第一篇:少兒英語口語比賽計(jì)劃(范文模版)
少兒英語口語比賽計(jì)劃
在這個(gè)知識(shí)日新月異的時(shí)代.學(xué)習(xí)英語不僅是時(shí)尚,更是時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要。為了提高同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣,并促進(jìn)他們學(xué)習(xí)的欲望,為了激發(fā)和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣,培養(yǎng)一定的語感和良好的語音、語調(diào)基礎(chǔ),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生樂于用英語進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的交流,防止和糾正以學(xué)習(xí)語音和語法等語言知識(shí)為主的做法,讓學(xué)生把學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)放在用英語進(jìn)行交流的能力和興趣上。我們英語組決定組織一次英語口語比賽,給他們一個(gè)展示自己的平臺(tái)。在比賽中,學(xué)生可以通過感知語言、模仿動(dòng)作以及自我創(chuàng)新,加深自己對(duì)所學(xué)語言的理解、并在此過程中培養(yǎng)語言運(yùn)用能力、表演能力和創(chuàng)新精神。
比賽在三到六年級(jí)中舉行,每班報(bào)送一個(gè)節(jié)目參加比賽,先通過選拔賽,由任課老師在班內(nèi)自行舉行,并在班主任的協(xié)助下選出決賽選手。
決賽時(shí)間:二零零九年六月十八號(hào)下午兩節(jié)課后 決賽地點(diǎn):教學(xué)樓四樓語音教室
特邀評(píng)委:
本次少兒英語才藝大展示參賽要求如下:
一、展示分為兩個(gè)部分
1、自我介紹。
2、展示內(nèi)容,必須是健康向上或賦予童趣色彩的短劇、小故事、對(duì)話或歌曲等。
二、3、4、5年級(jí)每組選手表演時(shí)間控制在3分鐘之內(nèi),6年級(jí)選手表演時(shí)間控制在5分鐘之內(nèi)。
三、語言組織合理,表達(dá)和交流流暢。
四、語音語調(diào)準(zhǔn)確、自然,能讓別人聽懂你所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。
五、能使用簡(jiǎn)單的交際策略。(如使用表情和手勢(shì)使交流活動(dòng)得以順利完成)
六、要注意西方語言文化知識(shí)。選手的儀表,禮儀得體,大方。尤其注意出場(chǎng)和結(jié)束時(shí)的禮貌語言和行為。
屆時(shí)歡迎廣大英語愛好者前來觀看。
科任英語組
第二篇:少兒英語口語比賽參考材料
自我介紹:
I am a student in the second grade in Wanquan primary school.There are 36 students in my class.I study many subjects, such as Chinese, Math, English, Music and so on.My favorite subject is Chinese.Mr./Mrs.Gao is our master teacher.I love my teachers and classmates.They are all very friendly.There are 5 people in my family, my grandparents, my parents and me.My father is an engineer, and my mother is a office clerk.I like going to the park with them.I have a happy family.即興演講:
My best friend
My best friend is a cat.I like her very much,because cat is more lovely than dog.Cat likes clean places very much.After eating something, cats often use tongue to lick their face and body.My cat’s name is Mimi.Mimi has blue and round eyes, her fur is very clean and white.Her ears are very short.She has got a very small mouth and she often says : “miao, miao”.In my free time, I play one hour with my cat.Mimi likes playing balls, some very soft toys and some light toys.When I was six years old, My mother bought this cat for me on my birthday.At that time Mimi was two years old.We spent about 200 yuan.I was very happy.Mimi eats three meals every day.She eats fish, meat and she drinks milk.She eats breakfast at 7:00, eats lunch at 12:00, eats supper at 6:00 pm.Mimi is my friend.She is important in my life.回答問題
1.Is your home far from your school / here?
Yes, it is.It takes me about *** minutes / hours.No, it isn`t.2.How do you go to school everyday?
I go to school by bus / subway / car / taix.I go to school on foot.3.Where do you study? Which school are you in?
I study in Wanquan primary school.4.Tell me about your school.My school is very beautiful.It`s a big school.There are*** classroom buildings.We can study in the classroom buildings.There is a swimming pool in my school.I can swim in it.There are *** computer rooms in my school.I can play games and learn in it.There are many tress and flowers in my school.It`s so beautiful.I love my school.5.How many floors are there in your classroom building?
There are *** floors in my classroom building.6.Do you like playing basketball / football / badminton?
Yes, I do.I usually play basketball / football / badminton.No, I don`t.But I sometimes play it.7.Do you read books in the library?
Yes, I do.I usually read books in the library.No, I never read books in the library.I read it in the classroom.8.Who do you often play with?
I often play with my best friend / my parents.9.Tell me about your best friend?
Frank is my best friend.He is tall and handsome.He likes playing basketball and we are in the same class.10.Are there many trees and flowers in your school?
Yes, there are many trees and flowers in my school.They `re beautiful
11.How many floors are there in your classroom building?
There are twenty floors in my classroom building.12.Which floor is your classroom on?
My classroom is on the third floor.13.What subject do you have / study at school?
I have Math, English, Chinese, PE, Science and so on.My favorite subject is English.14.What time / When do you get up?
I get up at half past seven.15.What time / When do you have breakfast?
I have / eat breakfast at a quarter to eight.16.When do you go to school?
I go to school at eight o`clock.17.What do you usually do in the evening?
I usually do my homework and watch TV in the evening.18.Do you have dinner at 6:00 in the evening?
No.I usually have dinner at 7:00.19.What do you usually do at the weekend.I don`t have any lessons and I play computer games and I play basketball with my friends.20.Where do you have breakfast, at home or at school?
I have breakfast at home.21.What do you usually in your free / spare time?
I usually play games, play football and watch TV.22.Do you have classes on Saturday and Sunday?
I have dancing lessons on Saturday and on Sunday I have English lessons.23.When does your father get up in the morning?
He gets up at 6:oo.24.How does your father go to work?
He goes to work by car / by bus / by subway.25.What’s the date today? / What date is it today?
It’s November the sixth.It’s the sixth of November.It is October the first.It is the first of October.It is February the sixteenth.It is the sixteenth of February.26.When is your birthday?
My birthday is on Sep.the twenty-sixth.(the twenty-sixth of Sep.)
27.What time is it? / What time is it now in Beijing?
It is three fifteen./ It is a quarter past three.It is three thirty./ It is half past three.It is three forty-five./ It is a quarter to four.28.When is May Day?
It`s May the first.(the first of May)
29.When is the Teacher’s Day?
It`s September the-tenth.(the tenth of September)
30.When is Christmas?
It`s December the twenty-fifth.(the twenty-fifth of December)
31.When is the Children’s Day?
It`s June the first.(the first of June)
32.Which month is it now?
It is …….33.What`s the weather like today?
It`s sunny today.It`s raining today.It`s windy today.It`s hot.It`s cold.It`s warm.It`s cool.34.What`s the weather like today?
Oh, we have bad weather again.It`s very cold.35.Is it snowing?
No.It`s windy.Let`s stay home and do our homework today.36.What`s the weather like in Beijing in spring?
It`s warm and sunny.37.What`s the weather like in Beijing in summer?
It`s hot and rainy.38.What`s the weather like in Beijing in autumn?
It`s cool and windy.39.What`s the weather like in Beijing in winter?
It`s cold and snowy.40.What`s the weather like today?
It`s cold and windy.41.Is it snowing?
No, it`s raining.Nice day, isn`t it?
42.Is it a nice day today?
Yes, it is.Let`s go out and have a picnic.No, it isn`t.It is raining cats and dogs.43.How many seasons are there in a year?
There`re four seasons in a year.Spring, summer, autumn / fall and winter.44.What’s your favorite fruit?
My favorite fruit is peach.It's very sweet, and good for my health.I like eating soft peaches.45.Which fruit don’t you like?
I don’t like...46.What’s your favorite animal?
My favorite animal is cat.I often play games with it.She is my best friend.47.Do you often go to the zoo?
Yes.I often go there with my grandparents.We all like to see animals.48.Do you like watching TV about animals?
Yes.I like watching Animal World.49.Do you have a pet in your family?
Yes.We have a lovely cat in my family.50.Do you like doing sports?
Yes.It’s good for my health.對(duì)我身體好
51.What’s your favorite sport?
My favorite sport is playing football.It’s very interesting.52.Do you do sports every day?
Yes.We have a PE class every day.
第三篇:英語口語比賽計(jì)劃
英語口語比賽計(jì)劃
為了進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)我系英語教學(xué)和素質(zhì)教育的發(fā)展,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣,全面提高學(xué)生的英語綜合能力,我部特定于4月9日在我系英語口語比賽。為了保證賽事的順利進(jìn)行,特將活動(dòng)計(jì)劃如下:
一、目的:激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣,提高英語的綜合應(yīng)用能力,給學(xué)生提供一個(gè)鍛煉自我、展示自我、捕捉機(jī)遇的舞臺(tái)
二、時(shí)間:2012年4月9日
下午16:00—18:00
三、地點(diǎn):教學(xué)樓601教室
四、主辦單位:電氣工程系系學(xué)習(xí)部英語社團(tuán)
五、參賽對(duì)象:電氣工程系11級(jí)學(xué)生
六、比賽內(nèi)容:
1、自我介紹
2、才藝展示
3、口語展示
4、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)問答
七、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):總分為10分,評(píng)委打分后去掉一個(gè)最高分和一個(gè)最低分,匯總后取平均分,若出現(xiàn)同分,則精確到后兩位,以此類推。
1、內(nèi)容健康,清楚明白,體現(xiàn)學(xué)生良好的學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)貌(3分)
2、發(fā)音標(biāo)準(zhǔn),聲調(diào)正確,說話流暢,很少停頓(3分)
3、精神飽滿,儀態(tài)大方,服裝整齊(2分)
4、整體效果良好,富有感染力(2分)
七、評(píng)委邀請(qǐng):楊英娣楊老師、崔影崔老師、電氣系主席、學(xué)習(xí)部部長(zhǎng)、秘書部部長(zhǎng)、學(xué)干部部長(zhǎng)
八、嘉賓邀請(qǐng):院英語社團(tuán)團(tuán)長(zhǎng)、院英語社團(tuán)秘書、經(jīng)管系學(xué)生代表、海洋系學(xué)生代表
九、主持人員:王震、田佳樂
十、獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)設(shè)置:比賽設(shè)一、二、三等獎(jiǎng),其中一等1名,二等獎(jiǎng)2名,三等獎(jiǎng)3名。所有獲獎(jiǎng)選手都將獲得榮譽(yù)獎(jiǎng)狀和30元、20元和10元的獎(jiǎng)品,預(yù)計(jì)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)開支110元(獎(jiǎng)品資金已由系部申請(qǐng)通過)
十一、其他事項(xiàng):后勤安排、統(tǒng)計(jì)分?jǐn)?shù)、音響、攝影等由系里統(tǒng)一安排,系監(jiān)察部負(fù)責(zé)維護(hù)賽場(chǎng)秩序
本次大賽由電氣系英語社團(tuán)統(tǒng)籌安排,針對(duì)英語口語比賽面向全系同學(xué)進(jìn)行選拔。
電氣工程系學(xué)習(xí)部
英語社團(tuán)
2012年4月9日
第四篇:少兒英語口語
少兒英語口語100句
1、Hello!(How do you do?)你好!
2、How are you?-I’m fine.Thank you.and you? 你好嗎?我很好。謝謝,你呢?
3、Good morning / afternoon/evening/night.早上好/下午好/晚上好/晚安。
4、Excuse me.(Sorry.I’m sorry)打攪一下(對(duì)不起/不好意思)
5、Thank you!謝謝你!
6、You are welcome.不用謝。
7、How are you today? 今天還好嗎?
8、Nice to meet you.見到你很高興。
9、What’s your name? 你叫什么名子???
10、My name is×××。我叫×××。
11、What can I do for you? 我能為你做點(diǎn)什么?
12、What’s wrong with you?(What’s the matter?)你怎么了?(出什么事了?)
13、It’s time for class.該上課了。
14、Come in please.請(qǐng)進(jìn)。
15、Let’s get ready for class!讓我們準(zhǔn)備上課吧!
16、Line up please!排隊(duì)!
17、Attention please!立正!
18、At ease.稍息。
19、Turn life/right!
向左/右轉(zhuǎn)!
20、One bye one please.No pushing.一個(gè)一個(gè)來。不要擠。
21、Let’s go back to the classroom.讓我們回教室去。
22、It’s time for(breakfast lunch supper/dinner)該吃早餐了/該吃午餐了/該吃晚餐了
23、Please eat up.Take your time.把它吃完。慢慢吃。
24、Would you like some rice!來點(diǎn)米飯吧!
25、Help yourself.請(qǐng)吃,別客氣。
26、Please have some fish/vegetables.吃點(diǎn)魚/蔬菜吧。
27、Do you want anymore? 還要嗎?
28、Anything to drink? 喝點(diǎn)啥?
29、I’d like to drink some milk!我想喝點(diǎn)年奶!
30、Today we are going to learn some new worlds。今天我們將學(xué)習(xí)一些新單詞。
31、Who wants to try? 誰來試試?
32、Let me try!我來試試!
33、It’s your turn.輪到你了。
34、Don’t be afraid/shy!不要害怕/不要害羞!
35、Try your best!盡力做/盡力試。
36、Do you understand? 明白了嗎?
37、Stand up/sit down.please.請(qǐng)站起來/請(qǐng)坐下。
38、Listen to me carefully.pease.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)地聽我說。
39、Look at me ,please.請(qǐng)看著我。
40、Watch carefully.看仔細(xì)。
41、What are you going to do tonight? 今晚干啥去?
42、I’m going to Disney’s English Club.我要去迪士尼英語俱樂部。
43、I’m going to learn Disney’s Magic English.我去學(xué)迪士尼神奇英語。
44、What’s on tonight? 今晚有什么節(jié)目?
45、Let’s watch TV.我們看電視吧!
46、We are going to the People’s Park.我們要去人民公園。
47、Be quiet.please.請(qǐng)安靜。
48、Stop talking!(Don’t talk.)別講話。
49、Don’t worry about it.不要為這擔(dān)心。
50、No problem.沒問題。
51、Clap your hands.鼓撐拍手。
52、Class is over.(Time is up.)下課了?。〞r(shí)間到了)
53、See you next time.Bye bye!下次見,再見。
54、Well done!干得好!
55、You are so smart!你真聰明!
56、How clever you are!你真是太聰明了!
57、Let’s have a rest.(take a break)我們休息一下。
58、It’s time to go to bed.該睡覺了。
59、It’s time to get up.(Wake up.please.)該起床了(醒醒)
60、Wash your face/hands/foot.洗臉/手/腳。
61、Comb your hair.梳頭。
62、Brush your teeth.刷牙。
63、Come on.Let’s play together.過來,我們一起玩。
64、Let’s play a game.我們來玩?zhèn)€游戲。
65、You are getting better and better.你越來越棒了。
66、You’re making progress everyday.你每天都在進(jìn)步。
67、You’re always the best.你總是最好的。
68、You speak English very well.你英語說的非常好。
69、Do you like English?(I like English very much)你喜歡英語嗎?(我太喜歡英語了)
70、I’m pleased with your spoken English.你的口語真令我滿意。
71、Be brave, please.請(qǐng)勇敢一點(diǎn)。
72、Have a nice weekend!周未愉快1
73、Happy birthday to you.(Happy New Year to you)生日快樂?。ㄐ履昕鞓罚?/p>
74、Put on your clothes.穿衣服。
75、Take off your clothes/shoes.脫衣服/鞋子。
76、Pardon!(I beg your pardon)什么!請(qǐng)你再說一次。
77、May I speak to×××。Please.×××在嗎?
78、Who is on the line?
你是誰啊?(電話用語)
79、This is OSA.我是OSA。(電話用語)
80、Welcome to Shiyan.歡迎來到十堰。
81、Do you like Shiyan? 你喜歡十堰嗎?
82、People in Shiyan are proud of Wudang Mountain.十堰的人以武當(dāng)山為豪。
83、Are you free this afternoon? 今天下午你有空嗎?
84、I’m inviting you to Mcdonald’s.我請(qǐng)你去麥當(dāng)勞。
85、At what time shall I come? 我什么時(shí)候可以過來。
86、Is six o’clock ok with you? 六點(diǎn)可以嗎?
87、This way.please!這邊走!88、Have a good time.(Enjoy yourself)玩得愉快!
89、The same to you!你也一樣!
90、You are learning fast.你學(xué)得很快。
91、Keep on trying.不斷努力。
92、Put up your hands.please.(Raise your hands, please/hands up)請(qǐng)舉手。
93、Hands down.放下手。
94、Be careful.(look out)小心!
95、How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺怎么樣?
96、Fine.thanks.and you? 很好,謝謝,你呢?
97、Hope to see you again!希望能再見到你。
98、Drink some water/tea, please.請(qǐng)喝水/茶。
99、Which one will you choose? 你要哪個(gè)?
100、Goodbye.See you tomorrow/late/next week!再見。明天見.
第五篇:少兒英語口語能力
口語能力
閱讀是一個(gè)將視覺代碼轉(zhuǎn)化為有意義的語言的過程。在早期,字母表系統(tǒng)的閱讀涵蓋了將字母轉(zhuǎn)化為相對(duì)應(yīng)的聲音,并且將這些聲音轉(zhuǎn)化為單詞。一項(xiàng)研究切實(shí)展示了個(gè)體口語差異和之后閱讀差異的正面相關(guān)性和持久連續(xù)性。(例如Bishop & Adams, 1990;Butler, Marsh, Sheppard, & Sheppard, 1985;Pikulski & Tobin, 1989;Scarborough, 1989;Share, Jorm, MacLean, & Mathews, 1984)。換而言之,詞匯量大,對(duì)口語理解力強(qiáng)的孩子閱讀起來更容易。然而口語和閱讀的聯(lián)系顯而易見,由外而內(nèi)地由對(duì)閱讀任務(wù)的理解衡量(詳見下文)。一些研究表明一定程度的詞匯量在學(xué)習(xí)閱讀的早期過程中作用明顯,但是這種作用會(huì)隨著閱讀的進(jìn)步而逐漸減弱。(如R.Wagner 在 1997年的研究)。
盡管孩子的詞匯能力在閱讀過程中的作用會(huì)隨著其進(jìn)步越來越弱,但當(dāng)孩子開始學(xué)習(xí)單詞發(fā)音,向閱讀的更高一層進(jìn)步時(shí),語義和句法能力會(huì)在孩子認(rèn)識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)閱讀順序的過程中會(huì)越來越重要,當(dāng)孩子處于為理解而閱讀階段時(shí),他們的作用就大于初期單純地讀出發(fā)音階段。(例如: 見Gillon and Dodd, 1994;Mason, 1992; Share and Silva, 1982;Snow, Barnes, Chandler, Hemphill, & Goodman, 1991;Tunmer & Hoover, 1992; Tunmer, Herriman, & Nesdale, 1988; Vellutino, Scanlon, & Tanzman, 1991)。
除了詞匯量和理解處理日益復(fù)雜的句法結(jié)構(gòu)能力對(duì)孩子的文學(xué)能力的影響外,Snow和他的同事(如:Dickinson & Snow, 1987;Dickinson & Tabors, 1991;Snow, 1983)提出了孩子對(duì)文章的閱讀和對(duì)故事的敘述是由脫離性語言的習(xí)得推進(jìn)的。脫離性語言指用于故事敘述和其他用于向擁有少量說話人信息的受眾或非當(dāng)事人傳達(dá)信息的書面形式溝通的語言。與之相反,融入式語言則依賴于對(duì)文章、知識(shí)和即時(shí)反饋的共享之上。孩子的脫離性語言能力與傳統(tǒng)讀寫能力如,解碼、理解故事和生成書面表達(dá)。(如Dickinson & Snow,1987)。
如下文所述,口語對(duì)由內(nèi)向外的重要能力習(xí)得、語音敏感性也有明顯影響作用。眾多對(duì)學(xué)前班(如Burgess & Lonigan, 1998;Chaney, 1992;Lonigan, Burgess, Anthony, & Barker, 1998)和小學(xué)低年級(jí)的學(xué)生(如 Bowey, 1994;R.Wagner, Torgesen, Laughon, Simmons, & Rashotte, 1993;R.Wagner et al., 1997)的研究表明了孩子的詞匯量和語音敏感能力之間的顯著的一致性縱向連接。作為詞匯量增長(zhǎng)的結(jié)果,孩子在早期的單詞記憶力由全面表達(dá)(如“homework”或“interesting”)向分部表達(dá)(如“home”-“work” 或 /in/ /ta r/ /e st/ /ing/)跨進(jìn)。(詳見Metsala & Walley,1998,備注)。當(dāng)孩子學(xué)習(xí)了更多單詞后,以組成部分記憶單詞比整詞記憶要有效地多。詞匯量小的孩子的語音敏感性發(fā)展受限是因?yàn)樗麄儫o法將整詞記憶轉(zhuǎn)為分部記憶。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)說明詞匯量的發(fā)展設(shè)定了語音敏感性生成的不同階段。(Fowler, 1991;Metsala & Walley, 1998).音素記憶指對(duì)于聲音信息的短期記憶。短期儲(chǔ)存的聲音呈現(xiàn)信息系統(tǒng)的編碼通常由即時(shí)回憶口述材料來衡量。例如,音素記憶可由孩子重復(fù)不斷增長(zhǎng)的非單詞(如,“weem,” “nokyisms”等不斷增長(zhǎng)的費(fèi)單詞)和重復(fù)不斷增長(zhǎng)的句子(如“The big dog,” “The cat in the hat stood on the chair.”)或重復(fù)不斷增長(zhǎng)的數(shù)字(如“4…3,” “5…2…8…4”)獲得。有效的音素記憶可使孩子在解碼過程中對(duì)音素及其代表的字母進(jìn)行正確呈現(xiàn),也因此將更多的已認(rèn)識(shí)資源融入解碼或理解過程。.對(duì)詞匯的音素學(xué)處理或音素命名指將語音信息代碼從永久性記憶取回的效率。廣泛使用的兩種音素命名法為獨(dú)立命名和序列命名。在獨(dú)立命名法中,將一幅圖片展示給孩子,測(cè)量孩子讀出圖片所示物品名字的時(shí)間。對(duì)于年齡較大些的孩子,序列命名通常為讓孩子用字母序列說出單個(gè)組成部分、數(shù)字或顏色的時(shí)間被測(cè)量,以獲得其對(duì)詞匯進(jìn)行音素學(xué)處理的時(shí)間。對(duì)于年齡較小的孩子,序列命名則會(huì)測(cè)試孩子最快說出一系列圖示物名字的時(shí)間(如老鼠、人、房子、樹、蛇)。對(duì)詞匯音素學(xué)處理的效率可影響孩子獲得語音信息代碼和字母、單詞分部和整詞的組合的難易,并且增加他們?cè)诮獯a過程中使用語音信息的可能性。(由Bowers & Wolf, 1993;Wolf, 1991提出)
以上音素學(xué)處理方法均與解碼能力(如,讀出單詞發(fā)音的能力)有很大的關(guān)聯(lián),并且,在缺乏干預(yù)的情況下,學(xué)前班晚期以前孩子之間的個(gè)體差異非常穩(wěn)定。(Burgess & Lonigan, 1998;Lonigan, Burgess, & Anthony, 1998;Torgesen & Burgess, 1998;R.Wagner, Torgesen, & Rashotte;1994;R.Wagner et al., 1993, 1997)。如R.Wagner et在(1997)的一篇報(bào)告中提及孩子的語音敏感性的穩(wěn)定系數(shù)同上年增長(zhǎng)比由0.83(幼兒園至一年級(jí)間)增長(zhǎng)至0.95(由2年級(jí)至4年級(jí))。
較差閱讀者的一個(gè)標(biāo)志是較差的語音處理能力。幾乎所有的較差閱讀者都有一個(gè)核心的語音不足(如語音敏感性或處理能力),有些較差閱讀者還有其他閱讀相關(guān)能力的不足(如詞匯量不足),不足程度依賴于他們的閱讀能力與同齡和同年級(jí)正常水平之間的差距。(Stanovich, 1988;Stanovich & Siegel, 1994;Torgesen出版)。換言之,較差閱讀者的語音處理能力相較其同齡伙伴來說較低,但是他們的口語能力和綜合認(rèn)知能力卻在同齡水平。(這種情況的一種普遍情形是閱讀困難)。但也有些較差閱讀者也顯示出比同齡兒童較差的音素處理能力、口語能力和綜合認(rèn)知能力(這種情況的一種普遍情形是一般閱讀困難)。兩種較差閱讀者在語音處理方面都存在不足。具有雙重不足的孩子(如語音敏感度和語音處理差于同齡孩子)閱讀能力最差(Bowers, 1995;Bowers & Wolf, 1993;McBride-Chang & Manis, 1996)。
針對(duì)閱讀前孩子的語音處理能力的大部分工作都反應(yīng)了學(xué)前語音敏感度。學(xué)前兒童和幼兒園兒童的語音敏感度的個(gè)體差異與早期閱讀習(xí)得相關(guān),(如Bradley & Bryant, 1983;1985;Bryant, MacLean, Bradley, & Crossland, 1990;Stanovich, Cunningham, & Cramer, 1984)。能夠輕易感知韻律、音節(jié)或音素的孩子能夠更快地學(xué)習(xí)閱讀,這種關(guān)系在造成多樣化的諸多影響因素中排除如智力、詞匯、記憶力和社會(huì)課堂后,仍明顯存在(Bryant et al., 1990;MacLean, Bryant, & Bradley 1987;Raz & Bryant, 1990;R.Wagner & Torgesen, 1987;R.Wagner et al., 1994, 1997)。此外,教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明在語音敏感度方面受過正確培訓(xùn)的孩子也對(duì)閱讀有正面影響,這也證實(shí)了語音敏感度和早期閱讀能力之間的關(guān)系(e.g., Bradley & Bryant, 1985;Brady, Fowler, Stone, & Winbury, 1994;Byrne & Fielding-Barnsley, 1991a, 1993)。例如Byrne & Fielding-Barnsley在1991年的實(shí)驗(yàn)中教授學(xué)前兒童識(shí)別一定數(shù)量的單詞開始和結(jié)尾的音節(jié),這些孩子在語音敏感度測(cè)量中比對(duì)比小組成員得分更高,對(duì)單詞進(jìn)行解碼的能力更高。
字母知識(shí)
至今為止,還沒有任何研究對(duì)傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)方法教授字母名稱和直接教授字母形狀和聲音之間的連接方法之間的利弊進(jìn)行評(píng)估。盡管直接教授形狀和聲音組合看起來更符合目前簡(jiǎn)化孩子學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的趨勢(shì),但幾乎所有針對(duì)預(yù)閱讀者的字母教學(xué)材料都專注于傳統(tǒng)的字母名稱,大部分的孩子也基于此背景知識(shí)開始正式閱讀學(xué)習(xí)。此外,一些關(guān)于解碼和語音敏感度早期發(fā)展的研究普遍發(fā)現(xiàn),字母名稱知識(shí)比字母-聲音組合知識(shí)更能體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的進(jìn)步(如Burgess & Lonigan, 1998;R.Wagner et al., 1994)。字母名稱可以給他們的發(fā)音提供一定信息(如tee里的/t/,kay里的/k/),初期閱讀者在閱讀和寫作里也使用了這一知識(shí)(Ehri & Wilce, 1985;Read, 1971;Treiman, 1993)。