第一篇：初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)

一、名詞復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則

1．一般情況下，直接加-s，如： book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2．以s.x.sh.ch結(jié)尾，加-es，如： bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3．以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如： family-families, strawberry-strawberries

4、以“f或fe”結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es，（但有一個(gè)特例：roof→roofs）。如： knife-knives leaf-leaves wife-wives thief-thieves wolf-wolves 5．以“o”結(jié)尾的單詞，如果有生命，加-es；如果沒(méi)有生命，加-s。如：①有生命：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes mango-mangoes hero-heroes Negro-Negroes ②沒(méi)生命：radio-radios piano-pianos photo-photos zoo-zoos 6．不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化：

（一）完全不規(guī)則：

woman-women policeman-policemen policewoman-policewomen mouse-mice child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth man-men

（二）單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)詞形相同：

fish-fish sheep-sheep deer-deer people-people Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese 二、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

【No.1】一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的功能

1.表示事物或人物的特征、狀態(tài)。如：The sky is blue.天空是藍(lán)色的。

2.表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六點(diǎn)起床。

3.表示客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成

1.be動(dòng)詞：主語(yǔ)+be(am,is,are)+其它。如： I am a boy.我是一個(gè)男孩。

2.行為動(dòng)詞：主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞(+其它)。如： We study English.我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she,it)時(shí)，要在動(dòng)詞后加“-s”或“-es”。如：Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語(yǔ)。

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的變化

1.be動(dòng)詞的變化。

否定句：主語(yǔ)+ be + not +其它。如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。

一般疑問(wèn)句：Be +主語(yǔ)+其它。如：-Are you a student?

-Yes.I am./ No, I'm not.特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句。如：Where is my bike?

2.行為動(dòng)詞的變化。

否定句：主語(yǔ)+ don't(doesn't)+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。如：

I don't like bread.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，要用doesn't構(gòu)成否定句。如：

He doesn't often play.一般疑問(wèn)句：Do(Does)+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其它。如：

Yes, I do./ No, I don't.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，要用does構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句。如：

-Does she go to work by bike?-Yes, she does./ No, she doesn't.特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句。如：How does your father go to work? 動(dòng)詞+s的變化規(guī)則

1．一般情況下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2．以s.x.sh.ch.o結(jié)尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3．以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：study-studies

三、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

2．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句基本結(jié)構(gòu)為be+動(dòng)詞ing.3．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句在be后加not。

4．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句把be動(dòng)詞調(diào)到句首。5．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問(wèn)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為： 疑問(wèn)詞不達(dá)意 + be + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞ing? 但疑問(wèn)詞當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)其結(jié)構(gòu)為：

疑問(wèn)詞不達(dá)意 + be + 動(dòng)詞ing? 動(dòng)詞加ing的變化規(guī)則

1．一般情況下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking 2．以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting 3．如果末尾是一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping 四、一般將來(lái)時(shí)

一、概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。句中一般有以下時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天）等。

二、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：

①be going to + do； ②will+ do.三、否定句：在be動(dòng)詞（am, is, are）l后加not或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞will后加not成won’t。例如：I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.→ I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.四、一般疑問(wèn)句： be或will提到句首，some改為any, and改為or，第一二人稱互換。例如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend.→ Are you going to go on an outing this weekend?

五、對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)。一般情況，一般將來(lái)時(shí)的對(duì)劃線部分有三種情況。

1.問(wèn)人。Who 例如：I’m going to New York soon.→Who’s going to New York soon.2.問(wèn)干什么。What … do.例如： My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon.→What is your father going to do with you this afternoon.3.問(wèn)什么時(shí)候。When.例如：She’s going to go to bed at nine.→When is she going to bed?

六、同義句：be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）.= I will go swimming tomorrow.五、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)

一、形容詞的比較級(jí)

1、形容詞比較級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用：兩個(gè)事物或人的比較用比較級(jí)，比較級(jí)后面一般帶有單詞than。比較級(jí)前面可以用more, a little 來(lái)修飾表示程度。than后的人稱代詞用主格（口語(yǔ)中可用賓格）。2．形容詞加er的規(guī)則： ⑴一般在詞尾加er ； ⑵以字母e 結(jié)尾，加r ；

⑶以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾，應(yīng)雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加er ； ⑷以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，先把y變i，再加er。3．不規(guī)則形容詞比較級(jí)：

good-better, beautiful-more beautiful

二、副詞的比較級(jí)

1．形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別(有be用形，有形用be；有動(dòng)用副，有副用動(dòng))⑴在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動(dòng)詞之后 ⑵副詞在句子中最常見(jiàn)的是處于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之后

2．副詞比較級(jí)的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級(jí)相同(不規(guī)則變化：well-better, far-farther)六、一般過(guò)去時(shí)

1．一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。一般過(guò)去時(shí)也表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作感謝。2．Be動(dòng)詞在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中的變化：

⑴am 和is在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣as。（was not=wasn’t）⑵are在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣ere。（were not=weren’t）

⑶帶有was或were的句子，其否定、疑問(wèn)的變化和is, am, are一樣，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑問(wèn)句把was或were調(diào)到句首。3．句中沒(méi)有be動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子

否定句：didn’t +動(dòng)詞原形，如：Jim didn’t go home yesterday.一般疑問(wèn)句：在句首加did，句子中的動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式變回原形。如：Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑問(wèn)句：⑴疑問(wèn)詞+did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形？如： What did Jim do yesterday? ⑵疑問(wèn)詞當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)：疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式？如：Who went to home yesterday? 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式變化規(guī)則：

1．一般在動(dòng)詞末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked 2．結(jié)尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted 3．末尾只有一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)，應(yīng)雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped 4．以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的，變y為i，再加-ed，如：study-studied 5．不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式：

am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat

七、時(shí)間介詞要點(diǎn)

1．a(chǎn)t

表示時(shí)間概念的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)。（在某時(shí)刻、時(shí)間、階段等）。

at 1：00（dawn，midnight，noon）在一點(diǎn)鐘（黎明、午夜、中午）

these are our chief tasks at the present stage．這些就是我們現(xiàn)階段的主要任務(wù)。

2．on

1）表示具體日期。

they arrived in shanghai on may 他們?cè)谖逶露迦盏竭_(dá)上海。

注：（1）關(guān)于“在周末”的幾種表示法： at（on）the weekend在周末---特指 at（on）weekends在周末---泛指 over the weekend在整個(gè)周末 during the weekend在周末期間

（2）在圣誕節(jié)，應(yīng)說(shuō)“at christmas而不說(shuō)”on christmas 2）在（剛……）的時(shí)候。

on reaching the city he called up his parents．一到城里他就給父母打了一個(gè)電話。

3．in

1）表示“時(shí)段”、“時(shí)期”，在多數(shù)情況下可以和dur-ing互換，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)。in（during）1988（december，the 20th century）在一九八八年（十二月、二十世紀(jì)）

i returned to beijing in the middle of june．我是六月中回北京的。但如果表示“在某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的期間”，則只能用during。

during my military service（the trip）在我服役期間（在旅行期間）

2）表示以說(shuō)話時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)的“（若干時(shí)間）以后”，常用作將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如這時(shí)要表示“（若干時(shí)間）內(nèi)”，常用within。比較：

the meeting will end in 30minutes．（三十分鐘后）會(huì)議三十分鐘后結(jié)束。can you finish it within 30minutes？（三十分鐘內(nèi)）你能在三十分鐘之內(nèi)完成這件事嗎？

但在過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)中，in可用于表“在若干時(shí)間以內(nèi)”，這時(shí)不要誤用during。the job was done during a week．（wrong）

the job was done in a week．（right）這工作在一星期內(nèi)就完成了。

4．a(chǎn)fter

表示“在（某具體時(shí)間）以后”，注意不要和in的2）意混淆。after supper（8o’clock，the war）晚飯（八點(diǎn)、戰(zhàn)）后比較：he will be back in two hours．他將在兩個(gè)小時(shí)以后回來(lái)。

he returned tohis hometown after the war．戰(zhàn)后他回到了故鄉(xiāng)。

5．for

表示“（動(dòng)作延續(xù)）若干時(shí)間”，有時(shí)可省略。i stayed in london（for）two days on my way to new york．在去紐約的途中，我在倫敦呆了兩天。

6．since

表示“自（某具體時(shí)間）以來(lái)”，常用作完成時(shí)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。since liberation（1980）自從解放（1980年）以來(lái) they have been close friends since childhood．他們從小就是好朋友。注：

（1）since the war是指“自從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束以來(lái)”，若指“自從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開(kāi)始以來(lái)”，須說(shuō)“since the beginning of the war”。

（2）不要將since與after混淆。比較：he has worked here since 1965．（指一段時(shí)間，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間段）自從1965年以來(lái)，他一直在這兒工作。he began to work here after 1965．（指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間點(diǎn)）從1965年以后，他開(kāi)始在這兒工作。7．by

表示“到……的時(shí)候”，其謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)的用法：動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞常用完成時(shí)態(tài)；狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞（be）常用一般時(shí)態(tài)。比較：

by noon，everybody had（will have）arrived there． by noon，everybody were（will be）there．到中午的時(shí)候，大家都（將）到那兒了。以上探討了介詞表示時(shí)間概念時(shí)的用法和比較，上述介詞除表示時(shí)間概念外還有其他的用法，英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者必須掌握其各種用法，才能靈活運(yùn)用，提高自己的語(yǔ)言能力。

第二篇：初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié) 一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

1）經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開(kāi)家。2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如：

The earth moves around the sun.地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中國(guó)東部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：

Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　?/p>

注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。4）現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如： I don't want so much.我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英語(yǔ)寫得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。

比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now.我正在做功課。

第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)

1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？

2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如：

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那時(shí)，布朗一家無(wú)論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。

3）句型：It is time for sb.to do sth “到……時(shí)間了” “該……了”。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺(jué)了。

It is time that sb.did sth.“時(shí)間已遲了” “早該……了”，例如It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺(jué)了。

would（had）rather sb.did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來(lái)吧。

4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在

。例如：I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。

比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著）Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）

Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。

1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？ I wondered if you could help me.能不能幫我一下。2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如：

Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？ 11.3 used to / be used to

used to + do：“過(guò)去常常”表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful.老媽過(guò)去沒(méi)那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫過(guò)去常常散步。

be used to + doing：對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或“習(xí)慣于”，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如：

He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。典型例題

----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't

答案A.本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。三、一般將來(lái)時(shí)

1）shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？ 2）be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。

a.主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？

b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開(kāi)播。

c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那烏云，快要下雨了。

3）be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。4）be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.他馬上要去北京。

注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。5）be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)，be going to表將來(lái),will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6）be to和be going to

be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排）I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排）7）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)

1）下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)，主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開(kāi)。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽車什么時(shí)候開(kāi)？十分鐘后。2）以here, there等開(kāi)始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如： Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.車來(lái)了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.鈴響了。3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：

When Bill comes（不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.比爾來(lái)后，讓他等我。I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就寫信給你。4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他們下星期玩得開(kāi)心。

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.離開(kāi)房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。8）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)標(biāo)將來(lái)

下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)。例如：

I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎？

四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have（has）+過(guò)去分詞。11.10 比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。

2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：

I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了）

I have seen this film.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了）

Who hasn't handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）

He has been in the League for three years.（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）He has been a League member for three years.（是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）

句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。

（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.4）用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

1）It is the first / second time....that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city.這是我第一次訪問(wèn)這城市。This is the first time（that）I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。

注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： This is the best film that I've（ever）seen.這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。典型例題

（1）---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming

答案B.This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。

（2）---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。

注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.6（對(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.5)比較since 和for

Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born.我從出生起就住在這兒了。注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

I worked here for more than twenty years.（我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）

I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。）注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。1）（對(duì)）Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（錯(cuò)）Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.6)since的四種用法

1）since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：

I have been here since 1989.1989起，我一直在這兒。2）since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如：

I have been here since five months ago.我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。3）since +從句。例如：

Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后，變化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我們走后，變化可大了。4）It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如：

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有兩年了。7）延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1）用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：

He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。（表結(jié)果）

I've known him since then.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。（表經(jīng)歷）2）用于till / until從句的差異

延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。例如：

He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題

1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet

答案B.首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be

答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

五、過(guò)去完成時(shí)

1）概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去

----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2）用法

a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： She said（that）she had never been to Paris.她告訴我她曾去過(guò)巴黎。b.狀語(yǔ)從句

在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>

c.表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“原本…，未能…”。例如：

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你沒(méi)有來(lái)。

3）過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：

He said that he had learned some English before.他說(shuō)過(guò)他以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二歲那年，愛(ài)迪生開(kāi)始自己謀生。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。典型例題

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B，were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left

答案D.“把書忘在辦公室”發(fā)生在“去取書”這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此“忘了書”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在“同學(xué)們正忙于……”這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

注意： had hardly… when 還沒(méi)等…… 就……。例如：

I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我剛打開(kāi)門，他就打了我。had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如：

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。4）一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)

1）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

When she saw the mouse，she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起來(lái)。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：

When I heard the news, I was very excited.3）敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.六、將來(lái)完成時(shí)

1）構(gòu)成will have done 2）概念

a.狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：

They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。b.動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。

七、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：

a.表示現(xiàn)在（指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you.我們正在等你。

b.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：

Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在寫另一部小說(shuō)。（說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。）

c.表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red.葉子在變紅。It's getting warmer and warmer.天越來(lái)越熱了。

d.與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。例如：

You are always changing your mind.你老是改變主意。典型例題

My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.A.has lost, don't find B.is missing, don't find C.has lost, haven't found D.is missing, haven't found.答案D.前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒(méi)有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。2）不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞

1）事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers.我有兩兄弟。

This house belongs to my sister.這房子是我姐的。

2）表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help.我需要你的幫助。He loves her very much.他愛(ài)她很深。

3）瞬間動(dòng)詞，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：

I accept your advice.我接受你的勸告。

4）系動(dòng)詞，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：

You seem a little tired.你看上去有點(diǎn)累。

八、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1）概念：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。

2）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。

3）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來(lái)，受了傷。

It was raining when they left the station.他們離開(kāi)車站時(shí)，正下著雨。

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到達(dá)山頂時(shí)，陽(yáng)光燦爛。典型例題

1）Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes 答案C.割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。同時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，“瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)”提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

2）As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.A.read；was falling B.was reading； fell C.was reading； was falling D.read；fell

答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為“當(dāng)……之時(shí)”。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過(guò)去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 “在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了?！本渲械?fell（fall的過(guò)去時(shí)），是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)形式一覽表

第三篇：初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)(動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài))

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)(動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài))

11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法

1）經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。

例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七點(diǎn)

離開(kāi)家。

2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如：

The earth moves around the sun.地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中國(guó)東部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：

Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　?/p>

注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。4）現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如： I don't want so much.我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英語(yǔ)寫得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。

比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。

I am doing my homework now.我正在做功課。

第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行 的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客 觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。11.2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法

1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？ 2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。

例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那時(shí)，布朗一家無(wú)論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。

3）句型：It is time for sb.to do sth “到……時(shí)間了” “該……了”。

例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺(jué)了。句型：It is time that sb.did sth.“時(shí)間已遲了” “早該……了”，例如: It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺(jué)了。句型：would（had）rather sb.did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。

例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來(lái)吧。

4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。

例如：I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。

比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著）Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：

Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？ I wondered if you could help me.能不能幫我一下。2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如：

Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？

11.3 used to / be used to used to + do：“過(guò)去常?！北硎具^(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。

例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful.老媽過(guò)去沒(méi)那么健忘。

Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫過(guò)去常常散步。

be used to + doing：對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或“習(xí)慣于”，to是介詞，后需加名 詞或動(dòng)名詞。

例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。

典型例題

----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't 答案A.本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。

11.4 一般將來(lái)時(shí)

1）shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱。

例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？

2）be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。a.主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。

例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？

b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。

例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開(kāi)播。c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事。

例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那烏云，快要下雨了。

3）be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。

4）be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。

例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.他馬上要去北京。注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)，be going to表將來(lái),will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅游,你最好一有可能就做好準(zhǔn)備

Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.如果你脫下衣服,我們將在鏡子前幫你穿上新衣服 11.6 be to和be going to

be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或 計(jì)劃。例如：

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排）

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排）11.7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)

1）下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 可以表示將來(lái)，主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開(kāi)。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽車什么時(shí)候開(kāi)？十分鐘后。

2）以here, there等開(kāi)始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如： Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.車來(lái)了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.鈴響了。3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：

When Bill comes（不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.比爾來(lái)后，讓他等我。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就寫信給你。4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他們下星期玩得開(kāi)心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.離開(kāi)房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。11.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)

下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 可以表示將來(lái)。例如：

I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎？ 11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還 存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have（has）+過(guò)去分詞。

11.10 比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn) 在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。

2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：

I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了）

I have seen this film.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了）

Who hasn't handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）He has been in the League for three years.（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）He has been a League member for three years.（是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）注意:句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。

（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

1）It is the first / second time … that… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在 完成時(shí)。

例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city.這是我第一次訪問(wèn)這城市。

This is the first time（that）I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。

注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： This is the best film that I've（ever）seen.這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。

典型例題

（1）---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming 答案B.This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。（2）---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。注意： 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)

生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.（對(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.11.12 比較since和for Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。

例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。(延續(xù))I have lived here since I was born.我從出生起就住在這兒了。(開(kāi)始時(shí)間)注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

I worked here for more than twenty years.（我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。）注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。

1）（對(duì)）Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（錯(cuò)）Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.11.13 since的四種用法

1）since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six）。

例如： I have been here since 1989.1989起，我一直在這兒。2）since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。

例如： I have been here since five months ago.我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。

3）since +從句。例如：

Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后，變化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我們走后，變化可大了。

4）It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如：

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有兩年了。11.14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1）用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí) 間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：

He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。（表結(jié)果）I've known him since then.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。（表經(jīng)歷）2）用于till / until從句的差異

延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示 “到……，才……”。例如：

He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題

1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案B.首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。

再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。11.15 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1）概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去

----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí) 以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2）用法

a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： She said（that）she had never been to Paris.她告訴我她曾去過(guò)巴黎。b.狀語(yǔ)從句

在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一 般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>

c.表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“原本…，未能…”。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你沒(méi)有來(lái)。

3）過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as。例如：

He said that he had learned some English before.他說(shuō)過(guò)他以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二歲那年，愛(ài)迪生開(kāi)始自己謀生。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。典型例題 ：

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B，were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left 答案D.“把書忘在辦公室”發(fā)生在“去取書”這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此“忘了書”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在“同學(xué)們正忙于……”這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

注意： had hardly… when 還沒(méi)等…… 就……。例如：

I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我剛打開(kāi)門，他就打了我。

had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。11.16 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)

1）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

When she saw the mouse，she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起來(lái)。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。2）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：

When I heard the news, I was very excited.我聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息后，很興奮。3）敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老師告訴我們，哥倫比亞在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)美州。11.17 將來(lái)完成時(shí)

第四篇：初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法16種英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)

英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)

時(shí)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)重要的語(yǔ)法范疇，它表示不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)以及動(dòng)作發(fā)生或存在的方式。動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間可分為現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)和過(guò)去將來(lái)四種形式，動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式可分為一般、完成、進(jìn)行和完成進(jìn)行四種形式。將這時(shí)間形式和動(dòng)作方式結(jié)合起來(lái)，就構(gòu)成了以下16種時(shí)態(tài)形式(以do為例)：

現(xiàn)在

現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)do 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is doing 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have been doing 過(guò)去

過(guò)去一般時(shí)did 過(guò)去完成時(shí)had done 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was doing 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been doing 將來(lái)

將來(lái)一般時(shí)will do 將來(lái)完成時(shí)will have done 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)will be doing 將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)will have been doing 過(guò)去將來(lái)

過(guò)去將來(lái)一般時(shí)would do 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)would have done 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)would be doing 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)would have been doing 注：構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞be(is, am, are), have(has, have), shall, will 等需根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的變化來(lái)選擇。

在這16種時(shí)態(tài)中，其中有8種時(shí)態(tài)是最重要的，也是用得最多的，是初學(xué)者必須要掌握的，它們是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(也稱一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))、一般過(guò)去時(shí)(也稱一般過(guò)去時(shí))、一般將來(lái)時(shí)(也稱一般將來(lái)時(shí))、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)一般時(shí)(也稱過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí))，其余的時(shí)態(tài)相對(duì)用得較少。

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

用法：

A)表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征。

B)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)。

C)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。

例：He always helps others.（他總是幫助別人。）

D)客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，則無(wú)法保持主句、從句時(shí)態(tài)一致。

E)表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，（僅限于某些表示“來(lái)、去、動(dòng)、停、開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的動(dòng)詞）可以與表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)搭配使用。常見(jiàn)的用法是：飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通方式。

例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.（下一趟火車今天下午3點(diǎn)開(kāi)車。）

How often does this shuttle bus run?（這班車多久一趟？）

F)在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句里經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在（有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）表示將來(lái)事情。

例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成這份報(bào)告的時(shí)候，我就已經(jīng)等了將近3個(gè)小時(shí)了。）

2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(be doing)

用法：現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have done)

用法：

A)表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。

例：I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A)didn't sell B)sold C)haven't sold D)would sell

答案是C)haven't sold。

B)表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況，并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用since加一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，或for 加一段時(shí)間，或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。

例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A)are to challenge C)have been challenged

B)may be challenged D)are challenging

全句的意思是：“雖然牛頓是個(gè)偉大的人物，但他的許多見(jiàn)解直到今天還在受到挑戰(zhàn)，并且被現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家的工作所修正?！眂hallenge是及物動(dòng)詞，在本句中應(yīng)當(dāng)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；其動(dòng)作延續(xù)到今天，所以要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)?？梢?jiàn)答案是C)have been challenged。A)are to challenge和D)are challenging都是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不可能是答案。B)may be challenged雖然是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但意思與全句內(nèi)容不合，所以不對(duì)。

C)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作或情況。通常用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。

例：John has broken his left leg.（約翰摔斷了左腿。）

注意事項(xiàng)

A)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是聯(lián)系過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的紐帶?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)態(tài)，或受動(dòng)態(tài)的影響，是動(dòng)態(tài)的結(jié)果，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響；過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。

例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。這只是講述一個(gè)過(guò)去的事實(shí)，他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那家醫(yī)院了。）

He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。表示他從過(guò)去開(kāi)始工作，一直工作到現(xiàn)在，現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。）

B)因?yàn)楹衒or加一段時(shí)間或since加一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)這樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的完成時(shí)，有動(dòng)態(tài)和延續(xù)性的特點(diǎn)，所以不能使用終端動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞。

例：My sister has been married for 5 years.（過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)表示狀態(tài)，可以延續(xù)）

My sister has married.Don't disturb her.（終端動(dòng)詞）

C)在“this is the first/ second/ third?? time that??”句型里要求用完成時(shí)。

例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.（這是我公司產(chǎn)品第二次參加國(guó)際展覽會(huì)。）

D)句型“It is/ has been??since”所使用的兩種時(shí)態(tài)都正確。

例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.（從我上次見(jiàn)到他以來(lái)已經(jīng)10年了。）

E)在“no sooner than”、“hardly/ scarcely ??when”、“before”、“prior to”等句型中，主句要求完成時(shí)。

例：I haven't met that professor prior to today.（以前我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)那位教授。）

4、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have been doing)

用法：表示某一動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)間，延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今，或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來(lái)。

例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前為止，我們一直在處理那個(gè)項(xiàng)目，已經(jīng)花了一個(gè)多月時(shí)間了。）

注意事項(xiàng)：與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相比，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)：在從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間里，動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)或一直反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。

例：1997年6月四級(jí)第45 題

It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time.We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A)had leaked B)is leaking

C)leaked D)has been leaking

從本題上下文看，這兩個(gè)句子的意思是：“看來(lái)，這個(gè)管道漏油已有一段時(shí)間了，我們將不得不拆卸機(jī)器排除故障?！钡诙浔硎緦⒁扇〉拇胧?。第一句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在第二句之前，并且延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在為止仍在繼續(xù)。因此，空格中需用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。D)has been leaking是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，因此是本題的答案。有11%的考生誤選了B)is leaking。由于本句有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for some time，表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作延續(xù)，謂語(yǔ)不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，必須用和完成時(shí)有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)。有些考生誤選了C)leaked或A)had leaked。是因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有注意到本題第二句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，所以第一句的謂語(yǔ)不能用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

5、一般過(guò)去時(shí)

用法：

A)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。

B)表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的就是過(guò)去時(shí)。

例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人過(guò)去常常坐在寧?kù)o的公園里的一條長(zhǎng)椅上，看著其他的人，一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)，什么也不干，也不和任何人交談。）

He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。）

C)有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語(yǔ)氣。

例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借車用一用，可以嗎？）

Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在這里嗎？）

注意事項(xiàng)：

A)注意時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的搭配。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的詞或詞組，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，絕對(duì)不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用，因?yàn)檫@樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)都與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

B)used to do的否定形式和疑問(wèn)形式很特別：你怎么寫都正確。以否定形式為例：used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都對(duì)。

Used to do經(jīng)常與 be used to doing sth/ sth結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。前者表示“過(guò)去常?；蜻^(guò)去曾經(jīng)”，要求加動(dòng)詞原形；后者表示“習(xí)慣于”，要求加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。

6、過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had done)

用法：表示在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說(shuō)的：表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)”。

Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.A)didn't hear C)hasn't heard B)hasn't been hearing D)hadn't heard

全句的意思是：“到那時(shí)為止，他家里已經(jīng)有六個(gè)月沒(méi)得到他的消息了?！庇纱丝梢钥闯觯^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻才完成，因此謂語(yǔ)要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。答案是D)。其它選項(xiàng)中：A)didn't hear，因?yàn)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)，所以不能與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for six months連用。B)hasn't been hearing，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，與題意不符。C)hasn't heard，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻到現(xiàn)在為止發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。而題中的then只表示過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻，不能表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。

注意事項(xiàng)：“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”這種邏輯關(guān)系常通過(guò)上下文體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，而不一定受某個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的限制。

例：There had been someone in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.（剛才有人在我們的房間里，因?yàn)槲覀兇蜷_(kāi)前門進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃燒的香煙。）

分析：雖然時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是just now，似乎應(yīng)該使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，但是“在房間里”這個(gè)狀態(tài)是在“開(kāi)門”和“注意”這兩個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前就存在的，所以應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

7、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would/ should do)

用法：表示從過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事。

例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四說(shuō)我將于第二天拜訪我的朋友。）

注意事項(xiàng)：由于過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)是由過(guò)去時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)組合而成的，所以其注意事項(xiàng)可以參考過(guò)去時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)的相關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。

8、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/ were doing)

用法：

A)表示在過(guò)去一個(gè)比較具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分鐘前，瑪麗正在聽(tīng)輕音樂(lè)。）

B)如果when, while這樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)詞所引導(dǎo)的主從句之一是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則另一個(gè)句子常用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前門時(shí)我正在洗頭發(fā)。）

注意事項(xiàng)：其它與將來(lái)時(shí)有關(guān)的事項(xiàng)請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)下面所講的一般將來(lái)時(shí)。

9、一般將來(lái)時(shí)

用法：

A)基本結(jié)構(gòu)是will / shall do。

例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.（我們將送給她一個(gè)玻璃的手工制品，作為給她的生日禮物。）

B)有些動(dòng)詞，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般進(jìn)行時(shí)，并且通常與一個(gè)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，可以表示將來(lái)時(shí)。

例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.（我媽媽下周將來(lái)看我，并會(huì)呆到5月。）

C)表示“打算去??，要??”時(shí)，可用be going to do。

例：This is just what I am going to say.（這正是我想說(shuō)的。）

D)表示“即將、正要”時(shí)，可用be about to do。強(qiáng)調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事。

例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.（別擔(dān)心，我馬上就給你做一次仔細(xì)的檢查。）

E)“be to do”的5種用法：

a)表示“按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。

例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你準(zhǔn)會(huì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室見(jiàn)到她。）

b)該做或不該做的事情（語(yǔ)氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一種命令、規(guī)勸性語(yǔ)氣。

例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids.Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.（孩子們，你們必須上床睡覺(jué)，不準(zhǔn)吵鬧。我們的客人5分鐘之內(nèi)就要到了。）

c)能或不能發(fā)生的事情（接近c(diǎn)an, may）

例：How am I to pay such a debt?（我怎么可能還得起這么大的一筆債呢？）

d)不可避免將要發(fā)生的事情，后來(lái)將要發(fā)生的事情。

例：I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible.Have a little patience.A.will be attended B.will be attended to

C.is attended D.is attended to

will be attended to關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)是：attend表示“處理，解決”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞，必須與to連用。另外，從上下文看，事情顯然尚未解決，所以應(yīng)該用將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。答案是B。

e)用于條件從句“如果??想，設(shè)想”（接近if ??want to,或if ??should）

例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.A)is to be B)can be C)will be D)has been

答案是A)is to be。全句的意思是：“如果要避免食品短缺，就必須作出更大努力來(lái)增加農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量?！?/p>

F)同樣可以表示“正要、將要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。

例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.（教練想要放棄這場(chǎng)比賽了，因?yàn)閷?duì)方已經(jīng)射進(jìn)了7個(gè)球。）

例：1999年6月四級(jí)第65題

I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A)in B)to C)at D)on

答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定詞組，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“當(dāng)他的信到的時(shí)候我正要打電話給他。”

注意事項(xiàng)：

在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等連詞以及具有連詞作用的副詞（immediately, the moment, directly）等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。強(qiáng)調(diào)延續(xù)性或動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，可用完成時(shí)。

例：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.（我希望到明年你回來(lái)的時(shí)候，他的身體已經(jīng)好多了。）

10、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing)

用法：強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來(lái)的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情。

例：Don't worry, you won't miss her.She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（別擔(dān)心，你不會(huì)認(rèn)不出她的。她到時(shí)會(huì)穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。）

注意事項(xiàng)：由于本時(shí)態(tài)是由將來(lái)時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)融合在一起的，所以關(guān)于本時(shí)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng)，可參考“一般將來(lái)時(shí)”和“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)”的有關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。

11、將來(lái)完成時(shí)(will have done)

用法：表示從將來(lái)的某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或是發(fā)生在某個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間，但對(duì)其后的另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)平移到時(shí)間軸的將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)段一樣。其用法從和過(guò)去及現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，變成了和將來(lái)及將來(lái)的將來(lái)有關(guān)。

例：1997年1月四級(jí)第22題

The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.A)must have lasted B)will have lasted

C)would last D)has lasted

本題考核謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。全句的意思是：“會(huì)議從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束將持續(xù)整整一個(gè)星期?！本渲衎y the time it ends表示動(dòng)作要延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻，因此要用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。答案是B)will have lasted。如果選A)，因?yàn)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞must后面接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成時(shí)形式表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的一種肯定推測(cè)，而本句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended，所以犯了時(shí)態(tài)不呼應(yīng)的錯(cuò)誤。Would雖可以表示推測(cè)或可能性，但would last不能表示延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作，所以C)would last錯(cuò)誤。因?yàn)镈)has lasted是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，不能表示延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作，所以也不正確。

注意事項(xiàng)：由于本時(shí)態(tài)是由將來(lái)時(shí)和完成時(shí)融合在一起的，所以關(guān)于本時(shí)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng)，可以參考“一般將來(lái)時(shí)”和“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”的有關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。

12、將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：shall have been doing，will have been doing

例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.（到下個(gè)月底為止，這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。）（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

13、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：had been doing

例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10歲大的兒子已經(jīng)把這個(gè)舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了。）

（此處強(qiáng)調(diào)“拆卸”和“組裝”這兩個(gè)過(guò)去的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作一直在反復(fù)進(jìn)行。）（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

14、過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：should be doing , would be doing

例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承諾說(shuō)第二年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是具體的將來(lái)時(shí)間，所以最好用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。）（此句為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

15、過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)：should have done , would have done

例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我堅(jiān)信到那年年底為止，那個(gè)軟件的新版本將被開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)。但是我錯(cuò)了。）

（此句為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

16、過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：should have been doing , would have been doing

例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.（他們說(shuō)到第二個(gè)月底為止，這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。）

第五篇：初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法練習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練..

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法練習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

一、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：

1．He______swimming in the river every day in summer.(go)2.It________you are right.(seem)3.Look, the children______ basketball on the playground.(play)4.He______to the radio when I came in,(listen)5.It is very cold.I think it______.(rain)6.—I need some paper.—I______ some for you.(bring)7.I can’t find my pen.Who______it ?(take)8.He said that he______back in five minutes.(come)9.I didn’t meet him.He______ when I got there.(leave)10.I______my bike, so I have to walk to school.(lose)11.He______down and began to read his newspaper.(sit)12.He is very hungry.He_________ anything for three days.(not eat)13.I______with you if I have time.(go)14.We will go to the cinema if it______fine.(be)15.I will tell her the news when she______to see me next week.(come)16.“ When______you______the car ?” “ In 1998.”(buy)17.We______good friends since we met at school.（be）18.What______you______ at five yesterday afternoon ?(do)19.The bike is nice.How much______it______?(cost)

二、選擇最佳答案填空

（）1.We’ll go swimming if the weather______fine tomorrow.A.is B.was C.will be D.is going to be（）2.It______five years since he has left for Beijing.A.was B.has been C.is D.is going to be（）3.Please don’t leave the office until your friend______back.A.came B.comes C.have come D.will come（）4.By the end of last year he______about 1500 English words.A.learns B.learned C.was learning D.had learned（）5.Listen!Someone______in the next room.A.cried B.crying C.is crying D.has cried（）6.You must tell him the news as soon as you______him.A.see B.sees C.will see D.is seeing（）7.He told me that he______to see us the next day.A.comes B.came C.will come D.would come（）8.We can’t find him anywhere.Perhaps he______home.A.is going B.went C.has come D.would come（）9.The teacher told us that the sun______bigger than the earth.A.is B.was C.has been D.will be

（）10.Could you tell me where the railway station______? A.was B.is C.will be D.would be（）11.We______to the Great Wall several times.A.go B.were going C.have gone D.have been

（）12.It seemed that the old man______for something over there.A.looks B.looked C.was looking D.has looked（）13.He was sure that he______his wallet in the office.A.left B.would leave C.had left D.has left（）14.You must study hard if you______ want to fail the exam.A.won’t B.don’t C.haven’t D.hadn’t

（）15.—I’m afraid you can’t sit here.—Sorry , I______know.A.don’t B.won’t C.can’t D.didn’t

（）16.As she______the newspaper , Granny______asleep.A.read , was falling B.fell C.was reading , was falling D.read , fell（）17.—Jim is not coming tonight.—But he______!A.promises（許諾）B.promised C.will promise D.had promised（）18.—What’s her name? —I______.A.forget B.forgot C.had forgotten D.am forgetting

三、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)能力綜合測(cè)試

（）1.He often______his clothes on Sundays.A.washing B.washes C.has washed D.wash（）2.I’m Chinese.Where______from?

A.do you come B.you are coming C.you come D.are you coming（）3.May______to school.A.never walks B.is never walking C.walk never D.never is walking（）4.We will start as soon as our teacher______.A.comes B.will come C.come D.is coming（）5.How long ago______playing football? A.have you stopped B.had you stopped C.did you stop D.do you stop（）6.It______ hard when I left my house.A.is raining B.rains C.was raining D.will rain（）7.I think this question______to answer.A.easy B.is easy C.was easy D.will easy（）8.Don’t talk so loudly.Your father______.A.sleeps B.is sleeping C.slept D.had slept（）9.How many people does the doctor know who______of the disease(疾病)？ A.are dying B.is dying C.has died D.dies（）10.I______my homework now.A.finish B.finished C.have finished D.had finished

（）11.He______for three years.A.has joined B.has been in the army C.joined D.has served the army（）12.His grandfather______for thirty years.A.died B.was dead C.has been dead D.has died（）13.I______ from my brother for a long time.A.not have heard B.have not heard C.have heard not D.do not hear（）14.Maths, one of the most important subjects, ______always interested him.A.has B.have C.are D.is

（）15.—Did your brother go to America last year? —______.A.No , he did never go there B.No , he has never gone here C.No , he never was there D.No , he’s never been there（）16.He______ that factory since 1958.A.has left B.has worked in C.has gone from D.has come to C.have happened D.are taken place（）17.Our teacher______to Beijing three times.A.went B.had gone C.has gone D.has been（）18.Last week John______his leg.A.felt and broken B.fell and broke C.feels and breaks D.fallen and broken

（）19.Jack______his thick coat because it was snowing.A.puts on B.put on C.takes on D.took on（）20.He______the picture on the wall.A.hanged B.hung C.has hanged D.was hanged（）21.Next month______twenty five.A.has my sister B.my sister will be C.my sister shall have D.my sister is going to be

（）22.You______her again in a few weeks.A.will see B.have seen C.had seen D.have been seen（）23.By the end of last term we______English for two years.A.have studied B.have been studied C.would studied D.had studied（）24.Mrs Brown______in New York for three years before she went to London.A.lived B.had lived C.has lived D.will live（）25.When we arrived , the dinner______.A.already began B.has already begun C.had already begun D.was just begun（）26.I will go home for the holiday as soon as I______ my exams.A.will finish B.finish C.finishing D.finished（）27.When______, I’ll talk to him.A.does Peter come B.Peter will come C.Peter comes D.can Peter come（）28.My sister______to see me.She’ll be here soon.A.comes B.is coming C.had come D.came（）29.They said they______our answer the next day.A.had heard B.would hear of C.would hear D.will hear（）30.The old man said that light______faster than sound.A.went B.will go C.travels D.will travel 答案：

一、1.goes 2.seems 3.are playing 4.was listening 5.is raining 6.will bring 7.took 8.would come 9.has left 10.lost 11.sat 12.hasn't eaten 13.will go 14.is 15.comes 16.did buy 17.have been 18.were doing 19.does cost

二、1.A 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.A

三、1.B 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.A 21.B 22.A 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.B 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.C 中考英語(yǔ)綜合填空題專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練01.附詳解

用方框中所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，使短文正確、通順。每詞限填一次。

on，friend，ask，and，have，until，but，cheap，invite，in，mother，beautiful，much，because，put

We are going to have a party in our house this evening.It is my（1）______ birthday，and she has（2）______ my uncles and aunts and some of her（3）______.Mother and I are（4）______ to cook most of the food for the party，and father is getting the drinks.The living-room looks very pretty.Balloons of all colours are hanging from the lights（5）______ we have taken the carpets away（6）______ we are going to dance there after dinner.In the dining-room we have（7）______ out the best plates and glasses and tablecloths，and it all looks（8）______.We are going to have soup，fish，chicken，fruit and cheese.We are going to dance（9）______ midnight，and after that，we will have（10）______ food，because we will be hungry after all that dancing.Last year my mother（11）______ her birthday party in a restaurant，（12）______ it is pleasanter and（13）______ at home.When it is my birthday，I am going to invite my friends and have a party in the garden.I will hang pretty lights（14）______ the trees and we will grill our food in the garden and

6.because.前后又都是句子，且為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以用連詞but.dance（15）______ the grass.「答案與解析」

本文講述的是即將為母親的生日party作準(zhǔn)備的事情，以及對(duì)去年母親生日party的回顧和對(duì)本人生日的設(shè)想。

1.mother‘s.從與前后的單詞的搭配來(lái)看應(yīng)填“某人的”，在方框中只有friend’s和mother‘s兩個(gè)；由下文的描述，特別是第三段的第一句，可知應(yīng)填mother’s.2.invited.因?yàn)橐e行party，自然就會(huì)邀請(qǐng)親朋好友。由前面的has可知要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示已經(jīng)邀請(qǐng)了，所以用invite的過(guò)去分詞invited.3.friends.見(jiàn)上題。

4.asked.由are可知，用ask sb to do sth的被動(dòng)式，所以用過(guò)去分詞。

5.and.兩句之間一定是選連詞，兩句之間是并列關(guān)系用and.7.put.首先應(yīng)判斷用動(dòng)詞，又從后面的the best plates and glasses等可知應(yīng)是已經(jīng)

“擺放”出來(lái)，所以用put的過(guò)去分詞put.8.beautiful.擺放的是最好的東西，房間看起來(lái)自然就是美的。

9.until.表示某種動(dòng)用一直延續(xù)到某個(gè)時(shí)候用until.10.more.由后文跳餓了，自然就會(huì)吃得更多。

11.had.與party搭配用have，因?yàn)槭侨ツ?，所以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)had.12.but.前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系用but.13.cheaper.與形容詞pleasanter并列的也一定是形容詞，且為比較級(jí)，在方框中選

出cheap和beautiful，根據(jù)常識(shí)應(yīng)是cheaper.14.in.表示在樹(shù)上一般用介詞in.注意表示在樹(shù)上結(jié)的果子時(shí)又一般在on了。

15.on.跳舞當(dāng)然是在草地上，所以用on.中考英語(yǔ)綜合填空題專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練02.附詳解 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容在空格處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，使短文的意思完整，需填單詞的第一個(gè)字母已經(jīng)給出。

1.among.表示最高級(jí)的比較范圍，意為“在……中”，一般用of或among，等介詞，此處已有首字母a，所以是among.It is well-known that man is much cleverer than any animal.But which is the cleverest a_______（1）the animals？ Some scientists t_______（2）it should be Alex，an African 2.think.根據(jù)前面的提問(wèn)有首字母t可知是think，表示“有的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為最聰明的動(dòng)物應(yīng)當(dāng)是Alex”。

grey parrot.He is unlike any other animal.He can really t_______（3）with people！

When he says “come here”，he really w_______（4）someone to come up to him.“

“Alex is as clever as a c_______（5）of 2 or 3 years old，” says Dr.Pepperberg.“He does not just repeat the s_______（6）he has been taught.He u_______（7）the words！”

Alex can tell about 50 d_______（8）things，name 7 colours and count from 1 to 6.Is the parrot actually thinking in the w_______（9）how man does？ Nobody can say.But the q_______（10）is very interesting.答案與解析

本文論述了非洲灰色鸚鵡被一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為是最聰明的動(dòng)物。

3.talk.根據(jù)下文對(duì)他會(huì)講會(huì)的描述和空格后的with，可知是talk with sb（同……

談話）。

4.wants.根據(jù)前面的come here及后文的句式搭配可知是want sb to do sth（想要某人做某事）。

5.child.根據(jù)后面的兩叁歲可知是小孩。

6.sounds.由前文的talk和后文的words可知是重復(fù)教他講話的聲音。

7.understands.從后文的描述可知，他不但會(huì)重復(fù)教他的聲音而且還明白其意思。

8.different.根據(jù)things是復(fù)數(shù)及首字母的提示可知是指不同的（different）事物。9.way.根據(jù)句意“他的思維方式是否與的思維方式一樣呢？”。搭配：in the way用這種方式。

10.question.上文“Is the parrot…？”提出的是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。

中考英語(yǔ)綜合填空題專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練04.附詳解

根據(jù)上下文和括號(hào)里的漢語(yǔ)提示，在下面的空白處寫出正確的單詞和短語(yǔ)，使短文意思完整。

Perhaps more than any other people，Americans have come to depend on their cars.The family car（1）______（一直是）a common thing（2）______（從……以來(lái)）the early twentieth century，and it has changed American life.Many people have moved（3）______（外面）of the large cities to the suburbs.Some Americans spend（4）______（每天兩小時(shí)）or more in their cars（5）______（去上班）and home again.Cars have become the（6）______（工具）of transportation for most Americans going shopping，and even going on vacations.Americans（7）______（過(guò)去常常）like big cars，and gasoline used to be very inexpensive.Recently，（8）______（然而），the cost of gasoline has increased； smaller

cars have become（9）______（更常見(jiàn)）。Also foreign cars have become very common.Americans have bought（10）______（大量的）Japanese and German cars.They have bought cars from several other countries as well.「答案與解析」

美國(guó)多數(shù)人都擁有汽車，因此有“車輪上的民族”之稱，本文就是講美國(guó)人使用汽

車的一些情況的。

1.has been.句中無(wú)動(dòng)詞，由“是”可知要用be；結(jié)合第2題可知要用be的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。

2.since.它引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。

3.outside.修飾動(dòng)詞moved要用副詞outside；另外，短語(yǔ)outside of是“……的外面”。

4.two hours a day.注意表示單位時(shí)間的詞“每天（a day）”要放后面。又如：每小時(shí)十公里ten kilometers an hour.5.going to work.注意與前面spend的句型搭配：spend…（in）doing sth 花多少時(shí)間或金錢做某事。6.means.注意means（工具、方法、手段）這本單詞本身就是以s結(jié)尾的，且單復(fù)數(shù)同形，若作主語(yǔ)要根據(jù)句意來(lái)確定是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。

7.used to.表示過(guò)去常常用“used to +動(dòng)詞原形”。

8.however.注意however是副詞，且后面常有逗號(hào)；但是but是連詞其后無(wú)逗號(hào)。

9.more common.后面省略了than big cars，所以用比較級(jí)；common的比較級(jí)是在前面加more.10.large numbers of.表示“大量的”還可用a large number of.中考英語(yǔ)綜合填空題專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練08.附詳解

閱讀下列短文，在每個(gè)空格處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)挠⒄Z(yǔ)單詞，使短文在結(jié)構(gòu)和意義上完整。

School education is very important and useful.Yet no one can _______（1）everything at school and a teacher cannot teach his _______（2）everything they want to know.His _______（3）is to show his students _______（4）to learn.He teaches them how to read

_______（5）how to think.So much more is to be learned outside school by the students _______（6）。

It is always more _______（7）to know how to study _______（8）oneself.It is quite _______（9）to learn something，but it is difficult to use it to solve problems.Great

inventors do not get everything _______（10）school，but they still can ______（11）

many things and change the world a lot.How can the inventors do all of this？ _______（12）of the answers is： they_______

（13）how to study.A lot of things are not _______（14）in the classroom.They got a lot _______（14）knowledge by reading outside school.They work hard and never give up all their lives.「答案與解析」

1.learn / study.由后文的at school可知是“學(xué)習(xí)”。

2.students / pupils.老師教當(dāng)然是教他的學(xué)生。

3.work / job.結(jié)合全句的意思可知：老師的工作就是教會(huì)學(xué)生如何學(xué)習(xí)。4.how.見(jiàn)上題。

5.and.前后的how to read與how to think顯然是并列關(guān)系，所以用and.6.themselves.句意：還有更多的知識(shí)要靠學(xué)生自己在出校門后自學(xué)。

7.important / necessary 句意：知道如何自學(xué)往往更重要或更必要。詞組：teach by oneself自學(xué)。

8.by.見(jiàn)上題。

9.easy.因but表示前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，后文是difficult，前文應(yīng)當(dāng)就是easy.10.at / in / from.句意：發(fā)明家們并沒(méi)有在學(xué)?；驈膶W(xué)校學(xué)到了一切。

11.invent / do / make 由前面的inventors和后文的“改變世界”可知，他們發(fā)明了許多東西。

12.One.從后文的答語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞is可知，是其中的一個(gè)答案。one of“……中的一個(gè)”。

13.know.第7空后有明顯的提示：know how to study.14.taught / learnt / learned.由in the classroom可知是老師“教給”或自己“學(xué)到”，注意是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，要用過(guò)去分詞。

15.of.固定搭配：a lot of許多。