第一篇:2016年大學(xué)英語六級作文題目預(yù)測人口老齡化
寫寫幫文秘助手(004km.cn)之2016年大學(xué)英語六級作文題目預(yù)測:人口老齡化
aging of the population
1.我國人口老齡化現(xiàn)象日趨明顯
2.人口老齡化帶來的問題
3.如何妥善解決人口老齡化問題
【范文】
aging of the population
population officials and demographers have much to worry about china’s increasingly aging population.it is estimated that the proportion of people aged 60 or older in china will rise to 11.8 percent in 2020.by the middle of this century, people aged beyond 60 will take up 27.4 percent of the total population — that means one out of every four people will be senior!
the aging population poses a serious challenge to families and the society.on the one hand, with families becoming smaller and living pace escalating, it is even graver for families to care for aged members adequately.on the other hand, aging causes a relative decline in working force.consequently, the productivity of the whole society will be affected to some extent.the rapidity of the population’s aging has made it more urgent for the adoption of countermeasures.there is no doubt that the key is to build a solid economic foundation.meanwhile, importance should be attached to overall social progress by changing the backward situation in social security, welfare and service.what’s
more, family care and community-based services should also be encouraged.
第二篇:大學(xué)英語六級作文題目
提綱式作文:現(xiàn)象闡述型、解決問題型、觀點對比型 圖表類作文 應(yīng)用文
現(xiàn)象闡述型
2011年6月六級真題作文
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Certificate Craze.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1.現(xiàn)在許多人熱衷于各類證書考試 2.其目的各不相同 3.在我看來 2010年12月六級真題作文
1、當今社會,高校排名很流行
2、個人看法不同
3、我自己的觀點 08年12月六級真題作文
How to Improve Students’ Mental Health 1.大學(xué)生心理健康很重要 2.為此,學(xué)??梢浴?3.我們自己應(yīng)該… 2008年6月六級真題作文
Will E-books Replace Traditional Books?
1.隨著信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,電子圖書越來越多 2.有人認為電子圖書會取代傳統(tǒng)圖書,理由是…… 3.我的看法
2007年12月六級真題作文
1、如今數(shù)字化產(chǎn)品得到越來越廣泛的使用,例如
2、數(shù)字化產(chǎn)品的使用對人工作、學(xué)習(xí)、生活產(chǎn)生的影響
解決問題型
2010年6月六級真題作文
Due Attention Should Be Given To the Study of Chinese 1近年來在學(xué)生中出現(xiàn)了忽視中文學(xué)習(xí)的現(xiàn)象; 2 出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因和后果; 3 針對這種現(xiàn)象,我認為…… 2006年12月六級真題作文
1.閱讀經(jīng)典書籍對人的成長至關(guān)重要
2.現(xiàn)在愿意閱讀經(jīng)典的人越來越少,原因是…… 3.我們大學(xué)生應(yīng)該怎么做 2005年6月六級真題作文 1.目前盜版的現(xiàn)象比較嚴重 2.造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因及危害 3.我們應(yīng)該怎么做
Useful words and expressions:
盜版:piracy(n.)盜版產(chǎn)品:pirated products 知識產(chǎn)權(quán)::intellectual property rights 侵犯版權(quán):infringe sb's copyright;copyright infringement 2009年12月四級英語作文真題
irections: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an essay entitled Creating a Green Campus.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below: 1.綠色校園的重要性; 2.什么樣的校園是綠色的? 3.我們應(yīng)該怎么做。
觀點對比型
2009年6月六級真題作文
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Importance of Name.You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below: 1.有人認為名字很重要 2.有人認為名字不重要 3.你的看法
2009年12月六級真題作文
現(xiàn)在有不少家長送孩子參加各種藝術(shù)班;
1、對這種做法有人表示支持,2、有人并不贊成;
3、我認為…
2007年6月六級真題作文
1、有人做好事期望得到回報;
2、有人認為應(yīng)該像雷鋒那樣做好事不圖回報;
3、我的觀點。
2008年6月四級作文真題
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Internet.You should write no less than 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below: 1.有人認為網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以讓學(xué)習(xí)、工作更有效率; 2.還有人認為網(wǎng)絡(luò)讓青少年沉迷,進而影響學(xué)習(xí); 3.你對網(wǎng)絡(luò)的看法
圖表題型
2006年6月六級真題作文 題目:國外旅游
1。近十年來某城市越來越多人選擇出去旅游
2。出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因 3。這種現(xiàn)象可能產(chǎn)生的影響 表格:
1995 2000 2005 1萬人
近4萬 12萬以上 2012年12月四級作文:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write A Letter Applying for a Bank Loan.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese。
1.你的基本情況your basic information1 2.你申請貸款的原因、數(shù)額及用途you reason for the loan, the amount and purpose 3.你如何保證??顚S靡约澳愕倪€款打算
應(yīng)用文體: 書信:
2005年12月六級真題作文 A Letter of Declining a job offer 1.對公司提供職位表示感謝
2.解釋為何不能接受所提供職位的原因 3.希望予以諒解,并表達對公司的良好祝愿.呼吁信
2005年1月六級真題作文 Directions:
1、對病人的簡單介紹:目前的病情和家庭情況
2、目前的困難:無法繼續(xù)承擔(dān)醫(yī)療費用,需要護理
3、希望捐助,聯(lián)系方式 演講致辭
2005年1月四級作文真題
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.A Campaign Speech 1.你認為自己具備是什么條件(能力,性格,愛好)可以勝任學(xué)生會主席工作,2.如果當選你將會為本校同學(xué)做什么 C.啟事
2006年6月四級作文真題
An announcement for a voluntary program 1.校學(xué)生會組織一次暑假志愿活動,現(xiàn)招聘志愿者; 2.本次志愿者活動目的 內(nèi)容及安排; 3.報名條件和聯(lián)系方式
考試的命題作文大都是議論文結(jié)構(gòu),一般來說題目內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是考生所熟悉的,能夠有話可說的,如那些社會熱點問題就是經(jīng)常出的題目。但不是所有的熱點問題都會成為考試題目??荚囶}目還要和考試對象的文化背景,年齡特點相一致,所以有關(guān)大學(xué)生生活,學(xué)習(xí),理想等的題目經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。
作文題目會考慮到考生的語言水平,也就是說學(xué)生要求掌握的詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)能否足夠表達所考的題目。
? 總的來說,根據(jù)學(xué)生要求掌握的詞匯,根據(jù)學(xué)生的知識結(jié)構(gòu),年齡特點和文化背景,出題的范圍可大致如下:
? 科學(xué)技術(shù):計算機,克隆,電視,小汽車等對社會和生活的影響
? 社會問題:如住房,交通,就業(yè),犯罪,婚姻,環(huán)境,能源和廣告等
? 校園生活:如學(xué)習(xí)方式,考試,課余活動,體育鍛煉,人際交往和興趣愛好等
? 青少年問題:如父子代溝,抽煙吸毒,個人思想,職業(yè)選擇,文化教育和成功失敗等
? 文化教育:閱讀,道德修養(yǎng),出國留學(xué),學(xué)生減負,教育與成長等
第三篇:2016年大學(xué)英語六級作文題目預(yù)測微博
寫寫幫文秘助手(004km.cn)之2016年大學(xué)英語六級作文題目預(yù)測:微博
on the popularity of microblog
1.目前微博很流行
2.微博流行的原?因
3.可能存在的問題
on the popularity of microblog
with the improvement of microblog services and the influence of some “star microbloggers”, most of whom are celebrities, microblog is becoming an important and convenient way for people to express their opinions and communicate with others.now, more and more people start to use microblog services provided by different websites.however, microblog might give rise to some problems as well.some microbloggers may become so dependent on microblogs that they would rather express their thoughts and feelings by writing them down in the microblog than communicate with family members or friends.day by day, microblogs tend to draw them away from their real life.what’s worse, lack of face-to-face communication with others might isolate microbloggers from the society, which would do harm to their mental health.in my view, microblog is a good platform for people to share their personal experiences and communicate with others.but microbloggers should also have a rational attitude toward it and avoid spending too much time on it.after all, sitting in front of the cold screen for a long period of time does no good to their health.
第四篇:大學(xué)英語六級作文預(yù)測
2011
12
學(xué) 語 級 級
預(yù)測: 預(yù)測:
駕車
學(xué) 語 級 級
預(yù)測 題:
Food Safety
Currently, up.Currently, many problems concerning the safety of food have popped up.As for me, I believe at least three factors account for this issue.
many First, I observe that profits drive many food producers to commit illegal things.They aim to gain more consumers’ money at the expense of consumers’ health.Second, the overuse of agricultural pesticide has enormous resulted in the degradation of food quality.The excessive pesticide bears enormous health hazard for Furthermore, make people.Furthermore, some food producers inject hormones into domestic animals so as to make people’ them grow more quickly and thus they can turn in more profit.As a result, people’s health has been seriously disturbed.
All in all, food safety is such a great concern, and we all should do establish laws and implement them effectively to avoid producing toxic foods.
學(xué) 語 級 級
預(yù)測 題:
駕車
Drunken Driving
Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that drunken driving has been a grave problem with which confronted.several we are confronted.Generally speaking, there are several reasons accounting for /behind this people’ phenomenon.Firstly, recent decades have witnessed the rapid development of people’s living everstandards.As a result, cars gained ever-increasing popularity and have found their way into our everyday life.Secondly, people participate in more activities or banquets than ever before, where they will drink liquor/strong wine.Then, they may get drunk but continue to drive.
Drunken driving is bound to generate severe consequence if we keep turning a blind eye to it.First and pedestrians/goers, foremost, this behavior will directly threaten the safety of drivers, passengers and pedestrians/goers, resulting in traffic accidents, injuries and even deaths.Besides, treating the injured and repairing broken cars mean a grievous waste of money, time and resources.Last but not least, this irresponsible
nightmare, driving will make the road a nightmare, and thus, it will cause serious losses of faith in governments and the society.
In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse.First, it is essential that the supervisory role of laws and regulations should be strengthened to punish regulations those performing drunken driving.Secondly, the public, especially drivers, should enhance their awareness of public safety.With stringent laws and alert public, it will only a matter of time for drunken to driving to become things of past.2011 12 學(xué) 語 級 級 預(yù)測: 預(yù)測:
預(yù)測 題:
As is apparently psychological miscellaneous thoughtthought-provoking
chart betrayed in the bar chart above, at present university students suffer from problems of various kinds, among which spiritual depression ,
suicideproblems, and suicide-committing top the list.What
the chart reveals is indeed.
The implied meaning of the chart above can be briefly stated as follows.On the one hand, university students are encountering more psychological problems than ever before.The fact can be attributed to fact many factors.Most university students are overloaded with study and haunted by employment pressure.As young and inexperienced people, they are also facing emotional dilemma emotional of human interrelationship.Besides, some students are in a financial predicament and trial.On the
other hand, necessary psychological work for university student is a must for the time being.It is quite students shocking that at least forty percent of university students suffer from spiritual depression.The very fact should not be neglected.Effective countermeasures must be taken to reverse the current grim situation.In sum, the psychological problems should be put on our agenda.
In my view, great efforts must be made so as to ensure the healthy growth of university students.To begin with, we must have a good understanding of the necessity of psychological instruction and What’ guidance among university students.What’s more, government departments at different levels and relaxing related organizations should make joint efforts to create a more relaxing environment for university students.Only in this way can university students develop well both physically and psychologically.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health.They advise people to eat vegetables more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.Fat can build up in the arteries, block the flow of blood, and cause a heart
attack or stroke.2011 12 學(xué) 語 級 級 預(yù)測: 預(yù)測:競爭
學(xué) 語 級 級
預(yù)測 題:競爭
Competition is a common phenomenon in our social life.We compete when we play games and when we try to do better than others in our study.There is constant competition for academic degrees, jobs, customers, money and so forth.In a sense, competition is one of the motive force to the development of society.
In fact, the only way our world reward people is to give laurels to the winners, not to the losers.What activities, is more, by attempting to compete at different activities, we learn to win and lose, gain experience and know our strengths and weaknesses.Competition prepares us for the tough things in life.
possession, should To go ahead, to acquire possession, we should be competitive.To us, industriousness and ambition are positive values.
trophy, Whether in games, in study or in business alike, the aim is to win the game, the degree, the trophy, and the contract.Learning to be competitive is clearly the best preparation for life.2011 碳、6 學(xué) 語 級 駕、競爭 2011 12 學(xué) 語 級 級 預(yù)測: 預(yù)測: 碳 預(yù)測 關(guān) :
學(xué) 語 級 級
預(yù)測 題: 碳
1.2.3.
碳 碳 們應(yīng)該
們
歡 處
去
[
]
]
lowNowadays, there are a considerable number of individuals who prefer to lead a low-carbon lifestyle which find expression in the fact that more and more commuters are using public transportation system in their daily life.
Low carbon lifestyle can endow us and our society with numerous benefits.Firstly, it goes beyond doubt that low carbon lifestyle contributes a lot to the environmental protection and it is a favorable way to slow down the rate of climate change of our earth, which also means a lot to our health.
lowWe are supposed to undertake the responsibility to lead a low-carbon lifestyle, which is of great significance.significance.And there is a diversity of measures we can take so as to lead such an environmental-friendly life.For one thing, we are expected to minimize the use of private cars, which environmentalemit a large amount of greenhouse gases.For another, we are supposed to cultivate the public awareness of energy conservation for energy in the world today is decreasing rapidly.For instance, we can turn off electrical appliances if not necessary as well as using renewable materials.Furthermore, leisure, carbonat our leisure, we can seek opportunities to plant more trees which can absorb carbon-dioxide.
In brief, low-carbon lifestyle is nothing but the best choice for us and only in this way can we form a lowharmonious harmonious relationship with the environment.2011 6 級 預(yù)測 關(guān) 2011 12 : 學(xué) 語 級 級 預(yù)測: 預(yù)測: 駕車
學(xué) 語 級 級
預(yù)測 題:
駕車
Drunken Driving
Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that drunken driving has been a grave problem with which confronted.we are confronted.Generally speaking, there are several reasons accounting for /behind this people’ phenomenon.Firstly, recent decades have witnessed the rapid development of people’s living everstandards.As a result, cars gained ever-increasing popularity and have found their way into our everyday life.Secondly, people participate in more activities or banquets than ever before, where they will drink liquor/strong wine.Then, they may get drunk but continue to drive.
Drunken driving is bound to generate severe consequence if we keep turning a blind eye to it.First and pedestrians/goers, behavior foremost, this behavior will directly threaten the safety of drivers, passengers and pedestrians/goers,
repairing resulting in traffic accidents, injuries and even deaths.Besides, treating the injured and repairing broken cars mean a grievous waste of money, time and resources.Last but not least, this irresponsible nightmare, driving will make the road a nightmare, and thus, it will cause serious losses of faith in governments and the society.
In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse.First, it is essential that the supervisory role of laws and regulations should be strengthened to punish those performing drunken driving.Secondly, the public,
especially drivers, should enhance their safety.awareness of public safety.With stringent laws and alert public, it will only a matter of time for drunken driving to become things of past.2011 12 學(xué) 語 級 級 預(yù)測: 預(yù)測: 學(xué)校園學(xué)術(shù)誠 缺
學(xué) 語 級 級
預(yù)測 題: 學(xué)校園學(xué)術(shù)誠 缺
Academic Dishonesty on Campus
It is shown in the recent surveys that many college students copy papers from the Internet to save the opinion,trouble of doing their homework.In my opinion,this kind of academic dishonesty is very harmful to these students.
First, copying papers from the Internet makes students lazy.Copying papers from the Internet seems easy and can save some time and trouble, therefore, students will do this more and more often and seldom work hard to complete their papers on their own.In other words, students will become lazier and lazier.Second.students can learn little from copying others’ work.Students cannot improve their others’ abilities just by downloading papers from the Internet without their own thinking and working.What’s their What’ cheating, worse, once students get used to academic cheating, they may also cheat in other cases in the future, them. which will be very dangerous for them.
prevent To prevent academic dishonesty on campus, some punishment by the school may be necessary.But the most important thing is that teachers should talk to those students, and make them aware of the others’ fact that copying others’ work cannot bring them any knowledge and that only by working hard can they improve themselves 2011 2011 12 學(xué) 語 級 級 12 學(xué) 語 級 級 預(yù)測: 預(yù)測:
預(yù)測: 預(yù)測:網(wǎng)
1.網(wǎng) 2.3.你 看
來 對,
Online Chatting With the development of Internet online chatting is becoming increasing popular with many people, especially young people.people's However, people's opinions about it vary greatly.Some think that it has more problems than benefits.On the one hand , it is a waste of time, energy and money as it doesn't produce any useful cyberspace information and products.On the other hand, it is misleading because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal of fictional.But the advocates of online chatting think it is a good way of recreation, which is both exciting and relaxing.Besides, it helps them release their emotions and pressure freely and safely.Therefore, freely it is very useful and wonderful.As far as I'm concerned, whether online chatting is good or bad depends on the person who chats.So long as we keep ourselves under good control, we can use it properly and benefit from it.2011 來 1.2.3.認為… 認為… Is It A Waste of Talent? Nowadays there are many reports on university graduates who choose jobs that have nothing to housekeeper.public’ do with their majors, such as painter and housekeeper.And this phenomenon has attracted the public’ s attention.Many people maintain their choices are
understandable and we shouldn't use our stereotypes to judge their behaviors.They also hold that we should support them because they are the who pioneers who give us a new understanding of job hunting in the competitive job market.However, there are also a lot of people who oppose their actions.They say that it is a big waste of talent as well as education resources since these jobs don't need the knowledge they obtained from school.What's more, they think that college graduates, especially those from prestigious universities, choose these jobs just because they are afraid of the fierce competition in job hunting.As far as I'm concerned, choosing a career irrelevant to one's major doesn't mean the college education is of no use at all.Besides, everyone has the right to choose what he or she wants, thus there is nothing wrong for these graduates to choose occupations that they can get satisfaction and fun from.12 學(xué) 語 級 級 贊 對 預(yù)測: 預(yù)測: 學(xué) 工
選擇當家 學(xué) 畢業(yè) 選擇當家教、對這種 對
第五篇:中國人口老齡化發(fā)展趨勢預(yù)測研究報告
21世紀是人口老齡化的時代。目前,世界上所有發(fā)達國家都已經(jīng)進入老齡社會,許多發(fā)展中國家正在或即將進入老齡社會。1999年,中國也進入了老齡 社會,是較早進入老齡社會的發(fā)展中國家之一。中國是世界上老年人口最多的國家,占全球老年人口總量的五分之一,中國的人口老齡化不僅是中國自身的問題,而 且關(guān)系到全球人口老齡化的進程,備受世界關(guān)注。為了摸清中國老年人口及老齡化發(fā)展的基本態(tài)勢,掌握未來中國老齡問題的基本國情,全國老齡工作委員會辦公室 對中國人口老齡化的發(fā)展趨勢進行了專題預(yù)測研究,基本情況如下。
一、中國人口老齡化的壓力已經(jīng)開始顯現(xiàn)
目前,中國已有21個?。▍^(qū)、市)成為人口老年型地區(qū)。自1982年第三次人口普查到2004年的22年間,中國老年人口平均每年增加302 萬,年平均增長速度為2.85%,高于1.17%的總?cè)丝谠鲩L速度。2004年底,中國60歲及以上老年人口達到1.43億,占總?cè)丝诘?0.97%。老 齡化水平超過全國平均值的有上海(18.48%)、天津(13.75%)、江蘇(13.75%)、北京(13.66%)、浙江(13.18%)、重慶(12.84%)、遼寧(12.59%)、山東(12.31%)、四川(11.59%)、湖南(11.51%)和安徽(11.18%)等11個省市。
人口老齡化給中國的經(jīng)濟、社會、政治、文化等方面的發(fā)展帶來了深刻影響,龐大老年群體的養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療、社會服務(wù)等方面需求的壓力也越來越大。
養(yǎng)老保障的負擔(dān)正日益沉重。2004年,中國基本養(yǎng)老保險的支出總額達到3502億元,比2000年增加了65.5%,中央財政對基本養(yǎng)老保險 的補貼支出攀升到522億元。離休、退休、退職費用也呈現(xiàn)連年猛增的趨勢。政府、企業(yè)、社會都已經(jīng)感到養(yǎng)老保障方面的壓力正在顯著加大。
老年人醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生消費支出的壓力越來越大。據(jù)測算,老年人消費的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生資源一般是其他人群的3-5倍。2004年,中國基本醫(yī)療保險基金支出達 862億元,占基金收入的75.5%,比上年增長31.6%,增長速度比基金收入增長快3.5個百分點。基本醫(yī)療保險基金支出之所以高速增長,人口迅速老 齡化是重要原因之一。
為老社會服務(wù)的需求迅速膨脹。目前,由于社會轉(zhuǎn)型、政府職能轉(zhuǎn)變、家庭養(yǎng)老功能弱化,為老服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展嚴重滯后,難以滿足龐大老年人群,特別是迅 速增長的“空巢”、高齡和帶病老年人的服務(wù)需求。以養(yǎng)老機構(gòu)和床位數(shù)為例,目前,中國共有各類老年社會福利機構(gòu)3.8萬個,養(yǎng)老床位120.5萬張,平均 每千名老人占有床位僅有8.6張,與發(fā)達國家平均每千名老人占有養(yǎng)老床位數(shù)
50-70張的水平相差甚遠。其他生活照料、精神慰藉等許多為老服務(wù)也都存在發(fā) 展緩慢的問題,不能滿足老年人群日益增長的需求。
與城市相比,農(nóng)村老齡問題的壓力更大。2000年,農(nóng)村老年人口為8557萬人,占老年人口總數(shù)的65.82%,農(nóng)村老齡化程度比城鎮(zhèn)高 1.24個百分點。同時,農(nóng)村絕大部分地區(qū)尚未建立社會養(yǎng)老保險制度,農(nóng)村新型合作醫(yī)療制度目前還處在試點階段,農(nóng)民的養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療都缺乏必要的社會保障。隨著人口老齡化進程
加快,農(nóng)村的養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療等方面的壓力相對城鎮(zhèn)將更加突出,西部和貧困地區(qū)尤為嚴峻。
中國正處在社會轉(zhuǎn)型的關(guān)鍵時期,各項改革進入攻堅階段,許多制度尚待建立和完善,養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療、社會服務(wù)等方面的壓力早就潛伏生長,人口老齡化只 是凸顯了這些壓力。目前,這些壓力還只是初現(xiàn)端倪,隨著人口老齡化快速發(fā)展,這些壓力的影響將會更加深刻、更加普遍。
二、21世紀中國人口老齡化發(fā)展趨勢
21世紀的中國將是一個不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的老齡社會。從2001年2100年,中國的人口老齡化發(fā)展趨勢可以劃分為三個階段:
第一階段,從2001年到2020年是快速老齡化階段。這一階段,中國將平均每年增加596萬老年人口,年均增長速度達到3.28%,大大超過 總?cè)丝谀昃?.66%的增長速度,人口老齡化進程明顯加快。到2020年,老年人口將達到2.48億,老齡化水平將達到17.17%,其中,80歲及以上 老年人口將達到3067萬人,占老年人口的12.37%。
第二階段,從2021年到2050年是加速老齡化階段。伴隨著20世紀60年代到70年代中期的新中國成立后第二次生育高峰人群進入老年,中國 老年人口數(shù)量開始加速增長,平均每年增加620萬人。同時,由于總?cè)丝谥饾u實現(xiàn)零增長并開始負增長,人口老齡化將進一步加速。到2023年,老年人口數(shù)量 將增加到
2.7億,與0-14歲少兒人口數(shù)量相等。到2050年,老年人口總量將超過4億,老齡化水平推進到30%以上,其中,80歲及以上老年人口將達 到9448萬,占老年人口的21.78%。
第三階段,從2051年到2100年是穩(wěn)定的重度老齡化階段。2051年,中國老年人口規(guī)模將達到峰值4.37億,約為少兒人口數(shù)量的2倍。這 一階段,老年人口規(guī)模將穩(wěn)定在3-4億,老齡化水平基本穩(wěn)定在31%左右,80歲及以上高齡老人占老年總?cè)丝诘谋戎貙⒈3衷?5-30%,進入一個高度老 齡化的平臺期。與其他國家相比,中國的人口老齡化具有以下主要特征:
一是老年人口規(guī)模巨大。2004年底,中國60歲及以上老年人口為1.43億,2014年將達到2億,2026年將達到3億,2037年超過4 億,2051年達到最大值,之后一直維持在3-4億的規(guī)模。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國預(yù)測,21世紀上半葉,中國一直是世界上老年人口最多的國家,占世界老年人口總量的 五分之一,21世紀下半葉,中國也還是僅次于印度的第二老年人口大國。
二是老齡化發(fā)展迅速。65歲以上老年人占總?cè)丝诘谋壤龔?%提升到14%,發(fā)達國家大多用了45年以上的時間,其中,法國130年,瑞典85 年,澳大利亞和美國79年左右。中國只用27年就可以完成這個歷程,并且在今后一個很長的時期內(nèi)都保持著很高的遞增速度,屬于老齡化速度最快國家之列。
三是地區(qū)發(fā)展不平衡。中國人口老齡化發(fā)展具有明顯的由東向西的區(qū)域梯次特征,東部沿海經(jīng)濟發(fā)達地區(qū)明顯快于西部經(jīng)濟欠發(fā)達地區(qū),以最早進入人口 老年型行列的上海(1979年)和最遲進入人口老年型行列的寧夏(2012年)比較,時間跨度長達33年。
四是城鄉(xiāng)倒置顯著。發(fā)達國家人口老齡化的歷程表明,城市人口老齡化水平一般高于農(nóng)村,中國的情況則不同。目前,農(nóng)村的老齡化水平高于城鎮(zhèn) 1.24個百分點,這種城鄉(xiāng)倒置的狀況將一直持續(xù)到2040年。到21世紀后半葉,城鎮(zhèn)的老齡化水平才將超過農(nóng)村,并逐漸拉開差距。這是中國人口老齡化不 同于發(fā)達國家的重要特征之一。
五是女性老年人口數(shù)量多于男性。目前,老年人口中女性比男性多出464萬人,2049年將達到峰值,多出2645萬人。21世紀下半葉,多出的 女性老年人口基本穩(wěn)定在1700-1900萬人。需要指出的是,多出的女性老年人口中50-70%都是80歲及以上年齡段的高齡女性人口。
六是老齡化超前于現(xiàn)代化。發(fā)達國家是在基本實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化的條件下進入老齡社會的,屬于先富后老或富老同步,而中國則是在尚未實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化,經(jīng)濟尚不 發(fā)達的情況下提前進入老齡社會的,屬于未富先老。發(fā)達國家進入老齡社會時人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值一般都在五千到一萬美元以上,而中國目前人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值才剛剛 超過一千美元,仍屬于中等偏低收入國家行列,應(yīng)對人口老齡化的經(jīng)濟實力還比較薄弱。
根據(jù)此次中國人口老齡化發(fā)展趨勢的預(yù)測和分析,可以得出以下結(jié)論:
(一)中國人口老齡化將伴隨21世紀始終。自1999年中國進入老齡社會開始,老年人口數(shù)量不斷增加,老齡化程度持續(xù)加深,直到2100年,老 年人口總量仍然高達3.18億,占總?cè)丝诘?1.09%,人口老齡化將伴隨21世紀始終。
(二)2030年到2050年是中國人口老齡化最嚴峻的時期。一方面,這一階段,老年人口數(shù)量和老齡化水平都將迅速增長到前所未有的程度,并迎 來老年人口規(guī)模的高峰。另一方面,2030年以后,人口總撫養(yǎng)比將隨著老年撫養(yǎng)比的迅速提高而大幅度攀升,并最終超過50%,有利于發(fā)展經(jīng)濟的低撫養(yǎng)比的 “人口黃金時期”將于2033年結(jié)束。總的來看,2030到2050年,中國人口總撫養(yǎng)比和老年人口撫養(yǎng)比將分別保持在60-70%和40-50%,是人 口老齡化形勢最嚴峻的時期。
(三)重度人口老齡化和高齡化將日益突出。經(jīng)過50年左右的快速增長,到21世紀下半葉,中國老年人口規(guī)模、老齡化程度以及高齡化程度都將在較 高水平上保持基本穩(wěn)定,老年人口總量雖有所下降,但仍然保持在3億以上,老齡化程度為31%左右,80歲及以上高齡老年人口規(guī)模將保持在 8000-9000萬,高齡化水平為25-30%,重度老齡化和高齡化問題將顯得越來越突出。
(四)中國將面臨人口老齡化和人口總量過多的雙重壓力???cè)丝谶^多是中國的基本國情,由于堅持計劃生育的基本國策,總?cè)丝谠鲩L勢頭得到了有效控
制,但目前人口總規(guī)模仍然高達13億,預(yù)計到2030年達到最大人口規(guī)模14.65億,總?cè)丝谶^多的壓力將長期存在。與此同時,中國已經(jīng)進入老齡社會,這 是一個新的重要國情。人口老齡化壓力已經(jīng)開始顯現(xiàn),并將隨著老齡化的發(fā)展而不斷加重。整個21世紀,這兩方面壓力將始終交織在一起,給中國經(jīng)濟、社會發(fā)展 帶來嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)。
三、問題和建議
世界人口老齡化發(fā)展的歷史表明,人口老齡化對人類生活的所有方面都會產(chǎn)生重大的影響。在經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域,人口老齡化將對經(jīng)濟增長、儲蓄、投資與消費、勞動力市場、養(yǎng)老金、稅收等產(chǎn)生沖擊。在社會方面,人口老齡化將影響社會福利、醫(yī)療制度、家庭構(gòu)成以及生活安排、住房和遷移。在政治和文化方面,人口老齡 化也會有不同程度的影響。
中國是一個人口大國,目前尚處于社會主義初級階段,人均收入水平屬于中等偏下國家的行列,城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)尚未得到根本扭轉(zhuǎn),經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平和綜合國 力還相對落后,實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化還有許多重大問題需要解決。在這種基本國情下,人口老齡化必將帶來一些新的矛盾和壓力,對經(jīng)濟和社會的發(fā)展提出新的挑戰(zhàn):在建立 適應(yīng)社會主義市場經(jīng)濟要求的社會保障制度方面,養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療等社會保障的壓力巨大;在建立滿足龐大老年人群需求的為老社會服務(wù)體系方面,加快社會資源合理配 置,增加為老服務(wù)設(shè)施,健全為老服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的壓力巨大;在處理代際關(guān)系方面,解決龐大老年人群和勞動年齡人群利益沖突的壓力巨大;在協(xié)調(diào)城鄉(xiāng)和諧發(fā)展方面,解決農(nóng)村老齡問題,特別是中西部和老少邊窮地區(qū)老齡問題的壓力巨大。同時,中國政府和社會還必須付出巨大成本來調(diào)整消費結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、社會管理體制等,以適應(yīng)人口年齡結(jié)構(gòu)的巨大變化。
21世紀,中國社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略目標是在2020年實現(xiàn)全面小康,在2050年基本實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化,2050年以后進而實現(xiàn)中華民族的偉大復(fù)興。要實現(xiàn)這一宏偉目標,就必須積極應(yīng)對人口老齡化迅速發(fā)展的嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)。2020年,2.48億老年人能否同步進入全面小康,目前還有許多矛盾和問題需要解 決;2050年,中國在基本實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化的同時,能否承載4億多老年人群各種需求的巨大壓力,更是一個嚴峻的課題??傊?,人口老齡化帶來的嚴峻挑戰(zhàn),關(guān)系著 中國全面建設(shè)小康社會和現(xiàn)代化能否順利實現(xiàn),關(guān)系著社會主義和諧社會建設(shè)的進程。鑒于人口老齡化對人類生活全方位的深刻影響,自1982年第一屆世界老齡大會以來,國際社會高度關(guān)注老齡問題,并提出了一系列應(yīng)對的戰(zhàn)略和對 策。2002年,聯(lián)合國召開第二屆世界老齡大會,敦促各國特別是發(fā)展中國家政府,必須從現(xiàn)在開始,采取強有力的應(yīng)對戰(zhàn)略和對策,否則,將會喪失戰(zhàn)略機遇,付出巨大代價。
中國人口老齡化挑戰(zhàn)愈來愈嚴峻,并將很快進入2030年到2050年的最嚴峻時期。從時間表上看,留給我們的準備時間只有短短的25年。正如聯(lián) 合國和有關(guān)國際組織警示的:人口現(xiàn)象是一個長周期事件,解決人口問題必須要有足夠的提前量。目前,中國應(yīng)對人口老齡化的思想、物質(zhì)、制度等各種準備還不 足。
在未來的25年時間里,要全方位地做好應(yīng)對人口老齡化高峰的準備,不僅時間十分緊迫,而且壓力十分巨大。
根據(jù)以上分析,我們提出的建議是:
1、要把老齡社會作為21世紀中國的一個重要國情認真對待。中國已經(jīng)進入并將長期處于老齡社會,各級政府和有關(guān)部門及全社會必須充分認識人口老 齡化挑戰(zhàn)的嚴峻性,樹立老齡意識,增強應(yīng)對人口老齡化和老齡社會挑戰(zhàn)的緊迫性和自覺性。在研究制定經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略時,要切實從老齡社會這一基本國情出 發(fā),把應(yīng)對老齡社會的挑戰(zhàn)列入未來中國的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。
2、要充分利用25年戰(zhàn)略機遇期做好應(yīng)對老齡社會的各項準備。從現(xiàn)在開始的未來25年,是應(yīng)對老齡社會的關(guān)鍵準備期,也是僅有的戰(zhàn)略機遇期,“十一五”時期尤為重要。各級政府要充分認識和把握老齡社會的挑戰(zhàn)和機遇,把解決老齡社會的各種矛盾和問題納入全面建設(shè)小康社會和社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的總 體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,制定發(fā)展規(guī)劃,完善法律法規(guī),調(diào)整社會經(jīng)濟政策,做好應(yīng)對老齡社會的各項準備。要制定應(yīng)對老齡社會挑戰(zhàn)的中長遠戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃。要立足當前,在完善 政策、加大投入、加快發(fā)展老齡事業(yè)的同時,健全和完善適應(yīng)世界老年人口第一大國這一國情的老齡工作機制。
3、加快老年社會保障體系建設(shè)。建設(shè)完善的老年社會保障體系,是從根本上解決老齡社會日益突出的養(yǎng)老醫(yī)療問題的制度安排。要在健全和完善城市社 會養(yǎng)老保險、醫(yī)療保險體系的同時,大力推廣城鄉(xiāng)困難群眾的醫(yī)療救助制度。在建設(shè)社會主義新農(nóng)村新形勢下,努力完善農(nóng)村五保供養(yǎng)制度,普遍實行農(nóng)村新型合作 醫(yī)療制度,并在有條件的地方建立農(nóng)村居民最低生活保障制度和試點推行社會養(yǎng)老保險制度。2030年人口老齡化最嚴峻時期到來以前,在全國城鄉(xiāng)基本建立起符 合我國國情、適應(yīng)社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制要求的老年社會保障體系,確保城鄉(xiāng)老年人養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療問題的妥善解決。
4、大力發(fā)展老齡產(chǎn)業(yè)。發(fā)展老齡產(chǎn)業(yè)是應(yīng)對老齡社會、滿足龐大老年人群需求、促進經(jīng)濟社會協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的重要內(nèi)容。要制定老年服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃,實施 國家對老年服務(wù)業(yè)的扶持保護政策,建立老年服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展管理體制。立足城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)發(fā)展為老服務(wù)業(yè),培育老年服務(wù)中介組織,培養(yǎng)專業(yè)化的為老社會服務(wù)隊伍,在 2030年以前,使老年服務(wù)業(yè)有較大的發(fā)展。同時,大力研制開發(fā)老年消費品,培育老年用品市場。
5、加強對老齡社會的前瞻性和戰(zhàn)略性研究。老齡社會的挑戰(zhàn)是史無前例的,發(fā)展中國家特別是像中國這樣一個大國,如何在尚未實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化的條件下應(yīng) 對老齡社會的挑戰(zhàn),還沒有成功的經(jīng)驗可借鑒。因此,必須要加強對老齡社會特點和規(guī)律的研究,加強對建設(shè)有中國特色老齡事業(yè)的研究。創(chuàng)造條件,建立綜合性國 家級研究機構(gòu),組織相關(guān)學(xué)科研究人員,把人口老齡化和老齡社會作為國家的重大宏觀戰(zhàn)略課題,立項進行攻關(guān)研究,為應(yīng)對人口老齡化的嚴峻形勢提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。