第一篇：維多利亞女王傳讀后感[模版]

日不落帝國(guó)的締造者

——讀《維多利亞女王傳》

英國(guó)這一日不落帝國(guó)，曾經(jīng)有過兩個(gè)黃金時(shí)代，讓大部分崇拜者留下印象的或許只是伊麗莎白女王統(tǒng)治的時(shí)期，伊麗莎白時(shí)期的英國(guó)是內(nèi)部極為強(qiáng)盛的時(shí)代，也是英國(guó)勢(shì)力擴(kuò)張的時(shí)代。然而，少許人欽慕的維多利亞時(shí)期卻是把英國(guó)引領(lǐng)到一個(gè)與眾不同的發(fā)展道路上，而在這一獨(dú)特的發(fā)展路程中的核心就是本書的主人公——維多利亞女王。

由英國(guó)作家斯特雷奇撰寫的《維多利亞女王傳》圍繞著女王的一生展開描寫，從先輩的時(shí)代到維多利亞的幼年時(shí)代，從富有個(gè)性的少女時(shí)期到半成熟的結(jié)婚時(shí)期，從孀居期到老年期，每個(gè)時(shí)代的維多利亞在作者筆下顯現(xiàn)出不同的性格與形象。作者沒有意味地贊頌維多利亞，而是批判地分析維多利亞性格對(duì)英國(guó)發(fā)展的利弊。人的一生總是受不同的人所影響，維多利亞這位有血有肉的“歐洲的祖母”也不例外，而對(duì)她的一生甚至于對(duì)英國(guó)產(chǎn)生巨大影響的人，有與她最親的母親肯特公爵夫人、有她的導(dǎo)師男爵夫人、有她的朋友及參謀梅爾本勛爵、有她敬愛的丈夫艾伯特親王、有既充滿敵意又不可或缺的帕默斯頓勛爵、還有糾纏不清輪流影響的格萊斯頓先生和貝肯斯菲爾德勛爵，而這群人對(duì)維多利亞有著不同的情感，書中也詳細(xì)地介紹了他們是如何影響這位有個(gè)性的女王，這就像是在看一系列的解謎故事，我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)知道誰(shuí)的影響何時(shí)開始，何時(shí)結(jié)束。

這位看似平淡的女王卻以她的雙重個(gè)性深深地影響了這個(gè)時(shí)代。她恪盡職守，卻從不一手遮天。她有著王室慣養(yǎng)出的霸道與任性，在自己尊崇的人面前卻乖順如羊。她雖不乏女人的狹隘與善變，卻也懂得寬容與任才。她是個(gè)追求和諧的中庸的統(tǒng)治者，維多利亞時(shí)代的英國(guó)卻恰恰因?yàn)樗闹杏苟玫搅俗杂傻目臻g，得以奇葩倍出，人才濟(jì)濟(jì)，得以做出那么大的變革與發(fā)展。在斯特雷奇的筆下，她像這世上任何一個(gè)女人那樣普通，卻也讓人明白，國(guó)家的強(qiáng)盛與否，更多地取決于為這個(gè)帝國(guó)作出努力的人才們，而統(tǒng)治者僅僅是個(gè)風(fēng)向標(biāo)與催化劑。

在這些對(duì)維多利亞產(chǎn)生重大影響的人物中，無(wú)疑起最重要作用也是改變維多利亞自身性格的人物當(dāng)屬她的丈夫艾伯特。艾伯特是一位富有貴族氣質(zhì)，富有智慧與創(chuàng)造力的親王，他不僅影響著維多利亞，也影響了整個(gè)英國(guó)，整個(gè)歐洲。維多利亞對(duì)他的贊頌是溢于言表的，甚至乎過于追求完美地相信、崇拜她自己的丈夫，當(dāng)然，影響是相對(duì)的，艾伯特也因?yàn)榫S多利亞大大地改變了自己的性格，從本身的內(nèi)向追求平靜變得開朗有創(chuàng)新，從原本的厭倦政事變?yōu)橛绊懢謩?shì)，他們之間相互影響的鏈鎖也就來(lái)源于二人之間細(xì)膩的情感變化，這種情感作為一個(gè)讀者的體驗(yàn)，就像是在坐過山車，有興奮，有快感，也有害怕，有崩潰，以致于這段感情被導(dǎo)演讓·馬克·瓦雷演繹成一部令人深思的愛情電影《年輕的維多利亞》。

統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的興衰不僅決定于統(tǒng)治者，更決定于當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境，沒有當(dāng)時(shí)的君主立憲制，或許維多利亞就不能這么輕松只依首相來(lái)完成大部分的工作，也正因?yàn)楣ぷ魇马?xiàng)的減少才讓維多利亞能夠在在位期間到各地旅游，結(jié)識(shí)好友；沒有當(dāng)時(shí)的開放貿(mào)易，第一屆世貿(mào)商品展覽或許就不會(huì)在艾伯特手下舉辦成功。在這種看似有利實(shí)則煎熬的環(huán)境之下，維多利亞這個(gè)棱角鮮明的角色就顯得尤為重要。

總體而言，《維多利亞女王傳》是一本用客觀的眼光看待一個(gè)被世人捧作珍寶的女人的書，讓我看到了，維多利亞，一個(gè)兼有美貌與權(quán)欲的女人，過去的某個(gè)冗長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期里，一個(gè)發(fā)光的世界在她的小手中轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)著。

第二篇：讀《維多利亞女王》有感

讀《維多利亞女王》有感

亞利山德里娜·維多利亞（1819-1901），18歲登基，在位64年，是英國(guó)歷史上統(tǒng)治時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的一位君主，正是在她執(zhí)政期間，大英帝國(guó)輝煌到極點(diǎn)，“統(tǒng)御七海”，稱霸世界，米字旗插遍了世界每一個(gè)角落，英國(guó)被稱為了“日不落”帝國(guó)，她創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)繁榮昌盛的時(shí)代，史稱“維多利亞時(shí)代”。

維多利亞是為王位而生的。喬治三世晚年精神失常，由其長(zhǎng)子喬治四世攝政，喬治四世的獨(dú)生女，王位繼承人夏洛特公主難產(chǎn)而死，按英國(guó)王位繼承制度，喬治三世的七個(gè)兒子中只有肯特公爵有機(jī)會(huì)成為合法繼承人，此人便是維多利亞的父親?？咸毓粼谝粋€(gè)吉普賽巫師的預(yù)言下，決心為王嗣的延續(xù)而結(jié)婚，有計(jì)劃地娶妻，生下了維多利亞。維多利亞是王位計(jì)劃下的產(chǎn)物，她生下來(lái)就是要做女王的。

維多利亞的幸運(yùn)讓人羨慕，然而女王的成長(zhǎng)歷程并非一帆風(fēng)順。2歲的時(shí)候維多利亞失去了父親——那個(gè)無(wú)論在生活上還是在知識(shí)品德情感上將為她精心設(shè)計(jì)的父親。同時(shí)，維多利亞的伯父，喬治四世和威廉四世，似乎并不十分喜愛這個(gè)小公主，其母肯特公爵夫人與時(shí)任國(guó)王的威廉四世水火不容。

女王的成功除了幸運(yùn)之外，女王自己后天的努力也起了關(guān)鍵作用。維多利亞喪父后一直按母親所設(shè)計(jì)好的教育模式努力地向著女王的寶座積蓄力量。如果沒有維多利亞自己的努力，即使她登上王位也不會(huì)有所成就，也只能是一位平庸的女王。所以，即使是上天為你鋪好了道路，最后的成就依然取決于自己的努力。

肯特公爵夫人為了把小維多利亞培養(yǎng)成一個(gè)完美的英國(guó)公主，進(jìn)行了周密的計(jì)劃。11歲時(shí)，小維多利亞就掌握了一定的基督教義經(jīng)典著作、歷史、政治、語(yǔ)言文字和各細(xì)密的自然科學(xué)知識(shí)，并且掌握了德語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)和意大利語(yǔ)，對(duì)拉丁文也略知一二。嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕逃剐【S多利亞的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備豐富而合理，為未來(lái)對(duì)于國(guó)事的處理打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。公爵夫人決心讓自己的女兒從盡可能早的時(shí)刻就做好身居高位的準(zhǔn)備，這種準(zhǔn)備除了廣博的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備，更重要的在于培養(yǎng)出一種足以博得人們尊敬的風(fēng)范，樸素、守矩、講禮、誠(chéng)實(shí)而不失高貴。公爵夫人把對(duì)于基督教的虔誠(chéng)的皈依看作養(yǎng)成這種風(fēng)范的唯一途徑。公爵夫人把將維多利亞培養(yǎng)成一個(gè)基督教女王看作自己一生的最高義務(wù)。日后，維多利亞登基時(shí)高貴的氣質(zhì)，君臨天下的王者風(fēng)范征服了英國(guó)民眾與政府各界人士，人們無(wú)不為之嘆服，拜倒在女王腳下。

女王幼年的成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷讓我感受到了教育與環(huán)境的影響力。維多利亞有一個(gè)偉大的母親。

維多利亞女王也有固執(zhí)、任性、專橫的一面，一有機(jī)會(huì)她便毫不猶豫地維護(hù)、鞏固甚至企圖擴(kuò)大自己的王權(quán)，加強(qiáng)王權(quán)的專制，但維多利亞從整體上是識(shí)時(shí)務(wù)的。對(duì)于上升時(shí)期的英國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)而言，她基本上還是順應(yīng)了時(shí)代的潮流，這是最令我佩服的一點(diǎn)，在自己的欲望與現(xiàn)實(shí)之間，她能很好地作出選擇，她戰(zhàn)勝了自己。作為一個(gè)君王，維多利亞渴望權(quán)力，渴望至高無(wú)上，但當(dāng)矛盾尖銳時(shí)，她也會(huì)選擇讓步，以順應(yīng)時(shí)代潮流，同時(shí)女王也有十分出眾的社交能力，女王十分重視與首相的溝通交流，正是這兩點(diǎn)使她讓君主立憲制的英國(guó)在資產(chǎn)

階級(jí)自由民主運(yùn)動(dòng)逐漸高漲的時(shí)期保持了繁榮，使王室的地位巋然不動(dòng)，締造了日不落帝國(guó)，把英國(guó)帶到了一個(gè)輝煌的頂峰。

維多利亞是一個(gè)復(fù)雜體，她有時(shí)溫柔、天真、善良，有時(shí)又強(qiáng)硬、狡猾、冷酷，讀過這本書后，我深深地被維多利亞女王所折服，也許維多利亞稱不上是一位偉人，但她是一個(gè)有內(nèi)涵，有魅力的成功的女王。

第三篇：漢英對(duì)照：林則徐致英國(guó)維多利亞女王信

林則徐 致英國(guó)維多利亞女王信

Commissioner Lin: Letter to Queen Victoria, 1839

【Lin, high imperial commissioner, a president of the Board of War, viceroy of the two Ke?ng provinces, &c., Tang, a president of the Board of War, viceroy of the two Kwang provinces, &c., and E., a vice-president of the Board of War, lieut.-governor of Kwangtung, &c., hereby conjointly address this public dispatch to the queen of England for the purpose of giving her clear and distinct information(on the state of affairs)&c.From Ssuyu Teng and John Fairbank, China's Response to the West,(Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), repr.in Mark A.Kishlansky, ed., Sources of World History, Volume II,(New York: HarperCollins CollegePublishers, 1995), pp.266-69

Lin Tse-Hsu(1785-1850)was the Chinese Commissioner in Canton whose actions precipitated the Opium Wars(1839-1842).Although opium was used in China for centuries, it was not until the opening of the tea trade to Dutch and British merchants that China was able to import large quantities of the drug.By the early nineteenth century opium was the principal product that the English East India Company traded in China and opium addiction was becoming a widespread social problem.When the emperor's own son died of an overdose, he decided to put an end to the trade.Lin Tse-Hs? was sent.to Canton, the chief trading port of the East India Company, with instructions to negoiate an end to the importation of opium into China.The English merchants were uncooperative, so he seized their stores of opium.This led to immediate military action.The Chinese were decisively defeated and had to cede to a humiliating treaty that legalized the opium trade.As a result commissioner Lin was dismissed from office and sent into exile.】

1洪惟我大皇帝撫綏中外，一視同仁，利則與天下公之，害則為天下去之。蓋以天地之心為心也。貴國(guó)王累世相傳，皆稱恭順。

It is only our high and mighty emperor, who alike supports and cherishes those of the Inner Land, and those from beyond the seas-who looks upon all mankind with equal benevolence---who, if a source of profit exists anywhere, diffuses it over the whole world---who, if the tree of evil takes root anywhere, plucks it up for the benefit of all nations;---who, in a word, hath implanted in his breast that heart(by which beneficent nature herself)

governs the heavens and the earth!You, the queen of your honorable nation, sit upon a throne occupied through successive generations by predecessors, all of whom have been styled respectful and obedient.觀歷次進(jìn)貢表文云：凡本國(guó)人到中國(guó)貿(mào)易，均蒙大皇帝一體公平恩待等語(yǔ)。竊喜貴國(guó)王深明大義，感激天恩，是以天朝柔遠(yuǎn)綏懷，倍加優(yōu)禮。貿(mào)易之利，垂二百年。該國(guó)所由以富庶稱者，賴有此也。

Looking over the public documents accompanying the tribute sent(by your predecessors)on various occasions, we find the following: “All the people of my country, arriving at the Central Land for purposes of trade, have to feel grateful to the great emperor for the most perfect justice, for the kindest treatment,” and other words to that effect.Delighted did we feel that the kings of your honorable nation so clearly understood the great principles of propriety, and were so deeply grateful for the heavenly goodness(of our emperor):---therefore, it was that we of the heavenly dynasty nourished and cherished your people from afar, and bestowed upon them redoubled proofs of our urbanity and kindness.It is merely from these circumstances, that your country---deriving immense advantage from its commercial intercourse with us, which has endured now two hundred years---has become the rich and flourishing kingdom that it is said to be!

2唯是通商已久，眾夷良莠不齊，遂有夾帶，誘惑華民，以致毒流各省者。似此但知利己，不顧害人，乃天理所不容，人情所共憤。大皇帝聞而震怒。特遣本大臣來(lái)至廣東，與本總督部堂巡撫部院，會(huì)同查辦。

But, during the commercial intercourse which has existed so long, among the numerous foreign merchants resorting hither, are wheat and tares, good and bad;and of these latter are some, who, by means of introducing opium by stealth, have seduced our Chinese people, and caused every province of the land to overflow with that poison.These then know merely to advantage themselves, they care not about injuring others!This is a principle which heaven's Providence repaginates;and which mankind conjointly look upon with abhorrence!Moreover, the great emperor hearing of it, actually quivered with indignation, and especially dispatched me, the commissioner, to Canton, that in conjunction with the viceroy and lieut.-governor of the province, means might be taken for its suppression!

凡內(nèi)地民人販?zhǔn)痴撸詰?yīng)處死。若追究夷人歷年販賣之罪，則其貽害深而攫利重，本為法所當(dāng)誅。惟念眾夷尚知悔罪乞誠(chéng)，將躉船二萬(wàn)二百八十三

箱，由領(lǐng)事官義律，稟請(qǐng)繳收，全行毀化。疊經(jīng)本大臣等據(jù)實(shí)具奏。幸蒙大皇帝格外施恩，以自首者，情尚可原，姑寬免罪。

Every native of the Inner Land who sells opium, as also all who smoke it, are alike adjudged to death.Were we then to go back and take up the crimes of the foreigners, who, by selling it for many years have induced dreadful calamity and robbed us of enormous wealth, and punish them with equal severity, our laws could not but award to them absolute annihilation!But, considering that these said foreigners did yet repent of their crime, and with a sincere heart beg for mercy;that they took 20,283 chests of opium piled up in their store-ships, and through Elliot, the superintendent of the trade of your said country, petitioned that they might be delivered up to us, when the same were all utterly destroyed, of which we, the imperial commissioner and colleagues, made a duly prepared memorial to his majesty;---considering these circumstances, we have happily received a fresh proof of the extraordinary goodness of the great emperor, inasmuch as he who voluntarily comes forward, may yet be deemed a fit subject for mercy, and his crimes be graciously remitted him.再犯者法難屢貸，立定新章。諒貴國(guó)王向化傾心，定能諭令眾夷，兢兢奉法。但必曉以利害，乃知天朝法度，斷不可以不懔遵也。

But as for him who again knowingly violates the laws, difficult indeed will it be thus to go on repeatedly pardoning!He or they shall alike be doomed to the penalties of the new statute.We presume that you, the sovereign of your honorable nation, on pouring out your heart before the altar of eternal justice, cannot but command all foreigners with the deepest respect to reverence our laws!If we only lay clearly before your eyes, what is profitable and what is destructive, you will then know that the statutes of the heavenly dynasty cannot but be obeyed with fear and trembling!

3查該國(guó)距內(nèi)地六七萬(wàn)里，而夷船爭(zhēng)來(lái)貿(mào)易者，為獲利之厚故耳。以中國(guó)之利利外夷，是夷人所獲之厚利，皆從華民分去。豈有反以毒物害華民之理。即夷人未必有心為害，而貪利之極，不顧害人，試問天良安在？

We find that your country is distant from us about sixty or seventy thousand miles, that your foreign ships come hither striving the one with the other for our trade, and for the simple reason of their strong desire to reap a profit.Now, out of the wealth of our Inner Land, if we take a part to bestow upon foreigners from afar, it follows, that the immense wealth which the said foreigners amass, ought properly speaking to be portion of our own native Chinese people.By what principle of reason then, should these foreigners send in return a poisonous drug, which involves in

destruction those very natives of China? Without meaning to say that the foreigners harbor such destructive intentions in their hearts, we yet positively assert that from their inordinate thirst after gain, they are perfectly careless about the injuries they inflict upon us!And such being the case, we should like to ask what has become of that conscience which heaven has implanted in the breasts of all men? 聞該國(guó)禁食甚嚴(yán)，是固明知之為害也。既不使為害于該國(guó)，則他國(guó)尚不可移害，況中國(guó)乎？

We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity:---this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind.Since then you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land!4中國(guó)所行于外國(guó)者，無(wú)一非利人之物。利于食，利于用，并利于轉(zhuǎn)賣，皆利也。中國(guó)曾有一物為害外國(guó)否？況如茶葉大黃，外國(guó)所不可一日無(wú)也。中國(guó)若靳其利而不恤其害，則夷人何以為生？又外國(guó)之呢羽嗶嘰，非得中國(guó)絲斤不能成織。若中國(guó)亦靳其利，夷人何利可圖？其余食物，自糖料姜桂而外，用物自綢緞磁器而外，外國(guó)所必需者，曷可勝數(shù)。而外來(lái)之物，皆不過以供玩好，可有可無(wú)。既非中國(guó)要需，何難閉關(guān)絕市。乃天朝于茶絲諸貨，悉任其販運(yùn)流通，絕不靳惜。無(wú)他，利與天下公之也。

Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other.There are those which serve for food, those which are useful, and those which are calculated for re-sale;but all are beneficial.Has China(we should like to ask)ever yet sent forth a noxious article from its soil? Not to speak of our tea and rhubarb, things which your foreign countries could not exist a single day without, if we of the Central Land were to grudge you what is beneficial, and not to compassionate your wants, then wherewithal could you foreigners manage to exist? And further, as regards your woolens, camlets, and longells, were it not that you get supplied with our native raw silk, you could not get these manufactured!If China were to grudge you those things which yield a profit, how could you foreigners scheme after any profit at all? Our other articles of food, such as sugar, ginger, cinnamon, &c., and our other articles for use, such as silk piece-goods, chinaware, &c., are all so many necessaries of life to you;how can we reckon up their number!On the other hand, the things that come from your foreign countries are only calculated to make presents of, or serve for mere amusement.It is quite the same to us if we have them, or if we have them

not.If then these are of no material consequence to us of the Inner Land, what difficulty would there be in prohibiting and shutting our market against them? It is only that our heavenly dynasty most freely permits you to take off her tea, silk, and other commodities, and convey them for consumption everywhere, without the slightest stint or grudge, for no other reason, but that where a profit exists, we wish that it be diffused abroad for the benefit of all the earth!該國(guó)帶去內(nèi)地貨物，不特自資食用，且得以分售各國(guó)，獲利三倍。即不賣，而其三倍之利自在。何忍更以害人之物，恣無(wú)厭之求乎？設(shè)使別國(guó)有人販至英國(guó)，誘人買食；當(dāng)亦貴國(guó)王所深惡而痛絕之也。

Your honorable nation takes away the products of our central land, and not only do you thereby obtain food and support for yourselves, but moreover, by re-selling these products to other countries you reap a threefold profit.Now if you would only not sell opium, this threefold profit would be secured to you: how can you possibly consent to forgo it for a drug that is hurtful to men, and an unbridled craving after gain that seems to know no bounds!Let us suppose that foreigners came from another country, and brought opium into England, and seduced the people of your country to smoke it, would not you, the sovereign of the said country, look upon such a procedure with anger, and in your just indignation endeavor to get rid of it?

5向聞貴國(guó)王存心仁厚，自不肯以己所不欲者，施之于人。并聞來(lái)粵之船，皆經(jīng)頒給條約，有不許攜帶禁物之語(yǔ)。是貴國(guó)王之政令本屬嚴(yán)明。只因商船眾多，前此或未加察。今行文照會(huì)，明知天朝禁令之嚴(yán)，定必使之不敢再犯。

Now we have always heard that your highness possesses a most kind and benevolent heart, surely then you are incapable of doing or causing to be done unto another, that which you should not wish another to do unto you!We have at the same time heard that your ships which come to Canton do each and every of them carry a document granted by your highness' self, on which are written these words “you shall not be permitted to carry contraband goods;” this shows that the laws of your highness are in their origin both distinct and severe, and we can only suppose that because the ships coming here have been very numerous, due attention has not been given to search and examine;and for this reason it is that we now address you this public document, that you may clearly know how stern and severe are the laws of the central dynasty, and most certainly you will cause that they be not again rashly violated!

且聞貴國(guó)王所鄰之蘭頓，及嘶噶蘭、噯倫等處，本皆不產(chǎn)。惟所轄印度地方，如孟啊啦、曼噠啦薩、孟買、叭噠拏默拏、嘛爾洼數(shù)處，連山栽種，開池制造。累月經(jīng)年，以厚其毒。臭穢上達(dá)，天怒神恫。貴國(guó)王誠(chéng)能于此等處拔盡根株，盡鋤其地，改種五谷。有敢再圖種造者，重治其罪。此真興利除害之大仁政，天所佑而神所福，延年壽，長(zhǎng)子孫，必在此舉矣。Moreover, we have heard that in London the metropolis where you dwell, as also in Scotland, Ireland, and other such places, no opium whatever is produced.It is only in sundry parts of your colonial kingdom of Hindostan, such as Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Patna, Malwa, Benares, Malacca, and other places where the very hills are covered with the opium plant, where tanks are made for the preparing of the drug;month by month, and year by year, the volume of the poison increases, its unclean stench ascends upwards, until heaven itself grows angry, and the very gods thereat get indignant!You, the queen of the said honorable nation, ought immediately to have the plant in those parts plucked up by the very root!Cause the land there to be hoed up afresh, sow in its stead the five grains, and if any man dare again to plant in these grounds a single poppy, visit his crime with the most severe punishment.By a truly benevolent system of government such as this, will you indeed reap advantage, and do away with a source of evil.Heaven must support you, and the gods will crown you with felicity!This will get for yourself the blessing of long life, and from this will proceed the security and stability of your descendants!

6至夷商來(lái)至內(nèi)地，飲食居處，無(wú)非天朝之恩膏，積聚豐盈，無(wú)非天朝之樂利。其在該國(guó)之日猶少，而在粵東之日轉(zhuǎn)多。弼教明刑，古今通義。

In reference to the foreign merchants who come to this our central land, the food that they eat, and the dwellings that they abide in, proceed entirely from the goodness of our heavenly dynasty: the profits which they reap, and the fortunes which they amass, have their origin only in that portion of benefit which our heavenly dynasty kindly allots them: and as these pass but little of their time in your country, and the greater part of their time in ours, it is a generally received maxim of old and of modern times, that we should conjointly admonish, and clearly make known the punishment that awaits them.譬如別國(guó)人到英國(guó)貿(mào)易，尚須遵英國(guó)法度，況天朝乎？今定華民之例，賣者死，食者亦死。試思夷人若無(wú)帶來(lái)，則華民何由轉(zhuǎn)賣，何由吸食？是奸夷實(shí)陷華民于死，豈能獨(dú)予以生？彼害人一命者，尚須以命抵之，況之害人，豈止一命已乎？故新例于帶來(lái)內(nèi)地之夷人，定以斬絞之罪。所謂為天

下去害者此也。

Suppose the subject of another country were to come to England to trade, he would certainly be required to comply with the laws of England, then how much more does this apply to us of the celestial empire!Now it is a fixed statute of this empire, that any native Chinese who sells opium is punishable with death, and even he who merely smokes it, must not less die.Pause and reflect for a moment: if you foreigners did not bring the opium hither, where should our Chinese people get it to re-sell? It is you foreigners who involve our simple natives in the pit of death, and are they alone to be permitted to escape alive? If so much as one of those deprive one of our people of his life, he must forfeit his life in requital for that which he has taken: how much more does this apply to him who by means of opium destroys his fellow-men? Does the havoc which he commits stop with a single life? Therefore it is that those foreigners who now import opium into the Central Land are condemned to be beheaded and strangled by the new statute, and this explains what we said at the beginning about plucking up the tree of evil, wherever it takes root, for the benefit of all nations.7復(fù)查本年二月間，據(jù)該國(guó)領(lǐng)事義律，以禁令森嚴(yán)，稟求寬限。凡印度港腳屬地，請(qǐng)限五月，英國(guó)本地，請(qǐng)限十月。然后即以新例遵行等語(yǔ)。今本大臣等奏蒙大皇帝，格外天恩，倍加體恤。

We further find that during the second month of this present year, the superintendent of your honorable country, Elliot, viewing the law in relation to the prohibiting of opium as excessively severe, duly petitioned us, begging for “an extension of the term already limited, say five months for Hindostan and the different parts of India, and ten for England, after which they would obey and act in conformity with the new statute,” and other words to the same effect.Now we, the high commissioner and colleagues, upon making a duly prepared memorial to the great emperor, have to feel grateful for his extraordinary goodness, for his redoubled compassion.凡在一年六個(gè)月之內(nèi)，誤帶，但能自首全繳者，免其治罪。若過此限期，仍有帶來(lái)，則是明知故犯，即行正法，斷不寬宥。可謂仁之至義之盡矣。Any one who within the next year and a half may by mistake bring opium to this country, if he will but voluntarily come forward, and deliver up the entire quantity, he shall be absolved from all punishment for his crime.If, however, the appointed term shall have expired, and there are still persons who continue to bring it, then such shall be accounted as knowingly violating the laws, and shall most assuredly be put to death!On no account 7

shall we show mercy or clemency!This then may be called truly the extreme of benevolence, and the very perfection of justice!我天朝君臨萬(wàn)國(guó)，盡有不測(cè)神威，然不忍不教而誅。故特明宣定例。該國(guó)夷商欲圖長(zhǎng)久貿(mào)易，必當(dāng)懔遵憲典，將永斷來(lái)源，切勿以身試法。

Our celestial empire rules over ten thousand kingdoms!Most surely do we possess a measure of godlike majesty which ye cannot fathom!Still we cannot bear to slay or exterminate without previous warning, and it is for this reason that we now clearly make known to you the fixed laws of our land.If the foreign merchants of your said honorable nation desire to continue their commercial intercourse, they then must tremblingly obey our recorded statutes, they must cut off for ever the source from which the opium flows, and on no account make an experiment of our laws in their own persons!

王其詰奸除慝，以保乂爾有邦，益昭恭順之忱，共享太平之福，幸甚，幸甚！

Let then your highness punish those of your subjects who may be criminal, do not endeavor to screen or conceal them, and thus you will secure peace and quietness to your possessions, thus will you more than ever display a proper sense of respect and obedience, and thus may we unitedly enjoy the common blessings of peace and happiness.What greater joy!What more complete felicity than this!接到此文之后，即將杜絕緣由，速行移覆，切勿諉延。

Let your highness immediately, upon the receipt of this communication, inform us promptly of the state of matters, and of the measure you are pursuing utterly to put a stop to the opium evil.Please let your reply be speedy.Do not on any account make excuses or procrastinate.A most important communication.P.S.We annex an abstract of the new law, now about to be put in force.“Any foreigner or foreigners bringing opium to the Central Land, with design to sell the same, the principals shall most assuredly be decapitated, and the accessories strangled;and all property(found on board the same ship)shall be confiscated.The space of a year and a half is granted, within the which, if any one bringing opium by mistake, shall voluntarily step forward and deliver it up, he shall be absolved from all consequences of his crime.”

This said imperial edict was received on the 9th day of the 6th month of the 19th year of Taoukwang, at which the period of grace begins, and runs on to the 9th day of the 12th month of the 20th year of Taoukwang, when it is completed.Source: From: Chinese Repository, Vol.8(February 1840), pp.497-503;reprinted in William H.McNeil and Mitsuko Iriye, eds., Modern Asia and Africa, Readings in World History Vol.9,(New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp.111-118.Scanned by Jerome S.Arkenberg, Cal.State Fullerton.The text has been modernized by Prof.Arkenberg.

第四篇：2018翻譯碩士百科知識(shí)：維多利亞女王時(shí)代的英國(guó)

凱程考研輔導(dǎo)班，中國(guó)最權(quán)威的考研輔導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)

2018翻譯碩士百科知識(shí)：維多利亞女王

時(shí)代的英國(guó)

1、狄更斯——長(zhǎng)篇小說《大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾》，為幽默連環(huán)畫配寫的故事《匹克威克外傳》，諷刺小說《董貝父子》，長(zhǎng)篇小說《艱難時(shí)世》，歷史小說《雙城記》，小說《遠(yuǎn)大前程》(即《孤星血淚》)

2、薩克雷——長(zhǎng)篇小說《名利場(chǎng)》，歷史小說《亨利?艾斯蒙德》，自傳體小說《潘登尼斯》

3、女作家夏洛蒂?勃朗特——長(zhǎng)篇小說《簡(jiǎn)?愛》(作家與薩克雷同時(shí)代，她十分崇拜他，《簡(jiǎn)?愛》第二版題辭就是“獻(xiàn)給薩克雷”)

4、夏洛蒂?勃朗特的妹妹艾米麗?勃朗特——長(zhǎng)篇小說《呼嘯山莊》

5、夏洛蒂?勃朗特和艾米麗?勃朗特的妹妹安妮?勃朗特——小說《野崗莊園房客》，記述了三姐妹的家事。

6、女作家蓋斯凱爾夫人——《夏洛蒂?勃朗特傳》《南與北》《露絲》

7、哈代——長(zhǎng)篇小說《還鄉(xiāng)》《德伯家的苔絲》《卡斯特橋市長(zhǎng)》《無(wú)名的裘德》

8、1932年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說家高爾斯華綏——《天涯海角》，《福爾賽世家》三部曲(《有產(chǎn)者》《騎虎》《出租》)，《現(xiàn)代喜劇》三部曲(《白猿》《銀匙》《天鵝之歌》)

9、女作家伏尼契——《牛虻》

10、主張“為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)”的唯美主義者王爾德——童話代表作《快樂王子》，小說《格雷的畫像》 11、1925年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者蕭伯納——戲劇集《不愉快的戲劇集》《愉快的戲劇集》，戲劇杰作《巴巴拉少?！罚麆”尽队?guó)佬的另一個(gè)島》《傷心之家》《蘋果車》

12、毛姆——?jiǎng)”尽峨杼亓曳蛉恕罚L(zhǎng)篇小說《人生的枷鎖》《月亮和六便士》

13、史蒂文生——傳奇小說《寶島》，《綁架》《卡特琳娜》，短篇故事集《新天方夜譚》，《化身博士》

14、科幻小說家威爾斯——《時(shí)間機(jī)器》《星際大戰(zhàn)》《空中戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)》《未來(lái)事物的面貌》《莫洛博士島》《隱身人》《月球上的第一批人》

15、偵探小說家柯南道爾——《血字的研究》《四簽名》《波希米亞丑聞》《五彩帶》《紅發(fā)會(huì)》《巴絲克維爾獵犬》??(福爾摩斯)

16、意識(shí)流小說家喬伊斯——現(xiàn)代派作品的經(jīng)典《尤利西斯》(模仿《奧德修記》)

17、現(xiàn)代派大詩(shī)人艾略特(注：十九世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)里，有兩個(gè)艾略特，艾略特?G是位女作家，著有《弗洛斯河上的磨房》《織工馬南》《米德爾馬奇》等小說)艾略特?T?S是個(gè)男作家——著名長(zhǎng)篇《荒原》，被推為現(xiàn)代派詩(shī)歌劃時(shí)代的里程碑。1948年，詩(shī)作《四個(gè)四重奏》使詩(shī)人獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。

(現(xiàn)代派文學(xué)的鼻祖：?jiǎn)桃了?，艾略特，法?guó)的普魯斯特，奧地利卡夫卡)

第五篇：《伊麗莎白女王》讀后感

《伊麗莎白女王》讀后感

在單位不忙的時(shí)候斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的讀完了老板的這本《伊麗莎白女王》傳。偉大的女王，英國(guó)版的武則天。也許她本應(yīng)該過著普通女孩由天真無(wú)邪的少女轉(zhuǎn)為相夫教子的少婦，然后享盡天倫之樂后，帶著親人們的悲傷與祝福，安靜的離開人世。但是天意弄人，她卻出生在帝王之家。在她出生的那一刻，注定了她將遠(yuǎn)離那種一生都向往的平凡生活。也許當(dāng)她安靜的離開人世時(shí)，連她自己都不曾想過，這樣艱辛而又遺憾的一生卻成為了一個(gè)傳奇。影響和鼓舞著后人，并且流傳至今，永不褪色。

艱辛，是因?yàn)樽鰹橐粋€(gè)婦女，在當(dāng)時(shí)還是存在著男尊女卑的時(shí)代里，想要統(tǒng)治一個(gè)王國(guó)，可以想像是多么的艱難。然而這就是她非同常人之處，她銳智，勇敢。會(huì)利用其他國(guó)家的求婚者來(lái)為英國(guó)謀取最大的利益。能夠在寵臣萊斯特弄權(quán)時(shí)及時(shí)的收回權(quán)力。并且重用一位同樣偉大的大臣塞西爾和他的兒子。勇敢的向法國(guó)和西班牙發(fā)起戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，來(lái)證明英國(guó)并不是一個(gè)任人宰割的小國(guó)。當(dāng)然，她也有女性特有的仁慈的一面，這在她對(duì)待她的姐姐瑪麗，和蘇格蘭女王瑪麗的案件上都一一的表現(xiàn)了出來(lái)。她用女性的仁慈一次次的對(duì)她們寬恕，用親人的關(guān)愛一次次的讓法院延期對(duì)她們的審判。雖然由于政治上的判決，和英國(guó)的未來(lái)，這兩位女王最后還是被她處死，但是女王同樣也承受著失去親人那種難以言表的痛苦。

遺憾，是她做為一個(gè)婦女，為了國(guó)家終身未嫁，因?yàn)樗炎约杭藿o了自己的國(guó)家。她愛過，最初情竇初開時(shí)，心弦曾被那個(gè)后來(lái)取了她繼母凱瑟琳。帕爾的西摩撥動(dòng)過。后來(lái)西摩叛亂被送進(jìn)倫敦塔。她愛過，那個(gè)被她從普通人升至皇宮貴族的萊斯特，常常因?yàn)樵趯m廷里陪在女王的左右而受到妒嫉。當(dāng)然女王的愛情是沒有結(jié)果的。她不可以嫁給一個(gè)外國(guó)的君王，把整個(gè)英國(guó)做為嫁妝送給那個(gè)國(guó)家。她更不可能嫁給臣子，而成為一個(gè)真正的婦女，把大權(quán)交給一個(gè)本來(lái)還在自己地位之下的男人。

女王的晚年是孤獨(dú)的。在最后的幾年里，她還要更加傷心的處理最后一個(gè)賣國(guó)賊埃塞克斯。他是她晚年最喜歡的一個(gè)青年，給了他太多的權(quán)力讓他非為，給了他太多的金錢讓他揮霍，當(dāng)然也給了他太多的厚愛讓他總以為無(wú)論他犯了什么錯(cuò)都可以被寬恕。女王總認(rèn)為埃塞克斯是一匹可以被訓(xùn)服的馬，所以她總是不忍心判決他。到最后當(dāng)一些人或事無(wú)意間讓她想起這只馬時(shí)，她還都表現(xiàn)出了惋惜，但是卻不曾表現(xiàn)她對(duì)他判決的后悔，這就是女王。她行使王權(quán)的最后行動(dòng)就是肯定詹姆斯繼承王位。在1603年3月24日凌晨2-3點(diǎn)之間，安靜的離開了人世。正如最光輝的太陽(yáng)終于沉沒在西方的烏云中一樣。

看完這本書，我自己也在網(wǎng)上買了一本稍稍更詳細(xì)的書來(lái)再一次體驗(yàn)女王的一生。本來(lái)打算看完這一本再寫感受的，但是想想讀后感在剛剛讀完，才能寫出自己當(dāng)時(shí)的真正感受。所以先記來(lái)來(lái)。待看完自己的那一本再繼續(xù)補(bǔ)充。