第一篇：張理想畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文翻譯

南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)英文翻譯

學(xué)生姓名： 張 理 想 學(xué) 號： P1704070315 所在學(xué)院： 浦 江 學(xué) 院 專 業(yè)： 藝術(shù)設(shè)計（展示設(shè)計）設(shè)計(論文)題目：連 云 港 市 商 業(yè) 空 間 設(shè) 計 指導(dǎo)教師： 趙 慧 寧

2011年 2月6日

南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

譯文：

展覽空間形態(tài)的多樣化設(shè)計

一、展示空間的發(fā)展趨勢

在信息社會化的今天，展示空間超越了僅僅作為展覽建筑的一部分而存在，更多地與辦公空間、文化娛樂空間、商業(yè)空間等其它空間類型和城市公共空間融合在一起，彼此間的功能界限變得模糊，成為承載社會文化活動的多元場所。最近10年是展覽建筑及展示空間迅速發(fā)展的時期。不同類型的展覽建筑其內(nèi)部空間的特點(diǎn)也各不相同，展示空間正向多元化、個性化發(fā)展。

在藝術(shù)展示空間，由于當(dāng)代藝術(shù)品在形式和體量上的突破使得空間由傳統(tǒng)的、經(jīng)典的垂直的墻面轉(zhuǎn)向水平的地面、垂直的空中，甚至加上聲像和互動技巧，突破了三度空間的限制。展示空間的設(shè)計常常會和展示內(nèi)容、主題結(jié)合起來，使空間更加積極地參與到展示中，成為信息傳播的媒介，體現(xiàn)信息化與藝術(shù)化。

同時，數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步產(chǎn)生了虛擬的展示空間，雖然虛擬空間還不會取代實(shí)體空間的存在，但是強(qiáng)大的技術(shù)力量己經(jīng)重構(gòu)了人們的空間觀念，改變了傳統(tǒng)的信息交流模式，成為新時代展示空間發(fā)展的新趨勢。

二、展示空間形態(tài)的特征

展示空間必須滿足人的流動或運(yùn)動的基本需要，即在一定的時間過程中，通過對展示空間的認(rèn)知和感受來獲取信息。拋開時間的三維空間，展示空間僅僅是一種自存狀態(tài)。由于現(xiàn)代展示的空間造型運(yùn)用新技術(shù)與新材料，以及對環(huán)境和歷史等方面的重視，使得純凈幾何形的造型體系越來越走向“弱化”的境地。

1、形態(tài)的可變性

在信息時代，藝術(shù)的發(fā)展以及藝術(shù)家的創(chuàng)作模式和表述形式上處于不斷更新狀態(tài)。為適應(yīng)這樣的變化，這類展示空間必須具有一定的彈性和可變性，去代替以往的穩(wěn)定性。無論是交互的裝置藝術(shù)，還是利用數(shù)字技術(shù)的多媒體作品，都要求新的展覽建筑與內(nèi)部空間成為一個混合體，不但包含常規(guī)的展覽方式，更是一個能適應(yīng)多變的活動與事件的裝置?！翱臻g，也是一種市場手段。”這是荷蘭建筑師雷姆?庫哈斯對現(xiàn)代社會的商業(yè)文化進(jìn)行了長期研究而得出的結(jié)論。將展覽活動在內(nèi)的多種文化活動植入購物領(lǐng)域，把人們從單調(diào)的購物的環(huán)境中解脫出來，同時展覽活動也成為商家品牌戰(zhàn)略的重要組成。庫哈斯設(shè)計的普拉達(dá)紐約專賣店實(shí)現(xiàn)了將購物空間向公共空間的轉(zhuǎn)化。在大廈的一層和地下室，為了使店面與地下一層自然連接，首先將整個寬度的地面同時下降，然后再升高到地面層的高度，形成了一個凹陷狀的“波”。在坡道上的特大斑馬紋的木階梯被用作非正式的展示空間，人們可以在這里進(jìn)行選購。按一個按鈕一個舞臺就會從對面的坡道上旋轉(zhuǎn)出來，把階梯變成一個可供觀看表演、電影放映和演講的觀眾席。

2、形態(tài)的不定式

在數(shù)字化信息化時代大潮的影響下，建筑審美傾向也發(fā)生了改變。在形體塑造方面出現(xiàn)了反叛單一形體和強(qiáng)幾何形體的不定式形態(tài)。展示空間的不定形態(tài)增強(qiáng)了空間的動感，為展示提供了更多的可能，也帶來了更加豐富的空間體驗(yàn)。

漸進(jìn)線小組設(shè)計的梅塞德斯——奔馳博物館是一個不定形態(tài)展示空間的典型例子。將建筑中所有的界面和構(gòu)件全部彎曲、軟化，利用博物館的開放式大空間形成一個“地景式”的

南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

空間界面。展覽在一個波狀拓?fù)渥兓谋砻嬲归_，為參觀者提供了無數(shù)的視點(diǎn)，更彰顯了汽車帶給人類的行動力和那種獨(dú)有的運(yùn)動感。參觀者既可以依照既定路線循序而觀，也可以徜徉于室內(nèi)的景觀之中自由瀏覽。樓板上的自由的孔洞，加強(qiáng)了不同樓層之間的空間視覺聯(lián)系和交通聯(lián)系。

三、展示空間形態(tài)的多樣化設(shè)計

展示空間已成為新觀念、新思潮、新技術(shù)的試驗(yàn)對象。新技術(shù)與新媒介的組合運(yùn)用，產(chǎn)生了以聲、像、色、光組合的新展示模式形式，豐富的視聽信息使今天的展示藝術(shù)更有魅力。然而，藝術(shù)對展示空間的影響一方面通過藝術(shù)作品表現(xiàn)出來；另一方面，藝術(shù)以多種形式、以媒體、材料等豐富的多元姿態(tài)登上展示的舞臺，并影響到空間形態(tài)的基本特質(zhì)。展示形態(tài)中藝術(shù)和技術(shù)特點(diǎn)的結(jié)合體現(xiàn)，使空間能更加充分地體現(xiàn)出時代的“新”特征和未來建筑發(fā)展的新趨向。

1、新理念的運(yùn)用

隨著時代的發(fā)展，人性化的展示空間已成為我們追求的目標(biāo)。展示空間無可替代的公眾性使其具有更多的人性色彩，使技術(shù)的人情化處理手法有了更多的表現(xiàn)空間。人性化的技術(shù)設(shè)計，可尊重展覽建筑的地域環(huán)境和歷史文化；設(shè)計中的隱喻與象征體現(xiàn)使空間與人之間能夠很好的交流；自然體系的引入也是人們對最初場所的留戀。倫佐.皮亞諾設(shè)計的吉巴歐文化中心是展示卡納克族文化的一組建筑。建筑的空間和結(jié)構(gòu)形式繼承了當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)民居—棚屋的特色，外部材料使用不銹鋼和當(dāng)?shù)爻霎a(chǎn)的木材。棚屋朝向貫穿中心通道而開放；建筑外殼上的開口用于吸納海風(fēng)或引導(dǎo)對流，針對不同的風(fēng)速和風(fēng)向，百葉不同方向的開合可以控制室內(nèi)氣流，最大限度的利用了自然條件降溫降濕。該建筑充分表現(xiàn)出他的高技術(shù)對人的重視與關(guān)懷。

2、新技術(shù)的運(yùn)用

同柯布西埃當(dāng)年探索混凝土形態(tài)的表現(xiàn)力一樣，當(dāng)代建筑師開始探索影像，使空間界面圖像化與信息化。在建筑的表現(xiàn)力上，他們認(rèn)為影像和形態(tài)實(shí)際是一個物體的兩個方面，都是為了獲得人們所期望的建筑視覺效果。而在視覺吸引力上，具有三維動畫效果的影像是僵硬的混凝土無法比擬的，表達(dá)空間信息的載體不再僅限于“硬”的墻體，而是被抽象、“軟化”了的影像符號。2008北京奧運(yùn)鳥巢開幕式中，聲、光、電、水、火的完美結(jié)合以無以倫比的藝術(shù)體現(xiàn)及非凡的光影效果展示了中華古老文明，為開幕式的成功奠定了基礎(chǔ)。LED（發(fā)光二極管）在這里得到最大限度的利用，創(chuàng)歷屆之最，無數(shù)顆LED將體育場打造成數(shù)字時代的多媒體空間，其制造的光影效果與表演密切結(jié)合，幻化出各種圖案，將

南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

觀眾引入夢幻般的世界中。

“智能化”設(shè)計則從根本上利用前沿的科學(xué)技術(shù)，提升了建筑的智能。目前，很多建筑師設(shè)計的展示空間都體現(xiàn)了“智能化”的傾向，他們綜合利用信息媒體技術(shù)，并在設(shè)計中融合多種專業(yè)、多門學(xué)科，使傳統(tǒng)的靜態(tài)空間充滿生機(jī)。美國建筑師格雷.林(GregLynn)為奧地利OMV公司設(shè)計的H2展覽館就體現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。該展覽館是用于展示公司最新太陽能技術(shù)和節(jié)能技術(shù)的場所，建筑利用了許多高新技術(shù)，它的表皮可以根據(jù)太陽的移動表現(xiàn)出不同的形態(tài)。內(nèi)部空間中也融入了數(shù)字技術(shù)，觀眾可以通過觸摸屏幕和移動開關(guān)進(jìn)入數(shù)字世界。

3、當(dāng)代藝術(shù)的體現(xiàn)

展示空間的發(fā)展也總是和藝術(shù)的進(jìn)步相伴而行，無論是文藝復(fù)興、啟蒙運(yùn)動、現(xiàn)代主義、信息化的時代，展覽建筑及空間的設(shè)計往往都在一定程度上展現(xiàn)了同一時代的藝術(shù)觀念。然而當(dāng)代藝術(shù)的啟迪與融合，更是空間造型的重要源泉，因此，在技術(shù)中彌漫的藝術(shù)性成為當(dāng)代展示空間所特有的氣質(zhì)

附英文原文：

The diversity of the exhibition space form design

First, showing the space development trend

In the information society today, showing the space beyond just as part of the exhibition building there and more with office space, cultural entertainment space, commercial space and other space type and urban public space fuses in together, each other's functional bounds, become blurred bearing social and cultural activities of the DuoYuan places.In recent 10 years is the exhibition building and showing the space of the rapid development of the period.Different types of the exhibition building the interior space and the characteristics of each are not identical, showing the space is diversified, and the individuation development.南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

In art exhibition space, because contemporary art in form and dimension of breakthroughs in space by the traditional, that classic vertical metope to the ground of the level, vertical air, even with audio-visual and interaction skills, broke through the three dimensional limit.The design of the exhibition space will often and display content, combined theme, make space more actively involved in the display, become the medium of information transmission, reflect the information and art is changed.Second, the morphological characteristics of exhibition space

Display space must meet the flow of people or the basic needs of movement, that is, in a certain time process, through the display space of the cognitive and feeling to get information.Despite the time of three dimensional space, showing the space is only a save from state.Because the modern show space modelling use new technology and new materials, as well as to the environment and other historical value, making pure geometry modelling system more to the “weakening” position.1, the variability of form

In the information age, the development of the arts and the artist's creation pattern and expression form in a continuous update status.In order to adapt to such a change, this kind of exhibition space must have a certain flexibility and variability, to replace the stability of the past.Whether the installation art, or interaction using a digital technology, multimedia works, require new exhibition architecture and interior space to become a hybrid, not only contain the conventional exhibition, but also a way to adapt to the changing of the events of the activities and the device.“Space, also be a kind of market means.” This is the Dutch architect rem? Library of the modern society had commercial culture and the conclusion of the long-term study.The activities of cultural activities, DuoZhong implanted shopping areas, people from the monotony of shopping environment freed, and exhibition activities also become an important component of the brand strategy of business.Rem koolhaas's prada New York stores will shopping space to realize the transformation of the public space.In the building of a layer and the basement, in order to make the stores and underground a layer of natural connection, the first of the width of the ground at the same time, and then down to the ground floor of high rise, formed a depression，南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

“wave”.The ramp of extreme zebra grain on the wooden ladder is used as informal display space, people can be here the choose and buy.Press a button a stage will be from the opposite hill, rotating out into a ladder for the show, cinema and the speech.2, the form of infinitive

In the digital information era under the influence of the aesthetic tendency, building have also changed.In the body shaping the rebel have a single form and strong geometrical form of infinitive form.Display space form of the space between enhance move feeling, for display offers more possible, also brought more rich experience of space.Gradual line design team of the Mercedes Benz-museum is a form of uncertain display space typical example.Will building all the interface and the component all bending, softening, use of the museum's open large space form a “l(fā)andscape type” space interface.The exhibition in a wave of topology changes for the visitors on the surface, providing countless point of view, more reveal the car brings human action and that the unique athletic feeling.Visitors can view in accordance with established by route and, also can enjoy the indoor landscape in free browse.On the floor of the free hole, strengthening the different floor space between the visual contact and transport links.Three, show the diversity of the space form design

Display space has become a new concept, new thoughts, new technical subjects.New technology and new media, produced using the sound, like, color, light combination of new display mode, rich audio-visual information form that today's show art more attractive.However, to show the influence of art space on one hand through the art work shows out;On the other hand, art DuoZhong form, with the media, and materials of the rich DuoYuan stance on the stage of the show, and the impact on the basic characteristics of the space form.Display form art and technical characteristics of combining reflected, make the space can more fully reflect The Times “new” features and the new developing trend of future architecture.1, the new idea of use

南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

With the development of The Times, the human nature in the display space has become the goal of our pursuit.Display space irreplaceable public make it has more human nature color, make contribution to the technology processing technique have more performance space.The human nature in the technology design, can respect the exhibition building regional environment and history culture;In the design of metaphor and symbol to reflect space and person can be good communication between;The introduction of the natural system is of first place people want to stay.Aaron carrizo.Skin jarno design, the auspicious OuWenHua center is showing a group of creek state culture construction.Building space and structure forms inherit the traditional houses-shed the local characteristics, external material use stainless steel and local produce of wood.Hut throughout the center channel toward open;Building the enclosure for the open sea breeze or guide convection, absorbing according to different wind speed and direction of the different direction, shutter open indoor airflow control, maximum use of the natural conditions cooling down wet.The building is sufficient to show his high technology on the people's attention and care.2, the use of the new technology

Le corbusier's west with that explore the expressive force of concrete form as contemporary architects began to explore, image, make the space interface visualization and information.In building expression and they think images and form is actually an object in two aspects, is to have people of the expectations of architectural visual effect.And in visual appeal, has the three dimensional animation effects of image is stiff concrete can not match the carrier of information, expressive space no longer tied to the “hard” wall body, but by the abstract, “softening” image symbols.2008 Beijing the Olympic bird's nest opening ceremony, sound, light, electricity, water, fire is the perfect combination of the art of incomparable to reflect and special lighting effect of the Chinese ancient civilization, show for the opening ceremony of success laid the foundation.The LED(light emitting diode)in here to get maximum use, and all the most, millions of LED will fight a stadium of the digital age, the manufacturing of multimedia space shadows and performance closely combining all kinds of patterns, such a fantastic world into the audience.南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

“Intelligent design” is basically use the frontier science and technology, and to promote the building of intelligence.At present, many architect design display space reflect the “intelligent” tendencies, comprehensive utilization of their information media technology, and in the design of fusion DuoZhong professional, the multi-discipline, make traditional static space full of vitality.American architect gray.Lin(GregLynn)for Austria OMV company design of H2 exhibition hall reflected that.The exhibition hall is used to display the latest solar technology and energy saving technology, site of the building use many high technology and new technology, its skin may, according to the sun moves had different forms.Internal space also blended in digital technology, the audience can touch the screen and switch by moving into the digital world.and the embodiment of contemporary art。

The development of exhibition space and the progress of the art is always accompanied whatsoever, the Renaissance, the enlightenment, modernism, the information time and space, the exhibition building design is usually in a certain extent, show the same age ideas about art.However the inspiration of the contemporary art and the fusion, but also an important source of space modelling, therefore, in the technology of contemporary art was in a display space unique temperament。

——資料來源：http://004km.cn/viewthread.php?tid=113310&extra= 2011/06/16 晚上21:50

第二篇：出租車計價器畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文翻譯

ABSTRACT 1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻譯.導(dǎo)言

在不發(fā)達(dá)的國家，早上把人們從他們家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回來已成為一個大問題，尤其是在大城市。

作為解決這個問題的一個部分，在某些國家出租車用來解決這個問題，送人們從一個地方到另外一個地方。例如，出租車的四個席位可攜帶四個不同的沒有任何關(guān)系的乘客，除了他們的路線是相同的。

因此，依靠目前的傳統(tǒng)的單車道計價以確定所需的票價，把每個乘客的計費(fèi)分開，這已成為一個非常困難的問題。因此，在出租車司機(jī)，車主，乘客和國家稅務(wù)部門之間存在著不公平的財政關(guān)系。

在這種情況下，出租車司機(jī)強(qiáng)迫乘客支付多于他們所應(yīng)付的。在某些情況下乘客支付了他們應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的雙倍。

本常規(guī)單頻道計程車，出租車司機(jī)不能夠確定出租車日常收入。在某些情況下（出租車的4個席位），他們可能只有出租車四分之一的收入（大部分的出租車司機(jī)）。從這些支付工資的出租車司機(jī)以及作為燃料費(fèi)用外，還要維修以及汽車折舊等費(fèi)用。事實(shí)上，出租車業(yè)主并非似乎如此糟糕。一項(xiàng)在出租車司機(jī)和車主之間的協(xié)議已經(jīng)達(dá)成，司機(jī)應(yīng)保證每天固定收入，以及向業(yè)主支付燃料以及維修的費(fèi)用。即使如此，還是有的出租車司機(jī)的很大一部分份額之收入的出租車?，F(xiàn)在還存在的單聲道計價，已經(jīng)變得非常，國家稅務(wù)部門也知道這種困難 每年估計出租車業(yè)主的收入支出，以及應(yīng)支付的稅務(wù)也很困難。

為了應(yīng)對這一問題，國家稅務(wù)部已實(shí)行固定估計稅，每個座位的出租車不論收入。在本文中，我們介紹了多通道的士計程表，可處理超過一名乘客同時進(jìn)行的情況。我應(yīng)該指出，我所說的長期旅客指一個人或一組相關(guān)的人。我同時也應(yīng)指出，我們提出的多渠道的計價，不是簡單地說，一個多顯示讀數(shù)。作為一個先進(jìn)的事項(xiàng)，事實(shí)上它包含邏輯電路，可以自動計算變化的車費(fèi)以及每公里行走距離或每分鐘的候車時間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車。在下面的部分，我舉出一個例子，我們將介紹一個完整的三通道計價?？驁D以及詳細(xì)的電路圖，實(shí)驗(yàn)三通道計價功能也包括在內(nèi)。原型下已建成 埃及贈款科學(xué)學(xué)院 和技術(shù)研究。2.實(shí)驗(yàn)

出租車計價器理論的運(yùn)作我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置從事電子數(shù)字計價依據(jù)。事實(shí)上速度電纜旋轉(zhuǎn)1 圈的每米距離行駛。因此，如果車速電纜耦合與速度傳感器，產(chǎn)生一個單脈沖每平方米的旅行距離，那么，我們的的士可以三倍于反模塊相與速度傳感器的單位。然而，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是計價而不僅僅是只顯示三個讀數(shù)。事實(shí)上，它包含邏輯電路，可以根據(jù)每公里的行駛距離或每分鐘等候時間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車來自動改變車費(fèi)。該裝置可能會分成兩個主要部分組成：第一是速度傳感器，這個傳感器可位于任何地方，在出租車內(nèi)進(jìn)行這樣一個簡單的耦合車速電纜是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

單位包含了主要的電子電路，顯示器以及控制面板。該單位應(yīng)位于前排的司機(jī)和乘客之間。

A． 速度傳感器

其主要職能是本單位提供脈沖的培訓(xùn)，這個脈沖的頻率會于旋轉(zhuǎn)角度相適合。一種可能的形式一個速度傳感器。如果可以包含正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出連接到脈沖整形電路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二極管，1000歐姆的電阻和施密特觸發(fā)逆變器）。

為了找到某種方式來檢測出租車的運(yùn)動，正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出是糾正通過一個通用的硅二極管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F電容。那個輸出電壓在終端Q是當(dāng)時限于價值4.7伏特用益歐姆的電阻以及一個齊納二極管ZD。出租車的終端電壓在終端Q將高電壓降為零。這電壓可作為改變出租車從距離計費(fèi)到時間計費(fèi)方式的開關(guān)電壓。

主要的電子和顯示單元

一個建議是主要形式的電子和顯示單元。控制和顯示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的經(jīng)營的士以及四個可讀顯示器。第一頻道將給出從第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分別應(yīng)付的費(fèi)用，第四個會給出總收入給予出租車。最后讀出的數(shù)據(jù)會包括停車的費(fèi)用等等費(fèi)用。頻道選擇器開關(guān)1，第2和第3個，按順時針/逆時針的立場。在充分逆時針的立場，反相應(yīng)的讀出是未標(biāo)明和殘疾人。以順時針方向則是未定義的，清除為零，對于第一第二第三的乘客分別計費(fèi)。第四號推進(jìn)總鈕第四次讀出，使任何人保留讀出相應(yīng)的總收入。經(jīng)過釋放按鈕，第四次讀出將再次保留。這個單位還包含主要電子電路將在下一節(jié)充分描述。

描述的主要電子電路

電路一般框圖主要電子電路。它由五個部分指定的電腦符號與電話系統(tǒng)整合成為4個支撐電路，它們是：判斷乘客數(shù)量電路CT1，旅行距離電路CT2，等待時間電路CT3，時鐘脈沖顯示電路CT4。

乘客人數(shù)檢測電路CT1，該電路電腦與電話系統(tǒng)整合有三個輸出：1，2和3相對應(yīng)于三個輸出J，K和L。

這個循環(huán)電路函數(shù)包含高電壓的終端 J，K或L，如果有1個或者2，3個乘客分別租用出租車。這個組里的任意乘客都是一組相關(guān)的人。當(dāng)一個乘客進(jìn)入出租車后，我們只是表示這樣一種情況，自由讀出顯示在談到相應(yīng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以一個完全順時針方向。這將自動斷開相應(yīng)的終端1，2或3個從地面。邏輯關(guān)系各種輸入端子之間第1，第2和第3個輸出端J，K和L是列于表1。作為一個組合電路，我們開始設(shè)計產(chǎn)生了一系列布爾函數(shù)。

一種可能的邏輯圖的基礎(chǔ)上，上述源性表達(dá)。它包括兩個變頻器，4個2輸入和3輸入以及2個3輸入或門。B.行駛距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路CT2 如圖所示的方框圖圖4，電路CT2有4個輸入J，K，L及E和1個輸出M，輸出功能的電路是供應(yīng)單脈沖的輸出M的某一些脈沖產(chǎn)生的輸出的速度傳感器（出租車行駛了一定得距離），根據(jù)乘客的人數(shù)租用的汽車。我們建議票價按每公里行駛距離顯示在兩個表格2里面。

這個環(huán)路，在這種情況下，應(yīng)提供單脈沖的輸出M的每100，125或143脈沖所產(chǎn)生的輸入端根據(jù)級別的電壓輸入終端3，K或L。

我們的電路顯示，三個十年的計數(shù)器，作為一個三位數(shù)分頻器的分比率100，125和143個自動選定的電壓一級終端J，K和L分別。一種可能的線路圖可被驗(yàn)證，上述功能如圖6。它包括三個十年的計數(shù)器7490，一個聲BCD-以杜威解碼器輸入7445，3個4輸入和1個3輸入以及1個2輸入和2個3輸入或門。

時間縮放電路CT3.時間縮放電路含有4個輸入端 J，K，L及F和一個輸出端N，這個電路的函數(shù)根據(jù)表格2的意思（車費(fèi)每2分鐘的等待時間）是在J，K和L分別供應(yīng)單脈沖到輸出端N時，提供單脈沖的輸出N。時間縮放電路將類似于距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路，但是有不同的行駛比率。它包括3個十進(jìn)制計數(shù)器7490，2個3輸入與門和一個5輸入與門，1個2輸入與門和一個3輸入或門。

電路產(chǎn)生時鐘脈沖的顯示電路CT4 這條電路的作用根據(jù)電壓電平在輸入終端J、K或者L，分別供應(yīng)1，2或者脈沖在每脈沖的輸出終端R引起在任何終端N或M。無論輸入端N或者M(jìn)中的誰發(fā)送脈沖，都只有一個脈沖能被輸出端P接收。它由一個反向計數(shù)器7493構(gòu)成，其中一半是雙JK主從觸發(fā)器電路，型號為7476，包括三個變頻器，三個2輸入與門，一個3輸入與門，1 2輸入或門以及一個3輸入或門。當(dāng)脈沖引起在輸入的終端N或M，觸發(fā)器的輸入Q上將產(chǎn)生高級電壓。這個門信號將被連接到計數(shù)器的輸入A并且連接到輸出終端R。當(dāng)?shù)谝?，第二或第三個脈沖由漣波計數(shù)器開始計數(shù)，J,K,L端會分別根據(jù)電壓的大小來使產(chǎn)生重置或者翻轉(zhuǎn)來改變狀態(tài)，然后Q端變?yōu)檩敵龅碗妷骸Ｒ虼耍? KHz信號沒有能力到達(dá)輸出端R或是計數(shù)器的輸入端A。為了確保電路的函數(shù)準(zhǔn)確無誤，當(dāng)切換到新頻道時，觸發(fā)器要清零。對于功能選擇開關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)渠道的描述，稍后會以一個成功的5輸入門函數(shù)來解釋。

顯示電路

該顯示面板將包含三個4位數(shù)顯示器，這樣可以給出每個乘客應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的總和，一個六位數(shù)顯示器可以給出出租車的總收入。一種可能的接線圖的顯示電路。以順時針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)所選擇的開關(guān)將提供相應(yīng)的顯示，這可以通過5伏電壓來分別控制1，第2和3終端。對應(yīng)的顯示通過供應(yīng)低級電壓通過終端A、C和G，分別。保持終端D和H在低級狀態(tài)下重置為零對應(yīng)的顯示分別通過終端B,D,H而改變低壓狀態(tài)，并準(zhǔn)備好從對應(yīng)的乘客那里計算出相應(yīng)的計數(shù)款額，計數(shù)脈沖這三個顯示器通過終端提供總額。計數(shù)器還將通過終端P為3個顯示器提供脈沖只要這三個顯示器中任意一個是正常的，那么總額將被顯示出來。

時間和距離變化時車費(fèi)的改變

在下面的部分，兩種不同的方法使得時間和距離改變從而導(dǎo)致車費(fèi)發(fā)生變化，有如下建議：首先是當(dāng)以路程計價的費(fèi)用低于以時間計費(fèi)的費(fèi)用時，采用時間計費(fèi)。從此，一個簡單的票價表顯示當(dāng)出租車移動速度小于50米/分時應(yīng)該采用時間計費(fèi)方式。一種可能的電路可以執(zhí)行此開關(guān)行動，它包含一個轉(zhuǎn)速限位開關(guān)和一個反轉(zhuǎn)器以及兩個2輸入與門。接觸的限位開關(guān)通常是封閉，只有當(dāng)角速度超過50RMP的時候才會打開。第二個改變將中斷連接到圖10C的輸入端，輸出端Q連接速度的電路。在這種情況下，只要出租車的狀態(tài)保持靜止，那么計費(fèi)開關(guān)就會處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。

功能選擇旋轉(zhuǎn)開關(guān)

功能選擇開關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)的電壓應(yīng)提供的該終端的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以確保正常運(yùn)行的電子電路列于表3。每5個桿就有4個板連接著3個旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，每個符合邏輯功能表3，旋轉(zhuǎn)任何三個切換到完全順時針方向?qū)⑼ㄟ^5個職位。功能的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)可以說是從第一的位置通過直到達(dá)到最后的立場如下：

初始位置：在這個位置上的低電壓電平適用于第一第二和第三終端，浙江斷開來自三個中一個顯示器的5伏特電壓供應(yīng)，設(shè)置三個顯示器，乘客檢測電路并與電路系統(tǒng)整合到較低的水平。終端D,H采用低電壓，這是為了確保顯示的總收入選項(xiàng)已被禁用。

步驟1：以順時針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)任何旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)一格將提供5伏特電壓到相應(yīng)的顯示，提供一個高等級的電壓終端1，2或3，這表明一名乘客已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了出租車。終端C，G應(yīng)為高電平，以確保相應(yīng)的顯示仍然是籠罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不變。

步驟2：旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)1，然后將在終端A，C或G上改變電壓使其處于低電壓狀態(tài)，并會產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的顯示。終端1，2，3以及S上的電壓狀態(tài)保持不變。終端B，D和H應(yīng)保持在較低水平，以確保當(dāng)顯示為無數(shù)據(jù)時相應(yīng)的讀出清除為零。

第三篇：4畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

外文文獻(xiàn)原稿和譯文

Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach to fire detection and monitoring system

A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc

Indexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoring Abstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants.The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line.The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed.A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure.The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations.It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g.by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 Introduction Regulatory requirements for most high risk plants and buildings mandate the installation of fire detection and warning systems for all sensitive areas of the plant or the building.Most fire codes state the requirement for monitoring and control

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

specifically related to a type of a plant or building such as chemical plants, petroleum, nuclear plants, residential high-rises etc.A general conclusion of these codes can be specified as the following requirements :(a)The source of all detector signals should be exactly identifiable by the central station(b)An extra path of communication between the central station and all local controllers(c)Direct means of control of alarm and central equipment by the central station(d)Means of communication between the central station and the fire department(e)Availability of emergency power supply.The codes usually also specify the types and frequency of tests for all equipment.A fire detection and alarm system is a combination of devices designed to signal an alarm in case of a fire.The system may also accomplish fan control, fire door hold or release, elevator recall, emergency lighting control and other emergency functions.These additional functions supplement the basic system which consists of detection and alarm devices and central control unit.Technology has an influence on system architecture.When technology changes, the architecture has to be revised to take advantage of these changes.In recent years, VLSI technology has been advancing at an exponential rate.First NMOS and, in the last year or two, CMOS chips have been produced with the same packing density with more gates per chip yet at a lower power consumption than NMOS.Surely this change in technology must affect our design of hardware at both the chip and the system level.At the chip level, single chips are now being produced which are equivalent to board levels of only the previous year or two.These chips have microprocessor, memory in RAM and ROM, IO Ports both serial and parallel, A/D timer, flags and other functions on chip.At the system level, the new chips make new architectures possible.The objective of this paper is to show how technology can influence system architecture in the field of fire control.The new high density single chip microcontrollers are incorporated in the design of a large scale system and yet we obtain a smaller system with a better performance.In terms of fire detection and

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

alarm monitoring, this is reflected directly in the local station hardware, because of their remoteness and power supply requirements.A complete local station can be designed around a single CMOS chip with power consumption of a few m W depending on system operation.This approach reduces the cost and complexity of design, implementation and maintenance and provides easily expandable and portable design.This implementation was not possible with old technology.Most of fire detection/monitoring systems available are tailored towards a specific application and lack the use of recent advances in CMOS VLSI technology.In this study, we develop a fire detection/monitoring system which is general in concept, readily implementable in a multitude of applications for early detection of a fire before it becomes critical, for equipment and evacuation of personnel.Here, we propose a central control and distributed control/detection/monitoring with adequate communication, where use is made of single-chip microcontrollers in the local stations, thus improving controllability and observability of the monitoring process.2 Detection and alarm devices A basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation.An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detecting the byproduct of a combustion.Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly used detector devices.When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increases from the pA to the mA range(say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA)in the active mode.Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as those

given in Table 1.The more sensitive the detector, the more susceptible it is to false alarms.In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T.The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected;smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems.In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants.Heaviside [4] has an excellent review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.2.1 Control philosophy and division of labour Our control philosophy is implemented hierarchically.Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making.There is no communication between equipment on the same level.Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands.This is shown in Fig.1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker(when not in manual mode).At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations.At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators.A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers.Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer.Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards.Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level.This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a)When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b)The decisions have uncertainty(c)It will isolate local decisions(e.g.locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)3 General hardware I :Fig.2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms.The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel.This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible.However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling.In cases where reliability is of extreme importance, two or even three cables taking different

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

routes throughout the system may be connected in parallel.Fig.3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus.This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

3.1 Central control task

A central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the system

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

activities.In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i)It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii)It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii)It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu)It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u)It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.3.2 Local stations The local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs.In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g.the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level;the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented.The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer.This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations.The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a)It is CMOS technology;this reduces power consumption.(b)It has a UART on board;this facilitates serial communication.(e)It has an a/d converter on board;this eliminates an external A/D.(d)It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer;this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 System implementation The local station: Fig.3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig.4 illustrates the same circuit in an expanded form.It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller.The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator.In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open-and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions.More information can be found in Reference 9.Main loop

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 Conclusion This paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers.The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making.This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making.Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so.It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations.A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10].The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor(MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

monitor called Tutor.The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor.The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References 1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and

HUMPHREY，W.Y.:

‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng., ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

譯

文

基于單片機(jī)的火災(zāi)探測和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)

A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc

關(guān)鍵詞：危險，設(shè)計，設(shè)備狀態(tài)監(jiān)測

摘要：火災(zāi)探測及報警監(jiān)控已成為一個復(fù)雜而完整的體系。該系統(tǒng)采用多個單芯片架構(gòu)到一條主線上。該控制算法是基于兩級決策層次，因此分配了復(fù)雜性。一個完整的電路原理圖，給出了主、分控制器所需的軟件的結(jié)構(gòu)要求。設(shè)計延續(xù)一般形式，這樣可以適應(yīng)于多種系統(tǒng)的配置。尤其顯示出新的技術(shù)發(fā)展，特別是CMOS單芯片器件，在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計中的使用，以減少整體硬件的復(fù)雜性，例如，通過分解系統(tǒng)，這樣的層次較低水平的控制器能夠有一些決策自主權(quán)，用簡單的分布式的方法解決了復(fù)雜的決策。

1、引言

大多數(shù)高風(fēng)險地區(qū)和建筑物的管理要求安裝火災(zāi)探測報警系統(tǒng)。多數(shù)國家消防規(guī)范的要求監(jiān)測和控制具體的是危險場合或建筑物，如化工廠，石油類，核電廠，住宅高樓等這些場合的一般性質(zhì)可以指定為下列要求 ：

（一）所有探測器信號源信號能被主處理器準(zhǔn)確識別。

（二）主從控制器有另外的溝通路徑。

（三）檢測報警和主控制設(shè)備由控制中心控制。

（四）火災(zāi)現(xiàn)場和控制中心的通訊。

（五）提供的應(yīng)急電源。

它也被用來應(yīng)對特殊情況和進(jìn)行深被檢測。

火災(zāi)探測及報警系統(tǒng)是一個旨在信號，在一旦發(fā)生火警報警裝置的組合。該系統(tǒng)也可實(shí)現(xiàn)風(fēng)扇控制，防火門關(guān)閉或釋放，電梯鎖定，應(yīng)急照明控制和其他

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

緊急任務(wù)。這些額外的功能補(bǔ)充由檢測和報警裝置和中央控制單元組成。

技術(shù)對系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)有很深的影響。當(dāng)技術(shù)的變革，該架構(gòu)必須修訂，以利用這些新的功能變化。近年來，超大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)已經(jīng)大大進(jìn)步。第一，NMOS在過去的一年或兩年，CMOS芯片以相同的堆積密度擁有更多的門和更低的功耗。當(dāng)然這種技術(shù)的變化必然影響在芯片和系統(tǒng)級我們的硬件設(shè)計。在芯片級，單芯片現(xiàn)在正在制作的是只相當(dāng)于上一年或兩年的水平。這些芯片有微處理器，RAM和ROM，IO端口存儲器串行和并行，A / D轉(zhuǎn)換定時器，和其他功能的芯片。在系統(tǒng)級，新的芯片做出新的結(jié)構(gòu)成為可能。本文的目的是體現(xiàn)技術(shù)如何影響消防控制領(lǐng)域的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。新的高密度的單芯片微控制器納入一個大系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計，但我們可以得到了更好的性能，更小的系統(tǒng)。在火災(zāi)探測和報警監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)中，這是直接反映在分控制站的硬件，因?yàn)榈靥幤h(yuǎn)和電源的要求。一個完整的分控制站可以圍繞著一個帶電源的CMOS芯片設(shè)計。這種方法降低了成本和設(shè)計復(fù)雜性，方便實(shí)施和維護(hù)，并提供易于擴(kuò)展和便攜式設(shè)計。這是舊技術(shù)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。大部分火災(zāi)檢測/監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)提供特定的應(yīng)用程序，缺乏對CMOS超大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。在這項(xiàng)研究中，我們開發(fā)了火災(zāi)檢測/監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，常規(guī)設(shè)計，易于執(zhí)行的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)火警。在這里，我們提出一個中央控制和分發(fā)控制/檢測/充分的溝通，如果使用的單芯片微控制器在分控制站，從而提高可控性和可觀性的監(jiān)測過程。

2、檢測和報警裝置

一個基本的火災(zāi)探測系統(tǒng)由兩部分組成，檢測和報警。自動檢測設(shè)備有比如熱，煙霧或火焰檢測器，紫外線或紅外線探測器或火焰閃爍，是基于檢測 一個燃燒的副產(chǎn)品。煙霧探測器都電離和光類型，是最常用的檢測設(shè)備。當(dāng)這種類型的典型探測器進(jìn)入報警狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生的電流信號會從PA變成MA（比如，從單純的15pA在休眠模式下為60毫安）在主動模式。在許多探測器的檢測器輸出電壓明確在各種運(yùn)行條件，例如見表1。越是敏感的檢測器，它更容易受到虛假警報。為了控制探測器的精確，可使用下列方法：過濾技術(shù)，這樣的邏輯電路成為活躍僅當(dāng)x警報的時間內(nèi)檢測周期T。檢測技術(shù)在很大程度上取決于地點(diǎn)和植物受到保護(hù)，煙霧探測器是睡覺的地方，紅外線和紫外線輻射探

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

測器，檢測易燃液體燃燒，熱探測器用于滅火和滅火系統(tǒng)。一般來說，生命和財產(chǎn)保護(hù)有不同的做法。報警裝置，從通常的聲響或視覺報警外，還可以采用固態(tài)的聲音再現(xiàn)和緊急話音通信或打印機(jī)，記錄時間，日期，地點(diǎn)和其他資料。Heavisid [4] 擁有一支優(yōu)秀的審查探測器和滅火器的各種制度。

2.1控制理念和分工

我們的理念是實(shí)施控制等級。三個層次的系統(tǒng)級的實(shí)施，兩個級別的決策。之間沒有設(shè)備，在同一層次的溝通。交互各級之間發(fā)生了向上的信息傳輸有關(guān)的子系統(tǒng)和向下狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移的命令。這是圖所示。1，其中第1級是中央控制站，是微機(jī)最終（在不手動模式）決策者。第2級是當(dāng)?shù)乜刂破鳎⒃诋?dāng)?shù)氐恼?。?級是實(shí)際檢測器和驅(qū)動器。在各級提供手操作模式。所有探測器的數(shù)據(jù)和分處理器是當(dāng)?shù)乜刂频幕A(chǔ)。他們將信息濃縮，并轉(zhuǎn)交中央處理器。信息傳遞的地位始終是單向及以上。命令傳輸是單向的總是向下，并在擴(kuò)大局部控制的水平。這種方法保留了層次的準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)測檢測和嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則高風(fēng)險的核電站警報系統(tǒng)。兩個控制層的分類是基于決策層。

（一）在屆時的決定，提出和決定的執(zhí)行情況不能再拖延

（二）決定的不確定性

（三）將隔離當(dāng)?shù)氐臎Q定（例如，我們可能會在當(dāng)?shù)貓缶锌赡苡泄收舷到y(tǒng)）

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

3、硬件

圖.2描繪了我們的設(shè)計最簡單的形式。這個系統(tǒng)采用四個導(dǎo)體開放的路線，在所有遠(yuǎn)程共享一個循環(huán)電纜設(shè)備和控制面板。這種方法簡單，經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行。但是，一個主要缺點(diǎn)是對一個單一的電力和信號電纜的依賴。在重要環(huán)境下，可靠性是極其重要的。固可采用兩個甚至三個電纜采取不同的線路連接，可并行連接。圖.3是驅(qū)動電路必須得一個擴(kuò)展總線。采用這種設(shè)計在單片機(jī)技術(shù)的最新發(fā)展優(yōu)勢減少與中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。

3.1中央控制任務(wù)

中央站點(diǎn)提供了一個集中點(diǎn)，以監(jiān)測和控制系統(tǒng)的活動。在該系統(tǒng)介紹了中央控制單元的目的（一）它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警鐘及其他輸出設(shè)備。

（二）它提示在系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障時的操作。

（三）它提供了一個全面系統(tǒng)的手動和自動控制。

（四），它提供了中央和分站的系統(tǒng)測試點(diǎn)。

（五）它提供了一個中心點(diǎn)觀察，學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)。

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

3.2 分控制站

分控制站的決定可以控制處理當(dāng)?shù)氐男畔ⅰ＿@種技術(shù)我們就依靠負(fù)載型協(xié)調(diào)下級單位，承認(rèn)在同一水平上的其他決定單位的存在;中央或高層提供了一個較低的單位模型之間的行動和系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)的關(guān)系。很明顯，一個強(qiáng)大的機(jī)器，需要在這個階段，使所有需要的功能得到有效執(zhí)行。該芯片的新一代供應(yīng)使得該體系結(jié)構(gòu)的解決變得可行。

單片機(jī)被選中了離散的數(shù)字和模擬設(shè)備接口，到外地設(shè)備和中央微機(jī)。這是最主要的原因，以前這種做法是不可行的。該芯片的選擇的，包含要求的模擬和數(shù)字接口所需的端口和CMOS技術(shù)的運(yùn)用，由于地處偏僻的分控制站最一體化。這個選擇是摩托羅拉68HC11A4，理由如下：

（1）它是CMOS技術(shù)，這可減少電力消耗。

（2）它有一個UART，這有利于串行通信。

（3）它有一個A / D轉(zhuǎn)換器上，這消除了外部A / D轉(zhuǎn)換

（4）它有一個4K的ROM，256 K內(nèi)存，512K EERROM字節(jié)40個I/O端口的線路和一個16位定時器;符合分控制站所有的內(nèi)存和1 / 0的要求。

4、系統(tǒng)實(shí)施

分控制站：圖.3 是用于一個遠(yuǎn)程火災(zāi)報警MC68HCllA4電路框圖

檢測電路：圖.4這是前一個電路的擴(kuò)展形式?？梢钥闯鰡纹瑱C(jī)可用于監(jiān)控多個探測器，從而降低了系統(tǒng)成本。

回路電源，通常在26到28V之間，通常五伏一百毫安單片低功耗電壓調(diào)節(jié)器供電的微控制器。板載振蕩器，是一個2.4576 MHz的外部晶體結(jié)合，提供時間信號，它被分為4個內(nèi)部收益率為614.4千赫，這是一個更多的RS 232 [7]波特率發(fā)生器的處理器頻率微控制器。

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

5、主循環(huán)

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

6、結(jié)論

本文描述了一個大規(guī)模的火災(zāi)探測及報警系統(tǒng)，使用多的發(fā)展，單芯片微型計算機(jī)。該架構(gòu)是采用兩個層次的決策層次。這種架構(gòu)是可以用到的新的CMOS微控制器，低功耗，并在數(shù)據(jù)處理功能強(qiáng)大的高堆積密度和決策。每個地方控制站可以自主作出的決定如果上級機(jī)構(gòu)，允許它這樣做。一般格式化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計，因此它可以適應(yīng)不同的情況。所描述的系統(tǒng)原型已經(jīng)建成并測試。中央控制站的控制部分是基于MC 68000微處理器（墨西哥68KECB摩托羅拉），它有一個內(nèi)置的顯示器稱為導(dǎo)師。該應(yīng)用程序都是使用這個顯示器提供的特性。本地基站控制器的設(shè)計采用了MC68705R3單片機(jī)。

7、參考文獻(xiàn) ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings,4, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and

HUMPHREY，W.Y.:

‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specif: Eng., 6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986

第四篇：畢業(yè)設(shè)計混凝土橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)形式(中英文翻譯)

混凝土梁橋的結(jié)構(gòu)形式

事實(shí)證明，預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)是在技術(shù)上先進(jìn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)上有競爭力、符合審美學(xué)的一種先進(jìn)技術(shù)。從使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組成的小跨徑橋梁到吊梁和跨徑將近100英尺的連續(xù)箱梁橋，幾乎所有的混凝土橋梁，甚至于相對短時間的橋梁都是預(yù)應(yīng)力結(jié)構(gòu)的。采用預(yù)制、現(xiàn)場澆筑或兩種方法并用。在同一工程中經(jīng)常同時使用先張法和后張法。

在美國，公路橋一般情況下必須滿足荷載、設(shè)計和AASHTO規(guī)定的建設(shè)的要求。對于服務(wù)于其它目的步行街和橋梁的設(shè)計要求由當(dāng)?shù)氐幕虻胤降拇a建立。ACI代碼的備注也被納入?yún)⒖肌?/p>

伴隨最小交通中斷的大約100英尺的跨徑的橋梁由提供低的初級預(yù)算，最小量維修和養(yǎng)護(hù)費(fèi)用和快速的簡易的預(yù)制板組成。這種梁一般是用先張法。預(yù)制板一塊挨一塊的放置并且在相鄰的預(yù)制板間受剪的縫隙填滿不收縮的灰泥之后，經(jīng)常在中間橫膈膜的位置后張拉。對于公路，用瀝青鋪設(shè)的表面可以直接用在預(yù)制混凝土的上面。在某些情況下，一塊放置在正確位置的現(xiàn)澆板提供復(fù)合作用。

空心板一般用于深度15英尺到21英尺，寬度3英尺或4英尺。對于一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)HS20的公路，空心板適合于大約50 英尺的跨徑。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)渠化區(qū)段在多種寬度，深度從21英尺到35英尺時是有利的，可用于大約20英尺到60英尺的跨徑。中空的箱形梁和T形梁用于大約100英尺的長跨徑。

對于中等跨徑的大約120英尺的公路橋，一般使用AASHTO 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梁。它們和一種復(fù)合現(xiàn)場預(yù)制行車道板一起使用。在板被安置之后，這樣的梁經(jīng)常在預(yù)澆梁的先張拉 與合成梁的后張拉后結(jié)合。試圖獲得改進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)，一些國家已經(jīng)采用更精煉的設(shè)計，例如華盛頓州標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梁。

經(jīng)過特別設(shè)計預(yù)制建筑梁可以用來攜帶一個單軌鐵路系統(tǒng)。完成的沃爾特迪斯尼樂園單軌鐵路的一系列的特征, 每個包括六個單獨(dú)支持的預(yù)拉梁，一起形成連續(xù)結(jié)構(gòu)。典型的跨距是100到110英尺。被使用的337根梁，大約一半有垂直與水平曲率和易變超級升高的一些結(jié)合。所有的梁是中空的，它的特征是通過在曲梁中插入泡沫和在直梁制作中移動形心軸獲得。

由于運(yùn)輸問題和構(gòu)件垂直的大而重的問題，預(yù)制梁不能用于跨徑超過120英尺的橋梁。另一方面，橋梁有一種向大跨徑發(fā)展的明顯趨勢。對于提高的都市高速道路來說，大跨徑促進(jìn)通路而且將對下面的活動妨礙減到最少。對環(huán)境的損害問題的關(guān)心，導(dǎo)致連續(xù)高架橋大跨徑的選擇。對于跨河橋，因?yàn)楹叫虚g隙的需求，中間可能不可以搭設(shè)橋墩。

在這一個類型的典型建筑中，橋墩（臺）采用現(xiàn)場預(yù)制, 經(jīng)常使用滑動的技術(shù)。一個箱梁的“ 錘頭”澆筑在橋墩的頂端, 并且通過平衡的懸臂方法控制每個方向的建筑進(jìn)

行。最后,在完成跨中結(jié)合處的澆筑之后, 這種結(jié)構(gòu)對于完全連續(xù)性的橋梁來說是進(jìn)一步的受拉的。修剪鑰匙可能被用在片段之間垂直面之上, 而且預(yù)制建筑與環(huán)氧基樹脂黏在一起。

想象的工程學(xué)藉著許多特別的技術(shù)示范已經(jīng)延長混凝土建筑的范圍，就橋梁而言，已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過幾年以前可以想象的到的任何事。在美國，雙向彎曲的現(xiàn)場澆鑄的部分箱梁已經(jīng)成功地完成 310 英尺 的跨距，跨越了北加州的鰻魚河。該橋的中間跨度550英尺，側(cè)跨跨度390英尺，初步設(shè)計已經(jīng)完成。

預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土橋梁很適合于大跨徑的另一種形式是懸索箱梁。一個值得注意的例子是阿根廷境內(nèi)的Chaco-Corrientes橋。橋的主跨徑804英尺，由兩個A型構(gòu)架塔支撐，懸索從塔頂?shù)窖刂装迳煺?。受拉的懸索不僅提供一種垂直反應(yīng)組成支撐底板，而且對于箱梁產(chǎn)生水平的壓縮，增加構(gòu)件中的張拉力。

許多年以前德國工程師 Ulrich Finsterwalder 提出適合于負(fù)擔(dān)荷載和大跨徑的一個結(jié)構(gòu)類型是壓帶式橋。壓帶是橋運(yùn)輸跨越萊茵河的一個管道和人行道，跨徑446英尺。上部結(jié)構(gòu)的施工順序是（a）垂直的一對懸索，(b)在每個懸索的下面，安置預(yù)制板形成一人行道甲板和 一U型 的平臺, 并且(c)在附近現(xiàn)場澆注混凝土。放置在頂部的管道支撐在扶手的頂部，向一邊傾斜，大幅地增加結(jié)構(gòu)的主要風(fēng)速。

討論橋梁形式應(yīng)適當(dāng)?shù)目紤]結(jié)構(gòu)的美學(xué)。當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)可能根據(jù)最小的費(fèi)用和技術(shù)設(shè)計的時候，時間消逝了。特別是橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)到處可見。生產(chǎn)視覺上不愉快的結(jié)構(gòu) , 過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生, 是一種不負(fù)專業(yè)責(zé)任的行為。特別地對于主要的跨距，還有一些比較普通的結(jié)構(gòu)來說，應(yīng)該在設(shè)計過程的概念階段尋找建筑的建議。出處：

安瑞克．混凝土橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)形式[J]．建筑實(shí)錄(美)，2010，33(36)：34—36

The Structure of Concrete Bridge Pre-stressed concrete has proved to be technically advantageous, economically competitive, and esthetically superior bridges, from very short span structures using standard components to cable-stayed girders and continuous box girders with clear spans of nearly 100aft.Nearly all concrete bridges, even those of relatively short span, are now pre-stressed.Pre-casting, cast-in-place construction, or a combination of the two methods may be used.Both pre-tensioning and post tensioning are employed, often on the same project.In the United States, highway bridges generally must-meet loading ,design ,and construction requirements of the AASHTO Specification.Design requirements for pedestrian crossings and bridges serving other purposes may be established by local or regional codes and specifications.ACI Code provisions are often incorporated by reference.Bridges spans to about 100ft often consist of pre-cast integral-deck units ,which offer low initial cost ,minimum ,maintenance ,and fast easy construction ,with minimum traffic interruption.Such girders are generally pre-tensioned.The units are placed side by side ,and are often post-tensioned laterally at intermediate diaphragm locations ,after which shear keys between adjacent units are filled with non-shrinking mortar.For highway spans ,an asphalt wearing surface may be applied directly to the top of the pre-cast concrete.In some cases ,a cast-in-place slab is placed to provide composite action.The voided slabs are commonly available in depths from 15 to 21 in.and widths of 3 to 4 ft.For a standard highway HS20 loading, they are suitable for spans to about 50 ft, Standard channel sections are available in depths from 21 to 35 in a variety of widths, and are used for spans between about 20 and 60 ft.The hollow box beams-and single-tee girders are intended for longer spans up to about 100 ft.For medium-span highway bridges ,to about 120 ft ,AASHTO standard I beams are

generally used.They are intended for use with a composite cast-in-place roadway slab.Such girders often combine pre-tensioning of the pre-cast member with post-tensioning of the composite beam after the deck is placed.In an effort to obtain improved economy ,some states have adopted more refined designs ,such as the State of Washington standard girders.The specially designed pre-cast girders may be used to carry a monorail transit system.The finished guide way of Walt Disney World Monorail features a series of segments, each consisting of six simply supported pre-tensioned beams ,together to from a continuous structure.Typical spans are 100 to 110 ft.Approximately half of the 337 beams used have some combination of vertical and horizontal curvatures and variable super elevation.All beams are hollow, a feature achieved by inserting a styro-foam void in the curved beams and by a moving mandrel in straight beam production.Pre-cast girders may not be used for spans much in excess of 120 ft because of the problems of transporting and erecting large, heavy units.On the other hand ,there is a clear trend toward the use of longer spans for bridges.For elevated urban expressways ,long spans facilitate access and minimize obstruction to activities below.Concern for environmental damage has led to the choice of long spans for continuous viaducts.For river crossings, intermediate piers may be impossible because of requirements of navigational clearance.In typical construction of this type, piers are cast-in-place, often using the slip-forming technique.A ―hammerhead‖ section of box girder is often cast at the top of the pier, and construction proceeds in each direction by the balanced cantilever method.Finally, after the closing cast-in-place joint is made at mid-span, the structure is further post-tensioned for full continuity.Shear keys may be used on the vertical faces between segments, and pre-cast are glued with epoxy resin.The imaginative engineering demonstrated by many special techniques has extended the range of concrete construction for bridges far beyond anything that could be conceived just a few years ago.In the United States, twin curved cast-in –place segmental box girders have recently been completed for of span of 310 ft over the Eel River in northern California.Preliminary design has been completed for twin continuous box girders consisting of central 550 ft spans flanked by 390 ft side spans.Another form of pre-stressed concrete bridge well suited to long spans is the cable-stayed box girder.A notable example is the Chaco-Corrientes Bridge in Argentina.The bridges main span of 804 ft is supported by two A-frame towers, with cable stays stretching from tower tops to points along the deck.The deck itself consists of two parallel box girders made of pre-cast sections erected using the cantilever method.The tensioned cables not only

provide a vertical reaction component to support the deck ,but also introduce horizontal compression to the box girders ,adding to the post-tensioning force in those members.Stress-ribbon Bridge pioneered many years ago by the German engineer Ulrich Finsterwalder.The stress-ribbon bridge carries a pipeline and pedestrians over the Rhine River with a span of 446 ft.The superstructure erection sequence was to(a)erect two pairs of cables,(b)place pre-cast slabs forming a sidewalk deck and a U under each of the sets of cables, and(c)cast-in-place concrete within the two Us.The pipeline is placed atop supports at railing height, off to one side, which greatly increases the wind speed of the structure.It is appropriate in discussing bridge forms to mention structural esthetics.The time is past when structures could be designed on the basis of minimum cost and technical advantages alone.Bridge structures in particular are exposed for all to see.To produce a structure that is visually offensive ,as has occurred all too often in the past, is an act professional irresponsibility.Particularly for major spans ,but also for more ordinary structures ,architectural advice should be sought early in conceptual stage of the design process.

第五篇：!出租車計價器畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文翻譯

畢業(yè)論文準(zhǔn)備

ABSTRACT In this paper, a multi-channel taximeter that is able to deal with more than one passenger simultaneously is proposed.In order to demonstrate the theory of operation of the proposed system, a complete design for an experimental three-channel taximeter(whose prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research)is presented.System location, outline, block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams for the experimental taximeter are also included.1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table(Table 2)can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻譯

摘要

本文提出了一種出租車多通道計價的方案，能同時處理一個以上乘客的情形。為了從理論上說明本方案，提出了一個實(shí)驗(yàn)上的三通道型的士的完整設(shè)計（其原型是根據(jù)埃及科學(xué)和技術(shù)研究學(xué)院的研究而建成得）。.導(dǎo)言

在不發(fā)達(dá)的國家，早上把人們從他們家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回來已成為一個大問題，尤其是在大城市。

作為解決這個問題的一個部分，在某些國家出租車用來解決這個問題，送人們從一個地方到另外一個地方。例如，出租車的四個席位可攜帶四個不同的沒有任何關(guān)系的乘客，除了他們的路線是相同的。

因此，依靠目前的傳統(tǒng)的單車道計價以確定所需的票價，把每個乘客的計費(fèi)分開，這已成為一個非常困難的問題。因此，在出租車司機(jī)，車主，乘客和國家稅務(wù)部門之間存在著不公平的財政關(guān)系。

在這種情況下，出租車司機(jī)強(qiáng)迫乘客支付多于他們所應(yīng)付的。在某些情況下乘客支付了他們應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的雙倍。

本常規(guī)單頻道計程車，出租車司機(jī)不能夠確定出租車日常收入。在某些情況下（出租車的4個席位），他們可能只有出租車四分之一的收入（大部分的出租車司機(jī)）。從這些支付工資的出租車司機(jī)以及作為燃料費(fèi)用外，還要維修以及汽車折舊等費(fèi)用。事實(shí)上，出租車業(yè)主并非似乎如此糟糕。一項(xiàng)在出租車司機(jī)和車主之間的協(xié)議已經(jīng)達(dá)成，司機(jī)應(yīng)保證每天固定收入，以及向業(yè)主支付燃料以及維修的費(fèi)用。即使如此，還是有的出租車司機(jī)的很大一部分份額之收入的出租車。現(xiàn)在還存在的單聲道計價，已經(jīng)變得非常，國家稅務(wù)部門也知道這種困難 每年估計出租車業(yè)主的收入支出，以及應(yīng)支付的稅務(wù)也很困難。

為了應(yīng)對這一問題，國家稅務(wù)部已實(shí)行固定估計稅，每個座位的出租車不論收入。在本文中，我們介紹了多通道的士計程表，可處理超過一名乘客同時進(jìn)行的情況。我應(yīng)該指出，我所說的長期旅客指一個人或一組相關(guān)的人。我同時也應(yīng)指出，我們提出的多渠道的計價，不是簡單地說，一個多顯示讀數(shù)。作為一個先進(jìn)的事項(xiàng)，事實(shí)上它包含邏輯電路，可以自動計算變化的車費(fèi)以及每公里行走距離或每分鐘的候車時間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車。在下面的部分，我舉出一個例子，我們將介紹一個完整的三通道計價?？驁D以及詳細(xì)的電路圖，實(shí)驗(yàn)三通道計價功能也包括在內(nèi)。原型下已建成 埃及贈款科學(xué)學(xué)院 和技術(shù)研究。.實(shí)驗(yàn)THREECHANNEL

出租車計價器理論的運(yùn)作我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置從事電子數(shù)字計價依據(jù)。事實(shí)上速度電纜旋轉(zhuǎn)1 圈的每米距離行駛。因此，如果車速電纜耦合與速度傳感器，產(chǎn)生一個單脈沖每平方米的旅行距離，那么，我們的的士可以三倍于反模塊相與速度傳感器的單位。然而，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是計價而不僅僅是只顯示三個讀數(shù)。事實(shí)上，它包含邏輯電路，可以根據(jù)每公里的行駛距離或每分鐘等候時間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車來自動改變車費(fèi)。該裝置可能會分成兩個主要部分組成：第一是速度傳感器，這個傳感器可位于任何地方，在出租車內(nèi)進(jìn)行這樣一個簡單的耦合車速電纜是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

單位包含了主要的電子電路，顯示器以及控制面板。該單位應(yīng)位于前排的司機(jī)和乘客之間。

A． 速度傳感器

其主要職能是本單位提供脈沖的培訓(xùn)，這個脈沖的頻率會于旋轉(zhuǎn)角度相適合。一種可能的形式一個速度傳感器。如果可以包含正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出連接到脈沖整形電路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二極管，1000歐姆的電阻和施密特觸發(fā)逆變器）。

為了找到某種方式來檢測出租車的運(yùn)動，正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出是糾正通過一個通用的硅二極管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F電容。那個輸出電壓在終端Q是當(dāng)時限于價值4.7伏特用益歐姆的電阻以及一個齊納二極管ZD。出租車的終端電壓在終端Q將高電壓降為零。這電壓可作為改變出租車從距離計費(fèi)到時間計費(fèi)方式的開關(guān)電壓。

主要的電子和顯示單元

一個建議是主要形式的電子和顯示單元?？刂坪惋@示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的經(jīng)營的士以及四個可讀顯示器。第一頻道將給出從第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分別應(yīng)付的費(fèi)用，第四個會給出總收入給予出租車。最后讀出的數(shù)據(jù)會包括停車的費(fèi)用等等費(fèi)用。頻道選擇器開關(guān)1，第2和第3個，按順時針/逆時針的立場。在充分逆時針的立場，反相應(yīng)的讀出是未標(biāo)明和殘疾人。以順時針方向則是未定義的，清除為零，對于第一第二第三的乘客分別計費(fèi)。第四號推進(jìn)總鈕第四次讀出，使任何人保留讀出相應(yīng)的總收入。經(jīng)過釋放按鈕，第四次讀出將再次保留。這個單位還包含主要電子電路將在下一節(jié)充分描述。描述的主要電子電路

它由五個部分指定的電腦符號與電話系統(tǒng)整合成為4個支撐電路，它們是：判斷乘客數(shù)量電路CT1，旅行距離電路CT2，等待時間電路CT3，時鐘脈沖顯示電路CT4。

乘客人數(shù)檢測電路CT1如圖所示的一般框圖，該電路電腦與電話系統(tǒng)整合有三個輸出：1，2和3相對應(yīng)于三個輸出J，K和L。

這個循環(huán)電路函數(shù)包含高電壓的終端 J，K或L，如果有1個或者2，3個乘客分別租用出租車。這個組里的任意乘客都是一組相關(guān)的人。當(dāng)一個乘客進(jìn)入出租車后，我們只是表示這樣一種情況，自由讀出顯示在談到相應(yīng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以一個完全順時針方向。這將自動斷開相應(yīng)的終端1，2或3個從地面。邏輯關(guān)系各種輸入端子之間第1，第2和第3個輸出端J，K和L是列于表1。作為一個組合電路，我們開始設(shè)計產(chǎn)生了一系列布爾函數(shù)。

一種可能的邏輯圖的基礎(chǔ)上，它包括兩個變頻器，4個2輸入和3輸入以及2個3輸入或門。B.行駛距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路CT2，電路CT2有4個輸入J，K，L及E和1個輸出M，輸出功能的電路是供應(yīng)單脈沖的輸出M的某一些脈沖產(chǎn)生的輸出的速度傳感器（出租車行駛了一定得距離），根據(jù)乘客的人數(shù)租用的汽車。我們建議票價按每公里行駛距離顯示在兩個表格2里面。

表2 這個環(huán)路，在這種情況下，應(yīng)提供單脈沖的輸出M的每100，125或143脈沖所產(chǎn)生的輸入端根據(jù)級別的電壓輸入終端3，K或L。

我們的電路按圖5顯示，三個十年的計數(shù)器，作為一個三位數(shù)分頻器的分比率100，125和143個自動選定的電壓一級終端J，K和L分別。一種可能的線路圖可被驗(yàn)證，它包括三個十年的計數(shù)器7490，一個聲BCD-以杜威解碼器輸入7445，3個4輸入和1個3輸入以及1個2輸入和2個3輸入或門。

時間縮放電路CT3.時間縮放電路含有4個輸入端 J，K，L及F和一個輸出端N，這個電路的函數(shù)根據(jù)表格2的意思（車費(fèi)每2分鐘的等待時間）是在J，K和L分別供應(yīng)單脈沖到輸出端N時，提供單脈沖的輸出N。時間縮放電路將類似于距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路，但是有不同的行駛比率。它包括3個十進(jìn)制計數(shù)器7490，2個3輸入與門和一個5輸入與門，1個2輸入與門和一個3輸入或門。

電路產(chǎn)生時鐘脈沖的顯示電路CT4 這條電路的作用根據(jù)電壓電平在輸入終端J、K或者L，分別供應(yīng)1，2或者脈沖在每脈沖的輸出終端R引起在任何終端N或M。無論輸入端N或者M(jìn)中的誰發(fā)送脈沖，都只有一個脈沖能被輸出端P接收。它由一個反向計數(shù)器7493構(gòu)成，其中一半是雙JK主從觸發(fā)器電路，型號為7476，包括三個變頻器，三個2輸入與門，一個3輸入與門，1 2輸入或門以及一個3輸入或門。當(dāng)脈沖引起在輸入的終端N或M，觸發(fā)器的輸入Q上將產(chǎn)生高級電壓。這個門信號將被連接到計數(shù)器的輸入A并且連接到輸出終端R。當(dāng)?shù)谝唬诙虻谌齻€脈沖由漣波計數(shù)器開始計數(shù)，J,K,L端會分別根據(jù)電壓的大小來使產(chǎn)生重置或者翻轉(zhuǎn)來改變狀態(tài)，然后Q端變?yōu)檩敵龅碗妷?。因此? KHz信號沒有能力到達(dá)輸出端R或是計數(shù)器的輸入端A。為了確保電路的函數(shù)準(zhǔn)確無誤，當(dāng)切換到新頻道時，觸發(fā)器要清零。對于功能選擇開關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)渠道的描述，稍后會以一個成功的5輸入門函數(shù)來解釋。

顯示電路

該顯示面板將包含三個4位數(shù)顯示器，這樣可以給出每個乘客應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的總和，一個六位數(shù)顯示器可以給出出租車的總收入。以順時針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)所選擇的開關(guān)將提供相應(yīng)的顯示，這可以通過5伏電壓來分別控制1，第2和3終端。對應(yīng)的顯示通過供應(yīng)低級電壓通過終端A、C和G，分別。保持終端D和H在低級狀態(tài)下重置為零對應(yīng)的顯示分別通過終端B,D,H而改變低壓狀態(tài)，并準(zhǔn)備好從對應(yīng)的乘客那里計算出相應(yīng)的計數(shù)款額，計數(shù)脈沖這三個顯示器通過終端提供總額。計數(shù)器還將通過終端P為3個顯示器提供脈沖只要這三個顯示器中任意一個是正常的，那么總額將被顯示出來。

時間和距離變化時車費(fèi)的改變

在下面的部分，兩種不同的方法使得時間和距離改變從而導(dǎo)致車費(fèi)發(fā)生變化，有如下建議：首先是當(dāng)以路程計價的費(fèi)用低于以時間計費(fèi)的費(fèi)用時，采用時間計費(fèi)。從此，一個簡單的票價表顯示當(dāng)出租車移動速度小于50米/分時應(yīng)該采用時間計費(fèi)方式。一種可能的電路可以執(zhí)行此開關(guān)行動如圖10c，它包含一個轉(zhuǎn)速限位開關(guān)和一個反轉(zhuǎn)器以及兩個2輸入與門。接觸的限位開關(guān)通常是封閉，只有當(dāng)角速度超過50RMP的時候才會打開。第二個改變將中斷連接到圖10C的輸入端，輸出端Q連接速度的電路。在這種情況下，只要出租車的狀態(tài)保持靜止，那么計費(fèi)開關(guān)就會處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。

功能選擇旋轉(zhuǎn)開關(guān)

功能選擇開關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)的電壓應(yīng)提供的該終端的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以確保正常運(yùn)行的電子電路列于表3。每5個桿就有4個板連接著3個旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，每個符合邏輯功能表3，旋轉(zhuǎn)任何三個切換到完全順時針方向?qū)⑼ㄟ^5個職位。功能的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)可以說是從第一的位置通過直到達(dá)到最后的立場如下：

初始位置：在這個位置上的低電壓電平適用于第一第二和第三終端，浙江斷開來自三個中一個顯示器的5伏特電壓供應(yīng)，設(shè)置三個顯示器，乘客檢測電路并與電路系統(tǒng)整合到較低的水平。終端D,H采用低電壓，這是為了確保顯示的總收入選項(xiàng)已被禁用。

步驟1：以順時針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)任何旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)一格將提供5伏特電壓到相應(yīng)的顯示，提供一個高等級的電壓終端1，2或3，這表明一名乘客已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了出租車。終端C，G應(yīng)為高電平，以確保相應(yīng)的顯示仍然是籠罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不變。

步驟2：旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)1，然后將在終端A，C或G上改變電壓使其處于低電壓狀態(tài)，并會產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的顯示。終端1，2，3以及S上的電壓狀態(tài)保持不變。終端B，D和H應(yīng)保持在較低水平，以確保當(dāng)顯示為無數(shù)據(jù)時相應(yīng)的讀出清除為零。