the Internet is that it provides information.One great weakness of the Internet, though, is that it is difficult to know whether the information is true and accurate.The huge amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.This is very troublesome because we cannot always tell if the information is true or not.In 2003, eBay, a famous website where people buy and sell things, said that 70 per cent of their problems were with people who sold things that did not exist, or who lied about the products they were selling.Educators around the world complain that students are handing in papers using false information they found on the Internet.These problems do not occur as often when people use traditional reference materials, such as books, newspapers and magazines.Another disadvantage of the Internet is the way that it is affecting people's private lives.Now, instead of spending time together in the evening, some families spend their time apart because one or more members are using the computer, or are in a booth at an Internet cafe.In fact, some young people spend so much time playing computer games on the Internet that they have become addicted to them.To help solve this problem, a special clinic was opened in Beijing in 2005.One unfortunate outcome of Internet use is that it damages people's ability to live normal lives.One university did a study about the students who had dropped out, and found that 43 per cent of them were heavy internet users.This study shows that people who spend too much time on the Internet tend to withdraw from the people and the world round them.These are all negative effects the Internet has on our lives.I feel it is important for us either to limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to handle the

M7U1 READING problems it has caused.Unit 3 Reading

因特網(wǎng)對(duì)我們生活的影響

因特網(wǎng)對(duì)我們的生活有正面影響

我叫朱飛，我代表支持因特網(wǎng)的一方發(fā)言。也就是說(shuō)，我認(rèn)為因特網(wǎng)對(duì)我們的生活有正面 的影響。我們對(duì)因特網(wǎng)進(jìn)行分析時(shí)，必須包含兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)：第一個(gè)是因特網(wǎng)對(duì)于搜索信息的人具

有的價(jià)值；第二個(gè)是我們通過(guò)因特網(wǎng)與他人建立聯(lián)系的能力。

當(dāng)人們需要信息時(shí)，無(wú)論是時(shí)事新聞、天氣預(yù)報(bào)還是包價(jià)旅游和學(xué)術(shù)研究，因特網(wǎng)如今是

很多人的首選信息源。一名學(xué)生輕按鍵盤(pán)鍵或點(diǎn)擊鼠標(biāo)，就能從世界上最大的圖書(shū)館和博物館

中找到大量信息，加以使用。因特網(wǎng)使用者能與專(zhuān)家就各種話(huà)題進(jìn)行交流，也可以閱讀各個(gè)領(lǐng)

Project

Researching on the Internet The Internet is the fastest growing source of information in the world today.There are, however, some things to keep in mind when you use it to do research.Before you sit down at a computer terminal, read this brief guide to make sure that you use the Internet in the best way possible.Step one : choosing a search srvice Let's start by looking at the two services you can choose between to assist you in your search: search engines and subject directories.Both give you direct links, but the information is chosen and organized in different ways.Search engines Search engines are a type of computer program.The links that you get are not classified by subject.These engines search the Internet for you based on the key words you type in, and choose web pages for you which contain the words you ask for.The contents they search have not been evaluated.This means that the information has never been checked--it could be reliable, true information or false information written by a person without qualifications or someone who does not have solid facts.The links you obtain from the search engines go to full articles or pages.This requires you to be patient as you have to read the information to decide whether it is linked to what you are researching.Examples of famous search engines are Google, Yahoo and Baidu.You can also go to the 004km.cn website and check their list of search engines.Subject directories Subject directories are built by humans.Someone has combed through pages and links and selected all those that are in the directory.The results of your search are

M7U1 READING divided into specific subject categories.You do not get the full pages to read.Instead, you get a bunch of titles of articles or pages and, sometimes, a short summary of the information they contain.You need to decide whether the information is useful to you on that basis.Most often, the information in subject directories has been evaluated, and someone has decided that the information is relevant and correct.Being relevant and correct, though, does not equal being up to date.There are several things to take into consideration when you are searching.1 Information gets old.Just as you might look at when a book was published, you

must also check the dates of the websites you find.Many websites will say, at the bottom of the page, the date when they were last updated.Do not use information that is too old.2 People put information on the Internet.Usually, people try to put correct information on the Internet, but not every person bothers to read over their own writing and make corrections.As a general rule, check the source of the information you find.Personal web pages are not recommended for doing research.Government pages or pages managed by organizations and companies you trust are much better.If you are not sure about the information you find, consult other web pages to confirm it.3 The way you type your key words makes a difference.If you use the plus symbol '+', it means the same as the word 'and'.You can search for 'bird + sparrow' and the results of your search will only be pages that have both the words 'bird' and 'sparrow' in them.A minus symbol '-' means the same as 'not', so if you want to learn about birds but you do not want any information about sparrows, you could type 'bird-sparrow'.Then your results will be all the pages that have the word 'bird', but not ones that have the word 'sparrow'.If you type 'bird OR sparrow', then your results will be web pages that have information about birds or sparrows.Step Three: using your information Remember that someone wrote the information you have found.This means those words belong to them.To copy the words just as you found them is not only cheating, but also illegal.Write an outline of the information you have found.Then write your report, using your own words and making your own decisions about what it means.When you are finished, you should always acknowledge where you got your data by attaching a list of the websites you got your information from.This way, a teacher can check them, and an interested friend can also read what you read.Follow these tips, and your time spent doing research on the Internet will be much more worthwhile.Happy searching!

Unit 4

The first underground in the world Welcome to the London Underground, or as it is usually known, the tube.It

M7U1 READING has the distinction of being the oldest and most complex underground system in the world.Rail services to London were first developed during the first half of the 19th century.However, most trains to London only went to the outer city limits, because building railway tracks into the city would have damaged many old buildings.Horse-drawn buses, trams, cabs and carriages were used to convey people to and around the city centre.Unfortunately, the number of vehicles on the road caused unbelievable traffic jams, and the roads became so busy that no one could travel anywhere.This traffic problem led to the development of the underground system.In 1854, the British government gave approval to the construction by the Metropolitan Railway Company of an underground railway in the centre of London, between Paddington and Farringdon, via King's Cross, St Pancras and Euston.However, new trains had to be developed and the plan required raising a large amount of money, so the digging was postponed until 1860.The initial tunnels were opened in 1863 and were just beneath the surface of the ground.Passengers were transported in carriages without windows, which were pulled through the narrow tunnels by steam engines.In 1868, the next section of the underground system was opened in the south of London by another company called the Metropolitan District Railway.Sixteen years later, in 1884, the Metropolitan Railway Company and the Metropolitan District Railway linked up and provided underground service in the middle of the city.This later became the Circle Line.Because of the smoke from the steam engines, early underground lines needed large holes leading to the surface at regular intervals, so that people could get fresh air and would not choke.As better ways for digging tunnels were developed, the first railway tunnel under the River Thames was dug in 1884.These new ways of digging accelerated the pace of the London Underground's development.The City and South London Railway opened the first electric underground railway in 1890.Over the next twenty-five years, six independent deep underground lines were

constructed.Travelling on these lines was not convenient, though, as each line was possessed by a different company, and many were very far from each other.Having seen the situation, a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, undertook the job of improving the system in 1902 by obtaining ownership of the many different lines and setting up the Underground Electric Railways Company of London.In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.The Underground Electric Railways Company of London, the Metropolitan Line and all the different bus and train lines were placed under the authority of the Board.This organization eventually became London Transport.Between 1918 and 1938, many new stations were constructed, the most famous of which were designed by an architect named Charles Holden.The underground system had some unusual uses during World War II.When London was bombed, many underground stations functioned as bomb

M7U1 READING shelters.A new line was used as an underground airplane factory, an underground station was used as a centre for directing the defence against air attacks, and the station nearest the Prime Minister's house was used by the Prime Minister as meeting rooms for the administration of government.After World War II ended in 1945, more people travelled on the underground, so the system was enlarged and more lines were added, including the Victoria Line, which was linked with other lines at almost every station.This helped make the system more user-friendly.The last line added was the Jubilee Line, which was opened in 1979 in honour of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Elizabeth II becoming the queen.The London underground system is working to transport huge numbers of people as it has done for many years.Over three million people travel on the underground every day.The network of the underground system includes twelve lines and now goes twenty-six miles out of central London.So, why not take a trip on the oldest underground system today? Visit our ticket office and buy one of the travel cards that permit you to travel all over the underground system.Project

Traffic Accidents and Road Safety The number of road accidents and the deaths arising from those accidents has increased over the past year.This notice is aimed at increasing people's knowledge of the problem.We must all be aware of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them.This is true of everyone as accidents affect drivers of vehicles as well as cyclists and pedestrians.We all have a responsibility to prevent accidents.Below are some of the major causes of road accidents in connection with vehicles such as cars, minibuses and lorries, and what drivers should do to prevent them.▲Drivers not paying attention--This is the most common cause of accidents.When drivers do not pay attention to surrounding traffic, they are not ready when another driver does something wrong, like turning without signalling or giving wrong signals.▲Drivers getting annoyed in a traffic jam--Many drivers are aggressive and push into other lanes of traffic or pass other cars.These are both very dangerous because they can result in crashes.▲Drivers speaking on mobile phones--Recently the number of people freed for speaking on their mobile phones while driving has increased by 30 per cent.Speaking on the phone requires a person to concentrate and takes a driver's attention from the road.▲Drinking and driving--If you drive after you have consumed alcoholic drinks or are drunk, you are violating the law and risking your own life as well as the lives of others.If you are with someone who has been drinking alcohol, even if it is just a couple of beers, do not allow them to drive.▲Drivers speeding--Speed kills.This is a fact that is easily ignored, but

M7U1 READING driving too fast through city streets is very dangerous.Our city streets are always crowded with people, cars and bicycles.Drivers have to take the responsibility to watch out for people crossing the road, especially senior citizens who may not be able to walk very fast and young children who may not look before stepping into the road.Drivers should be careful near schools in particular, because there are likely to be many children.On the next page are some of the chief causes of road accidents related to cyclists and pedestrians, and what they should do to prevent accidents.●--Many cyclists fail to pay attention to the cars that surround them, and often ride too close to cars to allow them space and time to stop.Some cyclists make the assumption that traffic laws do not apply to them, but this is not true.Cyclists should always signal at turnings and stay on the correct side of the road.●--Sometimes bicycles are allowed on the pavement, but cycling on the pavement can be dangerous to pedestrians.When on the pavement, cyclists should walk next to their bicycles to avoid causing any accidents.●--Carrying more than a light load on your bicycle makes it more difficult to control.This lack of control is an invitation to accidents.●--It is recommended to have a light on your bicycle at night.Check your light regularly to make sure it works, as many accidents are caused at night because a bicycle cannot be seen.●--Another cause of accidents is that bicycles are not kept in good condition.Often brakes do not work properly or tyres are so old that the bicycle cannot stop in time.●--Road safety is important for pedestrians too.They should remember to be cautious, and look both ways and listen for cars that they might not be able to see.Pedestrians should always cross the road on a crossing, and should never run across the road.Parents and teachers have a responsibility to teach children how to cross the road safely.●--Traffic lights are there to guide traffic in a reasonable way.Pedestrians, cyclists and drivers should all obey traffic lights, stopping when the light is red and waiting for it to turn green to go.It is up to all of us road users to make sure that we avoid accidents by paying attention to road safety.兩種挽救生命的藥物

這篇文章將著重講述兩種引發(fā)了醫(yī)學(xué)革命的藥物。倘若你打開(kāi)世界上的任何一個(gè)藥柜,或者走到任何一個(gè)賣(mài)藥的柜臺(tái),都可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。自這兩種藥被發(fā)明以來(lái),它們已挽救了數(shù)百萬(wàn)人的性命,并已證實(shí)對(duì)人類(lèi)有益。阿司匹林

M7U1 READING 阿司匹林發(fā)明于1897年。但是,用于制造阿司匹林的基本化學(xué)物質(zhì)卻可在自然界中找到。將近3500年前,人們咀嚼一種含有特殊化學(xué)物質(zhì)的樹(shù)葉或飲用這種樹(shù)葉制成的茶,以減輕身體疼痛、退燒。大約2500年前,醫(yī)生之父、古希臘醫(yī)師希波克拉底就用一種樹(shù)皮制成汁,這種汁含有水楊酸,也有同樣的功效。1897年,一位名叫費(fèi)利克斯·霍夫曼的歐洲藥劑師提取這種化學(xué)物質(zhì),制成了阿司匹林。對(duì)該藥進(jìn)行的首批試驗(yàn)發(fā)生于1899年。當(dāng)時(shí),霍夫曼供職的公司開(kāi)始將這種藥以粉末形式分發(fā)給醫(yī)師,以在病人身上使用。一年之后,即1900年,阿司匹林被制成片劑在藥店出售。很快,阿司匹林成了世界上最暢銷(xiāo)的止痛藥。

阿司匹林不僅被證明對(duì)于退燒和止痛必不可少,而且還有其他用途。美國(guó)醫(yī)生勞倫斯,克雷文在1953年提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),即阿司匹林可能有助于降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)樗芨纳蒲貉h(huán)。該報(bào)告并未引起人們的注意。但是,1971年,英國(guó)醫(yī)生史密斯和威利斯證實(shí)阿司匹林的確有此功效。1977年,美國(guó)的一項(xiàng)研究表明,阿司匹林還能預(yù)防中風(fēng)。11年后,美國(guó)醫(yī)生圖恩證明,阿司匹林可以降低某些癌癥40%的發(fā)病率。到1999年,阿司匹林已有一百多年的歷史,但是在它如何能夠幫助延年益壽方面仍然有更多的發(fā)現(xiàn)。2003年,中國(guó)醫(yī)生袁敏生發(fā)現(xiàn),阿司匹林可以降低血糖水平,從而幫助糖尿病患者。

2013-2014第一學(xué)期高三期末參考答案

聽(tīng)力: 1-5: CBCAC

6-10:BCCAC

11-15: CAAAB

16-20:CABCB 單選: 21-15: AABDC:

26-30: DADCB

31-35: DBDBD 完形: 36-40: BDAAB

41-45: DCAAB

46-50: ABDAD

51-55: ACADA 閱讀: 56-58: BCB

59-62: ACDB

63-66: CCDB

67-70: ADDB 71.Definition

72.following

73.site(place)

74.two(2)

75.similarly 76.first

77.depth

78.weighing

79.functions

80.contact Dear classmates，Recently, the topic of whether English should be tested in a reformed way has been heatedly discussed.Many believe the current evaluation procedures hinder students' comprehensive abilities and therefore argue for a reform.Personally, I am against this point of view.There are numerous reasons why I think so, but today I would only explore some of them.Firstly, I don't think our comprehensive abilities are hindered.To my knowledge, many of my classmates are good at all the four skills of English.Moreover, the current testing system is nothing but the fairest way for students to get selected for college study.Admittedly, there is pressure nowadays.But who can guarantee a new testing method will spare us from pressure?

As to the development of comprehensive language abilities, I believe the only solution is we students practice more, either listening and reading or speaking and writing.Only in this way can we learn English in an effective way.That's all.I appreciate your attention.(152 words)

兩種挽救生命的藥物

這篇文章將著重講述兩種引發(fā)了醫(yī)學(xué)革命的藥物。倘若你打開(kāi)世界上的任何一個(gè)藥柜，或者走到任何一一個(gè)賣(mài)藥的柜臺(tái)，都“可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。自這兩種藥被發(fā)明以來(lái)，它們已挽救了數(shù)百萬(wàn)人的性命，并已證實(shí)對(duì)人類(lèi)有益。

阿司匹林

阿司匹林發(fā)明于1 897年。但是，用于制造阿司匹林的基本化學(xué)物質(zhì)卻可存自然界中找到。將近3500年前，人們咀嚼一種含有特殊化學(xué)物質(zhì)的樹(shù)葉或飲用這種樹(shù)葉制成的茶，以減輕身體疼痛或退燒。大約2500年前，醫(yī)生之父、占希臘醫(yī)師希波克拉底就用一種樹(shù)皮制成汁，這種汁含有水楊酸，也有同樣的功效。1897年，一位名叫費(fèi)利克斯·霍夫曼的歐洲藥劑師提取這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，制成了阿司匹林。對(duì)該藥進(jìn)行的首批試驗(yàn)發(fā)生在18 99年。當(dāng)時(shí)，M7U1 READING 霍夫曼供職的公司開(kāi)始將這種藥以粉末形式分發(fā)給醫(yī)師，在病人身上使用。

一年之后，即1 900年，阿司匹林被制成片劑在藥店出售。很快，阿司匹林成了世界上最暢銷(xiāo)的止痛藥。

阿司匹林不僅被證明對(duì)于遐燒和I}：痛必不可少，而且還有其他用途。美國(guó)醫(yī)生勞倫斯-克

雷文在19 53年提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，即阿司匹林可能有助f降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，網(wǎng)為它能改善血

液循環(huán)。該報(bào)告并未引起人f『】的灃意。似是，1971年，英團(tuán)醫(yī)牛史密斯和威利斯證實(shí)阿司匹林 的確有此功效。19 77年，美國(guó)的一項(xiàng)研究表明，阿i訂匹林還能預(yù)防中風(fēng)。11年后，美國(guó)醫(yī)生圖

恩證明，阿司匹林可以降低某些癌癥40％的發(fā)病率。到1999年，阿司旺林已有一百多年的歷史，但是在它如何能夠幫助延年益壽方面仍然有更多的發(fā)現(xiàn)。2003年，中國(guó)醫(yī)生袁敏生發(fā)現(xiàn)，阿司

匹林可以降低血糖水平，從而幫助糖尿病患者。

青霉素

另外一種幫助人們提高健康水平的藥物是青鏢素。許多人認(rèn)為這種藥是當(dāng)代社會(huì)最重要的藥物之

。它是由·名叫亞歷山夫·弗萊uJj的蘇格土-科學(xué)家于1928年發(fā)現(xiàn)的。他注意到一個(gè)碟

子看起來(lái)有些異?！粸榱俗鰧?shí)驗(yàn)，他試岡任這個(gè)碟子中培育細(xì)菌一一它里面有藍(lán)色的霉。使

他十分驚訝的是，他看到這種霉周鬧的細(xì)菌都死了，這意味著是這種霉殺死了它們。弗萊明將

這種霉用存另外一種細(xì)菌上做試驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)它同樣殺死了那種細(xì)菌。他立刻意識(shí)到這種霉或許能

用于治療由細(xì)菌引起的疾病。他將山這種霉制成的液體命名為“青霉素”。然而，青霉素的藥物

研發(fā)面臨兩個(gè)難題。首先，他難以找到一種辦法來(lái)提純藥用的青霉素。第■，難以牛產(chǎn)出足量 的青霉素以產(chǎn)生藥效。1 940年，另外兩輥科學(xué)家，澳大利亞人霍華德·弗洛里和德裔英國(guó)人恩

斯特·錢(qián)恩，幫助解決了這些問(wèn)題，并設(shè)法人量制造和試用這一新藥。由于這種新藥為第—一次

世界大戰(zhàn)所需，政府批準(zhǔn)程序得以加快，火批量生產(chǎn)始f 1 944年。正因?yàn)榍嗝顾氐膹V泛應(yīng)用，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間的很多牛命得以挽救。如果沒(méi)有青霉素，很多人會(huì)死于疾病，甚至是很小的傷口。青

霉素挽救了無(wú)數(shù)人的性命，成了-卜世紀(jì)敲r小起的藥物。

由下他們的工作成果，弗漿明、弗洛甲J和餞崽于1945年共例扶得_r諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。

影像和聲音設(shè)備的發(fā)展

電視的早期歷史

無(wú)線電視傳輸節(jié)目于1925年在美國(guó)首次公開(kāi)播出。隨后在1928年，英美兩國(guó)之間第一

M7U1 READING 次實(shí)

現(xiàn)了遠(yuǎn)距離電視播送。之后不久便開(kāi)始定期向公眾播放，在紐約的開(kāi)播時(shí)間是1928年5月11日，在倫敦的開(kāi)播時(shí)間是1929年8月20日。

很多不同的人對(duì)電視的發(fā)展做出了貢獻(xiàn)。早期電視大多使用由英國(guó)人約翰·洛吉·貝爾德

開(kāi)發(fā)的系統(tǒng)。然而，他的系統(tǒng)非常原始，有許多缺點(diǎn)。20世紀(jì)20年代末和30年代初，美國(guó)人斐 洛。法恩斯沃斯在電視的研發(fā)上取得了重大突破。現(xiàn)代電視機(jī)使用了許多由法恩斯沃斯首先發(fā)

現(xiàn)的原理。

約翰-洛占·貝爾德于1928年制造出第一臺(tái)彩色電視機(jī)，但直到1938年第一個(gè)彩色電視節(jié)

目才播m。彩色電視節(jié)目到1 9 51年才‘得以在美國(guó)定期播出，其間經(jīng)歷了二卜多年的時(shí)間。在英

國(guó)，定期的彩色電}見(jiàn)節(jié)目的播出一直延遲至l 967年。然而，在短時(shí)間內(nèi)，幾乎所有的電視節(jié)目

都被制作成了彩色的，／f：Ⅲ五年，彩色電視機(jī)的使用率就超過(guò)了黑白電視機(jī)。

當(dāng)代：衛(wèi)星電視

衛(wèi)星用于播送電視節(jié)目始于1962年。衛(wèi)星讓遠(yuǎn)距離直播電視節(jié)目成為可能，大家在同一時(shí)

間可以收到相同的電視節(jié)目。它們也使遠(yuǎn)離城市的人們可以收看電視，在農(nóng)村和邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)經(jīng)常

可以看到衛(wèi)星天線。當(dāng)然，只有一小部分人擁有自己的衛(wèi)星天線。然而，大多數(shù)人仍然受益于

衛(wèi)星電視，因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)氐碾娨暪景褟男l(wèi)星接收器接收到的信號(hào)傳送給附近的居民。

錄音機(jī)的早期歷史

一切始于1877年，這一年托馬斯·愛(ài)迪生用他發(fā)明的留聲機(jī)第一次錄制了人的聲音。早期 的錄音機(jī)是使用圓管己錄聲音的。然而，存1 8 87年，一位僑居美國(guó)的德國(guó)人埃米爾·貝利納發(fā)

明了使用唱片來(lái)代替圓管的留聲機(jī)，這樣現(xiàn)代錄音機(jī)就誕生了。最早的留聲機(jī)必須手搖上發(fā)條，而且只能播放兩分鐘長(zhǎng)的錄音。時(shí)代確實(shí)已經(jīng)改變!

錄音機(jī)和錄像機(jī)

1928年，第一批磁帶錄音機(jī)在德固制造出來(lái)。大多數(shù)最早的錄音機(jī)用鋼質(zhì)磁帶或者紙質(zhì)磁

帶錄音。鋼質(zhì)磁帶很沉，使用起來(lái)困難；紙質(zhì)磁帶用起來(lái)雖方便，但常常破損。直到20世紀(jì)50 年代初，大多數(shù)錄音機(jī)才開(kāi)始使用塑料磁帶，就跟現(xiàn)在一樣。同時(shí)，電器元件最終變得很小，到60年代后期，便攜式錄音機(jī)被研制出來(lái)，電視臺(tái)使用的錄像機(jī)也隨之出現(xiàn)。到了20世紀(jì)70年

代末，足夠小巧而價(jià)廉的家用錄像機(jī)被采用。

聲音和視頻數(shù)字化

M7U1 READING 82年，最早的CD光盤(pán)出現(xiàn)了。它們通常用來(lái)存儲(chǔ)和播放音樂(lè)，其音質(zhì)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)勝過(guò)任何傳統(tǒng) 的唱片和卡帶錄音機(jī)。1 993年VCD誕生，1995年DVD問(wèn)世。目前，DVD是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的視頻錄制和回 放設(shè)備。

第二篇：中英文對(duì)照A

《美國(guó)口語(yǔ)慣用法例句集粹》Ａ

A(Page 1-4)

1.about

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道這到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 來(lái)一塊魚(yú)肉三明治怎么樣？What about me? 我怎么樣？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不會(huì)進(jìn)那幢舊房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我記得那個(gè)晚上，那又怎樣？What's this all about? 這到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你該露面的時(shí)候了。

2.above

1)

2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.湯姆認(rèn)為自己沒(méi)必要努力工作。

3.act

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把發(fā)生的事演示一下嗎？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜歡在課堂上搗蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那個(gè)愛(ài)說(shuō)粗言穢語(yǔ)的喜劇演員應(yīng)該凈化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我們需要統(tǒng)一意見(jiàn)后來(lái)見(jiàn)你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.報(bào)紙上稱(chēng)那次地震為天災(zāi)。Masa is a class act.瑪莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

1)

2)

3)

4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我們打算控告我們的債務(wù)人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比賽中你看到有什么有趣的精彩場(chǎng)面嗎？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地區(qū)要采取行動(dòng)反對(duì)那項(xiàng)垃圾處理場(chǎng)的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

1)

2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我們的對(duì)手在身高上比我們占有優(yōu)勢(shì)。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.沒(méi)有人喜歡被捉弄（或：被欺騙、利用）

6.after

1)

2)

3)

4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起來(lái)事情終會(huì)解決的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.這軟飲料有種讓人難受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不覺(jué)

得這已是“事后諸葛亮”了嗎？

7.again

1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不會(huì)感到

厭倦）

8.age

1)

2)Would you please act your age!請(qǐng)你做事要有一個(gè)與自己年齡相稱(chēng)的樣子。This is a “coming of age” movie.這是一部成人影片。

9.air

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸點(diǎn)新鮮空氣。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.雖然我不知道到底是出了什么差錯(cuò)，但我能隱隱約約感覺(jué)到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.當(dāng)邁克喜歡的節(jié)目被取消時(shí)，他感到很傷心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我們的房子出勤率售一事還沒(méi)有最后定下來(lái)。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.獲得冠軍后，我飄飄欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是來(lái)個(gè)沒(méi)有頭腦的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克遜的新歌到處都在不斷地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飛機(jī)時(shí)暈機(jī)了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我們之間的關(guān)系不要很別扭。

10.all

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起來(lái)最后我們還是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我們已幾乎完成了那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，我認(rèn)為這一天過(guò)得很充實(shí)。Let's go all-out and win this game!讓我們盡全力來(lái)打贏這場(chǎng)比賽。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.當(dāng)我們看見(jiàn)那座建筑突然起火時(shí)，我們知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我們大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果這對(duì)你都是一回事的話(huà)，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他們以極快的速度逃脫警察的追趕。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的進(jìn)來(lái)。Let's settle this matter once and for all.讓我們來(lái)把這個(gè)問(wèn)題一次性地徹底解決掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.馬克是一個(gè)全能運(yùn)動(dòng)員。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入選全明星隊(duì)的比賽了嗎？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的學(xué)校

100米跑的歷史最高記錄。

11.alley

1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽車(chē)不是我拿手的活兒。

12.alone

1)

2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一個(gè)人呆會(huì)兒。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些閑事嗎？

13.along

1)

2)You knew all along what was going on.你從一開(kāi)始就知道所發(fā)生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相處得不好。

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生來(lái)到這兒尋求他的“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外國(guó)人在美國(guó)居住時(shí)被美國(guó)化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.沒(méi)有選擇職業(yè)的自由是完全違背美國(guó)精神傳統(tǒng)的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比爾是全美（橄欖球）明星賽的四分衛(wèi)隊(duì)員。I just can't go on the American way.我無(wú)法適應(yīng)美國(guó)方式。

15.animal

1)

2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水運(yùn)動(dòng)真正激發(fā)出了湯姆的活力與激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那個(gè)年輕演員在熒幕

上充分顯示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我給埃米打了電話(huà)，但是沒(méi)人接。

17.apple

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去過(guò)紐約嗎？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你問(wèn)我有沒(méi)有感覺(jué)出你們兩人之間的不和，是嗎？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.麗塔喜歡把一切都弄得井井有條。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一個(gè)馬屁精。

18.arm

1)

2)

3)

4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不著你強(qiáng)迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一個(gè)沒(méi)救了的紙上談兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯帶有武器，十分危險(xiǎn)。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公園里到處都是

手挽手散步的戀人。

19.around

1)

2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.約翰遜教練已有三十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在這里晝夜值班。

20.as

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起來(lái)在人來(lái)過(guò)這里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我準(zhǔn)備回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.馬蒂表現(xiàn)得像什么也沒(méi)發(fā)生過(guò)一樣。I want this room left as is.我希望這間房子保持原樣。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.變動(dòng)從明天開(kāi)始實(shí)施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜尋綁架者的工作受

挫。

1)

2)

3)

4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我們每個(gè)月的煤氣費(fèi)平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我們平均每周吃一次雞肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特視自己為一名普通的美國(guó)人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美國(guó)平常日

子里，有100,000個(gè)孩子帶手槍去上學(xué)。

22.away

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你認(rèn)為你可以免受處罰？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他們能費(fèi)除掉這些復(fù)雜的稅務(wù)表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我們正在為慶祝我們的紀(jì)念日而安排一次周末的外出活動(dòng)。Tom wants to run away from home.湯姆想從家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凱茜計(jì)劃在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

第三篇：中英文對(duì)照

AEROFLEX “亞羅弗”保溫 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利頓空調(diào) Alfa laval阿法拉伐換熱器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壯”保溫 AUX 奧克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力謀”閥門(mén) BERONOR西班牙“北諾爾”電加熱器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃燒器 BOSIC “柏誠(chéng)”自控 BROAD 遠(yuǎn)大

Burnham美國(guó)“博恩漢”鍋爐 CALPEDA意大利“科沛達(dá)”水泵 CARLY 法國(guó)“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 開(kāi)利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普萊力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克萊門(mén)特” Copeland“谷輪”壓縮機(jī) CYRUS意大利”賽諾思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空調(diào)

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”壓縮機(jī)

DUNHAM-BUSH 頓漢布什空調(diào)制冷 DuPont美國(guó)“杜邦”制冷劑 Dwyer 美國(guó)德威爾 EBM “依必安”風(fēng)機(jī)

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英國(guó)“英菲尼蘭“閥門(mén) EVAPCO美國(guó)“益美高”冷卻設(shè)備 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”壓縮機(jī) FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空氣幕 FUJI “富士”變頻器

FULTON 美國(guó)“富爾頓”鍋爐 GENUIN “正野”風(fēng)機(jī) GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯?tīng)?GRUNDFOS “格蘭富”水泵 Haier 海爾 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韋爾自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龍

KRUGER瑞士“科祿格”風(fēng)機(jī) KU BA德國(guó)“庫(kù)寶”冷風(fēng)機(jī) Liang Chi 良機(jī)冷卻塔 LIEBERT 力博特空調(diào) MARLEY “馬利”冷卻塔 Maneurop法國(guó)“美優(yōu)樂(lè)”壓縮機(jī) McQuary 麥克維爾 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除濕機(jī) Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“萊富康”壓縮機(jī) RIDGID 美國(guó)“里奇”工具 RUUD美國(guó)“路德”空調(diào) RYODEN “菱電”冷卻塔 SanKen “三墾”變頻器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英國(guó)森威爾自控 Schneider 施耐德電氣 SenseAir 瑞典“森爾”傳感器 SIEMENS 西門(mén)子

SINKO ",28商機(jī)網(wǎng);新晃“空調(diào) SINRO “新菱”冷卻塔 STAND “思探得”加濕器 SWEP 舒瑞普換熱器 TECKA “臺(tái)佳”空調(diào) Tecumseh“泰康”壓縮機(jī) TRANE 特靈

TROX德國(guó)“妥思”風(fēng)閥 VASALA芬蘭“維薩拉”傳感器 WILO德國(guó)“威樂(lè)”水泵 WITTLER 德國(guó)”威特”閥門(mén) YORK 約克

ZENNER德國(guó)“真蘭”計(jì)量

第四篇：中英文對(duì)照

醫(yī)院中英文對(duì)照

發(fā)熱門(mén)診Have Fever主治醫(yī)師Doctor-in-charge 供應(yīng)室Supply Room謝絕入內(nèi)No entering 紅燈亮?xí)r謝絕入內(nèi)No entering when red light

彩超、心電圖Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院樓Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.護(hù)士Nueser康復(fù)理療科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中藥計(jì)價(jià)China medical price account肛腸科Ano-proctology

皮膚、肛腸、男性科、泌尿科候診Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮膚科、肛腸科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中醫(yī)科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

預(yù)防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、藥庫(kù)Logistic Room、Seore入院登記In-patient Admisson 高壓氧治療Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center掛號(hào)收費(fèi)Registration

中心藥房Cenreral Pharmacy內(nèi)科門(mén)診Internal Medicine Clinic會(huì)議室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 產(chǎn)科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神經(jīng)、燒傷外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手術(shù)室Operation Room 泌尿、腫瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.婦科Gynecology Dept.內(nèi)二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2產(chǎn)房及愛(ài)嬰中心Delivery Room內(nèi)一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手間Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮膚科Dermatology Dept.中醫(yī)骨傷科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐廳Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.電工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 內(nèi)、兒科候診 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能檢查候診Function Exam 中醫(yī)科候診TCM Clinic放射科候診Radiology Clinic 婦科門(mén)診Gynecology Dept.產(chǎn)科候診Obstentrics Clinic 肛腸科候診Ano-proctology婦科候診Gynecology Clinic 產(chǎn)科門(mén)診Obstentrics Dept.五官科候診ENT.Clinic 外科候診Surgery Clinic輸液中心Transfusion Center 皮膚、泌尿科候診 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic檢驗(yàn)候診Clinical Laborotories 家屬休息Relation Rest Room口腔科門(mén)診Stomatology Clinic 內(nèi)兒科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics鏡檢科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.檢驗(yàn)中心Laboratory Center 功能檢查Function Exam Dept.登記處Registration 預(yù)防保健門(mén)診Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收費(fèi)處Cashier 美容科、鏡檢科門(mén)診 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收費(fèi)健康發(fā)證Gharge lssue Bill of Health試敏觀察室Scratch Espial Room

第五篇：中英文對(duì)照

共軌技術(shù)

隨著人們對(duì)低油耗、低廢氣排放、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)低噪聲的需求越來(lái)越大，對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和燃油噴射系統(tǒng)的要求也越來(lái)也高。對(duì)柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)提出的要求也在不斷增加。更高的壓力、更快的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間，以及根據(jù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況修訂的可變的流量速率曲線，已經(jīng)使得柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)性、低污染、高動(dòng)力性，因此柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)甚至進(jìn)入了豪華高性能轎車(chē)領(lǐng)域。達(dá)到這些需求的前提是擁有一個(gè)可以精確霧化燃油并具有高噴油壓力的燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。同時(shí)，噴油量必須精確計(jì)算，燃油流量速率曲線必須有精確的計(jì)算模型，預(yù)噴射和二次噴射必須能夠完成。一個(gè)可以達(dá)到以上需求的系統(tǒng)即共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。

共軌系統(tǒng)包括以下幾個(gè)主要的部分： ①低壓部分，包含燃油共軌系統(tǒng)組件。

②高壓系統(tǒng)，包含高壓泵、油軌、噴油器和高壓油管等組件。

電控柴油機(jī)系統(tǒng)EDC主要由系統(tǒng)模塊，如傳感器、電子控制單元和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)組成。共軌系統(tǒng)的主要部分即噴油器。它們擁有一個(gè)可以快速開(kāi)關(guān)噴嘴的執(zhí)行閥(電磁閥或壓電觸發(fā)器)，這就允許對(duì)每個(gè)氣缸的噴射進(jìn)行控制。

所有的噴油器都由一個(gè)共同的油軌提供燃油，這就是“共軌”的由來(lái)。在共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)中，燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是分開(kāi)的。噴油壓力的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速和噴油量無(wú)關(guān)。EDC控制每個(gè)組件。

(1)壓力產(chǎn)生。

燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是通過(guò)蓄能器分離開(kāi)來(lái)。將具有壓力的燃油提供給為噴射做好準(zhǔn)備的共軌系統(tǒng)的蓄能器。

由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的高壓泵提供所需噴油的壓力。無(wú)論發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速高低，還是燃油噴射量的多少，油軌中的壓力均維持在一定值。由于幾乎一致的噴油方式，高壓泵的設(shè)計(jì)可以小的多，而且它的驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩可以比傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)低，這源于高壓泵的負(fù)載很小。

高壓泵是徑向活塞泵，在商用車(chē)上有時(shí)會(huì)使用內(nèi)嵌式噴油泵。(2)壓力控制

所應(yīng)用的壓力控制方法主要取決于系統(tǒng)。

一種控制油軌壓力的方式是通過(guò)一個(gè)壓力控制閥對(duì)高壓側(cè)進(jìn)行控制。不需噴射的燃油通過(guò)壓力控制閥流回到低壓回路。這種控制回路允許油軌壓力對(duì)不同工況(如負(fù)載變化時(shí))迅速做出反應(yīng)。

在第一批共軌系統(tǒng)中采用了對(duì)高壓側(cè)的控制。壓力控制閥安裝在燃油軌道上更可取，但是在一些應(yīng)用中，它被直接安裝在高壓泵中。

另一種控制軌道壓力的方式是進(jìn)口端控制燃油供給。安裝在高壓泵的法蘭上的計(jì)量單元保證了泵提供給油軌精確的燃油量，以維持系統(tǒng)所需要的噴油壓力。

發(fā)生故障時(shí)，壓力安全閥防止油軌壓力超過(guò)最大值。

在進(jìn)口端對(duì)燃油供給的控制減少了高壓燃油的用量，降低了泵的輸入功率。這對(duì)燃油消耗起到積極的作用。同時(shí)，流回油箱的燃油溫度與傳統(tǒng)高壓側(cè)控制的方法相比得到了降低。

雙執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)也是一種控制軌道壓力的方式，它通過(guò)計(jì)算單元對(duì)壓力進(jìn)行控制，并且通過(guò)壓力控制閥對(duì)高壓端進(jìn)行控制，因此同時(shí)具備高壓側(cè)控制與進(jìn)口端燃料供給控制的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

(3)燃油噴射

噴油器直接將燃料噴到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃燒室。它們由與燃油軌道直接相連的短高壓油軌提供燃油。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的控制單元通過(guò)與噴油器結(jié)合在一起的控制閥的開(kāi)閉控制噴油嘴的開(kāi)關(guān)。

噴油器的開(kāi)啟時(shí)間和系統(tǒng)油壓決定了燃油供給量。在恒壓狀態(tài)下，燃油供給量與電磁閥的開(kāi)啟時(shí)間成正比，因此與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或油泵的轉(zhuǎn)速(以時(shí)間為計(jì)量的燃油噴射)無(wú)關(guān)。

(4)液壓輔助動(dòng)力

與傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)相比，將壓力的產(chǎn)生與燃油的噴射分離開(kāi)來(lái)，有利于燃燒室的充分燃燒。燃油噴射壓力在系統(tǒng)中基本可以自主選擇。目前最高燃油壓力為1600巴，將來(lái)會(huì)達(dá)到1800巴。

共軌系統(tǒng)通過(guò)引入預(yù)噴射或多次噴射可以進(jìn)一步減少?gòu)U氣排放，也能明顯降低燃燒噪聲。通過(guò)多次觸發(fā)高速轉(zhuǎn)換閥的開(kāi)閉可以在每個(gè)噴射周期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)多達(dá)5次的噴射。噴油針閥的開(kāi)閉動(dòng)作是液壓輔助元件助力的，以保證噴射結(jié)束的快速性。

(5)控制和調(diào)節(jié)

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的控制單元通過(guò)傳感器檢測(cè)加速踏板的位置以及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和車(chē)輛的當(dāng)前工況。采集到的數(shù)據(jù)包括：

① 曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)角； ② 燃油軌道的壓力； ③ 進(jìn)氣壓力；

④ 進(jìn)氣溫度、冷卻液溫度和燃油溫度； ⑤ 進(jìn)氣量； ⑥ 車(chē)速等。

電控單元處理輸入信號(hào)。與燃燒同步，電控單元計(jì)算施加給壓力控制閥或計(jì)算模塊、噴油器和其他執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)(如EGR閥，廢氣渦輪增壓器)的觸發(fā)信號(hào)。

噴油器的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間應(yīng)很短，采用優(yōu)化的高壓開(kāi)關(guān)閥和專(zhuān)業(yè)的控制系統(tǒng)即可實(shí)現(xiàn)。

根據(jù)曲軸和凸輪軸傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)照發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)狀態(tài)(時(shí)間控制)，角度/時(shí)間系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)噴油正時(shí)。電控柴油機(jī)系統(tǒng)(EDC)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)燃油噴射量的精確計(jì)算。此外，EDC還擁有額外的功能以進(jìn)一步提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的響應(yīng)特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括對(duì)柴油燃油噴射正時(shí)的精確控制，和在給定壓力下對(duì)油量的控制。這樣，它們就保證了柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有能耗低、運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)的特點(diǎn)。

其他開(kāi)環(huán)和閉環(huán)控制功能用于減少?gòu)U氣排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具體例子有：

① 廢氣在循環(huán)控制； ② 增壓控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 電子防盜控制系統(tǒng)等。(6)控制單元結(jié)構(gòu)。

由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制單元通常最多有8個(gè)噴油器輸出口，所以超過(guò)八缸的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)需要兩個(gè)控制單元。它們通過(guò)內(nèi)置高速CAN網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“主/從”接口進(jìn)行連接，因此也擁有較高的微控制器處理能力。一些功能被 分配給某個(gè)特定的控制單元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根據(jù)需求情況(如檢測(cè)傳感器信號(hào))可以動(dòng)態(tài)地分配給一個(gè)或多個(gè)控制單元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).