第一篇：英文翻譯

他的研究結(jié)果并不明朗，往往揭示出一個(gè)微弱的甚至是消極的關(guān)于留存收益的FDI與稅務(wù)的反映機(jī)制。這項(xiàng)研究明顯對(duì)哈特曼模型投出了質(zhì)疑，但一直沒有大的動(dòng)作嘗試用更好的數(shù)據(jù)或方法進(jìn)行重新估計(jì)。

文獻(xiàn)中確實(shí)體現(xiàn)了Slemrod（1990）的想法，他認(rèn)為處理雙重征稅的政策可能會(huì)影響稅收反應(yīng)。常見的區(qū)別是不對(duì)母國(guó)以外的收入進(jìn)行征稅的國(guó)家之間，免征國(guó)外賺來的收入的納稅義務(wù)，以及對(duì)母公司潛在的應(yīng)納稅額收取的全球性稅務(wù)，但可能會(huì)采取多種方式來處理國(guó)外收入來避免跨國(guó)公司的雙重征稅。處理雙重征稅的問題有兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的方法，為本國(guó)提供信貸或者扣除由跨國(guó)公司取得的國(guó)外納稅收益。

當(dāng)研究人員開始研究1986年美國(guó)稅制改革對(duì)于在美國(guó)的外來直接投資的顯著性影響時(shí)，這些稅務(wù)處理辦法對(duì)于影響FDI和稅收分析的潛力，在研究文獻(xiàn)中起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。斯科爾斯和歐勝（1990）推測(cè)，當(dāng)美國(guó)的稅率增加，美國(guó)在全球范圍的跨國(guó)公司所產(chǎn)生的FDI可能會(huì)增加！這看似有悖常理的概念來自于認(rèn)識(shí)到了信用體系，例如，跨國(guó)公司不會(huì)在全球征稅系統(tǒng)下看到應(yīng)納稅額有所增加。在另一方面，美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)投資者（屬地稅制下的跨國(guó)公司）將承擔(dān)增加的美國(guó)稅項(xiàng)負(fù)債的全面沖擊。隨著公司在美國(guó)投標(biāo)了相同的的資產(chǎn)，全球稅收跨國(guó)公司將會(huì)變得有利并且投入更多。盡管斯科爾斯和歐勝（1990）用很簡(jiǎn)單的統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)表明，美國(guó)外國(guó)直接投資自1986年以后的上升沒有受到其它因素的控制，但是斯文森（1994年）對(duì)斯科爾斯和歐勝的假設(shè)做了更仔細(xì)的檢查，通過對(duì)1986年的改革對(duì)不同產(chǎn)業(yè)FDI產(chǎn)生的不同影響進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，這些產(chǎn)業(yè)在改革后稅率都發(fā)生了變化。具體來說，斯文森檢查了從1979年到1991年行業(yè)面板數(shù)據(jù)，利用從1986年的稅制改革后行業(yè)稅率的變化，發(fā)現(xiàn)FDI確實(shí)隨著更大的平均稅率增加而增加，尤其是全球征稅的國(guó)家。斯文森的研究一個(gè)令人擔(dān)憂的問題是，他確定了斯科爾斯和歐勝采用平均稅率數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)時(shí)結(jié)果是接受假設(shè)，但使用實(shí)際稅率則是拒絕原假設(shè)。奧爾巴赫和哈塞特（1993）提供了推翻斯科爾斯和歐勝假設(shè)的進(jìn)一步證據(jù)，他們通過開發(fā)FDI模型來預(yù)測(cè)美國(guó)的投資類型，稅制改革應(yīng)該對(duì)其進(jìn)行支持為了使屬地納稅的跨國(guó)公司對(duì)抗全球納稅的跨國(guó)公司。特別是，他們的模型顯示，屬地稅收跨國(guó)公司應(yīng)該將更多的精力放在激勵(lì)合并與收購(gòu)（M＆A）的外國(guó)直接投資，而全球稅收跨國(guó)公司應(yīng)該已經(jīng)從這樣的FDI投資新設(shè)備的情況下氣餒。這些數(shù)據(jù)似乎表明，1986年美國(guó)稅法改革后外商直接投資的大幅增加，是由于跨國(guó)公司從全球稅收國(guó)家（主要是日本和英國(guó)）推進(jìn)對(duì)外直接投資。

因此，在很多方面，1986年的稅制改革對(duì)FDI的影響到今天都是一個(gè)開放性問題。然而，盡管這個(gè)特定的問題如今已經(jīng)有些過時(shí)了，但是給母公司提供信用的全球稅收制度國(guó)的FDI應(yīng)該相對(duì)而言對(duì)稅率不那么敏感這個(gè)話題仍然是持續(xù)的熱點(diǎn)。海恩斯表示（1996年）對(duì)它做出了最好的表達(dá)，根據(jù)現(xiàn)存文獻(xiàn)檢測(cè)了是否國(guó)家級(jí)稅會(huì)影響美國(guó)內(nèi)區(qū)域的FDI，從而創(chuàng)造性地提出了屬地納稅對(duì)抗全球納稅的處理辦法。以往的研究探討國(guó)家稅收對(duì)于國(guó)家FDI的分布的影響，結(jié)果并不明顯（參見例如，考夫林，Terza和Arromdee，1991）。像聯(lián)邦稅，跨國(guó)公司根據(jù)他們?cè)谀竾?guó)面臨屬地納稅還是全球納稅可能會(huì)對(duì)國(guó)家級(jí)稅有不同的反應(yīng)。海因斯（1996）的實(shí)證策略是調(diào)查FDI在美國(guó)各州的分布，并且研究比較“非信用體系”的狀態(tài)下的外國(guó)投資者相對(duì)于“信用系統(tǒng)”下的外資投資者FDI的稅收敏感度。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著稅率高1％，非信用體系投資者FDI的減少比信用體系投資者FDI的減少多 9％。

綜上所述，文獻(xiàn)精細(xì)的指出了當(dāng)考慮到稅收對(duì)FDI的影響時(shí)，資料多的用不了?？鐕?guó)公司在母國(guó)和東道國(guó)都遭遇了大量不同級(jí)別的稅率和處理雙重征稅的政策，這能極大的改變稅收對(duì)鼓勵(lì)跨國(guó)公司投資的影響。正如上文所提到的，經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法和數(shù)據(jù)樣本相差甚遠(yuǎn)，因此稅（以及在美國(guó)1986年的稅收改革之類的）在多大程度上影響FDI仍然是顯著的問題。證據(jù)似乎更有力的說明了，一個(gè)跨國(guó)公司在客國(guó)申報(bào)納稅而形成的處理國(guó)外稅的信用系統(tǒng)是相對(duì)無關(guān)緊要的。

文獻(xiàn)中還存在其他的弱點(diǎn)需要解決。首先，所有上述考察（最好）產(chǎn)業(yè)層面的數(shù)據(jù)模型的研究通常是屬于公司層面的活動(dòng)。這可以通過依靠理論來解釋經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)來制造問題。這方面最明顯的例子是使用平均稅率為利率變量，這在變量設(shè)置上是一個(gè)完全的錯(cuò)誤。平均或?qū)嶋H稅率是否作為稅務(wù)義務(wù)的的測(cè)度很少被討論，但正如作為例證的斯文森（1994）研究所說，它對(duì)FDI會(huì)產(chǎn)生十分不同的影響。

文獻(xiàn)也只是最近才開始研究除企業(yè)所得稅以外的其他稅。例如，德賽，弗利和海因斯（2004）最近的工作論文提出的證據(jù)表明，間接營(yíng)業(yè)稅對(duì)FDI的影響與企業(yè)所得稅對(duì)FDI的影響是一定范圍內(nèi)是相同的。與此類似，雙邊國(guó)際稅收協(xié)定對(duì)FDI的影響直到最近仍然是未被開發(fā)的實(shí)證課題。關(guān)于談判減少國(guó)家在其他事項(xiàng)上的代扣所得稅的稅收協(xié)定有成千上萬個(gè)。沃德-Dreimeier（2003年）和Blonigen和Davies（2004）發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有證據(jù)表明這些條約在任何顯著的方面影響FDI的活動(dòng).3.3機(jī)構(gòu)

機(jī)構(gòu)的質(zhì)量有可能是影響FDI活動(dòng)的一個(gè)重要的決定因素，特別是對(duì)于由于各種原因而較不發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家。首先對(duì)資產(chǎn)欠缺法律保護(hù)增加了企業(yè)進(jìn)行投資的資產(chǎn)不太可能征收的機(jī)會(huì)。機(jī)構(gòu)質(zhì)量差需要運(yùn)作良好的市場(chǎng)（和/或貪污），這就增加了做生意的成本，也就減少了FDI的活動(dòng)。最后，在一定程度上機(jī)構(gòu)質(zhì)量差導(dǎo)致基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施差（即公共產(chǎn)品），當(dāng)FDI確實(shí)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)則預(yù)計(jì)盈利能力會(huì)下降。

盡管這些基本假設(shè)是無爭(zhēng)議的，但估計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資的影響幅度是困難的，因?yàn)闆]有任何準(zhǔn)確的機(jī)構(gòu)測(cè)量。大部分措施是一個(gè)國(guó)家的政治，法律和一些經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的復(fù)合指數(shù)，根據(jù)官員或熟悉國(guó)家機(jī)制的商人的調(diào)查結(jié)果制定。由于受訪者來自不同的國(guó)家導(dǎo)致國(guó)家間的可比性值得商榷。另外，機(jī)構(gòu)通常會(huì)保持長(zhǎng)久，因此隨著時(shí)間的推移在一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)很少會(huì)發(fā)生有意義的變化。

由于這些原因，盡管跨國(guó)FDI研究通常包括機(jī)構(gòu)以及或者貪污腐敗的措施，但并不經(jīng)常把它作為分析的重點(diǎn)。魏的論文（2000年;2000B）是一個(gè)例外，表明各種腐敗指數(shù)與FDI有著強(qiáng)烈的負(fù)相關(guān)性，但其他的研究中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的證據(jù)（如惠勒和么，1992年）。海因斯（1995）提供了一個(gè)有趣的“自然實(shí)驗(yàn)”的方法，通過研究1977年的美國(guó)反海外腐敗法中關(guān)于處罰美國(guó)跨國(guó)公司賄賂外國(guó)官員的規(guī)定。他估計(jì)在法案實(shí)行的之后一段時(shí)間后會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)該法案對(duì)FDI的負(fù)面效應(yīng)。這種自然實(shí)驗(yàn)分析為將來提出更令人信服的證據(jù)帶來了希望，盡管發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的天然實(shí)驗(yàn)是非常困難的。3.4 貿(mào)易保護(hù)

外國(guó)直接投資和貿(mào)易保護(hù)之間的假設(shè)聯(lián)系被大多數(shù)貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家看作是還算明朗的。即高貿(mào)易保護(hù)應(yīng)該讓企業(yè)更有可能替代子公司生產(chǎn)出口以避免貿(mào)易生產(chǎn)成本。這通常被稱為關(guān)稅跳躍投資。也許是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)理論相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單而且尋常，一般情況下很少有研究專門檢驗(yàn)這一假設(shè)。另一個(gè)可能的原因是數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)。在各行業(yè)間一致的非關(guān)稅保護(hù)形式很難進(jìn)行量化。許多企業(yè)層面的研究采用產(chǎn)業(yè)級(jí)別的措施來控制各種貿(mào)易保護(hù)方案，但往往結(jié)果好壞參半，其中包括Grubert和Mutti（1991），科格特和張（1996），和Blonigen（1997）。一種替代產(chǎn)業(yè)階層措施是通過反傾銷給企業(yè)提供特定的相當(dāng)大的反傾銷稅來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。公司面臨著要使用更加精確的措施來應(yīng)對(duì)法律保護(hù)，Belderbos（1997）和Blonigen（2002）均發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)稅跳躍FDI更有力的證據(jù)，盡管Blonigen的分析結(jié)果強(qiáng)烈暗示出這種反應(yīng)只有總部設(shè)在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的跨國(guó)公司才能看到。這可能是關(guān)稅跳躍貿(mào)易保護(hù)與其他措施混合的另一個(gè)原因，外商直接投資需要大量的費(fèi)用，很多小出口企業(yè)可能無法融資或?qū)ふ矣欣蓤D的方面。事實(shí)上，貿(mào)易保護(hù)可以明確地針對(duì)FDI較少的進(jìn)口來源地。這表明外國(guó)直接投資和貿(mào)易保護(hù)可能是內(nèi)源性的，關(guān)于這一問題幾乎沒有被實(shí)證過。有一個(gè)例外是Blonigen和FIGLIO（1998年），他們發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)表明，增加外國(guó)直接投資進(jìn)入美國(guó)參議員的州或美國(guó)眾議院的地區(qū)，會(huì)增加他們把票投給進(jìn)一步的貿(mào)易保護(hù)的可能性。3.5 貿(mào)易效應(yīng)

先前討論到這一點(diǎn)的局部均衡研究在很大程度上忽略了外商直接投資的貿(mào)易影響，而這與潛在的FDI 的變化拉動(dòng)力有著密切的聯(lián)系?？赡茏畛Ｒ肍DI的動(dòng)機(jī)是作為出口到東道國(guó)家的替代品。由于巴克利和卡森（1981）的模型所呈現(xiàn)出的，可以認(rèn)為出口是固定成本較低，但運(yùn)輸和貿(mào)易壁壘可變成本較高。與子公司服務(wù)于同一市場(chǎng)引入FDI允許大幅降低這些可變成本，但可能涉及更高的大于出口成本的固定成本。這表明了一個(gè)自然發(fā)展規(guī)律，一旦國(guó)外市場(chǎng)對(duì)跨國(guó)公司的產(chǎn)品需求達(dá)到足夠大的規(guī)模，那么將會(huì)從出口發(fā)展到FDI。

在早期的論文中利普西和Weiss（1981;1984）對(duì)美國(guó)對(duì)東道國(guó)的FDI 以及出口進(jìn)行回歸分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)正相關(guān)性，這違背了FDI替代出口的原理。然而，這些論文忽略了東道國(guó)市場(chǎng)這個(gè)變量的內(nèi)生性，這一變量可以將跨國(guó)公司引進(jìn)FDI以及出口產(chǎn)品的意愿朝著相同的方向增加或者減少。Grubert和Mutti（1991）根據(jù)出口銷售，使用了利普西和Weiss（1981）類似的數(shù)據(jù)得到了負(fù)相關(guān)的回歸結(jié)果，盡管結(jié)果在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上是不顯著的。

Blonigen（2001）認(rèn)為，問題在于貿(mào)易流量，要么是用最終產(chǎn)品替代了跨國(guó)公司的分支機(jī)構(gòu)在同一國(guó)家生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品，要么是將生產(chǎn)最終產(chǎn)品所使用的中間產(chǎn)品作為流量統(tǒng)計(jì)。前一種情況導(dǎo)致“貿(mào)易”和“外國(guó)直接投資”之間的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系，而后者顯示兩者之間的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。Blonigen使用日本出口美國(guó)的10位制的關(guān)稅協(xié)調(diào)制度下產(chǎn)品級(jí)別的貿(mào)易和FDI數(shù)據(jù)，結(jié)果顯示日本對(duì)美國(guó)的FDI增加引起日本生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品的中間產(chǎn)品的出口也增加了，但是最終產(chǎn)品的出口卻下降了。赫德和里斯（2001）和斯文森（2004）分別使用日本企業(yè)層面的數(shù)據(jù)以及美國(guó)行業(yè)層面的數(shù)據(jù)提出了類似的證據(jù)。

上述討論中一個(gè)潛在的問題是企業(yè)之間的關(guān)系（如投入到分銷商的供應(yīng)商），有可能影響FDI決策。日本企業(yè)往往在供應(yīng)商和分銷商間有更正式和公開的連接，所謂縱向聯(lián)系財(cái)閥。赫德，里斯和斯文森（1995）探討了是否其他日本企業(yè)在美國(guó)的一個(gè)州或鄰近州的選址會(huì)通過企業(yè)相似的縱向聯(lián)系財(cái)閥影響隨后日本跨國(guó)公司的FDI。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)確實(shí)是這樣，特別對(duì)于汽車部門來說，并且把這個(gè)作為有正式的供應(yīng)商-經(jīng)銷商關(guān)系的企業(yè)之間產(chǎn)生了聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)的證據(jù)。

其他研究考慮了橫向聯(lián)系財(cái)閥對(duì)日本FDI的影響。橫向聯(lián)系財(cái)閥是在許多行業(yè)間企業(yè)集團(tuán)的分組，但中心是圍繞日本大型銀行。這樣的活動(dòng)對(duì)FDI的三大潛在影響已經(jīng)被提出。主要的潛在影響是利用橫向聯(lián)系財(cái)閥的銀行作為低成本集資的來源，這將增加公司的整體投資，包括對(duì)外投資。正如霍什、卡什亞普和Scharfstein（1991）提到的，有一個(gè)財(cái)閥銀行成員這樣的關(guān)系可以降低監(jiān)督成本，降低資金成本。他們對(duì)日本制造業(yè)企業(yè)進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)表明，比起其他企業(yè)這些橫向聯(lián)系財(cái)閥的公司在投資活動(dòng)中比較少受限。隨后的研究中檢測(cè)了是否橫向聯(lián)系財(cái)閥增加了日本企業(yè)的對(duì)外直接投資，但往往結(jié)果很不顯著或敏感（例如，見Belderbos和Sleugwaegen，1996）。

Blonigen，埃利斯和福斯滕（2005年）注意到了橫向聯(lián)系財(cái)閥的另一個(gè)可能的影響俄林模型的精確檢驗(yàn)公式的形成遭遇了巨大的障礙，當(dāng)有多于兩個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的兩個(gè)以上的生產(chǎn)要素時(shí)該模型預(yù)測(cè)貿(mào)易流量則可能有較大的不確定性。

第二篇：英文翻譯

Introduction: with the rapid development of the economy, China ‘smprehensive national power has been improved effectively.As a saying said;“Want to become rich first road”.So China has begun to build the high-speed rail since years ago.The building of the high~speed rail is suited to China's national conditions and help our country to run well in the strong competition of the world.大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為：交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的供應(yīng)水平和能力必須適度超前，否則就會(huì)影響社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定 和健康發(fā)展。這就意味著要加大對(duì)交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的投資，但是政府在加大交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資力度的同時(shí)，用于改善民生的措施實(shí)際卻在相對(duì)地減少。從中國(guó)目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人民的收入狀況來說，我認(rèn)為中國(guó)高 鐵弊大于利.Most economists believe that: the supply and capability of transportation infrastructure must advance appropriately, otherwise it will affect the sustainable, stable and healthy development of social economy.This means that we have to increase the investment into transportation infrastructure,But while government increase the investment into transportation infrastructure, it will to some extent decrease the practical measures to improve people's livelihood.From China's current situation, I think it will do more harm than good to build high-speed railway in China.Piont1: Building too fast go against the laws of economic development, causing many problems, such as loan repayment, staff placement.And high-speed railway construction needs large investment, from the use of the actual situation, the possibility of short-term cost recovery do not, there is also the problem of capital wasting.建設(shè)速度過快，容易違背經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)律,同時(shí)面對(duì)的問題較多，例如貸款償還，員工安置等。中國(guó)第一條高 鐵客運(yùn)專線——從北京到天津，它在 2008 年 8 月通車后一年就虧損了 7 個(gè)億。武廣高鐵總投資約 1166 億元，目前的線路至少能開 120 對(duì)車，但實(shí)際上只開了 33 對(duì)，而且還坐不滿，這是資本的嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)。所 以說高鐵建設(shè)不僅需要大筆的投資，而且從運(yùn)用的實(shí)際的情況來看，短期收回成本的可能性根本就沒有。The fast building speed will violate the rule of economic development, and at same time it faced many problems, such as loan repayment, staff placement.First high-speed railway of China-from Beijing to Tianjin, it was launched in August 2008, after one year it lossed 70 millions.The total investment of

Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed rail was about 110 billions yuan, now it is able to drive at least 120 pairs of cars, but in fact only 33 to drive, and lots of seats are empty, this is a serious waste of capital.The high-speed railway not only requires large construction investment, but also, it is impossible to recovery the short-term cost based on its actural implement.Poiimnt2: The building of the high spee

d rail can drive the development of the industry related.for example, the building need many workers and the new technology, so it expand the employment and promiot the technological innovation.In another word through the building, more steel products are needed.Another important hand is transport during the Spring Festival.During this period of time, large numbers of people going home together.So the high speed rail can relieve the transportation pressure ectively 高鐵的票價(jià)較高，例如京津高鐵，它行駛 30 分鐘，卻要 69 元票價(jià)，讓人望而生嘆啊。中國(guó)的 GDP 總量 高居世界第二，但人均 GDP 在世界的排名卻還在百名開外，窮人還是絕大多數(shù)。武廣高鐵開通后，原有 的一些客運(yùn)列車停運(yùn)，意味著中低收入者將被迫選擇高鐵，接受高票價(jià)。這種行為傷及了底層人民的最根 本利 e 而且建設(shè)過程中容易出現(xiàn)貪污腐敗問題。The fare of high Speed Rail is higher, for example, the Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail, it costs 69 yuan for only drive 30minuts.China's GDP ranks the second in the world, but per capita GDP still ranks out of hundreds in the world, the poor is the majority.When Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway was used, the original passenger trains were stopped, which means low-incomer will be forced to choose high-speed rail and accept the high fares.This action has

impair interests of the low class people, and the corruption problem will be prone to easily during the process of building.新建高鐵實(shí)際是在現(xiàn)有幾種交通方式的基礎(chǔ)上新增一種交通方式。建成之后會(huì)與高速公路、現(xiàn)有鐵路、飛 機(jī)、船運(yùn)形成競(jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系，在原有運(yùn)力并不緊張的背景下必然形成運(yùn)力過剩。新建的高鐵主要是客運(yùn)專線，因此高鐵并不會(huì)加快貨物與資金的周轉(zhuǎn)速度，不會(huì)降低全社會(huì)運(yùn)行成本。要修建如此龐大的高速鐵路網(wǎng)，必將消耗大量的資金，必將擠占人們收入上漲的空間與企業(yè)利潤(rùn)空間（加重稅負(fù)）如果將此財(cái)政投入醫(yī)療、。社保、教育、技術(shù)研究，則會(huì)消除人們存錢的預(yù)防養(yǎng)老動(dòng)機(jī)從而擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)，利于中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。綜 上所述，在中國(guó)大規(guī)模修建高鐵對(duì)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展來講是弊大于利，不利于擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需、不利于產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié) 構(gòu)調(diào)整 結(jié)論：The high-speed railway will compete with the existing highway, railway, aircraft, shipping after it consummation which will lead to a situation capacity.The new high-speed railway is mainly to carry passenger, so it will not speed up the turnover rate between cargos and the capital and will not decrease the costs of the whole social transportation.To build such a large network of high-speed rail will need a large amount of money, the government must increase the taxes of people and enterprise to raise the capital.If this financial investment used in health care, social security, education, tec

第三篇：英文翻譯

Overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications 1 History of GSM During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and Germany.Each country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else’s in equipment and operation.This was an

undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to operation within national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly unimportant, but there was also a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale and the subsequent savings could not be realized.The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European s Posts and Telegraphs(CEPT)formed a study group called the Group Special Mobile(GSM)to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system.The proposed system has to meet certain criteria: ·Good subjective speech quality ·Low terminal and service cost ·Support for international roaming ·Ability to support handheld terminals ·Support for range of new services and facilities ·Spectral efficiency ·ISDN compatibility In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute(ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990.Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries.Although standardized in Europe, GSM is not only a European standard.Over 200 GSM networks are operational in 110 countries around the world.In the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide, which had grown to more than 55 million by October 1997.With North America making a delayed entry into the GSM field with a derivative of GSM called PCS1900, GSM systems exist on every continent, and the acronym GSM now aptly stands for Global System for Mobile communications.The developers of GSM chose an unproven(at the time)digital system, as opposed to the then-standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States and TACS in the United Kingdom.They had faith that advancements in compression algorithms and digital signal processors would allow the fulfillment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the system in terms of quality and cost.The over 8,000 pages of GSM recommendations try to allow flexibility and competitive innovation among suppliers, but provide enough standardization to guarantee proper interworking between the components of the system.This done by providing functional and interface descriptions for each of the functional entities defined in the system.2 General Concepts 2.1 Analog Versus Digital Telephony Systems First-generation systems were analog.During the early 1980s these underwent rapid development in Europe.Although the NMT system was used by all the Nordic countries, and the TACS system in the United Kingdom and Italy, there was a variety of systems and no compatibility among them.Compared with these systems, the main advantages offered by GSM, which is the most important of the second-generation digital systems, are: ·Standardization;·Capacity;·Quality;·Security.Standardization guarantees compatibility among systems of different countries, allowing subscribers to use their own terminals in those countries that have adopted the digital standard.The lack of standardization in the first-generation system limited service to within the borders of a country.Mobility is improved, since roaming is no longer limited to areas covered by a certain system.Calls can be charged and handled using the same personal number even when the subscriber moves from one country to another.Standardization also allows the operator to buy entities of the network from different vendors, since the functional elements of the network and the interfaces between these elements are standardized.This means that a mobile phone from any manufacturer is able to communicate with any network, even if this network is built with entities from different vendors.This leads to a large economy of scale and results in cost reduction for both the operator and the subscriber.Furthermore, the phone cost is also reduced, because GSM is an international standard, produced quantities are greater and the level of competition is high.With respect to capacity, the use of the radio resource is much more efficient in a digital system such as GSM than in an analog system.This means that more users can be allocated in the same frequency bandwidth.This is possible with the use of advanced digital techniques, such as voice compression algorithms, channel coding, and multiple access techniques.Note that capacity gains are also achieved with radio frequency reuse, which had also used in analog systems.Frequency reuse means that a given carrier can be employed in different areas.The quality in digital transmission systems is better, thanks to the channel coding schemes that increase the robustness in the face of noise and disturbances such as interference caused by other users or other systems.The quality improvement is also due to the improved control of the radio link, and adaptations to propagation conditions, with advanced techniques such as power control or frequency hopping.This will be explained in greater detail in the next section.In terms of security, powerful authentication and encryption techniques for voice and data communications are enabled with GSM, which guarantees protected access to the network, and confidentiality.2.2 Cellular Telephony In mobile radio systems, one of the most important factors is the frequency spectrum.In order to make the best use of the bandwidth, the system is designed by means of the division of the service area into neighboring zones, or cells, which in theory have a hexagonal shape.Each cell has a Base Transceiver Station(BTS), which to avoid interference operates on a set of radio channels different from those of the adjacent cells.This division allows for the use of the same frequencies in nonadjacent cells.A group of cells that as a whole use the entire radio spectrum available to the operator is referred to as a cluster.The shape of a cell is irregular, depending on the availability of a spot for the BTS, the geography of the terrain, the propagation of the radio signal in the presence of obstacles, and so on.In dense urban areas, for instance, where the mobile telephony traffic is important, the diameter of the cells is often reduced in order to increase capacity.This is allowed since the same frequency channels are used in a smaller area.On the other hand, reducing the cell diameter leads to a decrease in the distance necessary to reuse the frequencies(that is, the distance between two co-channel cells), increasing co-channel interference.In order to minimize the level of interference, several techniques are used on the radio interface.A basic example of cluster organization is shown in Figure 1.In this example, we see a reuse attern for seven different frequencies, f1 to f7.These frequencies correspond to the beacon carrier of each cell, on which signaling information about the cell is broadcast(see Section 2.7).It can be seen from this figure that a given carrier can be reused in two separate geographical areas, as long as these areas are far enough from each other to reduce the effect of interference.With this technique of dividing the area in cells and clusters, the operator can increase the area it is able to cover with a limited frequency bandwidth.Figure 1 Example of a Cell Planning

在80 年代初期期間，模式手機(jī)系統(tǒng)在歐洲體驗(yàn)迅速增長(zhǎng)，特別在斯堪的那

維亞和英國(guó)，以及法國(guó)和德國(guó)。每個(gè)國(guó)家開發(fā)了它自己的系統(tǒng)，在設(shè)備和操作 上是互不相容的。這是一個(gè)不受歡迎的情況，因?yàn)椴粌H移動(dòng)通信設(shè)備被限制在國(guó) 界之內(nèi)，這在統(tǒng)一的歐洲是越來越不重要的，而且每種類型的設(shè)備都只有一個(gè)非 常有限的市場(chǎng)，因此經(jīng)濟(jì)尺度及隨后的儲(chǔ)蓄不可能體會(huì)。

歐洲人早就意識(shí)到了這點(diǎn)，并且在1982 年歐洲郵電管理聯(lián)合會(huì)(CEPT)上形 成了移動(dòng)通信特別研究組(GSM)來研發(fā)一個(gè)能在全歐洲大陸通用的移動(dòng)通信系 統(tǒng)。提出的系統(tǒng)必須符合以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 〃通話質(zhì)量好

〃終端及服務(wù)費(fèi)用低 〃支持國(guó)際漫游

〃能夠支持可隨身攜帶的終端 〃支持一系列新的服務(wù)和設(shè)備 〃效率高

〃與ISDN 兼容

1989 年，GSM 的責(zé)任轉(zhuǎn)移了到歐洲電信標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)院(ETSI)，并且GSM 規(guī)格的

第一階段也在1990 年出版了。商業(yè)服務(wù)在1991 年中期開始了，截至1993 年有 36 個(gè)GSM 網(wǎng)絡(luò)在22 個(gè)國(guó)家誕生了。GSM 不僅僅是歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，盡管它是在歐洲 規(guī)范化的?，F(xiàn)已有200 多個(gè)GSM 網(wǎng)絡(luò)在全球110 個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)運(yùn)行。1994 年初 期全球有1,300,000 用戶，截至1997 年10 月已突破55,000,000 用戶。隨著美國(guó)

后來在GSM 領(lǐng)域制造了一個(gè)詞條PCS1900 作為GSM 的拓展,GSM 系統(tǒng)已發(fā)展至 各大洲,并且縮寫詞GSM 現(xiàn)在已可以代表移動(dòng)通信的全局系統(tǒng)。

GSM 開發(fā)商選擇了一個(gè)當(dāng)時(shí)未經(jīng)證明的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)，與后來的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式蜂窩系 統(tǒng)相對(duì)，就象美國(guó)叫AMPS，而英國(guó)叫TACS 一樣。他們堅(jiān)信能夠推進(jìn)壓縮算法 和數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器使其能夠根據(jù)質(zhì)量和費(fèi)用將原始標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和系統(tǒng)連續(xù)改善。GSM 推薦8,000 頁(yè)設(shè)法使得在與供應(yīng)商競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之中體現(xiàn)靈活性和創(chuàng)新，但提供 足夠的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來保證在系統(tǒng)的組分之間適當(dāng)配合工作。完成提供功能和接口描述的 功能個(gè)體在系統(tǒng)中都有定義。

第一代系統(tǒng)是模擬的。上個(gè)世紀(jì)80 年代初期在歐洲迅速發(fā)展。雖然所有北 歐國(guó)家使用TACS 系統(tǒng)，英國(guó)和意大利使用NMT 系統(tǒng)，它們之間還有各式各樣 的系統(tǒng)不兼容。和這些系統(tǒng)相比，GSM 提供的更重要的第二代數(shù)字系統(tǒng)主要優(yōu)勢(shì) 體現(xiàn)在： 〃標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化； 〃容量； 〃質(zhì)量； 〃安全。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化保證了不同國(guó)家系統(tǒng)之間的兼容性，允許采取了數(shù)字化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的國(guó)家的 訂戶使用他們自己的終端。在第一代系統(tǒng)中缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的有限服務(wù)為在國(guó)家的邊 界之內(nèi)。流動(dòng)性被改進(jìn)，漫游不再被限制到某一系統(tǒng)包括的面積之內(nèi)。既使當(dāng)用 戶從一個(gè)國(guó)家移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)國(guó)家，電話也可以使用同一個(gè)個(gè)人號(hào)碼。因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)的功能元件和這些元素之間的接口被規(guī)范化，操作員可以從不同的 供營(yíng)商購(gòu)買。這意味著所有制造商的移動(dòng)電話能與任何網(wǎng)絡(luò)溝通，即使這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò) 是由不同的供營(yíng)商的功能元件建立的。這為操作員和訂戶帶來費(fèi)用成本的降低。此外，電話費(fèi)用也降低了，因?yàn)镚SM 是國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，生產(chǎn)數(shù)量大，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)水平高。能力方面，數(shù)字系統(tǒng)如GSM 比模擬系統(tǒng)使用的無線資源更有效。這意味著 更多的用戶可以使用同一頻帶。這就有可能利用先進(jìn)的數(shù)字技術(shù)，如語音壓縮算 法，信道編碼和多址接入技術(shù)。請(qǐng)注意，無線電頻率復(fù)用也取得了一定增益，這 也已用于模擬系統(tǒng)。頻率復(fù)用意味著同一載波可以在不同的地區(qū)重復(fù)使用。由于這種信道編碼方案，提高了可靠性及對(duì)噪音和其他用戶或系統(tǒng)的干擾能 力，數(shù)字傳輸系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量更好了。質(zhì)量改進(jìn)的原因還在于改善了對(duì)無線連接的控 制，并適應(yīng)傳播條件下，使用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)，如電源控制或跳頻。質(zhì)量改進(jìn)的原因 還在于使用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)如電源控制或跳頻改善了無線連接的控制,，傳播條件的適

應(yīng)性等。這些將在下文中做更詳盡的解釋。

在安全方面，GSM 具有語音和數(shù)據(jù)通信的強(qiáng)大的認(rèn)證和加密技術(shù)的功能，保 證了保護(hù)接入網(wǎng)絡(luò)和保密性。

在移動(dòng)通信系統(tǒng)中，一個(gè)最重要的因素就是頻譜。為了最有效地利用帶寬，系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的目的是通過基站的服務(wù)區(qū)到周邊小區(qū)，理論上是一個(gè)正六邊形。每個(gè) 小區(qū)有一個(gè)收發(fā)基站（BTS），其中，以避免相鄰小區(qū)的不同無線信道在運(yùn)行時(shí) 產(chǎn)生相互干擾。這樣可以在不相鄰的小區(qū)使用同一載頻。一組小區(qū)，作為一個(gè)整 體，給運(yùn)營(yíng)商提供整個(gè)無線電頻譜是指一個(gè)區(qū)群。小區(qū)的形狀是不規(guī)則的，這取 決于是否有現(xiàn)成的基站，地理地形，無線電信號(hào)傳播中存在的障礙，等等。例如，在人口密集的城市地區(qū)，移動(dòng)電話的通行非常重要，小區(qū)的直徑往往 會(huì)減小，以提高其通行能力。

這是允許的，因?yàn)橥活l道只在一個(gè)較小的地區(qū)內(nèi)使用。另一方面，小區(qū)直 徑的減小導(dǎo)致使用同一頻率的小區(qū)間的距離（即兩個(gè)公共通道小區(qū)間的距離）縮 小了，增強(qiáng)了各頻道之間的相互干擾。為了盡量提高抗干擾的能力，無線接口使 用了一系列技術(shù)。

一個(gè)基本的區(qū)群組織的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1 所示。在這個(gè)例子中，我們看到了一個(gè)復(fù) 用模式的7 個(gè)不同的頻率，f1 至f7。這些頻率對(duì)應(yīng)于每個(gè)小區(qū)的信標(biāo)載波，整個(gè)

小區(qū)的信號(hào)信息就靠它們被傳播出去（見第2.7 節(jié)）。從圖中可以看出，某一載 波可在兩個(gè)不同的地理區(qū)域重復(fù)使用，只要這兩個(gè)地區(qū)離的足夠遠(yuǎn)，相互之間的 干擾足夠小。這一技術(shù)把地區(qū)分成小區(qū)和區(qū)群，經(jīng)營(yíng)者可以利用有限的帶寬增加 覆蓋區(qū)域的面積。

第四篇：英文翻譯

School Profile

Jin Yuan Primary School was founded in 1966，and now it has 40 years? history.Thepredecessor of the school is ShiMian kuang Children Shool.In May 1993 ,It was placed under the Dalian Development Zone.In 2002, the new building was reconstruction in the school site.Now it occupies a total area of 18500 square meters, with a total construction area of 9020 square meters, it has got 30 class and 1478 students.Our school always adhere to the school mission-“To lay the foundation for the development of student life” and school

philosophy “To train the younger generation for adapting to the new society”.with “implementing quality education, making our school into modernization, distinctive characteristics, high-grade The 'people satisfaction' schools ”for the school mission and goals.Focusing on behavior, raising habits, pursuingdevelopment, hing research,benefit, the high quality;grasping

characteristics, treeing famous“ as the school ideas.”Innovation in operating a school, Distinctive Features,“ as the school way.Our school has been named the standardization of school facilities,education and management of Dalian advanced group, Green School of Dalian , big break in Dalianadvanced unit for physical education curriculum standard education health system,development zone course reform summary advanced unit, the characteristics of the development of school-based curriculum development awards such as prizes, Excellence Award and many other honors.In addition, teaching and research training center was also named the Development of information technology, sports, music, experimental point of school mental health disciplines.School emphasis on ”Science Education“, it has been named the Science and technology activities advanced units;land-sea model training base in Liaoning Province;Dalian Science and Technology Advanced Unit;advanced science and technology activities in Dalian youth units;The intelligent robot teaching activities carried out to further broaden the field of science teaching in recent years, we got soccer robot competition and the Youth Science and Technology Invention Contest winners many times in national, provincial and municipal.Our school was known by scientific and technological innovations, it has become a golden source of education and school characteristics of primary brand, and its fruitful results of educating people to win recognition of the higher education sector and social praise.Our school actively promoting international exchanges and cooperation.Based on the national culture, the students involved in multicultural perspective, let the student to have the ability to

communicate with different culture and cultural understanding

ability, feeling the other civilizations, inheriting Chinese culture, and for students build facing the world, developing yourself and

development of China's platform.At present,we have established the friendly and cooperative relations with Singapore, Britain and other countries of the schools.Our school is committed to the construction of educational information, establishing the educational information to promote the development strategy of modernization of school education.We was honored with the first model school education information by Dalian Municipal Bureau of Education.Physical education in our schoolis also flourished, we always adhere to the ”Sunshine Sports“ project.To ensure that every student at least one hour of exercise a day, each have a favorite sport, the school was named the physical education curriculum standards of Dalian advanced unit, DalianBig calisthenics demonstration school, Dalian”campus football

project“ Development of school.In recent years,school ?s sports teams in all kinds of various game had good performance , and it becomes the school?sbeautifulcard.Standing at a new starting point, facing the new century, we will try to”build multicultural education, reveal personality, improve

the educational grade, promote the connotation development" as our target, makes determined efforts, scientific planning, and strive to improve the level and constantly expand its reputation, trying to be the children paradise of JinYuan Primary School.

第五篇：英文翻譯

whether the university student should pay more atteion on studying or not ?the answer issure.First of all,during these time,we can touch more things,whichwehave not ever meet before and make a graetinflunce on our future life,If we don't handle it well,maybe we will lose a lot of thingswe adapt to sociaty more easily and more diffcult.we have time to play, but when you are playing and relaxing, dont forget the things you must do at school.school life is on of the best sections of your life.you need school life and time to learn and do things.