高一英語必修一期末知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)（五篇）

第一篇：高一英語必修一期末知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

高一英語必修一期末知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

☆重點(diǎn)句型☆

1.What should a friend be like? 詢問對(duì)方的看法 2.I think he / she should be?表示個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的詞語

3.I enjoy reading / I'm fond of singing / I like playing computer games.等表示喜好的詞語

4.Chuck is on a flight when suddenly his plane crashes.“when"作并列連詞的用法

5.What / Who / When / Where is it that...? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)

6.With so many people communicating in English everyday,...“with+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語

7.Can you tell me how to pronounce...? 帶連接副詞(或代詞)的不定式做賓補(bǔ)的用法 ☆重點(diǎn)詞匯☆

1.especially v.特別地 2.imagine v.想像

3.alone adv./ adj.單獨(dú)，孤獨(dú)的 4.interest n.興趣

5.everyday adj.每天的，日常的 6.deserted adj.拋棄的 7.hunt v.搜尋 8.share v.分享

9.care v.在乎，關(guān)心 10.total n.總數(shù)

11.majority n.大多數(shù)

12.survive v.生存，活下來 13.adventure n.冒險(xiǎn) 14.scared adj.嚇壞的 15.admit v.承認(rèn)

16.while conj.但是，而 17.boring adj.令人厭煩的 18.except prep.除??之外 19.quality n.質(zhì)量

20.favourite adj.最喜愛的 ☆重點(diǎn)短語☆ 1.be fond of愛好

2.treat?as?把??看作為?? 3.make friends with 與??交朋友

4.argue with sb.about / over sth.與某人爭(zhēng)論某事5.hunt for尋找 6.in order to為了

7.share?with與??分享 8.bring in引進(jìn);賺錢

9.a great / good many許多?

第二篇：高一必修一知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

高一物理必修一知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)、高一物理必修知識(shí)點(diǎn)：第一章、定義：力是物體之間的相互作用。理解要點(diǎn)：(1)力具有物質(zhì)性：力不能離開物體而存在。

高一物理必修一知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：力是物體之間的相互作用

力是物體之間的相互作用。

理解要點(diǎn)：

(1)力具有物質(zhì)性：力不能離開物體而存在。

說明：①對(duì)某一物體而言，可能有一個(gè)或多個(gè)施力物體。

②并非先有施力物體,后有受力物體

(2)力具有相互性：一個(gè)力總是關(guān)聯(lián)著兩個(gè)物體，施力物體同時(shí)也是受力物體，受力物體同時(shí)也是施力物體。

說明：①相互作用的物體可以直接接觸，也可以不接觸。

②力的大小用測(cè)力計(jì)測(cè)量。

(3)力具有矢量性：力不僅有大小，也有方向。

(4)力的作用效果：使物體的形狀發(fā)生改變;使物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)發(fā)生變化。

(5)力的種類：

①根據(jù)力的性質(zhì)命名：如重力、彈力、摩擦力、分子力、電磁力、核力等。

②根據(jù)效果命名：如壓力、拉力、動(dòng)力、阻力、向心力、回復(fù)力等。

說明：根據(jù)效果命名的，不同名稱的力，性質(zhì)可以相同;同一名稱的力，性質(zhì)可以不同。

第三篇：高一地理必修一期末知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)匯總

1.1地球的宇宙環(huán)境

1．宇宙是時(shí)間和空間的統(tǒng)一體，上下四方曰“宇”古往今來曰“宙”。宇宙是運(yùn)動(dòng)、發(fā)展和變化的物質(zhì)世界。

2．天體：宇宙間物質(zhì)存在形式的統(tǒng)稱。包括星云、恒星、行星、衛(wèi)星、彗星、流星體、星際物質(zhì)等，其中最基本的天體是恒星和星云。彗星、流星體、太空中遨游的“神州七號(hào)”飛船、航天飛機(jī)是天體，而飛機(jī)、隕星（隕石和隕鐵）、以及發(fā)射前的“神州七號(hào)”飛船不是天體。距離地球最近的恒星是太陽，距離地球最近的衛(wèi)星（自然天體）是月球，這兩種天體也是對(duì)地球影響最大的天體。距離地球最近的行星是金星。

3．天體系統(tǒng)：天體因相互吸引、相互繞轉(zhuǎn)構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)。4．天體系統(tǒng)的層次：

5．太陽系：中心天體是太陽，八大行星按照距離太陽由近及遠(yuǎn)依次為水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星。小行星帶位于火星與木星軌道之間。彗星的軌道扁長(zhǎng)。

6．八大行星運(yùn)動(dòng)的共同特征有共面性、同向性和近圓性。類地行星有水星、金星、地球、火星；巨行星包括木星和土星；遠(yuǎn)日行星有天王星、海王星。7．日地平均距離為1．５億千米（叫1個(gè)天文單位）。

8.太陽：是一顆熾熱的氣體球，太陽大氣從里向外依次為光球?qū)?、色球?qū)雍腿彰釋?。其中肉眼可見的是光球?qū)印?/p>

9.太陽輻射對(duì)地球的影響：太陽直接為地表提供光能和熱能，維持地表溫度，為生物繁衍生長(zhǎng)、大氣和水體運(yùn)動(dòng)等提供能量。太陽能可再生、穩(wěn)定、廉價(jià)、無污染。

10．太陽活動(dòng)：光球?qū)拥奶柡谧樱ò岛诎唿c(diǎn)——因?yàn)闇囟鹊陀谥車貐^(qū)、周期11年，太陽活動(dòng)的主要標(biāo)志）；色球?qū)拥囊撸ㄅc光球?qū)拥暮谧泳哂邢嚓P(guān)性，周期也是11年，能量的強(qiáng)烈釋放導(dǎo)致突然的增亮現(xiàn)象，也是太陽活動(dòng)的主要標(biāo)志）。

11．太陽活動(dòng)的影響：⑴對(duì)無線電短波通信的影響：干擾電離層，導(dǎo)致無線電短波通信出現(xiàn)暫時(shí)中斷；⑵磁暴現(xiàn)象：干擾地球磁場(chǎng)，使指南針搖擺不定；⑶對(duì)氣候的影響：太陽黑子相對(duì)數(shù)與降水量的多少具有相關(guān)性，有的地方是正相關(guān)，有的地方是負(fù)相關(guān)，有的地方有時(shí)正相關(guān)、有時(shí)負(fù)相關(guān)。12．地球在太陽系中的地位——地球既是一顆普通的行星，又是一顆特殊的行星。其普通性主要是指：從運(yùn)動(dòng)特征來看，它與其它7大行星具有三個(gè)共性特征；從結(jié)構(gòu)特征來看，它與類地行星有許多共同之處。其特殊性主要是指地球上有生命存在。

1.2地球自轉(zhuǎn)的地理意義

13、經(jīng)線的特點(diǎn)：半圓；長(zhǎng)度都相等；所有經(jīng)線都相交于兩極；指示南北方

向。

14、緯線的特點(diǎn)：圓圈；長(zhǎng)度從赤道向兩極遞減；所有緯線都平行；指示東西方向。

15、經(jīng)度：國(guó)際上規(guī)定，通過英國(guó)倫敦格林尼治天文臺(tái)舊址的經(jīng)線為0°經(jīng)線（又叫本初子午線）；從0°經(jīng)線向東的180°為東經(jīng)（E），自西向東度數(shù)由小變大；向西的180°為西經(jīng)（W），自西向東度數(shù)由大變小。

16、緯度：赤道是最大的緯線圈，為0°緯線，從赤道向北的90°為北緯（N），自南向北度數(shù)由小變大；向南的90°為南緯（S），自北向南度數(shù)由小變大。

17、南北半球的劃分：赤道以北為北半球，赤道以南為南半球。

18、東西半球的劃分：以20°W和160°E的經(jīng)線圈劃分東半球和西半球，20°W以東、160°E以西以東經(jīng)度為主，為東半球；160°E以東、20°W以西以西經(jīng)度為主，為西半球。

19、高、中、低緯度的劃分：0°～30°為低緯度，30°～60°為中緯度，60°～90°為高緯度。

20．地球的自轉(zhuǎn)：周期（1個(gè)恒星日，為23時(shí)56分4秒），方向?yàn)樽晕飨驏|（從北極上空看逆時(shí)針，從南極上空看是順時(shí)針），角速度和線速度的變化規(guī)律：角速度除了兩個(gè)極點(diǎn)為0以外，其余各地相等，為15°/h；線速度是赤道最大，自赤道向兩極遞減，兩極點(diǎn)為0（緯度60°為赤道的一半）。同緯度地區(qū)，海拔越高，線速度越大。

21．地球自轉(zhuǎn)的地理意義：產(chǎn)生晝夜交替、產(chǎn)生時(shí)差和使地表水平運(yùn)動(dòng)物體方向發(fā)生偏轉(zhuǎn)。

22．晝夜的形成原因：地球是一個(gè)不發(fā)光不透明的球體，任何時(shí)刻，太陽只能照亮地球的一半。

23、晝夜交替的原因：地球的自轉(zhuǎn)。晝夜交替的周期為1個(gè)太陽日，時(shí)間為24小時(shí)。

24．晨昏線：晨昏線是指晝半球與夜半球的分界線，晨昏線總是平分地球并垂直于太陽光。晨昏線分為晨線和昏線，判斷方法：按照地球自轉(zhuǎn)的方向，由夜半球到晝半球的線為晨線，由晝半球到夜半球的線為昏線。

25、晨昏線上的信息：①根據(jù)晨線和昏線的判斷方法，可知晨線、昏線與地球自轉(zhuǎn)方向、晝半球和夜半球、南北極。②晨線與昏線（晨昏線）只有在春分或秋分日與經(jīng)線（經(jīng)線圈）重合（即經(jīng)過極點(diǎn)），但晨昏圈總是平分赤道。③晨線上各地正在日出，昏線上各地正在日落，晨線與赤道的交點(diǎn)（及其所在的經(jīng)線）的地方時(shí)是6：00，昏線與赤道的交點(diǎn)（及其在的經(jīng)線）的地方時(shí)是18：00。④晨昏線上各點(diǎn)的太陽高度都是0°。⑤晨昏線如果與極圈相切，說明極晝或極夜的范圍達(dá)到最大，也即是夏至或冬至。⑥根據(jù)晨昏線判斷太陽直射點(diǎn)的緯度：太陽直射點(diǎn)的緯度＝90°－與晨昏線相切的緯度。26．地方時(shí)：因經(jīng)度不同而不同的時(shí)刻，較東的地方時(shí)刻較早。經(jīng)度相同地方時(shí)相同，經(jīng)度每差15°地方時(shí)相差1小時(shí)，經(jīng)度每差1°地方時(shí)相差4分鐘。

27地方時(shí)的計(jì)算：所求地方時(shí)＝已知地方時(shí)±兩地經(jīng)度差×4分鐘（東加西減）。

28．區(qū)時(shí)：一般采取中央經(jīng)線的地方時(shí)為該時(shí)區(qū)的區(qū)時(shí)，如：北京時(shí)間不是北京的地方時(shí)，而是東八區(qū)的區(qū)時(shí)，即東經(jīng)120°的地方時(shí)。相鄰兩個(gè)時(shí)區(qū)的區(qū)時(shí)相差1小時(shí)。

29．地表水平運(yùn)動(dòng)物體的偏向：赤道上不偏轉(zhuǎn)，北半球向右偏，南半球向左偏（面向運(yùn)動(dòng)方向）。

1.3地球公轉(zhuǎn)的地理意義

30.地球的公轉(zhuǎn)：周期為恒星年（365日6時(shí)9分10秒）；方向自西向東；軌道為黃道（太陽位于橢圓的一個(gè)焦點(diǎn)上；地球1月初在近日點(diǎn)，公轉(zhuǎn)速度最快；7月初在遠(yuǎn)日點(diǎn)，公轉(zhuǎn)速度最慢）；黃赤交角是地球公轉(zhuǎn)軌道面與赤道面的夾角，目前為23°26′。

31．太陽直射點(diǎn)的移動(dòng)規(guī)律：太陽直射點(diǎn)的回歸運(yùn)動(dòng)周期是365日5時(shí)48分46秒，叫做1回歸年。移動(dòng)規(guī)律如圖所示

31．正午太陽高度變化規(guī)律：同一時(shí)刻，自太陽直射點(diǎn)所在緯度向南北兩側(cè)遞減。同一地點(diǎn)①夏至日時(shí)，北回歸線及其以北地區(qū)正午太陽高度達(dá)到一年中的最大值；南半球的各地達(dá)到一年中的最小值。②冬至日時(shí)，南回歸線及其以南地區(qū)正午太陽高度達(dá)到一年中的最大值；

北半球的各地達(dá)到一年中的最小值。③春分日和秋分日時(shí)，除赤道上正午太陽高度達(dá)到一年中最大值，其他地區(qū)正午太陽高度介于最大值和最小值之間。32．晝夜長(zhǎng)短：有極晝、晝長(zhǎng)夜短、晝夜平分、晝短夜長(zhǎng)、極夜等5種情況。同一地點(diǎn)晝夜長(zhǎng)短隨著太陽直射點(diǎn)位置移動(dòng)而變化的，只有赤道上晝夜終年等長(zhǎng)，其他地點(diǎn)只有在春分日或秋分日晝夜等長(zhǎng)。根據(jù)晝長(zhǎng)可以計(jì)算出日出和日落時(shí)刻：日出時(shí)刻=12：00－晝長(zhǎng)×1/2，日落時(shí)刻=12：00＋晝長(zhǎng)×1/2。同一緯線上各點(diǎn)當(dāng)日的晝長(zhǎng)是相等的。南北半球緯度相同的兩條緯線，晝夜長(zhǎng)短是相反的關(guān)系，即北半球的晝長(zhǎng)＝南半球的夜長(zhǎng)。

33．晝夜長(zhǎng)短的變化規(guī)律：北半球在夏半年（春分日至秋分日，即太陽直射北半球）晝長(zhǎng)夜短，且緯度越高，晝?cè)介L(zhǎng)，北極附近出現(xiàn)極晝。夏至日北半球各地晝長(zhǎng)達(dá)一年中最大值，極晝范圍也達(dá)最大（整個(gè)北極圈以內(nèi)）。北半球在冬半年（秋分日至次年春分日，太陽直南半球）晝短夜長(zhǎng)，且緯度越高，晝?cè)蕉?，北極附近出現(xiàn)極夜。冬至日北半球各地夜長(zhǎng)達(dá)一年中最大值，極夜范圍也達(dá)最大（整個(gè)北極圈以內(nèi)）。南半球與北半球相反。34．四季的更替：氣候上，夏季是一年中最熱的季節(jié)，冬季是一年中最冷的季節(jié)，春、秋二季溫暖宜人。天文上：夏季是一年中白晝最長(zhǎng)、太陽最高的季節(jié)，冬季是一年中白晝最短、太陽最低的季節(jié)，春、秋二季介于冬夏之間。

單元活動(dòng)辨別地理方向

35．地圖上辨別方向：①一般地圖上北下南，左西右東；②有指向標(biāo)的地圖，指向標(biāo)的箭頭指示北；③有經(jīng)緯網(wǎng)的地圖，經(jīng)線指示南北方向，緯線指示東西方向。

36．使用羅盤的步驟：照準(zhǔn)——保持儀器水平——讀數(shù)，如果記作NW則表示西北方向、NE則表示東北方向、SE則表示東南方向、SW則表示西南方向。

37．利用手表定方向：在北半球，把手表平置，時(shí)針指向太陽，時(shí)針與12點(diǎn)刻度線之間所成較小夾角的角平分線方向?yàn)槟戏剑ㄒ⒁鈺r(shí)針應(yīng)是指的當(dāng)?shù)氐牡胤綍r(shí)時(shí)間）。

38．利用北極星定方向：北極星位于正北方。北極星屬于小熊座，可以利用大熊座（北斗七星——勺子形）或者仙后座（W形）來找出北極星。

2．1 巖石圈與地表形態(tài)

39．地球的圈層結(jié)構(gòu)：自外向里依次為：外部圈層（大氣圈、生物圈、水圈）和內(nèi)部圈層（地殼、地幔、地核）。人類生存的地理環(huán)境包括大氣圈、生物圈、水圈和巖石圈。

40．地殼：是地球表面莫霍面（平均深度17Km）以上、由巖石組成的堅(jiān)硬外殼，厚度不均（大陸地殼比大洋地殼厚，高山地區(qū)比平原地殼厚）。

41.地幔：介于莫霍面和古登堡面（地下2900Km）之間，其上部有一個(gè)由塑性物質(zhì)組成的軟流層，一般認(rèn)為是巖漿的發(fā)源地。

42.地核：位于古登堡面一下的地球內(nèi)部，溫度很高，壓力和密度很大。43．巖石圈：是地球表面由巖石組成的圈層，包括地殼的全部和軟流層以上的上地幔頂部（不含軟流層）。巖石圈中的巖石有三類：巖漿巖（又叫火成巖）、沉積巖和變質(zhì)巖。

44.巖漿巖：巖漿上升或噴出地表冷凝形成的巖石，包括侵入巖（花崗巖）和噴出巖（玄武巖）。

45．沉積巖：巖石經(jīng)過外力風(fēng)化、侵蝕、搬運(yùn)、堆積和固結(jié)成巖作用形成。如石灰?guī)r。沉積巖中含有化石（包括生物的遺體和遺跡），被稱為記錄地球歷史的“文字”。

46．變質(zhì)巖：巖石在高溫高壓下發(fā)生變質(zhì)作用形成。如：石灰?guī)r→大理巖。47．地殼內(nèi)部物質(zhì)循環(huán)：從巖漿到各類巖石，再從各類巖石到新的巖漿的物質(zhì)循環(huán)過程。如右圖。根據(jù)右圖判斷各類巖石和巖漿的方法是：先判斷巖漿巖，即來向只有一個(gè)箭頭的是巖漿巖，因?yàn)閹r漿巖只能由巖漿冷凝而成；而沉積巖可以由巖漿巖和變質(zhì)巖轉(zhuǎn)化而來，變質(zhì)巖可以由巖漿巖和沉積巖轉(zhuǎn)化而來，巖漿可以由巖漿巖、變質(zhì)巖、沉積巖轉(zhuǎn)化而來。

48．內(nèi)力作用：能量來自地球內(nèi)部。主要表現(xiàn)為地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)、巖漿活動(dòng)、變質(zhì)作用和地震。內(nèi)力作用使地表變得高低起伏。

49、外力作用：能量來自地球外部，主要是太陽輻射能和重力能。主要作用要素有溫度、流水、風(fēng)化、海浪、冰川等，主要表現(xiàn)為風(fēng)化作用、侵蝕作用、搬運(yùn)作用、堆積作用、固結(jié)成巖作用。外力作用削高填低，使得地表趨于平坦。

50．地質(zhì)構(gòu)造：地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)引起巖層的變形和變位。主要有褶皺和斷層。51.褶皺：是因?yàn)閹r層受到水平擠壓力而形成一系列彎曲變形，分為背斜和向斜。背斜的巖層向上拱起、向斜的巖層向下彎曲；前期背斜形成山嶺、向斜形成谷地；后期，在外力作用下，背斜頂部因受張力，裂隙發(fā)育，易被侵蝕反而形成谷地；向斜槽部因受擠壓，巖層緊實(shí)，不易被侵蝕反而形成山嶺。52.斷層：巖層受到壓力或者張力作用，使巖層發(fā)生斷裂，出現(xiàn)斷裂面，并且在斷裂面兩側(cè)的巖層有錯(cuò)動(dòng)和位移。巖層下降會(huì)形成谷地（如我國(guó)的渭河平原和汾河谷地），巖層上升則會(huì)形成斷塊山，通常伴有陡崖（如我國(guó)的華山、廬山和泰山）。

53．研究地質(zhì)構(gòu)造對(duì)找礦、找水和大型工程建設(shè)的指導(dǎo)意義：石油和天然氣多儲(chǔ)存于背斜構(gòu)造中，地下水往往儲(chǔ)藏在向斜盆地中，隧道、水庫、鐵路等工程建設(shè)應(yīng)盡量避開斷層，隧道還要避免建在向斜內(nèi)部，應(yīng)選在背斜構(gòu)造中部。

54．重要外力作用：流水侵蝕作用常常形成溝谷（v型）、瀑布和峽谷；流水堆積作用常常在山前形成沖積扇或洪積扇、在河流中下游形成沖積平原、在河口形成三角洲（一般在河流的上中游主要表現(xiàn)為侵蝕和搬運(yùn)，在下游表現(xiàn)為堆積）。風(fēng)力侵蝕作用形成風(fēng)蝕蘑菇和風(fēng)蝕洼地；風(fēng)力堆積作用形成沙丘和沙垅（風(fēng)力作用一般在干旱半干旱地區(qū)表現(xiàn)顯著）。冰川地貌常有冰川谷（U型谷）、刃脊、冰斗和角蜂（歐洲的地貌大多受到冰川的作用），海蝕地貌常有海蝕崖、海蝕穴、海蝕柱、海蝕平臺(tái)和海蝕拱橋。（特別注意：黃土高原的形成是風(fēng)力堆積作用，黃土高原的地表千溝萬壑的形態(tài)是流水侵蝕作用）。人類活動(dòng)對(duì)地表形態(tài)也很大影響。

2．2 大氣圈與天氣、氣候

55．低層大氣的組成：干潔空氣（氮?dú)?、氧氣、二氧化碳——吸收紅外線、臭氧——吸收紫外線、氧原子――吸收紫外線）、水汽和固體雜質(zhì)。

56、大氣的垂直分層：根據(jù)大氣在垂直方向上的溫度、密度及運(yùn)動(dòng)狀況自下而上分為對(duì)流層、平流層和高層大氣。對(duì)流層集中了整個(gè)大氣質(zhì)量的3/4和幾乎全部的水汽和固體雜質(zhì)，與人類關(guān)系最為密切。特點(diǎn)：對(duì)流層溫度隨著高度的增加而降低（對(duì)流層依靠二氧化碳和水汽吸收地面長(zhǎng)波輻射）、對(duì)流運(yùn)動(dòng)顯著、天氣現(xiàn)象復(fù)雜多變。平流層溫度隨著高度的增加而增加（臭氧吸收紫外線保護(hù)生物）、大氣以水平運(yùn)動(dòng)為主、天氣晴朗（適于飛機(jī)高空飛行）。高層大氣空氣密度很小，其中的電離層能反射無線電短波，對(duì)無線電短波通信有主要意義。

57．太陽輻射：太陽輻射是地球上最主要的能量源泉，是地面的直接熱源。包括紫外線（波長(zhǎng)小于0.4um）、可見光（波長(zhǎng)0.4—0.76um）和紅外線（波長(zhǎng)大于0.76um），能量主要集中在可見光部分，屬于短波輻射。

58．大氣的受熱過程：太陽輻射到達(dá)地球大氣層后，高層大氣中的氧原子和平流層中的臭氧吸收紫外線，對(duì)流層中的二氧化碳和水汽吸收紅外線，對(duì)能量集中的可見光吸收很少；地面吸收太陽輻射后增溫，通過地面輻射（紅外線）向外放射能量，絕大部分被大氣吸收。因而，地面是對(duì)流層大氣的直接熱源。

59．大氣逆輻射：大氣受熱后以大氣輻射（紅外線）的形式向四面八方釋放能量，射向地面的大氣輻射與地面輻射方向相反，稱為大氣逆輻射。

60.大氣對(duì)地面的保溫作用：兩個(gè)條件缺一不可，一是二氧化碳強(qiáng)烈吸收地面長(zhǎng)波輻射，儲(chǔ)存能量；二是大氣逆輻射將能量傳給地面，對(duì)地面輻射損失的熱量起到補(bǔ)償作用。

61．溫室效應(yīng)原理：太陽輻射是短波輻射，可以絕大部分透過玻璃或塑料薄膜到達(dá)溫室地面，使溫室地面增溫，而溫室地面產(chǎn)生的長(zhǎng)波輻射很少能透過玻璃或塑料薄膜，使大部分的熱量保留在溫室內(nèi)。62．大氣的運(yùn)動(dòng)：分為上升和下沉的垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)（對(duì)流運(yùn)動(dòng)）和水平運(yùn)動(dòng)（風(fēng)）。63．氣壓：?jiǎn)挝幻娣e空氣柱的質(zhì)量。同一地方，海拔越高氣壓越低。近地面，氣溫越高氣壓越低、氣溫越低氣壓越高（冷高壓、熱低壓），高空相反。64.等壓線和等壓面：氣壓相同各點(diǎn)的連線叫等壓線。氣壓相同各點(diǎn)連成的面叫等壓面。在氣溫相同的情況下，等壓面與地面平行。

65．熱力環(huán)流：大氣運(yùn)動(dòng)最簡(jiǎn)單、最基本的形式。地面受熱，氣流上升，近地面氣壓降低，高空氣壓升高；地面受冷，氣流下沉，近地面氣壓升高，高空氣壓降低。在同一水平面上了氣壓差異，引起大氣從高壓向低壓的水平運(yùn)動(dòng)，從而形成熱力環(huán)流。

66．常見局部地區(qū)的熱力環(huán)流：①城市熱島效應(yīng)：城區(qū)人口集中、工廠林立、車流密集，氣溫高，氣流上升，近地面氣壓降低；郊區(qū)氣溫低，氣流下沉，近地面氣壓升高；近地面吹郊區(qū)風(fēng)。②海陸風(fēng)：海水的熱容量大、升溫降溫慢，陸地的熱容量小、升溫降溫快。白天，陸地氣溫高，氣流上升，氣壓降低；海洋氣溫低，氣流下沉，氣壓升高；近地面吹海風(fēng)。夜間，陸地氣溫低，氣流下沉，氣壓升高；海洋氣溫高，氣流上升，氣壓降低；近地面吹陸風(fēng)。湖岸風(fēng)（河岸風(fēng)）與之相似，白天吹湖風(fēng)（河風(fēng)），夜間吹岸風(fēng)。

67．水平氣壓梯度力：水平面上單位距離間的氣壓差叫水平氣壓梯度力，等壓線越密集，水平氣壓梯度力越大，風(fēng)速越大。是形成風(fēng)的直接原因（原動(dòng)力）。方向是垂直于等壓線從高壓指向低壓。

68．地轉(zhuǎn)偏向力：地球自轉(zhuǎn)引起地表水平運(yùn)動(dòng)偏向的力。方向始終垂直于風(fēng)向，南左北右（赤道不偏）。

69．摩擦力：風(fēng)與地面摩擦產(chǎn)生的反作用力。方向與風(fēng)向相反。

70、風(fēng)向：高空，風(fēng)向在水平氣壓梯度力和地轉(zhuǎn)偏向力的作用下，平行于等壓線。近地面，風(fēng)向受到水平氣壓梯度力、地轉(zhuǎn)偏向力和摩擦力三個(gè)力的共同作用，風(fēng)向與等壓線斜交。風(fēng)向判斷：面向水平氣壓梯度力方向，北半球向右偏、南半球向左偏，高空偏90°，近地面偏40°-50°

71．三圈環(huán)流與氣壓帶、風(fēng)帶：赤道地區(qū)受熱多，氣流上升，近地面形成赤道低氣壓帶；極地地區(qū)受冷，氣流下沉，近地面形成極地高氣壓帶；高空氣流由赤道上空流向兩極，在地轉(zhuǎn)偏向力的作用下，在緯度30°上空偏轉(zhuǎn)成與等壓線（緯線）平行，不斷堆積，產(chǎn)生下沉氣流，在緯度30°附近的近地面形成了副熱帶高氣壓帶，近地面的氣流從副熱帶高氣壓帶向赤道和極地流動(dòng)，流向赤道的氣流補(bǔ)償赤道上升氣流形成低緯環(huán)流。流向極地的氣流在緯度60°附近與從極地流過來的較冷氣流相遇抬升，在近地面形成了相對(duì)的低氣壓帶，即副極地低氣壓帶，在緯度60°附近的高空，氣壓相對(duì)較高，氣流流向極地和30°上空，形成高緯環(huán)流和中緯環(huán)流，這樣在南北半球各形成了三個(gè)環(huán)流圈，即低緯環(huán)流、中緯環(huán)流和高緯環(huán)流。在近地面各形成四個(gè)氣壓帶和三個(gè)風(fēng)帶。如右圖。

72．氣壓帶和風(fēng)帶的季節(jié)移動(dòng)：氣壓帶和風(fēng)帶隨著太陽直射點(diǎn)的移動(dòng)而移動(dòng)，北半球夏季北移、冬季南移。但氣壓帶和風(fēng)帶的移動(dòng)幅度沒有太陽直射點(diǎn)移動(dòng)幅度大。

73．海陸分布對(duì)氣壓帶、風(fēng)帶的影響：北半球的海陸對(duì)比顯著，1月，亞洲高壓（蒙古高壓）切斷了副極地低氣壓帶，使副極地低氣壓帶僅存在于大洋中（北太平洋中的阿留申低壓）；

7月，亞洲低壓（印度低壓）切斷了副熱帶高壓帶，使副熱帶高壓帶僅存在于大洋中（太平洋中的夏威夷高壓）。南半球海洋占絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，氣壓帶基本保持帶狀分布。

74．季風(fēng)：在海陸熱力性質(zhì)差異和氣壓帶、風(fēng)帶的季節(jié)移動(dòng)的共同作用下冬夏風(fēng)向相反。

75．氣團(tuán)的分類：按照氣團(tuán)溫度與到達(dá)地區(qū)的溫度對(duì)比分冷氣團(tuán)和暖氣團(tuán)。冷氣團(tuán)性質(zhì)是冷干，通常從高緯地區(qū)吹向低緯地區(qū)；暖氣團(tuán)性質(zhì)是暖濕，通常是從低緯地區(qū)吹向高緯地區(qū)。

76．鋒面系統(tǒng)：鋒面是冷暖氣團(tuán)交界的面，有冷鋒、暖鋒、準(zhǔn)靜止鋒。77．氣旋與反氣旋：

78．鋒面氣旋：鋒面與氣旋一般聯(lián)系在一起形成鋒面氣旋。鋒面出現(xiàn)在氣旋的低壓槽線上。

2．3 水圈和水循環(huán)

79．水圈的組成：地球表面大約71%被水覆蓋，有“水的行星”之稱；水圈的主體是海洋水（占）。淡水僅占2.526%，其中冰川占68.72%，人類可以直接利用的淡水資源主要是指河流水、淡水湖泊水和淺層地下淡水，比重很小。80．水循環(huán)的概念：自然界的水在地球表層通過各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的過程。按發(fā)生的領(lǐng)域分為海陸間循環(huán)、海上內(nèi)循環(huán)和陸上內(nèi)循環(huán)。81.水循環(huán)的環(huán)節(jié)：蒸發(fā)（含植物蒸騰）、水汽輸送、降水、徑流（含地表徑流、下滲、地下徑流）。只有海陸間循環(huán)環(huán)節(jié)齊全。

82、水循環(huán)的意義：聯(lián)系大氣圈、生物圈、水圈和巖石圈四大圈層；對(duì)全球的熱量傳輸起著重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用；促進(jìn)地球上各種水體的更新（特別是海陸間循環(huán)使陸地上的淡水資源得以再生），維持了全球水的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡；流水侵蝕作用塑造了地表的形態(tài)，使巖石圈的化學(xué)物質(zhì)發(fā)生遷移。

83．河流的補(bǔ)給方式：以雨水補(bǔ)給為主的河流，徑流量隨降水量的變化而變化；以冰雪融水補(bǔ)給為主的河流，徑流量隨氣溫的變化而變化；河流中下游的湖泊對(duì)河流徑流有調(diào)節(jié)作用。

84.洋流的概念：海洋水沿相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的方向作大規(guī)模運(yùn)動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象。潮汐、海浪不是洋流。

85.洋流的類型：根據(jù)洋流的水溫與流經(jīng)海區(qū)水溫的對(duì)比把洋流分為暖流和寒流。暖流一般從低緯度流向高緯度，寒流通常從高緯度流向低緯度。根據(jù)成因把洋流分為風(fēng)海流、密度流和補(bǔ)償流（水平補(bǔ)償流和垂直補(bǔ)償流，其中垂直補(bǔ)償流又可以分為上升流和下降流）。

86．洋流的分布規(guī)律：中低緯度海區(qū)形成以副熱帶為中心的大洋環(huán)流（北半球順時(shí)針、南半球逆時(shí)針）；北半球中高緯度海區(qū)形成以副極地為中心的大洋環(huán)流（逆時(shí)針）；南緯400附近海域形成環(huán)球性西風(fēng)漂流。

87．洋流的地理意義：對(duì)氣候的影響——暖流起到增溫增濕，寒流起到降溫減濕的作用（實(shí)例：北大西洋暖流使西歐溫帶海洋性氣候最為典型、俄羅斯北冰洋沿岸的摩爾曼斯克海港終年不凍；秘魯寒流使秘魯沿岸荒漠帶直逼海岸并向赤道延伸）。對(duì)海洋生物的影響——寒暖流交匯的海域形成著名漁場(chǎng)（北海漁場(chǎng)，北海道漁場(chǎng)，紐芬蘭漁場(chǎng)），上升流海域也形成著名漁場(chǎng)（秘魯漁場(chǎng)）。對(duì)海洋污染的影響——加快了污染海域的凈化，擴(kuò)大了污染范圍。對(duì)海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)挠绊憽樍骺?，逆流慢?/p>

單元活動(dòng)：分析判斷氣候類型

88．分析氣候類型成因的方法：對(duì)比不同緯度的不同氣候類型，差異主要是氣溫，得出太陽輻射是形成氣候的基本因素；對(duì)比同一緯度的不同氣候類型，差異主要是降水量和季節(jié)分配，得出氣壓帶和風(fēng)帶的分布及其季節(jié)移動(dòng)是形成氣候的重要因素；對(duì)比同一緯度、同一氣壓帶和風(fēng)帶的不同地區(qū)，氣溫和降水都有差異，得出下墊面狀況也是影響氣候的重要因素。89.氣壓帶、風(fēng)帶的分布及其季節(jié)移動(dòng)對(duì)氣候的影響：（1）單一氣壓帶或風(fēng)帶控制下的氣候類型

（2）在兩種氣壓帶或風(fēng)帶交替控制下的氣候類型 90．根據(jù)氣候資料判斷氣候類型：（1）根據(jù)氣溫判斷氣候帶：最冷月平均氣溫＞15℃為熱帶、>0℃為亞熱帶（含溫帶海洋性氣候）、<0℃且最熱月平均氣溫>15℃為溫帶。（2）根據(jù)降水量的季節(jié)分配判斷雨型：年雨型――熱帶雨林氣候、溫帶海洋性氣候，冬雨型――地中海氣候，夏雨型――熱帶季風(fēng)氣候、熱帶草原氣候、亞熱帶季風(fēng)氣候、溫帶季風(fēng)氣候，少雨型――熱帶沙漠氣候、溫帶大陸性氣候、極地氣候。（3）綜合考慮氣溫和降水→氣候類型。

3．1 地理環(huán)境的差異性

91．自然帶：是地理環(huán)境各要素及其組合的差異形成的呈帶狀分布的景觀。緯度位置、海陸位置、海拔位置不同→水熱狀況及其組合不同→植被和土壤不同→景觀不同。其中，自然植被能較明顯地體現(xiàn)自然環(huán)境特征，因而用植被類型命名自然帶。

92.氣候類型與自然帶的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系： 93．地理環(huán)境的地域分異規(guī)律：

94、影響山地垂直自然帶帶譜的主要因素：山體的緯度位置—垂直地域分異與從赤道到兩極的地域分異非常相似，緯度越低，自然帶越多。山體的相對(duì)高度—相對(duì)高度越大，自然帶越多。山體的海拔高度—海拔高度應(yīng)足夠高才會(huì)導(dǎo)致水熱差異足夠大，從而形成地域分異。

3．2 地理環(huán)境的整體性

95．地理環(huán)境的組成要素：地貌、氣候、水文、生物、土壤。各個(gè)要素相互聯(lián)系、相互影響形成一個(gè)有機(jī)整體。

96．厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象是指圣誕節(jié)前后發(fā)生于秘魯太平洋沿岸海水異常增溫的現(xiàn)象。在厄爾尼諾年，來自赤道附近海區(qū)的暖水大量向南入侵，抑制了上升流，導(dǎo)致表層海水溫度升高，造成海洋表層營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)減少，致使浮游生物和魚類大量死亡，進(jìn)而造成海鳥饑餓致死。同時(shí)，沿岸荒漠洪水泛濫，全球各地氣候異常。97．地理環(huán)境整體性的表現(xiàn)：①地理環(huán)境各要素與環(huán)境總體特征的協(xié)調(diào)一致；

②“牽一發(fā)而動(dòng)全身”，即某一個(gè)要素發(fā)生改變，將會(huì)導(dǎo)致其它要素的改變；

③全球地理環(huán)境也是一個(gè)整體，某一區(qū)域的環(huán)境發(fā)生改變，也會(huì)影響到其它區(qū)域的環(huán)境。

98．地球圈層間的能量交換（以海洋水與大氣之間為例）：①海洋水與大氣之間在一刻不停地進(jìn)行熱能和動(dòng)能的交換，海洋水把熱能輸送給大氣引起大氣運(yùn)動(dòng)，大氣運(yùn)動(dòng)帶動(dòng)海洋水運(yùn)動(dòng)；②大氣和海洋水之間還存在著勢(shì)能的傳輸與交換，在高壓控制下海平面降低、在低壓控制下海平面升高

99．地球圈層間的物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)：如光合作用與呼吸作用在水圈、巖石圈和大氣圈間的碳循環(huán)、氧循環(huán)和水循環(huán)。

100.生物在地理環(huán)境形成和演變過程中的作用：光合作用和呼吸作用（生物循環(huán)）促使物質(zhì)和能量在大氣圈、巖石圈、水圈和生物圈四大圈層間遷移和流動(dòng)，聯(lián)系無機(jī)界和有機(jī)界。改變地球原始大氣的成分：CO2、CH4、H2、NH3、H2O→N2、O2。改變陸地水的化學(xué)成分，綠色植物參與水循環(huán)，改善陸地的水分狀況。參與沉積巖的形成，加快了巖石的風(fēng)化，促成了土壤的形成。

3．3 圈層相互作用案例分析——剖析桂林“山水”的成因

101．喀斯特作用的實(shí)質(zhì)：含有二氧化碳的水對(duì)可溶性巖石的溶蝕和淀積作用，即溶蝕作用：CaCO3+CO2+H2O=Ca(HCO3)2 淀積作用：Ca(HCO3)2= CaCO3↓+CO2↑+H2O

102．喀斯特地貌的類型：分為地面喀斯特地貌和地下喀斯特地貌。地面喀斯特地貌主要有峰林、峰叢、孤峰，以及溶蝕洼地和落水洞（主要是化學(xué)溶蝕作用形成）；地下喀斯特地貌主要有地下河和溶洞（溶蝕），溶洞內(nèi)有石鐘乳、石筍和石柱（淀積作用）。

103．桂林“山水”的原因：

單元活動(dòng)3 學(xué)會(huì)應(yīng)用地形圖

104．等高線：海拔相同各點(diǎn)的連線。同一條等高線上各點(diǎn)海拔相同。不同的等高線不能相交，在陡崖處可以重合。105．等高線地形圖：同一等高線地形圖上，相鄰兩條等高線之間的海拔差（等高距）相等。等高線密集――坡度陡，稀疏――坡度緩。一組等高線彎曲突出表示山脊或山谷。

106．地形剖面圖：直觀顯示地貌的起伏情況。橫軸為地面上的點(diǎn)，比例尺一般與等高線地形圖一致；縱軸為海拔，要根據(jù)高差選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇怪北壤摺?07．地形剖面圖的繪制步驟：①繪剖面圖的水平基線，一般將等高線圖上的剖面線平移。②確定適當(dāng)?shù)拇怪北壤撸嫵隹v坐標(biāo)，規(guī)定剖面基線所代表的高程。③從等高線圖上的剖面線與等高線相交的點(diǎn)分別向水平基線作垂線，根據(jù)各點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的高度對(duì)照剖面圖的縱坐標(biāo)，標(biāo)出各點(diǎn)的高程。④將這些點(diǎn)用平滑的曲線連接起來。

108.地表形態(tài)對(duì)聚落分布的影響：山區(qū)的聚落規(guī)模小、密度小，多呈條帶狀散布在河谷、山前沖積扇；平原地區(qū)聚落規(guī)模大、密度大，在河流較密的地區(qū)沿河分布，在河流較少的地區(qū)多呈團(tuán)塊狀。

109.地表形態(tài)對(duì)交通線路分布的影響：山區(qū)地表起伏大，鐵路、公路等多選建在地勢(shì)相對(duì)和緩的山間盆地或河谷地帶，且要迂回前進(jìn)，彎曲度較平原地區(qū)大。山區(qū)交通線路的密度較平原地區(qū)小。

4．1 自然資源與人類

110．自然資源的概念：人類可以直接從自然界獲得，并用于生產(chǎn)和生活的物質(zhì)與能量。它具備兩個(gè)屬性，即自然性（直接從自然界中獲得）和經(jīng)濟(jì)性（在現(xiàn)有技術(shù)條件下對(duì)人類生產(chǎn)和生活有用）。常見種類有：礦產(chǎn)資源、土地資源、水資源、生物資源和氣候資源。

111．自然資源的性質(zhì)分類：不可再生資源和可再生資源。礦產(chǎn)資源屬于不可再生資源，不可再生性是指其形成需要漫長(zhǎng)的地質(zhì)時(shí)期，相對(duì)于人類的歷史來說是不可更新的，也即人類對(duì)它的消耗速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于其更新速度。土地資源、水資源、生物資源、氣候資源均是可再生資源，它們或可再生、或可更新、或可循環(huán)。112．自然資源的共性特征：①分布的不平衡性：自然資源的分布存在著時(shí)間和空間上的不平衡性，也存在著數(shù)量和質(zhì)量的不平衡性。通?？稍偕Y源受水熱影響明顯；而不可再生資源受地質(zhì)作用的制約，例如金、銀、銅、鐵等內(nèi)生礦多分布于巖漿巖地區(qū)，煤、石油等外生礦多分布于沉積巖地區(qū)。②資源間的聯(lián)系性：各種可再生資源之間往往是相互聯(lián)系的。因此我們?cè)谫Y源開發(fā)利用中要注意資源的保護(hù)和綜合開發(fā)利用。③數(shù)量的有限性：在一定時(shí)間和一定地區(qū)內(nèi)，資源的數(shù)量總是有限的，即使是可再生資源因?yàn)樗鼈兊脑偕⒏禄蜓h(huán)是需要一定的周期，所以數(shù)量在一定時(shí)間和地區(qū)內(nèi)也是有限的。不能認(rèn)為可再生資源就取之不竭、用之不盡，在開發(fā)利用中要合理規(guī)劃、適度開發(fā)和循環(huán)利用。④利用的發(fā)展性：隨著科技進(jìn)步和社會(huì)發(fā)展，人類對(duì)資源的利用范圍和途徑將進(jìn)一步拓展、對(duì)資源的利用率也不斷提高。因此，在對(duì)資源的開發(fā)利用中，對(duì)那些還沒有完全清楚其用途和開發(fā)利用途徑的不可再生資源，最好不要開發(fā)，以免造成浪費(fèi)或?yàn)榻窈箝_發(fā)利用帶來困難。

113．不同生產(chǎn)力條件下自然資源的開發(fā)利用

114．實(shí)現(xiàn)自然資源可持續(xù)利用的途徑：適度開發(fā)—對(duì)資源的開發(fā)利用不能超過資源的再生能力；利益兼顧—兼顧眼前利益與長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益、局部利益與整體利益；保護(hù)環(huán)境—實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)利用和保護(hù)的統(tǒng)一；公眾參與—充分調(diào)動(dòng)廣大公眾的積極性主動(dòng)性。

4．2 自然災(zāi)害與人類

115．自然災(zāi)害的概念：在自然界發(fā)生的，對(duì)人類生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)造成危害的事件。包括氣象災(zāi)害--臺(tái)風(fēng)、寒潮、洪水、干旱等，地質(zhì)災(zāi)害--地震、火山、泥石流、滑坡等。自然災(zāi)害必須同時(shí)具備兩個(gè)屬性：自然性（自然界的事件）和災(zāi)害性（對(duì)人類構(gòu)成危害）。

116．洪水：河流水位超過河灘地面出現(xiàn)的溢流現(xiàn)象。原因有：①徑流量陡增，如強(qiáng)降水、大量冰雪快速融化；②河道堵塞，如冰凌、滑坡、泥石流；③堤壩潰決，如自然或人為因素；④流域的匯水速度大于排水速度，流域匯水速度取決于地面坡度、土壤的含水率和植被的覆蓋率；排水速度取決于河谷順直程度、通暢程度和縱向坡度。人類的不合理活動(dòng)會(huì)誘發(fā)或加劇洪水：植被破壞不僅加快了流域的匯水速度，而且還加劇了水土流失和河道的淤積，使河流水位升高、河床坡度減小，導(dǎo)致排水速度變慢。圍湖造田使湖泊對(duì)洪水的調(diào)節(jié)作用減弱。占據(jù)河道的物體降低了河道排水的速度。分洪區(qū)的占用給分洪帶來困難。

117.洪災(zāi)的形成：包括兩個(gè)基本環(huán)節(jié)，即洪水的形成和對(duì)人類造成損害。如果洪水發(fā)生在無人區(qū)，不會(huì)給人類帶來損害，就不會(huì)形成洪災(zāi)。洪水發(fā)生的區(qū)域，人口越密集，致災(zāi)的可能性越大；經(jīng)濟(jì)越發(fā)達(dá)，損失就可能越嚴(yán)重。118.洪水的危害：直接損害—沖毀房屋、道路和橋梁，淹沒農(nóng)田、村鎮(zhèn)和工廠，造成人畜傷亡，甚至引起瘟疫和傳染病等，間接損害—造成水、電力、交通、能源等供應(yīng)中斷及城鄉(xiāng)商業(yè)活動(dòng)停止和生活秩序紊亂等。

119．洪災(zāi)的防治措施：包括工程措施和非工程措施。工程措施主要包括：興建水庫，退耕還湖；修筑堤壩，防止洪水漫溢；疏浚河道，加快泄洪速度；開辟分洪區(qū)，開挖分洪道，降低洪水水位等。非工程措施主要包括：做好對(duì)洪水的監(jiān)測(cè)和預(yù)報(bào)；增強(qiáng)防災(zāi)減災(zāi)的意識(shí)；嚴(yán)控亂砍濫伐，提高森林覆蓋率，減少水土流失；建立統(tǒng)一的減災(zāi)防災(zāi)管理體制，將減災(zāi)防災(zāi)納入國(guó)家和地方政府的發(fā)展計(jì)劃；建立統(tǒng)一的抗洪搶險(xiǎn)指揮管理系統(tǒng)，擬定居民的應(yīng)急撤離計(jì)劃，設(shè)置防洪保險(xiǎn)基金和加強(qiáng)洪泛區(qū)土地管理；加強(qiáng)災(zāi)前水利建設(shè)投入與減災(zāi)科研投入等。

4．3 全球氣候變化及其對(duì)人類的影響

120．全球氣候變化：從地質(zhì)時(shí)期的氣候變化看，當(dāng)前正處在溫暖的間冰期；從人類歷史時(shí)期的氣候變化看，當(dāng)前正處在溫暖時(shí)期；從儀器觀測(cè)時(shí)期的氣候變化看，從20世紀(jì)70年代開始，氣溫又逐步回升，并呈現(xiàn)加速態(tài)勢(shì)。121．全球氣候變暖的原因：一方面，大量燃燒礦物燃料，排放溫室氣體（CO2和CH4），另一方面，亂砍濫伐導(dǎo)致森林面積銳減，吸收CO2的能力大減，使大氣中CO2濃度逐年增加。121．全球氣候變暖的影響：①導(dǎo)致生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的調(diào)整和某些脆弱性物種的滅絕。②導(dǎo)致海平面的上升，造成沿海低地被淹。③可能導(dǎo)致干旱、洪澇、暴雨等災(zāi)害性事件的增加。④對(duì)人類健康的威脅會(huì)增加。

122．緩解全球氣候變暖的措施：①減少燃燒化石燃料，降低CO2的排放量；②大面積植樹造林，降低CO2濃度；③開發(fā)新能源，改善能源結(jié)構(gòu)；④發(fā)展技術(shù)，提高燃料的燃燒效率；⑤加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作，全球共同行動(dòng)。

單元活動(dòng)4 遙感技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用

123．地理信息技術(shù)：是對(duì)地理信息進(jìn)行獲取。分析和應(yīng)用的一門綜合性技術(shù)。其核心技術(shù)包括遙感、地理信息系統(tǒng)、全球定位系統(tǒng)。

124.遙感：在離地球較遠(yuǎn)的飛機(jī)、飛船、衛(wèi)星上，使用光學(xué)儀器和電子儀器，接收地面物體發(fā)射或反射的電磁波信號(hào)，以圖像膠片或數(shù)據(jù)磁帶形式記錄下來，傳送到地面，通過分析，揭示出物體的特征。最重要的儀器設(shè)備是傳感器，它接收并記錄電磁波信號(hào)。

125．遙感的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：探測(cè)范圍大、獲取資料快、受地面條件限制少、獲取信息量多。

126．遙感影像的判讀：直接解譯標(biāo)志--湖泊的邊界圓滑，人工建筑工程的邊界棱角明顯；道路的寬度不變，河流的寬度從上游到下游逐漸變寬。間接解譯標(biāo)志—與湖泊相連的線狀地物多為河流、河渠，與村莊相連的線狀地物則多為道路。

人類歷史時(shí)期的氣候變化看，當(dāng)前正處在溫暖時(shí)期；從儀器觀測(cè)時(shí)期的氣候變化看，從20世紀(jì)70年代開始，氣溫又逐步回升，并呈現(xiàn)加速態(tài)勢(shì)。121．全球氣候變暖的原因：一方面，大量燃燒礦物燃料，排放溫室氣體（CO2和CH4），另一方面，亂砍濫伐導(dǎo)致森林面積銳減，吸收CO2的能力大減，使大氣中CO2濃度逐年增加。

第四篇：高一英語必修一知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)(家教)

高一英語各單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)及重難點(diǎn)解析Unit1-2 ☆重點(diǎn)句型☆

1.What should a friend be like? 詢問對(duì)方的看法 2.I think he / she should be?表示個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的詞語

3.I enjoy reading / I'm fond of singing / I like playing computer games.等表示喜好的詞語 4.Chuck is on a flight when suddenly his plane crashes.“when“作并列連詞的用法

5.What / Who / When / Where is it that...? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)

6.With so many people communicating in English everyday，...“with+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語

7.Can you tell me how to pronounce...? 帶連接副詞

(或代詞)的不定式做賓補(bǔ)的用法 ☆重點(diǎn)詞匯☆ 1.especially v.特別地 2.imagine v.想像

3.alone adv./ adj.單獨(dú)，孤獨(dú)的 4.interest n.興趣

5.everyday adj.每天的，日常的 6.deserted adj.拋棄的 7.hunt v.搜尋 8.share v.分享

9.care v.在乎，關(guān)心 10.total n.總數(shù)

11.majority n.大多數(shù) 12.survive v.生存，活下來 13.adventure n.冒險(xiǎn) 14.scared adj.嚇壞的 15.admit v.承認(rèn)

16.while conj.但是，而 17.boring adj.令人厭煩的 18.except prep.除??之外 19.quality n.質(zhì)量

20.favourite adj.最喜愛的 ☆重點(diǎn)短語☆ 1.be fond of愛好

2.treat?as?把??看作為??

3.make friends with 與??交朋友

4.argue with sb.about / over sth.與某人爭(zhēng)論某事 5.hunt for尋找 6.in order to為了

7.share?with與??分享 8.bring in引進(jìn)；賺錢

9.a great / good many許多? 10.have difficulty(in)doing做??有困難 11.end up with以??結(jié)束 12.except for除??之外 13.come about發(fā)生 14.make(a)fire生火

15.make yourself at home別拘束 16.the majority of大多數(shù) 17.drop sb.a line給某人寫短信 18.for the first time第一次 19.at all根本；竟然

20.have a(good)knowledge of?精通?? ☆短語闖關(guān)☆

下列短語都是這兩個(gè)單元學(xué)過的重要短語，請(qǐng)你根據(jù)漢語在橫線上填人一個(gè)正確的詞，每個(gè)詞4分，80分才能過關(guān)，你一定能過關(guān)，做好了闖關(guān)的準(zhǔn)備嗎?那么我們就開始吧? l.be fond ____ 喜歡，愛好 of 2.hunt ____

搜索。追尋，尋找 for 3.in to ____ 為了 order

4.care ____ 擔(dān)心，關(guān)心 about 5.such ____ 例如，諸如 as

6.drop sb a ____ 給某人寫信(通常指寫短信)line 7.make oneself at ____ 別客氣 home 8.____ total 總共 in

9.except ____ 除了??之外 for 10.stay ____

不睡，熬夜 up 11.____ about 發(fā)生 come 12.end ____ with 以??告終 up 13.bring ____ 引進(jìn)，引來 in

14.a great ____

許許多多，極多 many 15.be ____

對(duì)??深感興趣，深深迷上?? into 16.____ the Internet 上網(wǎng) surf 17.____ classes 逃學(xué)，逃課 skip 18.get ____

聚會(huì)，相聚，聚集 together 19.be proud ____

為??感到驕傲 of 20.keep an ____ on

照看，注意 eye 21.be curious ____

對(duì)??感到好奇 about 22.shut ____

(使)住口 up 23.joke ____

開玩笑 about 24.____ the name of 以??名義 in 25.____ the time 總是，一直 all ☆交際用語☆ 1.I think…

I like / love / hate...I enjoy...My interests are...2.Did you have a good flight?

You must be very tired.Just make yourself at home.I beg your pardon?

Can you tell me how to pronounce...?

Get it.☆單詞聚焦☆

1.argue v.的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：argument n.1.[C]爭(zhēng)論 2.[U]討論．辯論3.[C]論據(jù) ▲搭配：

① argue with / against sb.over / on / about sth.與某人爭(zhēng)論某事 ② argue for / against sth.辯論贊成／反對(duì)某事

③ argue that...主張，認(rèn)為，爭(zhēng)辯說

④ argue sb into / out of doing sth.說服某人做／不做某事

▲友情提示：“說服某人做／不做某事”還可表達(dá)為：talk / persuade / reason sb.into / out of doing sth.⑤ settle the argument 解決爭(zhēng)端

▲友情提示：an argument with sb about / over sth.為某事和某人而發(fā)生的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)

【考例】What laughing ____ we had about the socially respectable method for moving spaghetti(意大利式細(xì)面條)from plate to mouth.(2004全國(guó)卷I)

A.speeches

B.lessons C.sayings D.arguments [考查目標(biāo)] argue名詞形式的詞義。

[答案與解析] D argument的詞義是“爭(zhēng)辯，辯論”。2.compare v.的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：comparison n.比較

▲搭配：① compare...to...比擬；比作② compare...with / to...將??和??相比較③ compare notes 對(duì)筆記；交換意見

【考例】 ____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(2004湖北)

A.Compare

B.When comparing

C.Comparing

D.When compared [考查目標(biāo)] compare的用法。

[答案與解析] D 本句compare用在句首作狀語，并有“被比較”的意思。3.consider v.的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：consideration n.考慮，思考；體諒，顧及

▲搭配：① consider doing sth.考慮做某事② consider sb(to be / as)...認(rèn)為／覺得某人??③ consider that-clause 認(rèn)為??④ take sth into consideration 考慮⑤ under consideration 在考慮中

【考例】Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer.(NMET 1993)

A.to invent

B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented [考查目標(biāo)] consider的幾種常見用法。

[答案與解析] C consider本身是被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，后接不定式的各種結(jié)構(gòu)。如果表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情．用不定式的完成形式。4.deserted adj.空無一人的；被遺棄的；被拋棄的

(1)空無一人的a deserted street / area空無一人的街道，地區(qū)；The office was quite deserted.辦公室里空無一人。

(2)被遺棄的a deserted child 被遺棄的孩子(3)desert ['dezot] n.沙漠

desert [dI'zo:t] vt.丟棄；遺棄

He deserted his wife and children after becoming rich.5.difficulty n.(1)difficulty(通常作復(fù)數(shù))難事，難點(diǎn)，難題She met with many difficulties when travelling.(2)在以下句型中，difficulty是不可數(shù)名詞，不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式。have(some)difficulty(in)doing sth.干某事有困難

there is(some)difficulty(in)doing sth.have(some)difficulty with sth.在某事上有困難

there is(some)difficulty with sth.do sth.with difficulty / without difficulty 困難地／輕而易舉地做某事

We had a lot of difficulty in finding your house.Do you have any difficulty with your English? 【注意】

(1)以上句型中，difficulty前可加some, little, much, a lot of, no, any修飾

(2)以上句型中，亦可用trouble來代替difficulty。6.favourite = favorite(A.E)最喜愛的；最喜愛的人或事物

(1)adj.最喜愛的My favorite sport is playing football.(2)n.[C] 最喜愛的人或事物He is a favorite with his uncle.7.fun的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：funny adj.有趣的．滑稽的，好笑的；奇特的，古怪的

▲搭配：

① make fun of 取笑；嘲弄；開某人的玩笑

②(just)for / in fun =(just)for the fun of it 取樂，非認(rèn)真地，說／做著玩的 ③ be full of fun??很好玩

④ have fun with sb.和某人開一個(gè)玩笑

⑤ have(some)fun 玩得(很)高興，玩得(很)開心

⑥ It's(great)fun to do sth干某事很有趣；干某事真是一件趣事；干某事真開心 ⑦ What fun(it is)to do sth!干某事多么有趣呀!⑧ have a lot of fun doing sth 干某事玩得很開心

【考例】(200上海春招)This is not a match.We're play-ing chess just for ____.A.habit

B.hobby

C.fun

D.game [考查目標(biāo)] fun構(gòu)成的短語for fun的意思。

[答案與解析]C，for fun 常在句中用作狀語，意思是“說／做著玩的”。8.imagine的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：① imagination n.[C / U] 想像，想像力，想像的事物② imaginative adj.富有想像力的

▲搭配：① imagine sth / doing sth ② beyond(all)imagination(完全)出乎意料地【考例】 I can hardly imagine Peter ___across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.(MET 1991)

A.sail

B.to sail

C.sailing

D.to have sailed [考查目標(biāo)] imagine的基本用法。

[答案與解析] C imagine后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式，本句的Peter是這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。9.interest的用法

interest vt.使??感興趣 n.興趣，愛好 [U] 利息；利潤(rùn) He has a great interest in politics.他對(duì)政治極感興趣。/ a broad interest 廣泛的利益 / a common interest 共同的利益 / a strong interest 極強(qiáng)的興趣

▲構(gòu)詞：① interesting 令人感興趣的(事物)② interested(某人對(duì)某事)有興趣的

▲搭配：① interest sb in sth 使某人注意，關(guān)心或參入某事；使某人對(duì)某事感興趣② be interested in 對(duì)??感興趣(關(guān)心)③have an interest in sth./ in doing sth.對(duì)某方面有興趣(關(guān)心)；在??中有股份、權(quán)益等④ hold one's interest 吸引住某人的興趣⑤ in the interest(s)of 為??利益；為??起見；對(duì)??有利⑥ lose interest in 對(duì)??不再感興趣⑦ show / take(an)interest in / in doing sth.對(duì)??表示關(guān)心(有興趣)⑧ have / take / feel no interest in 對(duì)??不(不太)感興趣⑨ with interest 有興趣地，津津有味地⑩develop / find / feel interest in sth./ in doing sth.在某方面培養(yǎng)／有興趣 ? lose interest in sth./ in doing sth.對(duì)某方面失去興趣

有時(shí)interest可與不定冠詞連用。He developed an interest in science.另外：interest作“愛好”解時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞。His interests include reading and tennis.【考例】____, they immediately suggested that she put them together to make a single one long story and paid Tracy a $50,000 advance.(2004全國(guó)卷 II)

A.Interested

B.Anxiously

C.Seriously

D.Encouraged [考查目標(biāo)] interest派生詞的詞義和用法。

[答案與解析] A interested指(出版商)對(duì)這件事有興趣。10.prove的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：① proof n.證據(jù)。試驗(yàn)，考驗(yàn)，(印刷)校樣

▲搭配：① prove sth to sb 向某人證實(shí)??② prove to sb that 從句向某人證實(shí)??③ prove(oneself)to be 證明(自己)是，表現(xiàn)出

【考例】It was in the neighboring country — United States that such resistance to spray was first ____.(05長(zhǎng)春模擬)

A.proved

B.killed

C.thought

D.discussed [考查目標(biāo)] 考查prove的意思。

[答案與解析] A 本題was proved的意思是“得到證實(shí)”，有被動(dòng)意味。

11.provide的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：① provider n.供給者，供應(yīng)者，養(yǎng)家者② provided / providing conj.倘若 ▲搭配：provide sb with sth / sth to sb 給??提供；以??裝備

【考例】His son ____ the old man with all the food and the money he needed.A.provided

B.fed

C.afforded

D.charred [考查目標(biāo)]考查provide的詞義。

[答案與解析]A provide與with搭配，意思是“向某人提供某物”。

12.share的用法 ▲搭配：① share(in)sth.with sth.和某人分享、分擔(dān)、共用某物② share sth(out)between / among...將某物分配、分給??③ share joys / happiness and sorrows(with sb)(和某人)同甘共苦④ share one's opinion 同意某人的意見

【考例】Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare — you must learn to ____.(NMET 2000)

A.support

B.care

C.spare

D.share [考查目標(biāo)] 此題主要考查在語境中選擇動(dòng)詞的能力。

[答案與解析] D 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的含義分別為：support 支持；care 在意，關(guān)心；spare 擠出(時(shí)間)，勻出某物；share分享，分擔(dān)，與某人合用。根據(jù)語境可知說話者是想讓Clare學(xué)會(huì)與人共享——把玩具(拿出來)和Harry一起玩，share在此意為“合用玩具”，解此題的關(guān)鍵是信息play with your toys as well。故D為最佳答案。13.solve的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：solution n.1.[C](問題的)解答；(困難的)解決方法 2.[U] 解答，解決 3.[U] 溶解 ▲搭配：the solution to 解決??的辦法

【考例3】In the end, one suggestion seems to be the solution ____ the problem.(2001北京春招)

A.with

B.into C.for

D.to [考查目標(biāo)] solve名詞solution的相關(guān)搭配。[答案與解析] D “對(duì)于??的解決辦法”，介詞用to。

14.total n./ adj.全部(的)

(1)in total 加起來In total, there must have been 20000 people there.(2)a total of 總共His expenses(支出)reached a total of $100.(3)the total of...??的總數(shù) The total 0f the bill is 230 dollars.15.when conj.when并列連詞，= and then，表示“就在那時(shí)，突然”，常見以下句型中：

(1)be doing...when...正在做??突然??I was wandering through the streets when l caught sight of a tailor's shop.(2)had done...when...剛做了??突然??I had just sat down when the light went out.(3)be about to do...when...剛要做??突然??I was just about to go swimming when our guide saw me and shouted at me.16.while conj.(1)while從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，從句動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過程之中。Come on, get these things away while I make the tea.(2)并列連詞，表前后兩個(gè)分句意義相反或相對(duì)，意為“然而”。Some people waste food while others haven't enough.(3)放在句首，表示“盡管；雖然”，相當(dāng)于although。While we don't agree, we continue to be friendly.[牛刀小試1] 用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：

(compare，interest，fun，solve，argue，consider，share)1.All the novels are considered ____ the young readers in the 1980s.(to have interested)2.Bob thought it ____ to solve maths problems while others hated it.(fun)

3.The headmaster ignored the ____ between Mrs.Wang and his nephew.(argument)4.We can't decide.The plan needs to be ____.(considered)5.____ with Class Two, ours has more boy students.(Compared)6.I find a better way ____ this problem.(to solve)7.Nearly half of the companies ____ the same opinion with the government.(share / shared)【詞語比較】 1.especially, specially especially adv.特殊地；尤其是

(1)側(cè)重于多種事物或人中比較突出的。I like all the subjects at school, especially English.(尤其是英語)

(2)especially 后可接介詞短語或從句。I like the Yuelu Mountains, especially in spring.(尤其是在春天)Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.specially 側(cè)重特意地、專門地做某事(后面常接for sb.或to do sth.)I made a chocolate cake specially for you.2.boring, bored, bore boring adj.令人厭煩的 The book is very boring.bored adj.感到厭煩的 I'm bored with the book.bore vt.令人厭煩

This book bores me.有些表示情感的及物動(dòng)詞，有與bore類似的用法。如：interest, excite, surprise, amaze, frighten, astonish, move, inspire, touch, scare, disappoint, puzzle, worry 這類詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，為“令人??”；過去分詞形式，為“感到??”。3.except for, except, but, besides 表示“除了”的詞或短語有：except;but;except for;besides;except that(when...)等。

(1)except 和 but 都表示“除了??之外。沒有”，二者大多數(shù)情況下可以互換；但在no, all, nobody, nothing, no one 等詞后多用 but。No one knows our teacher's address except / but him.(排除him)

(2)besides 除??之外，還??，有附加性。What other foreign languages do you know besides English?(English與other languages都屬于know的范圍)

(3)except for 只不過??，整體肯定，部分修正，用于排除非同類事物，for表示細(xì)節(jié)上的修正。Your article is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.4.know, know of, know about

(1)know 用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“(直接地)獲知，懂得，認(rèn)識(shí)，熟悉”。I don't know whether he is here or not./ I know him to be honest.(2)know of和know about的意思都是“(間接地)獲知”，指聽別人說到或從書報(bào)上看到，二者沒有什么區(qū)別。5.for example;such as

(1)for example“例如”，用來舉例說明某一論點(diǎn)或情況。一般只舉同類人或物中的“一個(gè)”為例，作插入語，可位于句首、句中或句末?？捎胒or instance替換。For example, air is invisible./ His spelling is terrible!Look at this word, for example.(2)such as “例如”，用來列舉事物，一般列舉同類人或事物中的幾個(gè)例子。插在被列舉的事物與前面的名詞之間，as后面不可有逗號(hào)。Some of the European Languages come from Latin, such as French, Italian and Spanish.[注意]如把前面所述情況全部舉出，用that is或namely?！疃陶Z歸納☆ 1.含all的短語

1)first of all 首先(強(qiáng)調(diào)順序)2)in all(=in total=altogether)總共 3)after all 畢竟，終究 4)at all 到底，根本

5)above all 最重要的是(強(qiáng)調(diào)重要性)6)not(...)at all(= not(...)in the least)根本不，一點(diǎn)也不 7)all the time 始終，一直

8)all of a sudden(=suddenly)突然，冷不防 9)all right 行，可以

10)all at once 立劉，馬上 11)all day and all night 日日夜夜 12)all over 遍及

13)all alone 獨(dú)個(gè)兒，獨(dú)立地 14)all but 幾乎，差一點(diǎn) 15)all in all 總的說來

16)all together 一道，同時(shí)，總共 17)for all 盡管

[例句] I woke up and didn't hear him at all.我醒了，一點(diǎn)兒也沒有聽到他說話。/ He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.他摔了很多跤，以至于渾身青一塊紫一塊的。/ You shouldn't scold her.After all, she is only five years old.你不應(yīng)該責(zé)怪他，畢竟，她只有五歲。/ Children need many things, but above all, they need love.孩子需要許多東西，最重要的是，需要愛。/ You must have known it all the time.你一定一直知道這事。

【考例】 People may have different opinions about Karen, but I admire her.____, she is a great musician.(2004甘肅、青海)

A.After all B.As a result C.In other words D.As usual [考查目標(biāo)] 主要考查四個(gè)短語的用法。

[答案與解析] A after all意為“畢竟．終究”；as a result意為“結(jié)果”；in other words意為“換句話說”；as usual意為“像往常一樣”。本句意思是：雖然人們對(duì)她看法不一。但我還是佩服她。因?yàn)樗吘故且粋€(gè)偉大的音樂家。

【考例】I'd like to buy a house--modern, comfortable, and ____ in a quiet neighborhood.(2004福建)

A.in all

B.above all

C.after all

D.at all [考查目標(biāo)] 主要考查all構(gòu)成的四個(gè)短語。[答案與解析] B

in all意為“總共”；above all意為“最重要的是”； after all 意為“畢竟”；at all 意為“到底”。本句話意思是：我想買一個(gè)房子，現(xiàn)代的、舒服的，但最重要的是在一個(gè)安靜的地區(qū)。2.at all

(1)用在肯定句中，“竟然” I'm surprised that you came at all.(2)用在否定句中，“一點(diǎn)也不” There was nothing to worry about at all.(3)用在疑問句中，“到底”“究竟” Have you been there at all?

(4)用在條件句中，“真的，確實(shí)” If you do it at all, do it well.3.含“be + 形容詞 + 介詞”的短語 1)be good at 擅長(zhǎng)于

2)be interested in 對(duì)??感興趣

3)be pleased / satisfied / content with 對(duì)??滿意 4)be famous for 因??而出名 5)be kind / good to 對(duì)??好 6)be lost in 沉湎于

7)be active in 在某方面積極 8)be sure about / of 確信 9)be afraid of 害怕 10)be full of 充滿 11)be filled with 充滿

12)be made of / from 由??組成 13)be generous to 對(duì)??慷慨 14)be popular with 受歡迎 15)be confident of 確信 16)be fond of 喜歡，喜愛

17)be angry with / at 對(duì)??發(fā)脾氣 18)be late for 遲到

19)be amazed / surprised / astonished / shocked at 對(duì)??感到驚訝 20)be busy doing 忙著做??

21)be excited about 對(duì)??感到興奮 22)be worried about 擔(dān)心 23)be used for / as 用于

24)be curious about 對(duì)??好奇

[例句] Lin Lin is confident of his ability to get work for himself.林林確信自己有能力做這活。He was generous to everybody with money, as a result, he saved little.他對(duì)誰花錢都很慷慨，結(jié)果沒有攢到多少錢。She is very active in helping the poor.在幫助窮人方面，她很熱心。Pop music is popular with the young generation.流行歌曲受年輕一代的歡迎。Lost in thought, he didn't realize that I came in.他陷入思考之中，沒有意識(shí)到我進(jìn)來了。I was amazed at the sight so that I didn't know what to do.看到這一幕我非常驚訝，不知道該做什么。Students in Senior 3 are busy preparing for the coming final exam.高三學(xué)生在忙于準(zhǔn)備即將到來的期末考試。【考例l】(2005重慶)--You know, Bob is a little slow ____ understanding, so...--So I have to be patient ____ him.A.in;with

B.on;with

C.in;to

D.at;for [考查目標(biāo)] 同定搭配中介詞的選擇。

[答案與解析] A

be slow in 意為“在??方面反應(yīng)遲鈍”，be patient with 意為“對(duì)??有耐心”。

4.end up with...以??結(jié)束

(1)end up with + n.以??結(jié)束

The party ended up with the singing of Auld Lang Syne.(2)end up as...最后成為?He will end up as a president some day.(3)end up + 地點(diǎn)狀語最后(有??結(jié)局)If you drive your car like that, you'll end(up)in hospital.5.“make + 名詞”短語 ① make a noise 吵鬧

② make faces 做鬼臉，做苦臉 ③ make room for 給??騰出地方 ④ make the bed 整理床鋪 ⑤ make phone calls 打電話 ⑥ make friends with 交朋友 ⑦ make money 賺錢

⑧ make use of 利用

⑨ make a decision 做出決定 ⑩ make a mistake 犯錯(cuò)誤

[例句] The boy made a face at his teacher when she turned her back.老師轉(zhuǎn)身時(shí)，男孩朝老師做了個(gè)鬼臉。

Working in the kitchen made the boy into a good cook.在廚房里干活使男孩成為一位優(yōu)秀廚師。

They were moved out to a nearby hotel, to make room for more important persons.為了給更重要的人物騰出

地方，他們被搬到了附近的一家旅店。

【考例】 The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to ____.(2003北京春招)

A.make it out

B.make it off

C.make it up

D.make it over [考查目標(biāo)] 主要考查make短語。

[答案與解析] A make out意為“領(lǐng)悟、弄明白、發(fā)現(xiàn)真相” make off 意為“連忙跑掉”；make up 意為“彌補(bǔ)、打扮、組成”；make over 意為“轉(zhuǎn)讓、改造”。因?yàn)槭艿矫曰螅詰?yīng)該是試圖發(fā)現(xiàn)真相。【考例】

--When shall we start?--Let's ____ it at 8:30.Is that all right?(2002北京)

A.set

B.meet

C.make

D.take [考查目標(biāo)] 此題主要考查 make 短語。

[答案與解析] C make it“規(guī)定時(shí)間”為固定短語。本句話意思是“把出發(fā)的時(shí)間定在8點(diǎn)半”。set意思是“對(duì)時(shí)間”、“調(diào)時(shí)間”。6.make fire點(diǎn)火

有以下fire(n.)短語: be on fire 著火了(表示狀態(tài))/ catch fire 燃著；著火(表示動(dòng)作)/ play with fire 玩火；干冒險(xiǎn)的事 / Set sth.on fire = set fire to sth.放火燒?? / make(a)fire 點(diǎn)火；生火 / start(cause)a fire引起火災(zāi)

[注意] fire作“火災(zāi)”“一堆火”解時(shí)，為可數(shù)名詞。7.a great / good many許多

(1)a great / good many + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)，中間無“of”。A great many people have seen the film.(2)a great / good many + of + the / these / those / one's + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) A great many of the people have seen the film.8.make yourself at home 別拘束

(1)make yourself at home 別拘束(主人對(duì)客人說的委婉語)--Good evening, Jim.--Good evening, Mary.Come in and make yourself at home.(2)(all)by oneself 獨(dú)自(沒有別人幫助)You can't possibly do it all by yourself.(3)enjoy oneself = have a good time 玩得高興 Please enjoy yourself while you're spending your holiday in Hawaii.(4)for oneself 親自;為自己The student wants to think it for himself./ One should not live for oneself alone.(5)of oneself 自動(dòng)地The door closed of itself suddenly.(6)be oneself 身體或情緒好 I am not myself today.(7)help oneself to + n./ pron.隨便?? Please help yourself to the fish．

(8)in oneself 本身 This is not a bad idea in itself.(9)come to oneself 蘇醒The injured man came to him-self in five minutes.(10)between ourselves 私下說的話 All this is between ourselves.9.the majority of...大多數(shù)的??

(1)a / the majority of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞多用復(fù)數(shù)。the majority 單獨(dú)作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式均可。The majority of people seem to prefer watching games to playing games./ The majority were(was)in favour of the proposal.(2)by a majority of + 數(shù)字，以超過??票的多數(shù)She won the election by a majority of 900 votes.10.treat ? as ?把?看做? The kind lady treated me as her own daughter.【比較】表示“認(rèn)為”的短語還有：

regard…as…

consider…(as)…

think of…as…

look on / upon…as…

take…for…

[注意] 在consider?as?短語中as可省略，其他短語中不可。

[牛刀小試2] 1.If you are ____ about Australian cities, just read the book written by Dr.Johnson.A.interested

B.anxious

C.upset

D.curious 2.Her son, ____ whom she was so ____, went abroad 10 years ago.A.of;loved

B.for;cared C.to;devoted

D.on;affected 3.In order to continue to learn by ourselves when we have left school, we must ____ learn how to study in the school now.A.in all

B.after all

C.above all

D.at all 4.--I am sorry I didn't do a good job.--Never mind.____, you have tried your best.A.Above all

B.In all

C.At all

D.After all 5.Since we can't find a bigger apartment, we'll have to ____ what we have.A.hope for the best

B.make room for C.make the best of

D.lay our hope on(DCCDC)【句型歸納】

1.I don't enjoy singing, nor do I like computers.我不喜歡唱歌，也不喜歡電腦。/ Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.搖滾音樂還可以，滑雪也行。

這兩句中nor與so用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：I don't know, nor do I care.我不知道，也不關(guān)心。so的常見句型有：

(1)so + be / 助動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 主語(意為“主語也??”)(2)neither / nor + be / 助動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 主語(意為“主語也不??”)(3)so it is / was with sb / sth和so it is / was the same with sb / sth(意為“主語也??”)(用在前文有兩個(gè)或以上的從句，而且分句有不同的謂語或既有肯定又有否定以及既有系動(dòng)詞義有行為動(dòng)詞的情況)(4)so + 主語 + be / 助動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(意為“主講確實(shí)如此”)，表示進(jìn)一步肯定。(5)主語 + did + so(意為“主語按照吩咐做了”)。

【考例】 Mary never does any reading in the evening, ____.(2005全國(guó) III)A.so does John

B.John does too C.John doesn't too

D.nor does John [考查目標(biāo)] nor表示“也不”引導(dǎo)的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

[答案與解析] D 由never可以判斷該句為否定句。空格處句意為“約翰也沒讀書”。nor, so, neither可引起倒裝句。

2.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.查克是個(gè)生意人，他總是那么忙，幾乎沒有時(shí)間和朋友在一起。

該句中so...that...和such...that...都能連接結(jié)果狀講從句，但要注意詞序不同。例如：Joan is such a lonely girl that all of us like her.= She is so lovely a girl that we all like her.常見句型：

(1)such + a / an + 形容詞 + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that clause(2)such + 形容詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that clause(3)such + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 + that clause(4)so + 形容詞 + a / an + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that clause(5)so + 形容詞 / 副詞 + that clause(6)so + many / few + 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that clause(7)so + much / little + 不可數(shù)名詞 + that clause 注意：①當(dāng)little不表示數(shù)量“少”而表示“小”的意思時(shí)，仍然要用such。②當(dāng)so + adj./ adv.或 such + n.位于句首時(shí)，主句需要倒裝。

【考例】 So difficult ____ it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English.(2001上海)A.I have felt

B.have I felt

C.I did feel

D.did I feel [考查目標(biāo)] so + adj.位于句首時(shí)，主句倒裝。

[答案與解析] D A、C語序不對(duì)，排除。B時(shí)態(tài)不對(duì)。

3.One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.一天，查克在飛越太平洋時(shí)．他的飛機(jī)突然墜毀了。該句中的“when”表示“正在這時(shí)”，相當(dāng)于and just或and at that time.這時(shí)不能用while / as 替換。

常見句型：(1)be about to do sth when...(2)be doing sth when...(3)be on the point of doing sth when...【考例】We were swimming in the lake ____ suddenly the storm started.(2004北京春招)A.when

B.while

C.until

D.before [考查目標(biāo)] ”when“ 作連詞，表示“正在這時(shí)”。

[答案與解析] A 意為“我正在湖中游泳，突然暴風(fēng)雨來了?！敝挥衱hen才能用于這種句型。4.He has to learn how to collect water, hunt for food, and make fire.他不得不學(xué)會(huì)收集淡水．尋找食物，生火什么的。

該句中的“how I to collect...”為動(dòng)詞不定式短語作賓語。例如：We must decide which one to buy.疑問詞which, what, how, when, where等與小定式構(gòu)成不定式短語。

【考例】 I've worked with children before, so I knew what ____ in my new job.(NMET 2000)A.expected B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects [考查目標(biāo)] what to do sth 不定式短語作賓語。[答案與解析] B 該句需要填非謂語動(dòng)詞。排除A、D。句意為“以前我與孩子在一塊兒工作過。因此我知道我的新工作需要什么?！盋不表示進(jìn)行，排除C。

5.In order to survive, Chuck developed a friendship with an unusual friend — a volleyball he called Wilson.為了生存下去，查克和一位不尋常的朋友--“排球”建立了友誼，查克叫他威爾森。

1.該句中的”in order to“，意思為“為了，以便”，作目的狀語。在句子中作同的狀語的常見句型有五種結(jié)構(gòu)：to do sth / in order to do sth / so as to do sth / in order that clause / so that clause 注意：(1)so as to do sth 不能位于句首。(2)如果主句與從句的主語一致時(shí)，四個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。(3)在in order that / so that 引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞常與can, could, may, might 等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。

【考例】(2005北京)I'd like to arrive 20 minutes early ____ I can have time for a cup of tea.A.as soon as B.as a result

C.in case D.so that [考查目標(biāo)] 目的狀語。

[答案與解析]D as soon as “一?就?”；as a result“結(jié)果是”；in case “萬一”；so that“以便，為的是”。句意：“我想提前二十分鐘到以便有時(shí)間喝杯茶”。2.該句子中 volleyball 是作同位語。例如：He advised farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones that had the best color.注意：這種同位語(不是同位語從句)與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別。

【考例】(NMET 2002)Meeting my uncle after these years was an unforgotten moment, ____ I will always treasure.A.that

B.one

C.it

D.what [考查目標(biāo)] one作同位語，指代a moment。

[答案與解析] B that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，排除A；if不能作同位語，排除C；what既不能引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句，也不能作同位語?？梢蕴顆hich，這樣就成了非限制性定語從句。

6.For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.長(zhǎng)期以來，美國(guó)英語保持不變，但英國(guó)英語變化了。1.該句中的“while”用作并列連詞．表示前后對(duì)比，意為“然而”?！皐hile“充當(dāng)連詞，還能引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。意為“during the time that?”；引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，意為“although?”。2.該句中的 ”stay“ 為系動(dòng)詞。后接表語(the same)。除了stay外，常見的系動(dòng)詞還有: become, get, turn, grow, go, come, run, fall, keep, stay, remain。

【考例】(NMET 2003)Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will ____ fresh for several days.A.be stayed

B.stay C.be staying

D.have stayed [考查目標(biāo)] 系動(dòng)詞的用法。

[答案與解析] B 系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，一般不用進(jìn)行

時(shí)態(tài)，排除A、C；句意不是表示完成，排除D。系動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)。7.for the first time 第一次

(1)for the first time 第一次，后面不加從句，在句中作狀語 They came to Beijing for the first time.(2)the first time 名詞短語，在從句中充當(dāng)連詞，后接時(shí)間狀語從句，不接that，when等連詞。有同樣用法的短語還有：every time;next time;the last time They liked Beijing the first time they went there.(3)It's / This is the first time that + 從句(用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))這是??的第一次 It's the first time that I have ever been abroad at all.8.What is it that...? 是什么??? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的用法：

(1)結(jié)構(gòu)：It is / It was(過去時(shí)間)+ 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that / who(專指人)+ 其他部分

(2)用法：除了謂語動(dòng)詞不能強(qiáng)調(diào)，句子的每部分均可強(qiáng)調(diào)。

Jim met the student in the street last week.主語賓語地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)間狀語

強(qiáng)調(diào)主語：It was Jim who / that met the student in the street last week.強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語：It was the student whom / that Jim met in the street last week.強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語：It was in the street that Jim met the student last week.強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語：It was last week that Jim met the student in the street.(3)注意點(diǎn)：

一般疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句：

Was it Dr Wang who spoke to you just now? 特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)凋句：

Who is it that will visit our class?

Where is it that he has gone?

When was it that she went?

not ? until ?用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句：

It was not until then that I realized I was wrong.[牛刀小試3] 1.--I would never ever come to this restaurant again.The food is terrible!

--____.(2004廣西)A.Nor am I

B.Neither would I

C.Same with me

D.So do I

2.We can't imagine ____ little mice can eat up ____ many crops every year.A.so;so

B.such;so C.such;such D.so;so 3.Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park ____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.A.when

B.while

C.since

D.once 4.It is said in Australia there is more land than the govern-ment knows ____.(NMET 2002)A.it what to do with

B.what to do it with C.what to do with it

D.to do what with it

5.Roses need special care ___they can live through winter.(2004 天津)A.because B.so that C.even if

D.as(BBACB)【交際速成】

1.Talking about likes and dislikes.談?wù)撓矚g和不喜歡--I enjoy Chinese food very much.--____.(03東北三校)A.Please taste quickly

B.Have more, please C.Help yourself

D.Eat slowly while it is hot [答案與解析]C本題主要考查具體語境下“對(duì)事物喜好”的表達(dá)及應(yīng)答。A項(xiàng)不禮貌，B、D兩項(xiàng)屬漢語習(xí)慣，C項(xiàng)符合此時(shí)英語語境。

【歸納】英語中常見表達(dá)喜歡和不喜歡態(tài)度的用語有：(1)This book is very interesting.(2)I like / love the movie(very much).(3)I like / love to play computer games.(4)I like taking photos.(5)I enjoy listening to music.(6)I'm interested in science.My hobbies / interests are...(7)He is fond of music.(8)This song is bad / awful.(9)I don't like the movie very much / at all.(10)I don't enjoy collecting stamps.(11)I hate to do homework.I hate dancing,(12)I'm not into classic music.(13)I think that classic music is terrible / boring.2.Making apologies 道歉

--I'm sorry I'm calling you so late.--____ Okay.(2003北京春招)A.This is

B.You're

C.That's

D.I'm [答案與解析] C 本題主要考查英語中道歉及應(yīng)答用語。A、B、D三項(xiàng)不符合交際英語的習(xí)慣，故C項(xiàng)正確。

【歸納】英語中常見道歉用語有：

(1)I'm very sorry.I didn't mean to(hurt your feelings).(2)I'm terribly sorry about that.(3)I'm afraid I've brought you too much trouble.(4)Please excuse me coming late.(5)Please forgive me.(6)Excuse me, please.(7)I beg your pardon.應(yīng)答表達(dá)有：(1)That's / It's all right.(2)That's / It's OK.(3)Never mind.(4)It doesn't matter.(5)It's nothing.(6)Forget it.(7)Don't worry about that.(8)Don't mention it.3.Talking about language difficulties in communication 談?wù)撜Z言交際困難--I'm sorry.I can't catch you.____--OK, it's B—L—A—C—K.A.Would you please walk slowly?

B.I don't understand you．

C.What's the meaning of this word?

D.Would you please repeat it more slowly? [答案與解析] D本題主要考查語言交際困難的功能意念。catch 在整個(gè)語境中是“聽見，聽清”的意思，A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤理解了catch 在此處的意思，B、C兩項(xiàng)語義不連貫，故正確答案是D。【歸納】英語中常見的談?wù)撜Z言交際困難的用語有：(1)Pardon? / I beg your pardon.(2)Sorry, I can't follow you.(3)Can you speak more slowly, please?(4)How do you say...in English.'?(5)I don't know how to say that in English.(6)I don't know the word in English.(7)How do you spell it, please?(8)I'm sorry I only know a little English.(9)Could you repeat that, please? Could you say that again, please?(10)What do you mean by killing time? [牛刀小試4] 1.--____ I didn't hear you clearly.It's too noisy here.--I was saying that the party was great.A.Repeat.B.Once again.C.Sorry?

D.So what? 2.--Do you like a house with no garden?--____.But anyhow, it's better to have one than none.A.Not a bit

B.Not a little C.Not really

D.Not specially 3.--I'm sorry for stepping on your foot?--____.A.It's OK

B.You are welcome C.It's your fault

D.Never you mind 4.--What you said at the meeting hurt me badly!--Sorry.But ____.A.I didn't mean it

B.I didn't mean to C.I don't mean it

D.I don't mean to 5.--You seem to show interest in cooking.--____? On the contrary, I'm tired of it.A.Really

B.Pardon

C.OK

D.What(CCABD)【精典題例】

1.--David has made great progress recently.--____, and ____.A.So he has;so have you

B.So has he;so have you

C.So he has;so you have

D.So has he;so you have 【解析】選A 答句中的he指David，不倒裝?！癝o have you”意為“你也一樣(取得了進(jìn)步)”。2.Little ____ what others think.A.does he care about

B.care he about C.about he eared

D.about cared he 【解析】選A little為否定副詞，置于句首時(shí)，句子使用部分倒裝。

3.At school, what he enjoys ____ football.A.playing B.to play C.is playing D.played 【解析】選C what he enjoys為主語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞為be，表語為playing football。不要誤以為playing是enjoy的賓語而誤選A。

4.At the ____news, all the women present burst out crying.A.unexpecting

B.disappointing

C.disappointed

D.interesting 【解析】選B聯(lián)系語境，所有在場(chǎng)的婦女都哭了，因此為disappointing”令人失望的(消息)”。5.He was about to tell me the secret ____ someone patted him on the shoulder.A.as

B.until

C.while

D.when 【解析】選D “when”表示“就在這時(shí)，突然”。6.The wolf said in a ____ voice and the scholar felt ____.A.frightening;frightened

B.frightened;frightened C.frightened;frightening

D.frightening;frightening 【解析】選A frightening“令人害怕”；frightened“感到害怕”。

7.In our ____ life, English is ____ used.A.everyday;wide

B.everyday;widely C.every day;wide

D.every day;widely 【解析】選B everyday“日常的，每天的”；widely“廣泛地”。8.--Hello, Mary.I've got a girlfriend.--What's she like?--____.A.I don't know

B.She's like her mother, not father C.She likes music D.Not had!Quite pretty 【解析】選D表外表給人的印象。

9.The fire ____ for half an hour before the fire fighters arrived.A.had put out

B.was put out C.had been out

D.had broken out 【解析】選C be out“火熄滅”，表示狀態(tài)。

10.It has been suggested that the land ____ equally among the peasants.A.be shared

B.should be spared C.saved

D.be spent

【解析】選A suggest后用虛擬語氣。be shared前可省略should。

11.She took ____ in physics and read ____ on the subject.A.interest;as books many as she could B.an interest;as many books as she could C.interested;as many books as she can D.interests;as books as she could 【解析】選B根據(jù)短語搭配和時(shí)態(tài)一致可知。12.--How's the young man?--____.A.He's twenty

B.He's a doctor C.He is much better

D.He's David 【解析】選C how is sb.“某人身體如何”。

13.Let Harry play with your toys as well.Clare, you must learn to ____.A.support

B.care

C.spare

D.share 【解析】選D share“分享”；support“支持”；care“在意”；spare“抽出(時(shí)間)。節(jié)余”。14.The new dress looks wonderful on you ____ the collar.A.besides B.except C.beside D.except for 【解析】選D“美中不足的是領(lǐng)子”，表示部分修正。15.--What about your classmate, Susan?--Our teacher ____ her a good and clever student.A.regards

B.believes C.suggests

D.considers 【解析】選D consider as?“認(rèn)為??是??”，as可省略。

高一英語各單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)及重難點(diǎn)解析Unit3-4 ☆重點(diǎn)句型☆

1.Instead of spending your vacation on a bus,...you may want to try hiking.Instead和instead 0f的用法

2.Say ”Hi“ / ”Hello“ / ”Thanks“ to sb.(for me)問候的句型 3.Is anybody seeing you off? 進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來

4.She struggled and struggled, and could not get on her feet.(= keep struggling)

5.You should not go rafting unless you know...unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，相當(dāng)于if...not 6.By staying at..., tourists can help the villagers make money so that they can take care of the fiver and the birds.目的狀語從句

7.She was so surprised that she couldn't move.結(jié)果狀語從句 8.Tree after tree went down, cut down by water.過去分詞作狀語

9.The next moment, the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語 10.However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.It didn't take long before the building was destroyed.before的用法 ☆重點(diǎn)詞匯☆

1.means n.方法；途徑 2.experience n.經(jīng)驗(yàn) 3.equipment n.設(shè)備 4.successful adj.成功的 5.protect v.保護(hù) 6.handle v.處理 7.consider v.考慮 8.benefit n.利益 9.particular adj.特別的 10.effect n.效果 11.combine v.合并

12.unforgettable adj.不會(huì)忘記的 13.advance v.前進(jìn) 14.seize v.抓住 15.struggle v.奮斗 16.fear v.& n.害怕 17.strike v.敲打 18.destroy v.毀掉 19.publish v.出版

20.naughty adj.調(diào)皮的 ☆重點(diǎn)短語☆

1.get away from 逃離

2.watch / look out 注意，當(dāng)心

3.go for a hike / go hiking 去徒步旅游 4.as with 正如??一樣 5.see off 為某人送行

6.on the other hand 在另一方面 7.take care of 照顧

8.get close / near to 接近，湊近9.tree after tree 一棵又一棵的樹 10.as wall as 也，和??一樣(好)11.protect?from 保護(hù)??不受??的傷害 12.be surprised at 因??而吃驚

13.be caught / trapped / struck in 被??困住 14.take place 發(fā)生

15.go through 通過，經(jīng)過；經(jīng)歷(痛苦的事)16.be upon 臨近，逼近17.hold on to 緊緊抓住

18.refer to 提到，說到；查詢(信息)19.look into 注視??的內(nèi)部；檢查，調(diào)查 20.for fear of(doing)sth.惟恐?? ☆短語闖關(guān)☆

下列短語都是這兩個(gè)單元學(xué)過的重要短語，請(qǐng)你根據(jù)漢語在橫線上填入一個(gè)正確的詞，每個(gè)詞4分，80分才能過關(guān)，你一定能過關(guān)．做好了闖關(guān)的準(zhǔn)備嗎?那么我們就開始吧? l.get ____ from 逃離

away

2.watch ____ 注意，當(dāng)心 out 3.protect sb / sth ____ 保護(hù)／保衛(wèi)某人(某事物)from 4.see sb ____ 到火車站、飛機(jī)場(chǎng)等某處為某人送行 off 5.on the other ____ 另一方面 hand 6.as ____ as也，還，而且 well 7.____ place發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生 take 8.____ fire失火 on 9.pull sb ____ 把??往上拽 up 10.get ____ one's feet站立起來；站起身來 on 11.go ____ 通過，經(jīng)受。仔細(xì)檢查 through 12.____ holiday在度假 on 13.travel ____ 旅行社代理人 agent 14.be ____ 逼近，臨近upon 15.____ exercise 進(jìn)行體育鍛煉 take 16.____ ”Hi“ to sb for / from sb 代某人向某人問候 say 17.come ____ with提出 up 18.go ____ a hike 去遠(yuǎn)足 for 19.be caught ____ 受困于??，陷于?? in 20.____ a second 馬上，一會(huì)兒 in 21.look ____ 往??里面看，調(diào)查 into 22.refer ____ 提到．涉及；參考 to 23.hold ____ 抓住，握住 onto 24.sweep ____ 沖走，刮走 away 25.sweep ____ 沖倒，吹倒 down ☆交際用語☆

1.Where would you prefer going...? 2.How would you like to go to...? 3.Have a nice / pleasant trip!4.Well, I must be off.5.It's all right． 6.I'm afraid.7.Come on!8.It scares me.9.Don't worry.10.First..., next..., then..., finally...☆單詞聚焦☆ 1.advance的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：advanced adj.高等的．先進(jìn)的，高深的 ▲搭配：

① in advance 在前頭，預(yù)先，事先

② in advance of 在??前面；比??進(jìn)步；超過

③ on the advance(物價(jià))在上漲

【考例】It is said that Miss White had some difficulty in studying the ____ maths.A.improved B.developed C.advanced D.increased [考查目標(biāo)] 本題考查形容詞advanced與近義詞的區(qū)別。

[答案與解析]C “高等數(shù)學(xué)”的英譯是advanced maths，advanced意思是“先進(jìn)的。高級(jí)的”。

2.before 的特殊用法

(1)He had run out of the room before I could stop him.我還沒來得及攔住他，他就跑出了屋子。

(2)Three weeks went by before We knew it.三周過去了，我們才意識(shí)到。(或：時(shí)間不知不覺已過三周了。)

(3)It wasn't / didn't take long before he returned.他沒過多久就回來了。

It won't be long before we graduate.不要過多久我們就要畢業(yè)了。3.chance的用法

▲搭配：

① by any chance 萬一，碰巧，或許 ② by chance 偶然，意外地 ③ take a / one's chance 冒一冒險(xiǎn)，碰碰運(yùn)氣，利用一下機(jī)會(huì)

【考例6】(2005南京模擬)Most of the ___are in seasonal work, mainly connected with tourism and agriculture.A.work

B.luck

C.chances

D.services [考查目標(biāo)] chance的詞義。

[答案與解析] C

chance在本句的詞義是“機(jī)會(huì)”。4.consider v.(1)考慮

A)consider + n./ doing

I consider going abroad.B)consider + 疑問詞 + to do

You have to consider what to do next.(2)認(rèn)為

A)consider + n.(+as / to be)+ n./ adj.I consider Mary as / to be my best friend.They considered Paris the brain and heart of the country.B)consider + n.+ to have done

I consider him to have acted disgracefully.除了consider?as?表認(rèn)為外，還有regard?as ?，look on?as?，take?as?，think of?as? 5.cost的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：costly adj.昂貴的，貴重的 ▲搭配：

① cost sb.sth.花費(fèi)某人(多少錢)；讓某人付出(代價(jià))／犧牲?? ② at all costs 不惜任何代價(jià)．無論如何 ③ at any cost 不惜任何代價(jià)，無論如何 ④ at cost(price)按成本價(jià)格，按原價(jià)

⑤ at the cost of 以??為代價(jià)，用??換來的；喪失；犧牲

【考例】They wondered how much this kind of car would ____ them.A.pay

B.spend

C.cost

D.waste [考查目標(biāo)] 本題考查cost和它的幾個(gè)近義詞的區(qū)別。[答案與解析] C cost的意思是“耗費(fèi)”，主語是指物的名詞．而pay和spend等的主語是指人的名詞。6.effect n.效果；作用

have an effect on sth.His words had a great pushing effect on his students.(1)be of no effect 無效

(2)come into effect 開始生效；開始實(shí)行

[比較] affect vt.影響 The climate affected the amount of the rainfall.7.experience的用法

▲構(gòu)詞: experienced adj.有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的，熟練的 ▲搭配: ① by experience 憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)；從經(jīng)驗(yàn)中 ② from experience 憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)；從經(jīng)驗(yàn)中 ③ gain experience in?獲得??經(jīng)驗(yàn)

④ be experienced in?某方面有經(jīng)驗(yàn)

▲友情提示: experience這個(gè)詞作為可數(shù)名詞用時(shí)，解釋為“經(jīng)歷”，作為不可數(shù)名詞用時(shí)解釋為“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”。

【考例】(2005山西模擬)____teaches that he was right.Good friendship is just not easily formed.A.Knowledge B.Teachers C.Experience D.Parents [考查目標(biāo)] experience的意思。

[答案與解析] C

experience常為不可數(shù)名詞，意思是“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”。8.fear n.& vt.(1)n.恐懼(多作不可數(shù)名詞)

His face was growing pale with fear.憂慮；擔(dān)心的事(可數(shù))

There is no reason for your fears.for fear of 由于怕??，以防

He left an hour earlier for fear of missing his train.for fear(that)惟恐；怕的是；以防

She worried for fear that the child would be hurt.in fear of 害怕；擔(dān)心

The thief was in fear of the police.(2)v.恐懼；害怕，接 n./ pron.Cats fear big dogs.恐懼；害怕，接to do

Don't fear to tell the truth.恐怕；擔(dān)心，接從句

She feared that she might not find him in his room.▲構(gòu)詞：fearful adj.可怕的，嚴(yán)重的；懼怕的，膽怯的；擔(dān)心的，憂慮的 fearless adj.不怕的，大膽的，勇敢的，無畏的 ▲搭配：

① be in fear(of)(為??而)提心吊膽

② for fear of 因?yàn)榕?；以免，怕的?/p>

③ for fear that-clause 生怕；為了防止(某事發(fā)生)④ have a fear that-clause 擔(dān)心／怕(發(fā)生某事)⑤ with fear 嚇得，怕得

⑥ fear(vi.)for...擔(dān)心／憂慮??

【考例】(2004江蘇)He got to the station early, ____ missing his train.A.in case of

B.instead of

C.for fear of

D.in search [考查目標(biāo)] fear構(gòu)成的短語的用法和意思。

[答案與解析]C

for fear of 常在句中作狀語，意思是“怕的是??。擔(dān)心??”。9.fun n.高興；樂趣；有趣的人或事

(1)for fun 為了高興；為著好玩

I only did it for fun.(2)make fun of 開??的玩笑；取笑

It is wrong to make fun of a cripple.[比較]

(1)laugh at 笑(某人)；嘲笑

It's unkind to laugh at a person who is in trouble.(2)play a joke on 開(某人的)玩笑 10.means n.手段；辦法

(1)by means of 用??；依靠??

The water may be carried by means of a pipe.(2)by all means 一定；務(wù)必；(表示同意)當(dāng)然可以，沒問題：務(wù)必，無論如何，千方百計(jì)地

Try by all / every means to persuade him to come.(3)by no means 完全不是；一點(diǎn)也不；決不

This is by no means the first time you have been late.還有： by this means 用這種方法； by any means 用一切可能的方法或手段【考例】(MET 1991)Students sometimes support them-selves by ____ of evening job.A.ways

B.offers

C.means

D．helps [考查目標(biāo)] by means of 短語的意思。

[答案與解析] C by means of 的意思是“通過某種手段”。11.normal adj.正常的；正規(guī)的 the normal temperature, normal behavior

(1)regular 規(guī)則的；有規(guī)律的

keep regular hours 生活有規(guī)律；按時(shí)作息

(2)common普通的；常見的

Tom is a common name in Britain.共有的；共同的 have a common interest 有著共同愛好

(3)usual 慣常的；慣例的

It's usual with him to go to the office on foot.(4)ordinary平凡的；普通的in ordinary dress 12.once的用法 ▲搭配：

① all at once 突然；同時(shí) ② at once 立刻，馬上；同時(shí)

③(every)once in a while 偶爾，有時(shí)，間或

④ for this once(= for once，just for once)就這一次；破例一回 ⑤ more than once 不止一次，多次 ⑥ not once 一次也不 ⑦ once again / more再一次

⑧once and again一再，再三

⑨ once or twice 一兩次；有時(shí)，偶爾 ⑩ once too often又(多了)一次 ? once upon a time從前

【考例】(2004上海)____ we have learned something, additional learning increases the length of time we will remember it.A.Before

B.Once

C.Until

D.Unless [考查目標(biāo)] 連詞once的用法和詞義。

[答案與解析] B once在作連詞使用時(shí)意思是“一旦”。13.prefer v.寧愿；更喜歡

(1)prefer + n./ pron.The boy preferred a detective story.(2)prefer + v.-ing

Do you prefer living abroad?

(3)prefer + to do

She prefers to live among the working people.(4)prefer sb.to do sth.She preferred him to stay at home.(5)prefer + n./ pron./ doing + to + n./ pron./ doing 喜歡??而不喜歡

I prefer the town to the country./ While he was in the office he preferred doing something to doing nothing.(6)prefer to do...rather than do = would rather do...than do...寧愿??而不愿 I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.(7)prefer + 從句(謂語動(dòng)詞用should do，should可省略)She preferred that he should do it in the kitchen.14.protect的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：protection n.保護(hù)(者/物)，防御

▲搭配：protect sb from / against 防止??遭受??；使??免于，保護(hù)??使不受【考例】(MET 1992)Clarke was greatly admired at the club for the successful ____.A.self-satisfaction

B.self-protection

C.self-respect

D.self-service [考查目標(biāo)] protect及其派生詞的詞義。

[答案與解析]B self-protection是名詞，意思是“自我保護(hù)”。15.separate的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：separation n.[U]分開，分離

▲搭配：

① separate A from B 把A和B分開

② A is separated from B by? A和B為??所分開／阻隔 ③ separate sth(up)into?把??分成(幾分)▲辨析：separate;divide;part 都含“分開”的意思。

separate 指“把原來在一起的人或物分開”。例如: Separate those two boys who are fighting, will you?(你)把那兩個(gè)打架的孩子拉開，好嗎? divide 指“施加外力或自然地把某人或某物由整體分成若干部分”。part指“把密切相關(guān)的人或物分開”，還有“分手”之意?！究祭?NMET 2001)As we joined the big crowd I got ____ from my friends.A.separated

B.spared

C.lost

D.missed [考查目標(biāo)] 動(dòng)詞separate的詞義。

[答案與解析] A separated和get搭配有被動(dòng)意義，表示“被隔開；被分隔”。[牛刀小試1] 用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：

(advance, means, cost, protect, fear, separate)1.The teacher improved the students' English by ____ of dictation and recitation.(means)2.All the goods ___me almost half a million dollars.(cost)3.We must ____ the wild animals from the hunting.(protect)4.Every baby should be ____ after he is horn.(separated)5.None of them ____ death when the enemy came into the village.(feared)6.There are too many people, so you should have bought a ticket in ____.(advance)☆詞語比較☆

1.wear, put on, have on, dress, be in, try on

(1)wear v.穿著；戴；蓄須(發(fā))；磨損；(臉容)呈現(xiàn)，顯出 He is wearing an overcoat today.* wear out(把)穿破；(把)用壞；(使)疲乏；(使)耗盡I have worn out my shoes./ My patience wore(was worn)out.(2)put on 穿上；戴上(側(cè)重穿著的動(dòng)作)

Put on your sweater, otherwise you will feel cold.(3)dress vt.給??穿衣服

n.衣服；連衣裙

dress sb.(in sth.)或 be dressed(in sth.)注意：穿的衣服接在in之后。Mother dressed her baby and then they went downstairs.(4)have on 表示穿著的狀態(tài)，注意不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)。

At the Spring Festival, all children have on new clothes.(5)be in表示穿著的狀態(tài) There was a girl in red.(6)try on 試穿

Mother was trying on a new dress.2.strike, hit, beat

(1)hit vt.①打；敲；擊；擊中；射中 He hit a ball over the fence./ The stone hit him on the head.②使??受到打擊 The bad news hit every one hard.(2)beat vt.&vi.①連續(xù)有節(jié)奏地打；敲

The rain heat against the window.②(心)跳動(dòng) His heart had stopped beating.③(鳥翼)撲動(dòng)

The bird beat its wings rapidly as it flew on.④打??；打贏；取勝

Our champion can beat all runners in the country.(3)strike vt.&vi.①打；敲；擊；砍；打中；擊中

He struck me with his fist.The house was struck by lightning.②發(fā)起進(jìn)攻；襲擊

He moved away as the animal struck.③撞；觸(礁)

His head struck the table as he fell.④擦(火柴)

I struck a match and held it to his cigarette.⑤(某種想法)忽然出現(xiàn)；忽然想起，相當(dāng)于occur to。

A happy thought struck her.⑥給人深刻印象(常用于被動(dòng)語態(tài))

I was struck by her beauty.⑦罷工

They are striking for higher pay.⑧(鐘)敲(響)We waited for the clock to strike six.3.complete, finish complete 可作形容詞，表示“徹底的；全面的”。complete與finish表示“完成”時(shí)的區(qū)別。

(1)complete 作及物動(dòng)詞，只接 n.或 pron.，常用于完成預(yù)定的任務(wù)，工程建設(shè)等The railway is not completed yet.(2)finish vi./ vt.指完成，結(jié)束一件事情；可接 n.或doing。如：finish one's homework / middle school / writing the book ☆短語歸納☆

1.cut down

(1)砍倒 If you cut down all the trees you will rain the land.(2)減少；削減 I have decided to cut down my smoking.2.含get的短語

① get back 回來，恢復(fù)，送回

② get off下來，動(dòng)身，起飛③ get up 起床，站起來 ④ get on 上(車)⑤ get on / along with 與某人相處．某事的進(jìn)展 ⑥ get together 聚首，碰頭⑦ get away from 逃離 ⑧ get on one's feet 站起來⑨ get down 下來 ⑩ get on well with 與??相處融洽

? get married 結(jié)婚

? get to 到達(dá) ? get through 通過，接通

? get down to 開始著手做某事

? get across(使)通過

? get(a)round 傳開，說服

? get in 進(jìn)入。收獲

? get out 出去，逃脫

[例句]How are you getting along with your business? 生意進(jìn)展如何? / If you take Mary out for a drive you must promise to get her back for her music lesson.如果你帶瑪麗去兜風(fēng)的話，你必須答應(yīng)帶她回來上音樂課。/ I can't get my boots off, for they are too tight.我脫不掉靴子，它太緊了。/ We all try to get together at least once a year at Christmas time.在圣誕期間我們盡量一年至少聚會(huì)一次。/ When one has business on hand it is hard to get away from home.如果一個(gè)人手頭有事，離開家很難。

【考例】(2004遼寧)The final examination is coming up soon.It's time for us to ____ our studies．

A.get down to B.get out C.get back for D.get over [考查目標(biāo)] 此題主要考查get短語。

[答案與解析]A get down to 意為“開始著手做某事”；get out 意為“離開，擺脫”；get back for 意為“回去拿”；get over意為“克服，渡過”。本句話意思是：期末考試就要到了，我們?cè)撻_始學(xué)習(xí)了。

【考例】(NMET 1993)Readers can ____ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.A.get over B.get in C.get along D.get through [考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查get短語。[答案與解析]C

get over 意為“痊愈，克服”；get in 意為“插話”；get along 意為“進(jìn)展．繼續(xù)”；gel through 意為“接通。辦完”。本句話意思是：讀者不必準(zhǔn)確知道每個(gè)詞的意思就能繼續(xù)下去。3.get away(from)

(1)擺脫 Ways must be found to get away from poverty.(2)走開；離開 She didn't get away until nine last night.(3)逃走，使離開The bank robbers used a stolen car to get away.(4)拿走 Get all thee party dishes away!4.get close to

(1)close adj.靠近；接近

The church is close to the shops.親密；密切

Are you a close friend of theirs?

(2)close adv.靠近；接近

He was standing close to the door.(3)close v.關(guān)上；關(guān)閉(不開發(fā))；結(jié)束

She closed her eyes./ Her eyes closed.(閉上)

(4)closely adv.緊密地；仔細(xì)地；密切地

He got closely in touch with the magazines of today.The little baby was closely looked after by her.[比較]

(1)close 與 closely 作副詞時(shí)，close含具體之意，closely 含抽象之意。

(2)類似的詞組有 high(高)--highly(高度地)，deep(深深地)--deeply(深入地)，wide(很開，寬)--widely(廣泛地)，low(低的)--lowly(低賤的)(作形容詞)5.hand in 交上去(給老師或上級(jí))；交來(hand v.)

Each student has to hand in a composition once a week.[比較]

(1)hand down 傳下來；傳給 Our father handed down these customs to us.(2)hand on?to?傳給，傳遞They will hand the photograph to those who have not seen it.(3)hand out 發(fā)給大家；散發(fā) The teacher handed out the books at the beginning of the lesson．

6.instead of 代替??

(1)instead of + n./ pron.Give me the red one instead 0f the green one.(2)instead of + doing

We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.(3)instead of + 介詞短語

He studies in the evening instead of during the day.[比較]

(1)instead adv.作為替代(??而)，代替 If Harry is not well enough to go with you, take me instead.(2)rather than 而不是，與其??寧愿 He ran rather than walked.(3)in place of 代替，??而不用The Chinese use chopsticks in place of knives and forks.7.含take的短語 ① take a picture 照相，拍照

② take a taxi / bus, etc.打的(坐公交車等)③ take away 拿走，奪取，使離去 ④ take care of 小心，照料，保管 ⑤ take off 脫，去掉，取消，起飛

⑥ take out 拿出，帶??出去

⑦ take one's place 就坐，坐某人的座位，代替某人的位置 ⑧ take place 發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生 ⑨ take exercise 做運(yùn)動(dòng) ⑩ take a seat 坐下 ? take turns 輪流

? take an active part in 積極參加 ? take a message 捎口信 ? take on 從事，呈現(xiàn) ? take the place of 取代，代替 ? take apart 拆開 ? take down 拿下，記下 ? take...for...誤認(rèn)為?? ? take in 吸收，接納

? take up 拿起．從事．占據(jù)

[例句] Father was convinced that Peter was unhappy at boarding school, and made arrangements to take him away.父親確信彼得在寄宿學(xué)校不開心，決定把他帶走。/ Will you lake care of buying the wine for tonight's party? 你負(fù)責(zé)為今晚的晚會(huì)買酒水好嗎? / The boys got into the car and took off for the drug store.男孩們進(jìn)到車?yán)?，開車去了藥店。/ He took my place in the queue so that I could go and get something to eat.他替我排好了隊(duì)，以便我能夠回去弄點(diǎn)兒吃的。8.used to

(1)used to do sth.過去常常??(現(xiàn)在已不如此)

We used to grow beautiful roses.注意：否定句和疑問句有兩種 You usedn’t to make that mistake.She didn't use(d)to do it, did she?

You used to smoke a pipe, didn't you? / use(d)n't you?

(2)be / get / become used to + n./ doing習(xí)慣于

I have always been used to hard work.He got used to living in the country.(3)be used to do 被用來做??

This knife is used to cut bread.表示“過去常常??”時(shí)，used to與would區(qū)別：

(1)would 只強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去常常??”，used to 說明現(xiàn)在不是如此。

The old woman would sit there for hours doing nothing.(2)would 只接行為動(dòng)詞，used to 可接行為動(dòng)詞和表狀態(tài)的詞。如：be, like, know, have。There used to be a temple at the foot of the mountain.9.watch out 當(dāng)心；注意

You'll be cheated if you don't watch out.(1)watch out for = look out for 提防；當(dāng)心

You must always watch out for the traffic here!

(2)watch over 照看；看守；負(fù)責(zé)

The mother bird is watching over her young.10.含“動(dòng)詞 + out”短語

① come out 出來，出版，傳出 ② go out 出去，熄滅，不時(shí)興 ③ look out 當(dāng)心，注意

④ take out 拿出，取出，帶??出去 ⑤ rush out 沖出去，匆忙大量生產(chǎn) ⑥ try out 嘗試，試驗(yàn)

⑦ watch out 小心

⑧ wear out 穿破，用壞，(使)疲乏，消磨 ⑨ find out 找出，查出

⑩ make out 填寫，完成．設(shè)法應(yīng)付 ? get out 出去，逃離，泄露，公布 ? pick out 看出，選出 ? think out 想出

? give out 發(fā)出，筋疲力盡 ? set out出發(fā)，陳述

[例句]Please go out and tell the children to make less noise.請(qǐng)出去告訴孩子們不要吵鬧。/ These bicycles have been rushed out and not up to our usual standard.這些自行車匆忙大量生產(chǎn)，沒有達(dá)到我們的正常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。/ Watch out.The train is coming.小心，火車來了。/ Your will wear out your patience in time, my friend.朋友，最終我們會(huì)沒有耐心的。

【考例】(2005湖北)This picture was taken a long time ago.I wonder if you can ____ my father.A.find out

B.pick out

C.look out

D.speak out

[考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查out構(gòu)成的短語意思區(qū)別。[答案與解析]B pick out意為“挑選，辨別出”；find out意為“找出．發(fā)現(xiàn)”；look out意為“留神，注意”： speak out意為“大聲說出”。[牛刀小試2] 請(qǐng)根據(jù)句意，選用所給短語的適當(dāng)形式填空：

(get away，take up，take on，think out，get down to)1.--Shall we set off right now?--Sorry.I'm too busy to ____ for the moment.(get away)2.The final examination is coming: you really must ____ your studies.(get down)

3.The manager doesn't have much free time as his work ____ nearly all his spare time.(takes up)4.We also shared a number of qualities which we fell were in our favor when we ____ the task.(took on)5.He might have ___his idea about the art exhibition much better, if he had planned what he wanted to say.(thought out)☆句型歸納☆

1.You shouldn't go rafting unless you know how to swim, and you should always wear a life jacket.除非你會(huì)游泳，而且要一直穿著救生衣，否則就不應(yīng)該去做漂流運(yùn)動(dòng)。該句中的unless引導(dǎo)狀語從句。例如：One can't learn a foreign language well unless he studies hard.unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，一般可以與if...not...互換。還要注意unless引導(dǎo)的從句經(jīng)?？梢允÷浴?/p>

【考例】(200l北京春招)The men will have to wait all day ____ the doctor works faster.A.if

B.unless

C.whether

D.that [考查目標(biāo)]狀語從句。

[答案與解析]B 句子意思是“如果醫(yī)生不快點(diǎn)工作，這些人將不得不等一整天?！睉?yīng)該選unless。

2.Eco-travel is a way to find out what can be done to help animals and plants as well as people.生態(tài)游可以找到既幫助別人．又幫助動(dòng)植物的途徑。

該句中的as well as是連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列成分。例如: He can speak German as well as French.常見的用法: 1.well是副詞，意思是“好，優(yōu)秀”，as well as是形容詞同級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu)。

2.as well as是固定短語，意思是“和”，相當(dāng)于”not only ? but also...“。

3.as well as連接兩個(gè)并列成分作主語時(shí)，句子的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該與前面那個(gè)名詞或代詞的人稱或數(shù)保持一致。

4.as well as還可當(dāng)作復(fù)雜介詞用，意思是“除了??之外，還有”；相當(dāng)于”besides，apart from“。5.as well，是副詞短語，意思是“也”，相當(dāng)于“too / also”常位于句尾，與too位置相當(dāng)。6.may / might as well do sth 表示“還是??的好”。

【考例】(NMET 1994)John plays football ____, if not better than David.A.as well

B.as well as

C.so well

D.so well as [考查目標(biāo)] as well as連接比較狀語從句。

[答案與解析]B 該句中 if not better than相當(dāng)于插入語，起干擾作用，如果不予考慮，原句就變成了同級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu) ”John plays football as well as David“。

3.Before she could move，she heard a loud noise.她還沒有來得及動(dòng)彈，就聽見很響的聲音。However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.但還沒有回過身來，洪水便逼近了她。

該兩句中的before用作連詞，后接時(shí)間狀語從句。before用作連詞，接時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)，表示“在??之前”。但在不同的語境中，往往有比較靈活的譯法。例如: He knocked me down before he saw me.他差一點(diǎn)把我撞倒，才看到我。

【考例】(2005廣東)The American Civil War lasted four years the North won in the end.A.after

B.before

C.when

D.then [考查目標(biāo)] 時(shí)間狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞選擇。

[答案與解析]B

before 表示“直到??”。

4.Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.洪水想必深達(dá)三米，樹一棵接一棵地倒了，被洪水沖斷了。

該句中的must have been表示推測(cè)。例如：You look so tired.You must have stayed up last night.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may，might，most．can，could常用來表示推測(cè)。may，might，must多用在肯定句中，can，could多用在否定句和疑問句中。may，might，must，can，could后接動(dòng)詞原形表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的推測(cè)；may，might，must，can，could后接have done。表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè)。例如：

You may be a professor./ She must have met a fairy.【考例】(2005遼寧)This cake is very sweet.You ____ a lot of sugar in it.A.should put

B.could have put

C.might put

D.must have put [考查目標(biāo)] 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)。

[答案與解析] D 前文說蛋糕很甜，由此可知一定是糖放多了。對(duì)于過去的動(dòng)作的推測(cè)應(yīng)使用have done的結(jié)構(gòu)，所以應(yīng)在B、D之間做選擇，又因?yàn)閏ould have done表示本可以做而沒有做，所以選擇D。

5....she heard a loud noise，which grew to a terrible roar.??她聽見了很響的聲音，接著就變成了可怕的隆隆轟鳴聲。

該句中的which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。例如：He bought some reference books, which were all about science.他買了許多的參考資料．都是有關(guān)理科的。

which 作為關(guān)系代詞．既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。例如：The train which left for Beijing pulled in on time.前往北京的火車按時(shí)進(jìn)站了。His dog, which was now very old, became ill and died.他的狗，現(xiàn)在老了，生病死了。

【考例】(2005浙江)Jim passed the driving test, ____ surprised everybody in the office.A.which

B.that

C.this

D.it [考查目標(biāo)]非限制性定語從句。

[答案與解析]A which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。指代前面整個(gè)句子。that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句?！罹湫驮忈尅?/p>

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法(is / am / are + doing)1.表示現(xiàn)在(說話的瞬間)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Look!The monkey is climbing the banana tree.2.表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。(說話時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行。)We are preparing for the meeting to be held next Friday now.3.表示說話人現(xiàn)在對(duì)主語的行為表示贊嘆、驚訝、厭惡等。(常與always, constantly, continually, all the time, forever 等副詞連用)，表反復(fù)的動(dòng)作。He is always think-ing of others.(表贊許)She is always asking the same question.(表厭惡)You are always changing your mind.(表抱怨)4.表示在最近計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常用于go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, stay 等表移動(dòng)、方向的動(dòng)詞。He is starting the work in a few minutes./ He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow morning.[注意]

1.不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的詞有:

(1)系動(dòng)詞: feel, sound, smell, taste, look, appear, seem, remain, prove 等。(2)表結(jié)果的感官動(dòng)詞: see, notice, hear 等。

(3)非延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，此動(dòng)作開始即是結(jié)束：enter, accept, receive等。

(4)表心理狀態(tài)，存在狀態(tài)，擁有的動(dòng)詞：love, like, hate, care, dislike, respect, prefer, know, understand, forget, remember, believe, want, wish, hope, mind, agree, belong to, depend on, own, have等。

2.用進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊詞有系動(dòng)詞get, turn, grow, become, go, come, fall 等表由一種狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)入另一種狀態(tài)時(shí)，用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示漸近。Today, many rivers that were polluted are getting cleaner and cleaner.當(dāng)今，許多過去遭污染的河流又變得越來越清澈了。[比較] 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來的用法與一般將來時(shí)的區(qū)別：(1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表近期的，事先已經(jīng)計(jì)劃安排好的--How are you getting to the airport?--By taxi.Bob is coming with me to the airport.(2)will do 和 shall do ①表客觀將來。shall用于第一人稱，will用于第一、二、三人稱。I will / shall finish middle school next month.②表有科學(xué)根據(jù)的預(yù)測(cè)。The weather report says it will rain tomorrow.③表客觀必然。Man will make mistakes.(3)be going to ①表現(xiàn)在打算在近期或?qū)硪瞿呈?。I'm going to finish my homework tonight.②表根據(jù)已有跡象的預(yù)測(cè)。It's so dark outside, I think it's going to rain.③ be going to不與come, go連用，而用be coming, be going 形式。Mary is coming here this evening.[注意] 表計(jì)劃、安排、規(guī)定要做的事，用“be + to do”。此外，表示按時(shí)刻表運(yùn)行的動(dòng)作常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。The meeting is to be held at 9:00 a.m./ Our plane leaves at 6:00 a.m..[牛刀小試3] 1.____ you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.(2004 吉林)A.Though

B.Whether C.Until

D.Unless 2.Now that you've got a chance, you ____ make full use of it.(NMET 1999)A.had better to

B.might as well C.might as well as

D.would rather 3.It was evening ____ we reached the little town of Winchester.(2004 天津)A.that

B.until C.since

D.before 4.There is no light in the dormitory.They must have gone to the lecture, ____?(2004 上海春招)A.didn't they

B.don't they C.mustn't they

D.haven't they 5.The result of the experiment was very good, ____ we hadn't expected.(2000 北京春招)A.when

B.that

C.which

D.what DBDDC ☆交際速成☆

【考點(diǎn)1】Talking about intentions and plans.談?wù)撘庠负痛蛩?2004江蘇)

--How long are you staying?--I don't know.____.A.That's OK

B.Never mind

C.It depends

D.It doesn't matter [答案與解析]C 本題考查具體語境下被詢問打算時(shí)的應(yīng)答。A項(xiàng)用于回答感謝和道歉，B、D兩項(xiàng)用于回答道歉，C 項(xiàng)表示“看情況而定”?！練w納】英語中常見表達(dá)意愿和打算的用語有： ① I'll go with you.② I'm going to see my head teacher this afternoon.③ I'd like to make a phone call to her after class.④ I want / hope to find an English pen friend.⑤ I plan to go to Hangzhou this summer.⑥ We are ready to move to a new house.⑦ Bill intends to spend his vocation in California.⑧ I'm thinking of driving to Beijing.⑨ Where would you prefer going...? ⑩ How would you like to go to...? ? When are you going off to...? ? How are you going to...? 【考點(diǎn)2】Expressing good wishes祝愿(2005廣東)

Tom: Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend.I'm sure we will win.Mike: ____!A.Congratulations

B.Cheers

C.Best wishes

D.Good luck [答案與解析]D 考查祝愿用語。在比賽前表示祝愿的話用Good luck。Congratulations用于成功之后的祝賀。Cheers意為“干杯”。Best wishes多用于書面語，表示“萬事如意”的意思。

【歸納】英語中常見表達(dá)祝愿的用語有： ① Have a good day / time!② Have a good journey / trip!③ Good luck!④ Enjoy yourself!⑤ Best wishes to you!⑥ Happy New Year!⑦ Happy birthday!⑧ Merry Christmas!應(yīng)答語有： ① Thank you.② You, too.③ The same to you.【考點(diǎn)3】Describing emotions 描述人物的情感(2001上海春招)--I'm afraid I can't finish the book within this week.--____.A.Please go ahead

B.That's all right

C.Not at all

D.Take your time [答案與解析]D 本題考查時(shí)表示遺憾情感的應(yīng)答。A項(xiàng)表示“請(qǐng)吧，說吧”，用于回答許可或讓對(duì)方先行。B、C兩項(xiàng)是感謝或道歉的答語，D項(xiàng)表示“別著急，慢慢來”，符合語境。【歸納】中學(xué)英語中描述人物情感的用語有：

①(恐懼)Help!/ How terrible!/ I'm afraid of.../ I'm afraid to.../ You scared me!/ It scares me!②(高興)(It's)well done!/ How wonderful!/ That's great!/ I'm pleased to...③(驚奇)Really!/ Oh dear!/ Is that so? / What a surprise!/ How surprising!④(憂慮)What's wrong? / what's the matter? / Anything wrong? / What should we do? ⑤(安慰)There, there./ Don't be afraid.／Don't worry./ It's(quite)all right./ It'll be OK / all right.⑥(滿意)Good!/ Well done!／ Perfect!/ That's fine./ That's better.⑦(遺憾)I'm so sorry!/ It's a great pity!/ What a shame!/ That's too bad!⑧(同情)I'm so sorry!/ I'm so sorry(about your illness)./ I'm sorry to hear that.⑨(憤怒)Damn!/ How annoying!⑩(鼓勵(lì))Well done!/ Come on!/ Keep trying./ You can do it![牛刀小試4] 1.--I'd like to take a week's holiday.--____, we're too busy.A.Don't worry

B.Don't mention it C.Forget it

D.Pardon me 2.--I was so sure that our experiment was going to succeed, but something went wrong at the last moment.--____, but don't give it up.A.Find out the reason

B.Never mind C.I'm sorry to hear that

D.You don't 'mean that 3.--I just heard that the tickets for tonight's show have been sold out.--Oh no!____.A.I was looking forward to that B.It doesn't matter C.I knew it already D.It's not at all interesting 4.--We are going to travel to Italy.--____.A.Good bye

B.Go ahead C.I like to go, too

D.Have a good time 5.--I'd rather have some tea, if you don't mind.--____.A.Thank you very much B.Yes, I like so C.No, it's nothing

D.Of course, anything you want

CCADD ☆精典題例☆

1.Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.(NMET 2002春上海)

A.cut B.are cut C.are being cut D.had been cut 【解析】選C 本題是在語境中考查現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。本句意為“雨林以這樣的速度被砍伐和焚燒，會(huì)導(dǎo)致它在不久的將來從地球上消失?！斌w會(huì)語境和句意便知此處選擇C項(xiàng)，表示現(xiàn)階段在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

2.Twenty-three hours has passed after the explosion in the mine, but rescue efforts to recover the missing ____ carried out.A.are still being

B.have already been

C.are always

D.will soon be 【解析】選A本句意為“礦井爆炸已過23小時(shí)了，但對(duì)失蹤人員的搜索還在進(jìn)行中?！?3.--When are you leaving?--My plane ____ at 10:45.A.takes off

B.took off

C.is about to take off

D.will take off 【解析】選A飛機(jī)是按時(shí)刻表運(yùn)行的。4.--Excuse me, what time is it now?

--Sorry, my watch ____.It ____ at the shop.A.isn't working;is being repaired

B.doesn't work;is being repaired

C.isn't working;is repaired

D.doesn't work;is repaired 【解析】選B doesn't work說明“手表不工作”的狀態(tài)，而不只是現(xiàn)在才壞了。后句意為“手表正在商店里修理”，故應(yīng)用is being repaired。

5.John, who is considered ____ a warm-hearted man, is considering ____ his neighbor out of trouble.A.to be;to help

B.to be;helping C.being;to help

D.being;helping

【解析】選B be considered to be “被認(rèn)為是??”；consider doing “考慮做某事”。6.He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ____ it got worse.A.until

B.when

C.before

D.as 【解析】選C意思是“在事情還未變得更糟之前及時(shí)糾正錯(cuò)誤”。

7.--There is something wrong with my bike.--It doesn't matter.I ____ lend you mine.A.am to B.am going to C.was going to

D.will 【解析】選D be to表示按計(jì)劃安排將來的動(dòng)作，be going to 表示最近打算做某事，will 在此是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示“意志；意愿”。如：I will tell you all about it.8.Children at the beginning of this century ____ a lot and ____ themselves greatly even without television.A.used to read;enjoying

B.used to read;enjoyed C.were used to reading;enjoy D.were used to read;enjoying 【解析】選B 前后時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致。

高一英語各單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)及重難點(diǎn)解析Unit5-6 ☆重點(diǎn)句型☆

1.While still a student, she played roles in many plays.連詞 + 名詞做時(shí)間狀語

2.When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said?連詞+過去分詞做時(shí)間狀語

3.When drinking to someone's health, you raise your glasses.連詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞做時(shí)間狀語 4.It's a custom in China to have some tea before the meal is served.It 做形式主語 5.Many people like this film not just because..., but also because...并列連詞

6.Having good table manners means knowing...動(dòng)名詞做主賓語 ☆重點(diǎn)詞匯☆ 1.comment v.評(píng)論 2.marry v.結(jié)婚 3.create v.創(chuàng)造 4.attack v.進(jìn)攻 5.cruelty n.殘酷 6.escape v.逃跑

7.advice n.忠告；建議

8.afford v.花得起(錢、時(shí)間)9.encourage v.鼓勵(lì) 10.research n.研究 11.interrupt v.打斷；打擾 12.apologize v.道歉 13.pray v.請(qǐng)求；祈禱 14.forgive v.原諒；寬恕 15.match v.相配；相適應(yīng) 16.manners n.禮貌 17.impression n.印象

18.live adj.& adv.活的；直播的(地)19.custom n.習(xí)慣；風(fēng)俗 20.introduce vt.介紹；引進(jìn) ☆重點(diǎn)短語☆

1.take off 脫掉；起飛；成功 2.go wrong 出錯(cuò)；出問題

3.can't help doing 情不自禁做某事 4.take one's place 代替某人 5.run after 追逐；追蹤

6.win a prize 獲獎(jiǎng)

7.think highly of 贊揚(yáng)??；對(duì)??高度評(píng)價(jià)

8.call for 需要；索取 9.in all 總共

10.play a role 扮演角色(作用)11.make money 掙錢 12.win over 爭(zhēng)取過來 13.work on 從事，致力于

14.owe success to 把成功歸功于某人 15.start with 以??開始 16.run away from school逃學(xué) 17.on the air 正在播出的 18.do research 進(jìn)行調(diào)查 19.speed up 加速

20.follow the fashion 追隨時(shí)尚

☆短語闖關(guān)☆

下列短語都是這兩個(gè)單元學(xué)過的重要短語，請(qǐng)你根據(jù) 漢語在橫線上填入一個(gè)正確的詞，每個(gè)詞4分，80分才能過關(guān)。你一定能過關(guān)，做好了闖關(guān)的準(zhǔn)備嗎?那么我們就開始吧? l.____ screen 銀幕，電影(業(yè))2.take ____ 成功；成名；脫掉(衣服)；(飛機(jī))起飛 3.____ wrong 走錯(cuò)路；誤入歧途；不對(duì)頭；出毛病 4.owe sth ____ sb 把??歸功于某人 5.____ all 總共；總之 6.stay ____ 不在家，外出 7.____ school 小學(xué)

8.lock sb ____ 將某人鎖于某處不得進(jìn)出；將某人監(jiān)禁起來 9.run ____ 追趕

10.bring sb ____ 送回某人 11.____ the air正在播出的

12.think highly ____ 對(duì)??高度評(píng)價(jià) 13.leave ____ 省去；遺漏；不考慮 14.stare ____ 盯著

15.make ____ about sb 以某人為笑柄

16.drink(a toast)____ 為??祝酒；為??干杯 17.win ____ 戰(zhàn)勝

18.____ comments on對(duì)??加以評(píng)論

19.look sb ____ 看望，拜訪某人

20.____ a role in 在??中扮演角色；在??方面起作用 21.____ a prize獲獎(jiǎng)

22.to sb for(doing)sth因某事向某人道歉

23.make a good impression ____ 給??留下好印象 24.____ silent 保持沉默 25.pay a visit ____ 拜訪 ☆交際用語☆

1.What do you think has happened? 2.What do you know about…?

3.How do you like…? / What do you think of…? / What db you feel...? 4.May I interrupt you for a moment? 5.Excuse me / Forgive me for.../ I apologize for… 6.I'm(very / so / terribly)sorry.It's all my fault.7.That's all right./ That's OK./ No problem.8.I wish you all the best.9.I'm sorry.I didn't mean to...10.Let's drink(a toast)to...!☆單詞聚焦☆ 1.afford

(1)(和can，could，be able to連用)有(時(shí)間、經(jīng)濟(jì)等)條件(做某事)+ to do

We can't afford to pay such a price.afford + n./ pron.(出得起；買得起等)

They donot consider whether they can afford it or not.(2)經(jīng)得起(做某事或發(fā)生某事)(多+to do)

He could not afford to lose his fortune entirely.2.apologize的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：apology n.辯解，道歉 ▲搭配：

① apologize to sb for(doing)sth = make an apology的 sb for(doing)sth向某人為某事(為做了某事)道歉

② apologize for oneself 為自己辯解或辯護(hù)

【考例】[NMET 1993]The captain ____ an apology to the passengers for the delay caused by bad weather.A.made

B.said

C.put

D.passed [考查目標(biāo)] apologize及其名詞的用法和搭配。[答案與解析]A make an apology的意思是“道歉”。3.choice的用法 ▲搭配：

① make a choice 選擇

② make choice of 挑選，選擇，選定 ③ make / take one's choice 任意挑選

④ have no choice but to do sth 非??不可，除??之外別無他法

【考例】[MET 1993] We've missed the last bus, I'm afraid we have no ____ but to take a taxi.A.way

B.choice C.possibility

D.selection [考查目標(biāo)] choice的意思和習(xí)慣搭配。

[答案與解析]B choice是choose的名詞形式．意思是 “選擇”，在本句中構(gòu)成固定搭配have no choice but to do sth“不得不干??”。4.determine的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：determination n.決心，決斷，決意；決定，確定 ▲搭配：

① determine to do sth 決定做某事 ② determine on / upon(doing)sth 決定 ③ a man of determination 有決斷力的人

▲辨析：decide；determine這兩個(gè)詞都有“決定”的意思。decide的含義是“不再遲疑不定”，而

determine含義是“把某件事確定下來”。在be determined to do?這個(gè)固定的結(jié)構(gòu)中。過去分詞determined的詞義為“下定了決心”。decide的名詞為decision，determine的名詞為determination。例如：At first，she decided to go to the police，?起初，她決定去找警察??

▲友情提示: decide后跟賓語從句時(shí)，其含義有時(shí)是“斷

定”。I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.我斷定我一定是在某處拐錯(cuò)彎了。The determination of the meaning of a word is often difficult without a context.脫離上下文來確定一個(gè)詞的含義常常是困難的。

注：在determine to do...，determine on(upon)...和determine that...。(賓語從句)三個(gè)搭配中，determine的詞義和decide幾乎沒有多大差異。He determined / decided to learn medicine.他決定學(xué)醫(yī)。

注：decide sb to do sth 決定使某人做某事What decided you to give up your job? 什么因素使你決定放棄你的工作? 【考例】[2001京皖春招] Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must know why it does not work.For example, he must ____ the parts that are wrong.A.check

B.determine

C.correct

D.recover [考查目標(biāo)]determine的用法。

[答案與解析]B determine和decide在一般情況下意思相同。5.encourage的用法 ▲構(gòu)詞：

① encouraging adj.鼓勵(lì)的，給予希望的，振奮人心的。令人歡欣鼓舞的 ② encouraged adj.被激勵(lì)的，受到鼓舞的 ③ encouragement n.鼓勵(lì)，激勵(lì) ④ discourage v.使泄氣；勸阻

▲搭配：① encourage sb to do sth 鼓勵(lì)某人做某事② be encouraged by 受??鼓勵(lì)／鼓舞【考例】 [2004北京]My advisor encouraged ___a summer course to improve my writing skills.A.for me taking

B.me taking

C.for me to take

D.me to take [考查目標(biāo)] encourage的用法。

[答案與解析]D encourage sb to do sth鼓勵(lì)某人干某事。句意為：我的導(dǎo)師鼓勵(lì)我參加一個(gè)夏季課程來提高我的寫作技巧。

6.escape(vi, vt)escaped, escaping

(1)逃走；跑掉 + from / out of = run away from

The soldier escaped from the enemy's prison.(2)逃脫；逃避 + n./ doing

He narrowly escaped death / being killed.There's no way to escape doing the work.escape還可表示： ①（液體等）漏出 gas escaping from the pipe 煤氣從管中漏出Water escaped rapidly from the drainpipe.水從排水管中迅速流出。

②避免escaped death 免于一死There is no escaping him.怎么也避不開他。③疏忽，忽略 Nothing escaped his attention.什么也逃不過他的注意。You cannot expect that something may escape the teacher's attention.你不要奢望有什么能逃過老師的注意。escape n

①逃走The thief made his escape.小偷逃走了。

②（氣體）漏出，泄出；解悶She reads love stories as an escape.她讀愛情小說解悶。7.hunt的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：hunter n.獵人，搜尋者 ▲搭配：

① hunt for / after追獵；尋找，搜尋 ② hunt out 找出；調(diào)查出

【考例】He wandered in the street, ____ a new jacket for his nephew.A.hunting for

B.waiting for

C.shooting for

D.aiming for [考查目標(biāo)]本題考查hunt for的意思。

[答案與解析]A hunt for原來是“獵取”的意思，引中為“搜尋，尋找”。

8.impression n.印象

(1)impression(on sb.)(給某人)印象His speech made a strong impression on his audience.(2)impression(of sth.)(對(duì)某事物)印象；想法That's my first impression of the new college.(3)impress sb.with sth.給予某人深刻印象 = impress sth.on sb.使某人銘記 The teacher impressed on his students the importance of speaking.= The teacher impre-ssed his students with the importance of speaking.9.interrupt的用法vt, vi ①阻斷；中斷 Don't interrupt me.別打斷我。Traffic in the city was interrupted by a snowstorm.市內(nèi)交通被暴風(fēng)雪所阻斷。

②打岔；插嘴 It is rude to interrupt.打斷別人的話，是不禮貌的?！癉on't interrupt,” he said.“別插話, ”他說?！鴺?gòu)詞：

① interrupter n.打岔者，打斷者

② interruption n.打岔．打斷，使中斷的事物

【考例】[2005山西模擬] Be quiet!It's rude to ____ people when they are talking.A.stop

B.introduce

C.prevent

D.interrupt [考查目標(biāo)] interrupt的詞義。

[答案與解析]D interrupt的意思是“打斷；使中斷”．后接指人或指物的各種名詞。

10.marry

(1)vi.結(jié)婚

He didn't marry until he was fifty.(2)vt.和??結(jié)婚

Jean is going to marry Hubert.(3)vt.(父母)嫁(女兒)He married his daughter to a businessman.(4)vt.(教士等)為??主持結(jié)婚儀式 We've come to ask if you will marry them.[比較]

(1)get married(to sb.)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作

His oldest girl got married last month.(2)be married(to sb.)強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)

How long have you been married? 11.moment的用法 n.①片刻；瞬間 He will be here in a moment.他一會(huì)兒就來。At the moment I am working.此刻我正在工作。

②時(shí)機(jī)；機(jī)遇；時(shí)宜 Choose your moment to visit him.你選個(gè)合適的時(shí)機(jī)去拜訪他。③重要性 a matter of great moment 一件極重要的事情

▲搭配：

① at any moment 隨時(shí)；在任何時(shí)候；馬上 ② at the last moment 在最后關(guān)頭 ③ at the moment 此刻；(正當(dāng))那時(shí) ④ every moment 時(shí)時(shí)刻刻

⑤ for a moment 片刻

⑥ in a moment 一會(huì)兒，不久；立即，馬上

⑦ the moment(that)...一??就??

【考例】[NMET 2004 II] ”Can I? I don't think I can,“ Racy said with a laugh.”But I do have ____ when things come to me for no reason.“

A.events B.chances

C.feelings

D.moments [考查目標(biāo)] moment的詞義。[答案與解析] D moment可以指“時(shí)刻”，在本句中用了復(fù)數(shù)，意思是“一些次”。12.owe的用法owed, owing ▲搭配：

①（常與for連用）欠，欠債I owe you for your help.我感謝你的幫助。(也可以是owe sth.或owe sb.sth)The food cost ￡4 , but I only paid ￡3 so I still owe ￡1.食品要4英鎊，可我只付了3英鎊，因此我還欠1英鎊。I owe you an apology.我該向你道歉?！?owe sb sth for sth 或 owe sth to sb for sth 為?欠某人?

②對(duì)?負(fù)有義務(wù)；感恩；感激We owe our parents a lot.我們十分感激父母。

③（常與to連用）歸功于；由于She owes her success to good luck.她把成功歸功于幸運(yùn)。The young writer owed his success to his teacher's encouragement.年輕作家把自己的成功歸于他老師的鼓勵(lì)。

【考例】[2004湖北] ”How much do I ____ you?“ ”O(jiān)h, no,“ Paul said.A.Owe

B.lend

C.give

D.offer [考查目標(biāo)]考查owe的詞義和用法。

[答案與解析]A owe表示“欠”的時(shí)候是及物動(dòng)詞，可以接雙賓語。13.reason n.原因；理由

(1)+ to do sth.You haven't any reason to leave me.(2)+ for sth./ doing People must have a reason for saying such things.(3)+ 從句；從句用why / for which引導(dǎo) That is the reason why you should leave.(4)for + reason，為了某種原因He is retiring for reasons of health.[比較] cause“原因；起因”

the cause of the fire 火災(zāi)的起因(引起某種后果的起因)the reason for being late 遲到的理由(做某件事的理由)14.role

(1)(戲劇中的)角色Oliver played(acted)the role / part of Hamlet.(2)(現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的)身份；作用

What is your role on the Committee?(3)play a...role in...= play a...part in在??中扮演??角色或作用The headmaster plays an important role / part in the good running of a school.15.serve v.(1)為??服務(wù)／工作 A slave serves his master.(2)接待(顧客)The shop assistant is serving a customer.(3)侍候吃飯，端(菜)；供應(yīng)(飯菜)Lunch is served now.(4)serve as 充任(某職務(wù))作??用 She served as a model for several painters./ This box will serve as / for a seat.16.speed的用法 ▲搭配：

① at a high speed 以很大的速度

② at full / top speed 用全速，開足馬力，盡力(快)地； ③ with great / an speed 用全速，開足馬力 ④ speed up 加速，快點(diǎn)

【考例】We had tried our best but the boss still shouted, ” ____!“

A.Speed up

B.No hurry

C.Wait a minute

D.Slow down [考查目標(biāo)]本題考查speed及其構(gòu)成的短語的意思。

[答案與解析]A speed up意思是“加速，快點(diǎn)”的意思。17.stare的用法 vi, vt--stared, staring 凝視，注視

He stared at the word trying to remember what it meant.他盯著這個(gè)單詞，努力想記起它的意思。

[習(xí)慣用語] stare one in the face近在眼前；擺在眼前

▲辨析：gaze；stare；glare這組動(dòng)詞的一般含義是“凝視”。

gaze表示“目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看”，并含有“驚嘆”、“羨慕”或“入迷”的意思。例如：She gazed at the carpet for some time, and then added, ”You don't need bookcases at all.“ 她對(duì)地毯凝視了一會(huì)兒，然后補(bǔ)充說：“你根本不需要書柜?！?/p>

stare 特別表示“睜大眼睛凝視”，并含有“驚奇”、“傲慢”或“茫然”的意思。例如：The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds.那位貴族對(duì)那張空白紙凝視了幾秒鐘。glare 表示“兇狠而且?guī)в型{性的瞪眼睛”的意思。例如：The trapped eagle glared at his captors.被誘捕到的雄鷹兇狠地瞪著捕獲它的人。

【考例】[NMET 1999] ____ him and then try to copy what he does.A.Mind

B.Glance at

C.Stare at

D.Watch [考查目標(biāo)] stare 等近義詞辨別。[答案與解析]D watch意思是“觀察”，是長(zhǎng)時(shí)問關(guān)注；而stare at卻是“盯著”。含有驚奇、傲慢的感情色彩。

18.trouble

(1)麻煩；煩惱；煩心的事(可數(shù)，不可數(shù))It is a pity to give you so much trouble./ Life is full of troubles.(2)困難；費(fèi)事(不可數(shù))have trouble with sth./ have trouble(in)doing sth.(= difficulty)Did you have much trouble in finding the post office? / I hope you won't have any trouble with the work.[相關(guān)短語]

(1)ask for trouble 自尋煩惱；自找麻煩 What made you write such a letter? It was asking for trouble.(2)(be)in trouble 有煩事；有困難；出事；惹麻煩 He never came except when he was in trouble.(3)put sb.to trouble 給某人造成麻煩；增添麻煩 I am sorry for putting you to so much trouble.(4)take trouble to do sth.費(fèi)心做某事；費(fèi)心 It was good of you to take the trouble to help us.[牛刀小試1] 用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：(speed，owe，encourage，decide，moment，apologize)1.will never forget the ____ given by Mr.Wang, which helped me overcome a lot difficulty.2.I have made a ___that every department in our company should buy a computer of this kind.3.I recognized the man the ____ I saw him at the corner.4.Since it was a bit later，we had to ____ up.5.We must ____ our success to our parents and teachers.6.The parents came from the far-away village, making an ____ for their naughty son.☆詞語比較☆

1.win, beat, defeat 表示獲勝、取勝的詞語

(1)win v.贏??，獲勝，接比賽或獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng) win a game / a prize / an honor / a race./ Our team won the game 8 to 7./ He won by five points./ He won her love at last./ He won the first place in the competition.(2)beat + 對(duì)手，表打敗(尤指體育比賽)I can easily beat him at golf.(3)defeat 表戰(zhàn)勝，接對(duì)手The enemy was defeated in the battle.2.in the end, finally, at last 三者均可表示“(經(jīng)過周折、等待、耽誤)最后，終于”之意。不同的是：

finally 一般用在句中動(dòng)詞前面，而 at last 與 in the end 的位置則較為靈活；

三者中at last 語氣最為強(qiáng)烈，且可單獨(dú)作為感嘆句使用。After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Dalian./ At last he knew the meaning of life./ At last!Where on earth have you been? / But in the end he gave in.另外，finally還可用在列舉事項(xiàng)時(shí)，引出最后一個(gè)內(nèi)容，相當(dāng)于lastly。Firstly, we should make a plan;secondly, we should carry it out;finally we should make a conclu-sion.3.by sea, by the sea, in the sea, on the sea, at sea

(1)by sea “走海路，乘船”，用來表示交通方式，同 by ship 同義。These heavy boxes should be sent by sea.(2)by the sea “在海邊”，相當(dāng)于 by(at)the seaside。The children enjoyed themselves by the sea on Children's Day.(3)in the sea “在海里，在海水中” There are many plants and animals in the sea.(4)on the sea “在海面上”，“在海岸邊”。I want to live in a town with a beautiful position on the sea.(5)at sea 在海上；在航海 When he woke up, the ship was at sea.4.be afraid, be afraid to do sth., be afraid of(doing)sth.(1)be afraid 意為“擔(dān)心，害怕”，多用于口語，常用來表示一種歉意，或遺憾，后可接 so 或 not，也可接 that 從句。I'm afraid(that)其語意相當(dāng)于 I'm sorry, but...。

--Are we on time? 我們準(zhǔn)時(shí)嗎?--I'm afraid not.恐怕不準(zhǔn)時(shí)。I'm afraid you'll get caught in the rain.(2)be afraid to do sth 常表示“由于膽小而不敢做某事”。She is afraid to be here alone./ He is afraid to jump into the river from the bridge.(3)be afraid of(doing)sth.常表示“擔(dān)心或害怕某事(發(fā)生)”。I was afraid of hurting her feelings.5.live, living, alive, lively

(1)live adj.①活的；活生生的；(只修飾生物；只作前置定語)The laboratory is doing experiments with several live monkeys.②實(shí)況直播的(不是錄音)It wasn't a recorded show.It was live.③帶電的；燃著的；可爆炸的 This is a live wire.(2)living adj.活著的，有生命的(作表語或定語)She was, he thought, the best living novelist in England./ The old man is still living.(或alive)

(3)alive adj.①活著的；②有活力的；有生氣作后置定語：Who's the greatest man alive? 作表語：Was the snake alive or dead? / My grandmother is more alive than a lot of young people.作補(bǔ)語：Let's keep the fish alive.(4)lively adj.活潑的；有生氣的；活躍的(作表語或定語)The music is bright and lively.6.take off, take down, take in, take on, take up

(1)take off ①(飛機(jī))起飛 A helicopter is able to take off and land straight up or down.②脫下(衣裳等)；取下 He took off his wet shoes./ Who took the knob off the door? ③休假；請(qǐng)假；歇工 When his wife was sick he took off from work.④(指觀念、產(chǎn)品)大受歡迎；(事業(yè))突然發(fā)達(dá)，成功The new type of cell phones has really taken off./ His business began to take off when he was in his forties.(2)take down ①拿下來；取下來 He reached up to the third shelf of the bookcase and took down a dictionary.②記下來 He read out the names and his secretary took them down.(3)take in ①接受(房客，客人等)；收留 The farmers took in the lost travelers for the night.②理解；領(lǐng)會(huì)；明白 The boys could not take in his meaning.③包括；涉及 The study of physics takes in many different subjects.④使上當(dāng)；欺騙We were completely taken in by her story.(4)take on ①接受；從事(某工作)After his father died, Bill took on the management of the factory.②雇用Is the supermarket taking on any more assis-tant? ③具有(新面貌、意思等)The city has taken on a new look.(5)take up ①從事某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)；發(fā)展某種愛好 So many young men want to take up writing.②開始做(某項(xiàng)工作)；開始學(xué)習(xí)(某個(gè)課程)Then she took up the task of getting the breakfast./ He dropped medicine and took up physics.③占去(時(shí)間或空間)The meeting took up the whole morning./ The table takes up too much room.④接受I'd like to take up your offer of a ride into town.7.call for, call on, call up

(1)call for ①來找(某人)；來取(某物)I'll call for you at your house.②要求；需要Success in school calls for much hard work.(2)call on ① call on / upon sb.拜訪；去會(huì)(某人)I hope to call on you at your office at 3 o’clock today.② call on / upon sb.to do sth.請(qǐng)／叫某人做某事He called upon me to speak immediately.③號(hào)召；呼吁；要求 The President called on his people to serve the country.(3)call up

①給??打電話(英 ring up)I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.②征召入役；調(diào)用(后備部隊(duì))Three boys in our street were called up last week.8.too much, much too

(1)too much “太多”之意，可以作形容詞，修飾不可數(shù)名詞，也可作副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞。There is too much rain here in spring./ She talked too much at the meeting.(2)much too “簡(jiǎn)直太，過于”，只能作副詞，用來修飾形容詞或別的副詞，不能修飾動(dòng)詞。This book is much too difficult for me./ The old man walks much too slowly.9.custom, habit

(1)custom 指?jìng)鹘y(tǒng)風(fēng)俗、習(xí)俗，也可指生活習(xí)慣，后接不定式。They broke some of the old customs./ It is the custom in China to eat dumplings during the spring Festival.(2)habit 指?jìng)€(gè)人生活習(xí)慣?！?有)養(yǎng)成??習(xí)慣”常

用be in / fall into / get into / form / have the habit of doing sth.句型；“戒掉??習(xí)慣”常用 give up / kick / break away from / get out of the habit of doing sth.句型。It's easy to get into a bad habit but its hard to give it up./ The drug easily get one into the habit of smoking.10.arise, rise, raise raise vt.“使??上升；升起；提高”等；

rise vi.“上升；升起”； arise vi.“站起來(stand up)”，“起床(get up)”，rise和arise用作站起，起床都屬正式用法；arise主要表示“出現(xiàn)、發(fā)生”等意思。She raised her voice in anger.(抬高)The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground.(刮起)The child rose from the ground and ran to his mother.(=The child raised himself from the ground and ran to his mother.)(爬起)She rises before it is light.(起床)Difficulties will arise as we do the work.(出現(xiàn))☆短語歸納☆

1.can't help doing sth.禁不住做某事，不由得不做某事

She couldn't hep smiling.[比較]

(1)can't help but do 不得不??；不能不 When the streets are full of melting snow, you can't help but get your shoes wet.(2)cannot but 不能不，只能He could not but feel disappointed.[歸納](1)help(sb.)(to)do sth.Help me get him back to bed at once./ By helping them we are helping save ourselves.(2)help...with sth.幫助??做某事 In those days he used to help her mother with her gardening.(3)help oneself / sb.to sth.給自己 / 別人夾菜 / 拿煙等；擅自拿用 May I help you to some more vegetables?

(4)help...in sth.在??方面幫助某人 She offered to help Rose in the housekeeping when I am not here.(5)help out 幫忙(做事；克服困難等)I've often helped Bob out when he's been a bit short of money.2.含go的短語

① go around 到處走／跑．(疾病)流傳，(謠言)傳開；go after 追求；go ahead 說吧，請(qǐng)吧，做吧；go away 離開，出去

② go back 走網(wǎng)頭路，翻悔改變；go bad 變壞；go boating 去劃船 ③ go fishing 去釣魚；go for a walk去散步 ④ go hiking 去徒步旅行；go home 回家 ⑤ go in for 喜愛，從事于；go into 進(jìn)入，加入 ⑥ go mad 發(fā)瘋

⑦ go off 離去，去世；go on 繼續(xù)，進(jìn)展，依據(jù)；go on doing 繼續(xù)做；go out 出去，發(fā)出去，熄滅，不時(shí)興；go over 研究，檢查，搜查

⑧ go shopping 去商店；go skating 去滑冰；go straight along 沿著；go swimming 去游泳 ⑨ go through 通過，經(jīng)受，仔細(xì)檢查；go to bed 上床 ⑩ go up 上升 ? go wrong 走錯(cuò)路，誤入歧途

[例句] We'll go through the items one by one.我們要逐條研究。She has gone back to her old habits.她又回到了已往的習(xí)慣。Come on Sunday by yourself-we can go over the house together.星期天你要過來．我們一起檢查一下房子。His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep.他的演講持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，結(jié)果人們開始想睡。That expression has gone out.Nobody Uses it today.那個(gè)短語已經(jīng)過時(shí)了，現(xiàn)在沒有人在用它。The young fellow hasn't realized that he has gone wrong.這個(gè)年輕人還沒有意識(shí)到他已經(jīng)誤入歧途。Tired of going shopping with his wife，Mr.Liu pretended to have something important to do.厭煩與妻子一起去購物，劉先生假裝有重要的事情要做。

【考例2】(2004北京)I don't ____ rock' n' roll.It's much too noisy for my taste.A.go after

B.go away with

C.go into

D.go in for [考查目標(biāo)] 此題主要考查四個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語的意思。

[答案與解析]D

go after 追求；go away with 帶走；go into進(jìn)入，加入；go in for 喜愛，愛好。根據(jù)句子意思“搖滾音樂太嘈雜。不合乎我的口味．所以我不喜歡”。

【考例】(NMET 1998)Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ____.A.be put up

B.give in

C.be turned on

D.go out [考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查四個(gè)短語的意思。[答案與解析] D

put up 掛起；give in 屈服；turn on 打開；go out 熄滅。本句話意思是“沒有人注意到賊溜進(jìn)了屋子，因?yàn)闊襞銮上缌恕薄?.go wrong

(1)走錯(cuò)路；弄錯(cuò)方向

(2)失?。徊豁樌鸄ll our plans went wrong./ Everything went wrong in those days.(3)發(fā)生故障

The clock went wrong.[比較]表示“變?yōu)椤钡南祫?dòng)詞

(1)go 表示由積極向消極方面變化Fish soon goes bad in hot weather.又如：go mad / pale / blind / hungry

(2)become / get 表示由積極向消極或消極向積極方

面變化 The weather is getting quite warm./ Gradually he became silent.(3)turn 多接表顏色的詞 This ink turns black when it dries./ He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.注意：become a writer

(4)grow 側(cè)重變化過程 The sea is growing calm.(5)fall 進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)

All three children fell asleep.4.owe...to...受到恩惠；歸功于??(1)欠(錢)owe sb.money = owe money to sb.I owe ￡50 to my tailor.= I owe my tailor ￡50.(2)得過(某人的)好處；欠(某人的)人情債

We owe a great deal to our parents and teachers.(3)應(yīng)當(dāng)給予 You owe me an apology.(4)??應(yīng)歸功于；??都虧得

We owe the general theory of relativity to Einstein.[拓展]表示“由于”的詞組：owing to / because of / thanks to / due to / as a result of 5.take one's place(1)入座，站好位置，取得地位Take your places, please.We are about to start.(2)take one's place = take the place of sb.代替(職務(wù)或工作等)；接替Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England.[比較](1)in place(of)代替；??而不用The grown-ups had coffee but the children wanted milk in place of coffee.(2)take one's seat 在自己座位上坐下；有時(shí)等于 take one's place：More men entered and took their seats.6.think highly of 贊揚(yáng) 表贊賞的詞有：

(1)think / speak highly / well / much...of: The people think very highly of him.表認(rèn)為不好的詞有：

(2)think little / badly / poorly / nothing...of: Joan thought little of walking two miles to school.7.含“動(dòng)詞 + away”的短語 ① do away with 去掉

② get away 逃脫，(使)離開 ③ go away 離去，出去

④ put away 放好，把??收拾起來，存(錢)以備它日之用 ⑤ run away 逃走，離開

⑥ smooth away 去除，克服

⑦ stay away(from)不在家，外出

⑧ take away 拿走，帶走，奪去，使離去 ⑨ throw away 扔掉．浪費(fèi)．坐失(良機(jī))[例句]Don't throw away such a good chance.Or you'll regret.不要放棄這么好的機(jī)會(huì)，不然的話，你會(huì)后悔的。Put away the tools before you leave.離開前把工具收拾好。Why did you stay away from school? 你為什么不去上學(xué)? I had hoped to take a good holiday this year but I wasn't able to get away.我本打算今年好好去度假，但是我離不開?！究祭?2004重慶)Before the war broke out, many people ____ in safe places possessions they could not take with them．

A.threw away

B.put away

C.gave away

D.carried away [考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查“動(dòng)詞+away”四個(gè)短語的意思。[答案與解析]B throw away 扔掉；put way 放好，把 ??收拾起來；give away 分發(fā)．泄露；carry away 沖走。本句話意思是“在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)以前，許多人把他們不能帶走的財(cái)產(chǎn)藏在了安全的地方”。8.含“動(dòng)詞 + off”的短語

① drop off 放下，下車 ② fall off(從??)掉下來

③ get off(從??)下來，動(dòng)身，起飛，脫下來 ④ give off 發(fā)出，放出

⑤ jump off 跳離

⑥ put off 推遲，延期

⑦ set off 出發(fā)，引起，啟程

⑧ see sb off 為某人送行，為??送行 ⑨ switch off 關(guān)掉

⑩ take off 脫，去掉，起飛，匆匆離開，成名 ? throw off 匆忙脫掉

? turn off 關(guān)掉，避開，拐彎

[例句]The electricity supply must be turned off at the mains before you change the lighting circuit.在改變火線前，主干線的電力供應(yīng)必須切斷。Mrs Garey as usual went to the door to see him off.Garey夫人像通常一樣把他送到門口。He had to put off an appointment with me on account of illness.因?yàn)榧膊〉木壒?，他不得不推遲了與我的約會(huì)。Before the body of the car can be properly repaired, all the external fittings must be taken off.車身適當(dāng)修理前，所有外部的配件必須拿下來。The fire doesn't seem to be giving off much heat.這爐火好像不大熱?！究祭?2005廣東)John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will ____ him ____ at the airport.A.send...away

B.leave...off

C.see...off

D.show...around [考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查短語see off的用法。

[答案與解析]C

see off 意為“給某人送行”；send away意為“派遣”；leave off意為“停止，不再穿”；show around意為“帶領(lǐng)某人參觀”。[牛刀小試2] 在下列句子的空白處填上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或副詞。

1.My grandmother had put ____ over$50,000 when she was sixty—five years old.2.His mother had thought it would be good for his charac-ter to get ____ home and earn some money on his own.3.The market was filled ____ salted fish, giving the worst smell that you can imagine.4.--What do you think the contest?--I was told that the English Speech Contest went ____ successfully last night.5.If you had gone ____ your test paper carefully before handing it in you would have made fewer mistakes.☆句型詮釋☆

1.The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.他沒能上電影學(xué)院是因?yàn)樗姆謹(jǐn)?shù)太低了。

該句巾的why引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，而that引導(dǎo)表語從句。

1.句中that引導(dǎo)的表語從句說明主語reason的具體內(nèi)容，往往被看作是固定句型：The reason is / was that clause.當(dāng)主語是reason / cause時(shí)，一般不能用because或why引導(dǎo)表語從句，以免造成語意重復(fù)。當(dāng)主語是This / That時(shí)，可以由because / why引導(dǎo)表語從句。例如：One reason is that people traveled to America from all European countries.【考例】(NMET 1999)--I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.--Is that ____ you had a few days off?

A.why B.when C.what D.where [考查目標(biāo)] 表語從句。[答案與解析]A 句子的意思是“那就是你請(qǐng)了幾天假的原因嗎?”因此可知答案為why。2.why在句中是關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞reason，同時(shí)它在定語從句中作狀語，此時(shí)why = for which，但要注意：關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語時(shí)，要用關(guān)系代詞that或which。

【考例】(2002上海春招)Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

A.he explained

B.what he explained

C.how he explained

D.why he explained [考查目標(biāo)]定語從句。

[答案與解析]A what，how不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，排除B、C兩項(xiàng)；the reason在定語從句中作explained的賓語，可填that / which，或者也可以省略。

2.Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.好多看過這個(gè)片子的人一想起片中鯊魚食人的場(chǎng)面．就不敢下海游泳了。

該句是一個(gè)復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句，從when到句子末尾是狀語從句，在從句中包含一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞scenes;在前面的主句里面。包含一個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞people。例如：Those who want to go camping next Sunday sign your name here before class is over.定語從句關(guān)系詞的選擇，要遵循“瞻前顧后”的原則，所謂“瞻前”即看前面的先行詞指人還是指物；“顧后”即后面的定語從句，看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作什么成分。例如：This is the factory where he works.(狀語)/ This is the factory(that / which)he visited.(賓語)【考例】(NMET 1992)In the dark street，there wasn't a single person ____ she could turn for help.A.that

B.who

C.from whom

D.to whom [考查目標(biāo)]定語從句。

[答案與解析]D “turn to sb for help”為固定短語，意思是“向某人求助”，所以選to whom。3.When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children.當(dāng)有人問起他成功的秘訣時(shí)。史蒂文?斯皮爾伯格說起他的成功和幸福主要來自于妻子和孩子。

該句中的 ”when" 是時(shí)間狀語從句的省略形式。在狀語從句中，如果從句主語與主句主語一致或從句主語是it，而且從句謂語動(dòng)詞是be或包含be時(shí)，常常將從句主語與be省略。例如：Although born in Chicago, the author is famous for his stories about New York.【考例】(2003上海春招)Unless ___to speak，you should remain silent at the conference.A.invited

B.inviting

C.being invited

D.having invited [考查目標(biāo)]狀語從句的省略現(xiàn)象。

[答案與解析]A unless為連詞，后面省略了you are，所以選invited。

4.Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.在餐桌上，懂禮節(jié)意味著你知道如何使用刀叉，何時(shí)祝酒以及如何在用餐時(shí)舉止得體。

該句中having good manners為v-ing形式作主語。例如：Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.▲友情提示：在v-ing 形式前加形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格，構(gòu)成v-ing復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作主語、賓語。

【考例5】(2001上海)Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ____.A.he'd like to collect coins as well

B.he feels like collecting coins, too

C.to collect coins is also his hobby

D.collecting coins gives him great pleasure [考查目標(biāo)]v-ing 作主語。

[答案與解析]D

A、B、C三項(xiàng)句法都無錯(cuò)誤，但在and連接的并列句中，兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語要保持一致的形式 fishing and collecting coins分別做兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語。

5.It's polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don't take more food than you need.餐盤里的東西要吃光才禮貌，所以不要多拿。

該句中的it為形式主語，真正的主語為to finish eating ?例如：It's not right to tell lies.撒謊是不對(duì)的。

it作為形式主語，真正的主語是動(dòng)詞不定式短語。常見的句型有： 1.It + be + adj.+ to do sth 2.It + be + n.+ to do sth 3.It + be + PP.to do sth 【考例】(2001上海)In fact ____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.this

B.that

C.there

D.it [考查目標(biāo)] 形式主語。

[答案與解析]D 只有it才可以作形式主語?！揪湫蜌w納】

1.When / While / Though / Unless / If + n./ adj./ 現(xiàn)在分詞／過去分詞?? 狀語從句有些成分有時(shí)可省略，一般是主語和be省略；有時(shí)it和be可以省略： He made no answer when(he is)spoken to./Though(he was)born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York./ Come back early if(it is)possible.[注意]用法詳見Chapter 10語法活用“省略和插入語”。2.Not only / just?but(also)連接相同的句子成分

Not only the teacher but all the students are going to visit the Science Museum.(連接主語時(shí)根據(jù)就近原則)/ They not only sang but(also)danced for a whole night./ Many people go to see this film not just because the film is interesting, but also the leading actors and actresses are all world famous./ Not only do we learn for our country, but we'll work for her in the future.(連接句子時(shí)，not only后的句子要部分倒裝)[牛刀小試3] 1.The reason ____ you failed, I think, was ____ you had turned a deaf ear to your mother's advice.A.that;because

B.why;because C.why;that

D.for that;that 2.The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.(2004 全國(guó)卷I)A.for which

B.at which C.in which

D.on which 3.When ____, the museum will be open to the public next year.(2002 上海春招)A.completed

B.completing

C.being completed

D.to be completed 4.____ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.(2003 上海)A.The president will attend

第五篇：2016年高一英語必修一unit5知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

2015年高一英語必修一unit5知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2015-01-31

在高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的過程中，所學(xué)的東西非常多且零散，同學(xué)們要學(xué)好所學(xué)的知識(shí)，必須要對(duì)所學(xué)的知識(shí)進(jìn)行知識(shí)點(diǎn)的總結(jié)，下面是小編為幫助大家節(jié)省高一英語學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié)的時(shí)間，特意整理的2015年高一英語必修一unit5知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)。

1.A great person is a someone who devotes his/her life to helping others.偉人是把自己的生命奉獻(xiàn)給幫助別人的人。

(He started to study ecology and decided to devote his whole life to the science.他開始研究生態(tài)學(xué)，并決心將他的一生獻(xiàn)身于這門科學(xué)。He devoted himself entirely to music.他將一生奉獻(xiàn)給了音樂。)

2.fight against 對(duì)抗，反對(duì)，與……作斗爭(zhēng)

We are all brothers in the same fight against injustice.在共同反對(duì)非正義行為的斗爭(zhēng)中, 我們都是同志.People often have to fight for their liberty.人們往往不得不為自由而戰(zhàn)。

He and his wife are always fighting about who will take after the children.他與他妻子總是在為由誰來照看孩子而吵架。

3.He worked selflessly in China as a doctor and saved many Chinese soldiers.作為一個(gè)醫(yī)生他無私地在中國(guó)工作，并且拯救了很多中國(guó)戰(zhàn)士。

4.He strongly believed in the three principles: nationalism;people’s rights;people’s livelihood.他主張三民主義：民主、民權(quán)、民生。

5.be free from 免于，不受

A judge must be free from prejudice.法官必須不抱成見。

6.in a peaceful way 以和平的方式

7.be in prison 入獄，在獄中服刑 in the prison 在監(jiān)獄

8.the same…as…和……一樣

9.the first man to land on the moon 第一個(gè)登上月球的人

10.The time when I first met him was a very difficult period of my life.第一次見到他的時(shí)候是在我一生中非常艱難的時(shí)期。(定語從句)

11.He was generous with his time,for which I was grateful.他十分慷慨地給予我時(shí)間，我為此非常感激。(He is generous with his money.他花錢大方。I am grateful to you for helping me.感謝你的幫助。Our grateful thanks are due to you.我們衷心感謝你。)

12.have little education 受的教育少

13.I could not read or write well.我既不會(huì)讀也不會(huì)寫。

14.I worried about whether I would become out of work.我擔(dān)心我是不是會(huì)失業(yè)。

15.I became more hopeful about my future.我對(duì)自己的未來充滿了希望。(I am hopeful that she will come tomorrow.我對(duì)她明天要來抱著希望。)

16.as soon as I could 盡快，馬上

17.The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.(定語從句)過去30年來所出現(xiàn)的大量法律剝奪我們的權(quán)利，阻擋我們的進(jìn)步，一直到今天，我們還處在幾乎什么權(quán)利都沒有的階段。(The 19th century saw many changes.許多變革發(fā)生于19世紀(jì)。at an early stage in our history在我們的歷史早期)

18.…we were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government.我們被置于這樣一個(gè)境地：要么我們被迫接受低人一等的現(xiàn)實(shí)，要么跟政府作斗爭(zhēng)。

19.Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.只有到這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們才決定用暴力反抗暴力。(Only 位于句首，修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句時(shí)，句子采用部分倒裝的語序;修飾狀語從句時(shí)，只有主句采用部分倒裝的語序。

如：① Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem.只有這樣，你才能想出解決這個(gè)問題的辦法。

② Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.叫了三次他才來參加會(huì)議。

③ Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.病的很重時(shí)，他才臥床休息。

Only then did I realize my mistake.直到那時(shí)我才知道我的錯(cuò)誤.)

20.as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上(As a matter of fact，it is health that counts.事實(shí)上，健康才是最重要的。As a matter of fact, parents don’t want their children to be in trouble.事實(shí)上，父母都不希望子女有麻煩。)

21.In 1963, I helped him blow up some government buildings.在1963年，我?guī)椭Я艘恍┱髽恰?Can you lend me a pump to blow up my bicycle tyres?你能借給我個(gè)打氣筒給車胎打打氣嗎?

Then it turned out that some stars, like our own sun will blow up one day.然后，事實(shí)上有些恒星，就像我們自己的太陽，有朝一日會(huì)爆炸。)

22.…I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white people equal.……我知道這是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的黑人和白人平等的夢(mèng)想。

23.in trouble 處于困境遇到麻煩

Do as you're told, otherwise you'll be in trouble.叫你怎么做就怎么做, 否則有麻煩.24.be willing to do sth.愿意，樂于Only very few people would be willing to share with him their opinions.很少有人愿意跟他分享他們的見解。

25.What was his attitude towards the unfair situation black people faced? 他對(duì)黑人面臨的不公平處境什么態(tài)度?

26.turn to 變成;求助于，借助于, 翻到，轉(zhuǎn)向

She had no one to turn to for advice.她沒有一個(gè)可以商量的人。

Who can I turn to in my hour of need? 在我需要的時(shí)候我能向誰求助呢? As they were out of work, Mr and Mrs Black had to turn to their relatives for help.布萊克夫婦由于失業(yè)，不得不向親戚求幫助。

27.… the quality of life for black people got worse.…… 黑人的生活質(zhì)量更糟糕。

28….many people remember me as one of the first active black fighters for human rights 很多人認(rèn)為我是為人權(quán)而戰(zhàn)的第一批積極的黑人戰(zhàn)士之一。

29.lose heart 灰心;泄氣, 喪失勇氣,失去信心

Difficulties were increasing.Even then we did not lose heart.盡管困難在增加，但我們毫不灰心。

You will succeed sooner or later while you don't lose heart.只要你不失去信心，你遲早會(huì)成功。

If you fail, you should not lose heart but just keep on going.如果你失敗了，你也不該灰心。

30.escape from 逃脫，逃離，從……逃出

He listens to music as an escape from the pressures of work.他聽音樂以緩解一下工作的壓力.He stayed in the background to escape from the public attention.他呆在幕后為了避開公眾的注意。

The couple had a narrow escape from the fire.這對(duì)夫妻從火災(zāi)中死里逃生。

31.He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep.在午餐的休息時(shí)間和晚上我們本應(yīng)該睡覺的時(shí)候他教授我們。

should have done 本應(yīng)做而未做

needn’t have done 本不應(yīng)做而做了

can’t have done 過去不可能做過

32.He said they should not be stopped from studying for their degrees.他說他們不應(yīng)該被剝奪通過學(xué)習(xí)獲得學(xué)位的權(quán)利。

33.…but they did pass their exams.但是他們確實(shí)通過了考試。

34.That made me feel good about myself.這讓我覺得自己還不錯(cuò)。

35.be better educated 受到良好教育

36.I didn’t work again for twenty years until the ANC came to power in 1994.在非國(guó)大于1994年執(zhí)政之前，我有20年沒有工作。(After Mandela came to power and became president, his government did their best to change the unfair situation for black people.曼德勒掌權(quán)成為總統(tǒng)后，他的政府盡力為黑人改變不平等的狀況。)

37.All the terror and fear of that time came back to me.我回憶起那時(shí)的所有的恐怖和令人畏懼的情景。

After the attack , her eyes filled with terror every time when she saw a dog.自從遭遇襲擊之后，她每次看見狗，眼睛里都滿是恐懼。

38.be proud to do sth.I'll be proud to be part of it

我會(huì)以成為其中一份子而自豪。

be proud of sth

You should be proud of what you have achieved.你們應(yīng)當(dāng)為自己所取得的成績(jī)而自豪。

39.set up創(chuàng)立，建立，為…作準(zhǔn)備;豎立，架起，建造;開業(yè)，開始經(jīng)商

The company was set up ten years ago.公司是十年前建立的。

He plans to set up his own business.他決定自己做生意。

He begged me to let him join the club we have just set up.他懇求我讓他加入我們剛建立的俱樂部。

40.be sentenced to … 被判處……

He suggested that the murderer referred to be sentenced to death at once.他建議所涉及到的殺人兇手立刻被判處死刑。

Robert was sentenced to three years in prison for stealing and released a month ago.羅伯特因偷竊被判處三年監(jiān)禁，于一個(gè)月前被釋放。

41.Do you have any thoughts on that? 你認(rèn)為那怎么樣?

42.to my understanding

按我的理解

43.He was in poor health in his youth so he had to be educated at home.他年輕時(shí)身體不好，所有只得在家接受教育。

44.be accepted by … 被……錄取、接受

45.give free medical care to people there

給那兒的人免費(fèi)醫(yī)療

As far as I know, in some developed countries people enjoy free medical care.就我所知，在一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家人們享有免費(fèi)醫(yī)療。

46.He died from blood poisoning.他死于敗血癥。

47.At that time the war between China and Japan was under way.那時(shí)中日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)正在進(jìn)行之中。

48.Mao Zedong praised Bethune’s excellent qualities in this article.毛澤東在這篇文章了贊揚(yáng)了白求恩的優(yōu)良品質(zhì)。

49.point of view 觀察點(diǎn);觀點(diǎn)

It depends on your point of view.這將因個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)而異。

50.compete with… 與……競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

If you want to compete with someone, compete with yourself.如果你想同別人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，先同自己競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

51.advise v.常用搭配

advise + n./pron.advise + doing

advise sb.to do sth.advise + that從句(從句的謂語用“should + v原”，should 常省略)

注：1)與advise用法類似的動(dòng)詞如forbid, ,allow,permit,admit,consider等直接接動(dòng)詞作賓語時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，但接賓補(bǔ)(主補(bǔ))時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)(主補(bǔ))要用不定式。

如：We forbid smoking here.(賓語，用動(dòng)名詞)We forbid you to smoke here.(賓補(bǔ)，用動(dòng)詞不定式)You are forbidden to smoke here.(主補(bǔ)，用動(dòng)詞不定式)

2)區(qū)別：advise(勸說)/persuade(勸服)

EX: 1)我勸過他，但未能勸服他。_______________________________

2)We trust you: only you can _____________ him to give up smoking.A.suggest B.attract C.advise D.persuade Keys: 1)I advised him but I couldn’t persuade him.2)D

2015年高一英語必修一unit4知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2015-01-31

1.Now imagine there has been a big earthquake.現(xiàn)在，假設(shè)有一次大地震。

“There +be +主語+其它成分”結(jié)構(gòu)中there為引導(dǎo)詞，本身無意義，謂語動(dòng)詞按照就近一致原則。其它相似句型還有：

There happen to be 碰巧有 There seems/appears to be 好像有

There is likely to be 可能有 There may/might be 也許有

There must be 一定有 There can’t be 不可能有

There is said/reported to be 據(jù)說/據(jù)報(bào)道有

There used to be 曾經(jīng)有 There is sure/certain to be 一定有

2.happen to.It(so)happened that…

Did you hear what happened to David last night?

你聽說大衛(wèi)昨天晚上發(fā)生什么事了嗎?

What will happen to the children if Peter and Alice break up?

如果彼得和愛麗絲離婚孩子們將怎么辦?

I happened to see Peter on the way to the bookstore yesterday.昨天我去書店的路上碰巧遇見了彼得。

It so happened that I saw Peter on the way to the bookstore yesterday.昨天我去書店的路上碰巧遇見了彼得。

I happened to be out when he called.他來訪時(shí)，恰巧我出去了。

(= It happened that I was out when he called.)

I happened on just the thing I had been looking for.我偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了我所要找的東西。

3.right away毫不遲疑，立刻

He is ill;you should call in the doctor right away.他病了, 你應(yīng)該立即請(qǐng)大夫來。

4.A smelly gas came out of the cracks.裂縫里冒出臭氣。

5.In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.農(nóng)家大院里，雞甚至豬都緊張得不想吃食。

6.But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night.但是，這個(gè)城市的一百萬居民都沒有把這些情況當(dāng)一回事，當(dāng)天晚上照常睡著了。

7.It seemed as if the world was at an end.世界似乎到了末日。

從句表示“(在某人)看來好像;似乎”

① It seems/looks/appears as if/though…看起來好像…

② Sb./Sth.looks as if/though…(不用seem/appear)

③ There seems/appears(to be)…(不用 look)

There appears to have been a mistake.=It appears that there has been a mistake.④ It seems so.=So it seems.看來似乎是這樣。

8.In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.在可怕的15秒鐘內(nèi)，一座大城市就淪落為一片廢墟之中。

9.Two-thirds of them died or injured during the earthquake.三人之二的人在地震中死去或受傷。

10.The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.死傷的人數(shù)達(dá)到40多萬。

10.Some of the rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the ruins.有些醫(yī)生和救援人員被困在廢墟下面。

11.All hope was not lost.不是所有的希望都破滅了。該句為部分否定。All, both, everyone, everybody, everything 以及every+名詞都表示全部肯定;但當(dāng)not 在它們之前或之后都表示部分否定。no one, none nobody, nothing, not…any, 以及 no+名詞都表示全部否定。如：

① Both of them haven’t read this story.并非他們二人都看過這個(gè)故事。

② All of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem.這些男孩都很聰明，但沒有一個(gè)人能解出這道題。

③ All bamboo doesn’t grow tall.=Not all bamboo grows tall.并非所有的竹子都長(zhǎng)的高。

12.Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.救援人員為那些家園被毀的幸存者蓋起了避難所。

13.under the weight of在……重壓下，迫于

14.in the open air 在戶外，在野外，露天 in the air 在空中，懸而未決

15.take turns to do sth依次，輪流做某事 in turn 依次地，輪流地

It is your turn now.現(xiàn)在輪到你了。

No one is allowed to get his ticket out of turn.任何人都不準(zhǔn)不按次序買票。

16.be shocked at對(duì)……感到震驚

17.be proud of以……為自豪

18.Our office would like to have you speak to the park visitors on July 28

19.express one’s thanks to sb /for sth…對(duì)/因……表示感謝

20.without warning 毫無預(yù)兆

21.next to緊接著，相鄰，次于

22.get away from…避免，擺脫，離開

23.disarster-hit areas災(zāi)區(qū)

24.raise money 募捐，籌款

25.Listening to English is a very important skill because it is only when we understand what is said to us that we can have a conversation with somebody.聽英語是一項(xiàng)很重要的技能，因?yàn)橹挥挟?dāng)我們懂得別人給我們說什么我們才能與他交談。

26.It is believed that on the surface of the earth are a number of plates.人們認(rèn)為地球表面是一些板塊。

27.hold up舉起;托住;支撐;使停滯;耽擱;提出;阻擋;列舉，推舉;(理論等)經(jīng)得住

Women can hold up half of the sky.婦女能頂半邊天。

28.make up彌補(bǔ), 虛構(gòu), 縫制, 整理, 包裝, 和解, 編輯, 化妝,補(bǔ)足,拼湊

Farm workers make up only a small section of the population.農(nóng)民只占人口的一小部分.The boy made up a story;it was not true.男孩編了個(gè)故事，這故事不是真的。

29.The judge gave a prize and his congratulations to the cyclist who won the competition.裁判把獎(jiǎng)金頒給贏得比賽的自行車選手，并向他祝賀。

30.The miners who had been trapped in the mine for two days were finally rescued.被困在煤礦里兩天的礦工們最后得到了營(yíng)救。

31.The reporter recognized that the girl who was so frightened was trying to avoid the question.記者意識(shí)到女孩很害怕，而且盡力地回避問題。

32.The big fire destroyed two shops which are about four blocks from here.大火摧毀了離這兒四個(gè)街區(qū)的兩個(gè)商店。

33.I can’t express how I am feeling at the moment.我無法表達(dá)我現(xiàn)在的感覺。

34.It is said but true that people die in earthquakes from falling furniture and bricks.據(jù)說但是真實(shí)的，在地震中人們死于倒落的家具和磚塊。

35.be fixed to…被固定到……

36.be tied to … 被綁在……

2015年高一英語必修一unit3知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2015-01-31

1.prefer

prefer doing to talking 喜歡做而不喜歡說

Which of these two dresses do you prefer? 這兩套衣服你喜歡哪一套?

I prerer to go to America for my fruther study.我更愿意選擇去美國(guó)進(jìn)修學(xué)習(xí)。

Anne prefers me to replace her at the meeting.安妮更愿意我代替她去參加會(huì)議。

1.advantages and disadvantages 優(yōu)劣

2.How do they make use of it in their daily life? 在日常生活中他們是如何利用它的

3.flow through 流過，流經(jīng)

4.Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.從高中起，我姐姐王維和我就一直夢(mèng)想做一次偉大的自行車旅行。連詞since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般過去時(shí)，介詞since 與表示過去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間的詞語連用，副詞since 后不用從句或詞語。

It is/has been+一段時(shí)間+since+一般過去時(shí)(從句中的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù))自從……至今已經(jīng)多久了。

since then 自從那時(shí)至今 ever since 從那以后一直

5.persuade sb to do sth= persuade sb into doing sth 說服某人做某事

He persuaded her to go to school, even though she did not want to.即使她不想去上學(xué)，他還是說服她去。

6.grow up in western Yunnan 在云南西部長(zhǎng)大

7.After graduating fro college, we finally got the chance to take a bike trip.大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后，我們終于有了機(jī)會(huì)騎自行車旅行。

8.It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.首先想到沿湄公河從源頭到終點(diǎn)騎車旅游的是我的姐姐。

強(qiáng)調(diào)句型It is/was…that/who 的用法歸納如下：

強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可以強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語動(dòng)詞以外的任何句子成份。一般來說，如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)，用連詞that或who;如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是物，只能用連詞that。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型應(yīng)避免使用when, where, which 等連詞。

含一般疑問句和特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型:

① 含一般疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：Is it+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?

② 特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)形式為：特殊疑問詞+is/was it that/who+句子的其余部分?

9.schedual for the trip 旅行計(jì)劃

10.be fond of 喜歡，喜愛

Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly.盡管她對(duì)去某些地方的最佳路線并不清楚，她堅(jiān)持要自己把這次旅行安排得盡善盡美。(注意1：Although conj.“盡管，雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。拓展：

① although 從句多在句首，though 從句可在主句前、中、后任何位置，而且though 可以作副詞用于句末，作“但是，不過”講，而although 無此用法。

② although 用來陳述事實(shí)而不用于假設(shè)，所以as though(仿佛，好像)，even though(即使，盡管)中不能用although。

③ though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句可以倒裝(將表語、狀語、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞原形前置到句首，此用法同as),而 although 不可以。注意2：insist 在這里的意思是“堅(jiān)持要求”后面的that從句用虛擬語氣;如果insist 意為“強(qiáng)調(diào)，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”的時(shí)候，從句可以用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。例如：She insisted that she didn’t tell a lie.她強(qiáng)調(diào)她沒撒謊。另外，還可以用insist on doing sth/ sth.一定要、堅(jiān)持主張，如：She insists on getting up early and playing her radio loudly她老是一大早起來把收音機(jī)音量開大。)

11.care about details 考慮細(xì)節(jié)

The only thing he cares about is money.他唯一在乎的就是金錢。

care for 喜歡，照料，照顧 I don’t really care for red wine.我其實(shí)并不喜歡紅葡萄酒。

Who will care for your child if you are out? 如果你外出了，誰來照顧你的孩子?

12.give me a determined look給了我一個(gè)堅(jiān)定的眼神

13.change one’s mind 改變主意

14.…she seemed to be excited about it.似乎顯得興奮

15.an interesting experience一次有趣的經(jīng)歷

16.Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.Finally, I had to give in.她一旦下了決心，什么也不能使她改變。最后，我只好讓步了。Once 可作為從屬連詞，作“一(旦)……就……”解，連接一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語從句。從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表將來。

如：Once you have begin you must continue.Once printed，the book will be very popular。

17.It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, travelling across western Yunnan Province.它穿過深谷時(shí)就變成了急流，流經(jīng)云南西部。

18.It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows.河水蜿蜒緩慢地穿過低谷，流向生長(zhǎng)稻谷的平原。

19.He is so stubborn that no one can persuade him to do anything.他太固執(zhí)，沒有一人能勸動(dòng)他做事。

20.A determined person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is.不論工作多難，一個(gè)堅(jiān)決的人總是努力地去完成它。

21.My grandpa is fond of fishing and sometimes he fishes all day in the river.我爺爺喜歡釣魚，有時(shí)他整天在河邊釣魚。

22.I prefer the red dress to the green one because it fits me better.我喜歡那件紅色的衣服不喜歡那件綠色的，因?yàn)榧t色的更合我的身。

23.The concert went like clockwork because Li Pei organized it so well.音樂會(huì)順利地進(jìn)行，因?yàn)槔钆褰M織地相當(dāng)好。

24.I wanted to pay the train fare, but my friend insisted.Finally I gave in.我想付火車票費(fèi)用，但我朋友堅(jiān)持他付。最后我讓步了。

25.She persuaded all of us to cycle to work instead of taking the bus.她說服了我們不做公共汽車而是騎車去工作。

26.As neither of them would give in, no decision was taken that day.由于雙方都不讓步，那天沒有形成決議。

27.The task was difficult, but Helen’s determined expression let me know that she would not give up.雖然工作很難，但海倫的堅(jiān)定神情使我知道她不會(huì)放棄。

28.How I wish I could make a journey into space and see the stars up close.我多么希望我能夠進(jìn)行太空旅行，近距離地看看星星啊。

29.The very first time that Joe saw the film “ET” directed by Steven Spieberg, he made up his mind to become a director too.第一次看Steven Spieberg執(zhí)導(dǎo)的電影“ET”時(shí)，他就下定決心也要當(dāng)一名導(dǎo)演。

30.a large parcel of 一大包

31.We are taking out insurance to cover any problems.我們要投保給一切問題保險(xiǎn)。

32.Our legs were so heavy and cold that they felt like blocks of ice.我們的腿又冷又沉，感覺就像大冰塊。

33.Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us.一路上，一些身著羊毛大衣的孩子們停下來看我們。

34.However, the lakes shone like glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.然而，湖水在落日的余暉下閃亮如鏡，景色迷人。

35.as usual 像往常一樣

36.At one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds.在某個(gè)時(shí)刻，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己置身高處，仿佛騎車穿越云層。

37.We saw many sheep eating green grass.我們看到羊群在吃草。

38.make camp宿營(yíng)

39.put up our tent 搭帳篷

40.stay awake 睡不著，醒著

41.at midnight 在半夜

42.for company 做伴

43.lie beneath the stars 躺在星空下

44.We can hardly wait to see them.我們迫不及待地想要見到他們。

45.Good luck on your journey.祝你旅途愉快

46.When you go on a journey, why not keep a travel journey?

當(dāng)你出游的時(shí)候問什么不記旅行日記呢?

47.see the world through somebody else’s eyes 通過別人的眼睛看世界

48.go in the right direction 走正確的方向

49.The tortoise moves at a very slow pace.烏龜以很慢的速度行進(jìn)。

If you pace yourself, you will be able to work efficiently.如果你為自己定好了速度，你就會(huì)高效地工作。

50.be similar to 類似于

51.afford to do sth 付得起，能承擔(dān)

52.be tired from因……而疲勞 be tired of 對(duì)……厭倦

53.be in high spirits 喜氣洋洋，興高采烈

54.come true 實(shí)現(xiàn)，成真

55.Ask them to give you some advice on improving it.要他們就如何改進(jìn)提一些建議。

56.a guide to… ……的指南

57.on a tour 在游覽中，在巡演中

58.in detail 詳細(xì)地

2015年高一英語必修一unit1知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)(人教版)

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2015-01-29

關(guān)于高一英語必修一知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)，英語學(xué)習(xí)的過程中，所學(xué)的東西非常多且零散，同學(xué)們要學(xué)好所學(xué)的知識(shí)，必須要對(duì)所學(xué)的知識(shí)進(jìn)行知識(shí)點(diǎn)的總結(jié)，為幫助大家節(jié)省高一英語必修一知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)的時(shí)間。

Survey n.縱覽,視察,測(cè)量v.審視,視察,通盤考慮,調(diào)查

1.We stood on the top of the mountain and surveyed the countryside.我們站在山頂上，眺望鄉(xiāng)村。

2.A quick survey of the street showed that no one was about.掃視街道, 空無一人。

Add v.增加

1.He added some wood to increase the fire.他加了一些木柴，使火旺些。

2.If you add 4 to 5, you get 9.四加五等于九。

3.Add up all the money I owe you.把我應(yīng)付你的錢都加在一起。

Upset a.煩亂的,不高興 v.顛覆,推翻,擾亂,使心煩意亂,使不舒服

1.I'm always upset when I don't get any mail.我接不到任何郵件時(shí)總是心煩意亂。

2.He has an upset stomach.他胃不舒服。3.The news quite upset him.這消息使他心煩意亂。

Ignore v.不顧,不理,忽視

1.I said hello to her, but she ignored me completely!我向她打招呼, 可她根本不理我!

2.I can't ignore his rudeness any longer.他粗暴無禮, 我再也不能不聞不問了。

Calm n.平穩(wěn),風(fēng)平浪靜 a.平靜的,冷靜的 v.平靜下來,鎮(zhèn)靜

1.It was a beautiful morning, calm and serene.那是一個(gè)寧靜、明媚的早晨。

2.You should keep calm even in face of danger.即使面臨危險(xiǎn)，你也應(yīng)當(dāng)保持鎮(zhèn)靜。

3.Have a brandy it'll help to calm you(down).來點(diǎn)兒白蘭地--能使你靜下來。

calm down vt.平靜下來(鎮(zhèn)定下來)

1.His rage was soon calmed down by the rustic peace.鄉(xiāng)村的寧靜很快就使他的怒氣平靜下來。

2.I told myself to calm down.我告誡自己要冷靜下來。

have got to conj.不得不(必須)

1.You may not like him, but you have got to admire his persistence.你可以不喜歡他，但你不得不佩服他那種堅(jiān)忍不拔的精神。

2.I couldn't have got to the meeting on time--unless I had caught an earlier train

我不可能及時(shí)趕到會(huì)場(chǎng)，除非我趕上了較找的一班火車。

Concern n.關(guān)心,關(guān)系, 關(guān)切的事,憂慮 v.涉及,與...有關(guān),影響;使關(guān)心

1.How much money I earn is none of your concern.我掙多少錢與你無關(guān)。

2.These problems concern all of us.這些問題影響到我們每一個(gè)人。

3.This restaurant is a family concern.這家飯店是由一家人經(jīng)營(yíng)的。

be concerned about vt.關(guān)心(掛念)

1.It is reassuring to be enquired after when you're ill.It shows your friends haven't stopped being concerned about you.如果能詢問一下你是何時(shí)生病的我們也就放心了。因?yàn)槟愕呐笥岩恢痹陉P(guān)心你。

2.The government's claim to be concerned about unemployment is sheer hypocrisy.政府聲稱對(duì)失業(yè)表示關(guān)注純屬做做姿態(tài)。

Cheat n.騙子,欺騙行為 v.欺騙,作弊

1.His father was cheated of his land.他的父親被人騙走了地產(chǎn)。

2.He never cheats to pass examination.他考試從不作弊。

3.He was cheated(out)of his rightful inheritance.他依法應(yīng)得的遺產(chǎn)被人騙走了.Reason n.理由,原因,理智,理性 v.說服,推論,下判斷

1.She can reason very clearly.她能很清晰地思考。

2.Copernicus reasoned that the earth revolved around the sun.哥白尼論證了地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

3.We have reason to believe that he was murdered.我們有理由相信他是被謀殺的。

list n.目錄,名單,明細(xì)表 v.列出,列于表上,記入名單內(nèi)

1.He wrote down his name on the list.他將他的名字寫在清單上。

2.He listed all the things he had to do.他把自己必須做的事列成表。

Share n.部份,股份,分擔(dān) v.共享,共有,分配

1.If you want a share of the pay, you'll have to do your fair share of the work.要是你想得到一份報(bào)酬，你就必須做好你該分擔(dān)的那一份工作。

2.She's got all her money in stocks and shares.她所有的錢都投放到股票里去了。

3.Children should be taught to share their toys.應(yīng)該教育孩子們分享玩具。

go through a.通過

1.I've gone through the elbows of my sweater.我的毛衣的肘部都磨破了。

2.He's amazingly cheerful considering all that he's been through.鑒于他經(jīng)歷過的種種遭遇，他的樂天達(dá)觀令人驚嘆。

3.She decided not to go through with(ie not to have)the abortion.她決定不做流產(chǎn).hide away 包庇藏起...They had been hid away for a long time.它們被隱藏了很久。

set down 1太陽落山 2.申斥(搭乘,觸地)飛機(jī)著陸 3.寫下來

1.The bus stopped to set down an old lady.公共汽車停下來讓一個(gè)老太太下車。

2.I'll set you down on the corner of your street.我在你說的那條街的拐角處停下來讓你下車。

3.Why don't you set your ideas down on paper? 你怎么不把你的想法寫在紙上呢?

a series of 一系列,一連串

1.The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.這一理論是以一系列錯(cuò)誤的設(shè)想為依據(jù)的。

on purpose 故意,有意

1.He knocked the old man down on purpose.他故意把那個(gè)老人撞倒。

in order to 為了

1.In order to earn enough money, he worked late into the night.為了賺到足夠的錢, 他工作到深夜。

Dare n.挑戰(zhàn),挑動(dòng) v.敢,膽敢

1.How dare you say such a thing? 你怎敢說出這樣的話?

2.I dare say you are right.我認(rèn)為你是對(duì)的。

thunder

n.雷電,雷聲

v.打雷,大聲喊出

1.My little dog always hides under the bed when it thunders.我的小狗一聽到打雷就藏到床底下。

2.We could hear the thunder of distant guns.我們可以聽到遠(yuǎn)處炮聲隆隆。

3.“Get out!” he thundered.“滾出去!”他大聲吼到。

face to face

面對(duì)面地

1.His ambition was to meet his favourite pop star face to face.他心向往之的是要面對(duì)面地見見他心目中的流行曲歌星。

2.The burglar turned the corner and found himself face to face with a policeman.盜賊一拐彎面對(duì)面地碰上個(gè)警察。

3.The two rival politicians came/were brought face to face in a TV interview.那兩個(gè)對(duì)立的政客面對(duì)面地一起接受電視訪問。

trust

n.信任,信托

vi.信任

vt.委托,相信

名詞:truster 動(dòng)詞過去式:trusted 過去分詞:trusted 現(xiàn)在分詞:trusting 第三人稱單數(shù):trusts

1.My husband trusts me and I don't intend to break that trust.我的丈夫信任我，所以我不想失去這種信任。

2.Can you trust his account of what happened? 你能相信他對(duì)發(fā)生的事情所做的報(bào)告嗎?

3.In his will he created trusts for his children.他在遺囑里為子女安排好了信托財(cái)產(chǎn)。

suffer

v.遭受,經(jīng)驗(yàn),忍受

1.They suffered huge losses in the financial crisis.他們?cè)诮?jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)時(shí)遭受了巨大的損失。

2.She couldn't suffer criticism.她受不了批評(píng)。

3.How can you suffer such insolence? 你怎么能容忍這種蠻橫的態(tài)度?

get along with

vt.友好相處(和睦相處,取得進(jìn)展)

1.We should let bygones be bygones and try to get along with each other.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)本著既往不咎的原則重新合伙。

2.He is the last person that I'll get along with.他是我最不愿與之相處的人。

3.Do you get along with your boss?/Do you and your boss get along? 你跟老板合得來嗎?

gossip

n.閑聊,隨筆

v.說閑話

1.There has been much gossip in political circles.政界里有許多流言蜚語。

2.I never talk about gossip.我從不傳播流言蜚語。

3.She loves to gossip to her neighbors.她喜歡議論鄰居們的是非長(zhǎng)短。

fall in love

vt.陷入愛河(愛上,喜愛)

1.It is natural that he should fall in love with such a beautiful girl.他愛上那位美麗的姑娘是很自然的事。

2.It's my karma always to fall in love with brunettes.我愛上的總是深褐色頭發(fā)、淺黑色皮膚的白種女子, 這是我的緣分.3.You say you don't believe in marriage, but I bet you sing a different song when you finally fall in love.你說你認(rèn)為結(jié)婚是無謂的, 但我肯定你最終愛上一個(gè)人的時(shí)候你就不這么說了.quiz

n.小考,隨堂測(cè)驗(yàn),惡作劇

v.簡(jiǎn)單測(cè)驗(yàn),惡作劇

1.We will have a quiz tomorrow morning.我們明天早晨進(jìn)行一個(gè)小測(cè)驗(yàn)。

2.She quizzed him all night about the people he'd seen.她整夜盤問他都見到誰了。

3.Match your skill against the experts in this quiz.在這一測(cè)驗(yàn)中你與專家較量一下技巧吧。

communicate

v.溝通,傳達(dá),交流

1.The door communicates with my room.這門和我的房間相通。

2.I can't communicate with them;the radio doesn't work.我無法和他們聯(lián)系，無線電壞了。

3.He has communicated his wishes to me.他已經(jīng)把他的愿望告訴了我。

join in

參加,加入

1.We want to join in the masquerade.我們想去參加化裝舞會(huì)。

2.Can I join in(the game)? 我參加(這個(gè)游戲)行嗎?

3.I will join in the project, heart and hand.我會(huì)滿腔熱情地參加這項(xiàng)工程。

join，join in，jointo

join的基本詞義是“加入某個(gè)黨派或社會(huì)團(tuán)體，從而成為該黨派或團(tuán)體的一員”。例：

When did they join the conservation organization?他們是什么時(shí)候參加環(huán)保組織的? The prodigy joined the International Association of Poets，Playwrights，Editors，Essayists and Novelists(PEN)when he was only fourteen years old.這位天才在十四歲時(shí)便成為國(guó)際筆會(huì)會(huì)員。

join in的意思是“參加某項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)或活動(dòng)”，例如參加討論、游行、罷工等。例：

More than ten thousand workers have joined in this strike.有一萬多名工人參加了此次罷工。

All of us will join in the celebration of the victory of World War Ⅱ.我們?nèi)紖⒓舆@次慶祝世界二次大戰(zhàn)勝利的活動(dòng)。

There were many extracurricular activities，but Peter never joined in.盡管有很多課外活動(dòng)，但彼德從不參加。

join to的意思是“和…接觸”、“與…相連”。例：

Our house is joined to Mr.So's.我們的房子和蘇先生的房子相連。

請(qǐng)注意，join之后如接 oneself再加to，就表示“參加”、“加入”的意思。如：

To my surprise，Mr.Li joined himself to the opposite party last month.令我驚奇的是，上個(gè)月李先生竟然參加了反對(duì)黨。

2014年最新人教版高中英語必修一知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)之

Unit 2 雙擊單詞可彈出解釋框時(shí)間:2014-09-20 12:08 作者:admin 人教版新課標(biāo)高中英語必修一Unit 2 English around the world 詞語歸納 1）include include是及物動(dòng)詞，后跟名詞，代詞或者動(dòng)名詞作賓語，或者跟賓語+介詞短語 including通常為介詞，相當(dāng)于having（sb/sth）as a part，包括（某人某物）在內(nèi)，可與過去分詞included互換。2）present 作形容詞，若表示“在場(chǎng)的，出席的”通常用作標(biāo)標(biāo)語或者后置定語；若表示“現(xiàn)在的，現(xiàn)有的”，通常用作前置定語。

作名詞，也可以表示“目前，現(xiàn)在”，多與the連用，常用的詞組at present“現(xiàn)在，目前”；還可以表示“禮物”含有“捐贈(zèng)”的意思。

常有的詞組有make sb a present of 表示“將某物贈(zèng)送給某人”。作動(dòng)詞，表示“贈(zèng)送，給與”，后跟雙賓語；也可表示為“正式介紹，引見某人（尤指向級(jí)別、地位較高的人）”。

常見用法present one?s apologies/compliments/respects…表示某人的歉意/贊揚(yáng)/敬意…… present oneself 出席，列席； present itself 出現(xiàn)，呈現(xiàn)。3）rule rule over sb/sth 統(tǒng)治某人/某物 rule sth/sb out 把某人/某物排除在外 as a rule 在大多數(shù)情況下，通常

表示“控制；影響”時(shí)多用作被動(dòng)語態(tài)。作名詞時(shí)表示“規(guī)則，規(guī)章，條例；慣常用法；統(tǒng)治；尺”。

4）recognize 為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)；強(qiáng)調(diào)原來認(rèn)識(shí)的東西意為“認(rèn)出，分辨出”。表示“承認(rèn)某人/某物有效或者屬實(shí)”有時(shí)與as連用。

與名詞或者名詞詞組連用，that引導(dǎo)的從句連用，也可表示“認(rèn)識(shí)到，認(rèn)清某事物”。5）commend 作動(dòng)詞多為及物動(dòng)詞，表示命令，后接名詞+不定式。表示“統(tǒng)率，指揮，控制，掌握”，后常接賓語。

作動(dòng)詞或名詞都可以跟從句，從句中用should（常省略）+動(dòng)詞原形。作名詞常用詞組有：in commend of 統(tǒng)率……的

under the commend of 被……統(tǒng)率的 get/obtain commend of 控制

take commend of 開始擔(dān)任……的指揮 has commend of 掌握

at/by sb?s commend 奉某人命令的，受某人指揮的 commend oneself 控制自己 6）request 作動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用的句型：request sb to do sth；request that sb（should）do sth； request of sb +that從句

作名詞時(shí)常用的習(xí)語有：at sb?s request/at the request of sb 應(yīng)某人的要求 by request of 由于受到……的要求

make a request for sth from sb 向某人要求某物 7）explain 可作及物或者不及物動(dòng)詞，作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，間接賓語前要加to。例如： The teacher explains to the class the questions.The teacher explains the questions to the class.老師向全班解釋了這個(gè)問題。explain可接連

接代詞，連接副詞或者that引導(dǎo)的從句。還可以接連接代詞或者連接副詞所引導(dǎo)的不定式短語。

8）however 作副詞，若表示轉(zhuǎn)折，意為“但是，然而，不過”，可放在句首，句中，句末，要用逗號(hào)分開；若修飾形容詞或者副詞，意為“無論如何，無論怎樣”。作連詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。意為“不管怎樣，不管用什么方式”。9）imagine 是動(dòng)詞，意為“想象，設(shè)想，猜想”后跟名詞，動(dòng)名詞，從句（imagine多以否定形式出現(xiàn)），還可以與as連用。

imagine oneself 表示“想像一下，你若……”后面所跟的to be結(jié)構(gòu)常被省略。10）such as與for example的區(qū)別

都可以作例如講，但是such as用來列舉事物，放在被列舉事物和前面的名詞之間，后直接跟名詞，沒有逗號(hào)，一般不如and so on 連用；for example用來舉例說明，有時(shí)可作獨(dú)立句，插在句子中，后面一般用逗號(hào)隔開。

such as 不能將前面所述的數(shù)量全部列出；such作形容詞，可與as在句中分開使用，表示“像……這樣的”，as是關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作主語或者是賓語。）more than ① more than與數(shù)詞連用，意為“超過，多于”。

② more than+名詞，表示超出該名詞所指，意思為“不止，不僅僅是”。③ more than+加形容詞或者動(dòng)詞，表示加重語氣，意思是“很，非?！薄＂?more than+（that）從句，其基本意義是超過，但可譯為“簡(jiǎn)直不，遠(yuǎn)非……” ⑤ more than之間加入形容詞或者副詞，有兩種含義：一中是普通的比較級(jí)用法；另外一種是用來表示“與其說……倒不如說……”。

12）base sth on/upon 意為“以……為基礎(chǔ)/依據(jù)”，被動(dòng)形式為be based on/upon 13）關(guān)于way的一些短語：

by the way 順便說說；順便提起 in a way 在某一方面；在某種程度上 in the way 阻礙，阻擋 in any way 無論如何

on one?s way to/on the way to 在來/去……的路上/過程中 in every way 在各個(gè)方面，完全 in no way 絕不，無論如何不 lose one?s way 迷路；誤入歧途 14）nearly和almost的用法

①almost=very nearly,表示“幾乎、差不多”,?？苫Q使用。②almost和nearly可互換使用的場(chǎng)合(1)在肯定句中

(2)修飾all, every, always等時(shí)(3)在行為動(dòng)詞的否定式前 ③只能用almost的場(chǎng)合

(1)修飾no, none, never, any以及由no或any的合成詞。:(2)修飾表示感覺或心理的動(dòng)詞或形容詞。:(3)修飾more than和too。④只能用nearly的場(chǎng)合

(1)被very, not, pretty修飾時(shí)。(2)表示要做什么事但后來“沒有做”或“避開不做”時(shí)。

⑤mostly用作副詞,意思是“大體上、主要地、大部分、多半、通?！钡?。15）come up 走進(jìn)；上來；提出；發(fā)芽；流行；上升；出現(xiàn)；發(fā)生 come up to 達(dá)到；數(shù)到；不負(fù)眾望；合乎（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等）come up with 提出（建議）；找到(答案，解決方法)come about 發(fā)生 come out 出版；出現(xiàn)；顯露 come across 偶然碰上 come on 加油 16）use的短語

make full/good/the best/little use of 充分/好好/充分/不充分利用 be in use 在使用中 come into use 開始使用

bring…to use/put use to 加以使用 get the use of 使用…… be of use 有用的 out of use 被廢棄不用

have no use for 對(duì)……無用 find a use for…為……找到用途 with use 經(jīng)常使用

17）due to 由于（引導(dǎo)表語或者狀語從句）thanks to 多虧，由于（引導(dǎo)狀語從句）owing to 由于（引導(dǎo)狀語或者表語從句）

as a result of 因?yàn)?，……的結(jié)果（引導(dǎo)狀語從句）on account of 因?yàn)椋ㄒ龑?dǎo)狀語從句）

by the reason of 由于，因?yàn)椋ㄒ龑?dǎo)狀語）句子歸納：

1.However, they may not be able to understand everything.（然而，他們可能不是什么都懂。）

2.This is because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.(這是因?yàn)橛?guó)于1765年到1947年統(tǒng)治過印度。)3.All languages change when cultures communicate with one another.(當(dāng)不同文化互相溝通時(shí)，所有的語言都會(huì)發(fā)生變化。)4.What the British call “petrol” the Americans call “gas”.(美國(guó)人把被英國(guó)人稱作“petrol”的東西稱作“gas”。此處what引導(dǎo)賓語從句)5.Actually, it was based more on German than present day English.(實(shí)際上，當(dāng)時(shí)的英語更多地是以德語為基礎(chǔ)的，而現(xiàn)代英語不是。)6.…those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.7.the us is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.(in which= where, 其引導(dǎo)定語從句。美國(guó)是一個(gè)大國(guó)，國(guó)內(nèi)說著許許多多的方言。)8.…there is more than one kind of English in the world.(more than one+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù))9.it is not easy for a Chinese person to speak English as well as a native English speaker.(對(duì)于一個(gè)中國(guó)人來說把英語說得跟以英語為母語的人一樣好是不容易的。)句型：it is + adj/n+ for sb to do sth 對(duì)于某人來說做某事是… 擴(kuò)充：it is + adj+ of /for sb to do sth 當(dāng)句式中形容詞修飾to do sth 時(shí)用for;若形容詞修飾sb，則用of.eg: it’s kind of you to help me carry the box.附：

1.either…or…和neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞采取就近原則。2.be different in 強(qiáng)調(diào)在某方面的不同

be different from 強(qiáng)調(diào)在各方面的不同 3.in the end 最后，最終后無of 結(jié)構(gòu) 三個(gè)表示最后最終的用法：

⑴finally: 按照順序的最后，常與first, secondly 等連用 ⑵at last: 經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)時(shí)間等待直到最后

⑶in the end: 經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期曲折斗爭(zhēng)努力，終于… 如：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等

4.與人交談，常會(huì)有聽不清楚或聽不懂的情形，遇到這種情況該如何開口呢？ ⑴Pardon? ⑵I beg your pardon? i don’t understand./ sorry, i can’t follow you.對(duì)不起，我沒聽懂，請(qǐng)?jiān)僬f一遍好嗎？

⑶Could you say that again, please? / Could you repeat that, please? 請(qǐng)?jiān)僬f一遍好嗎？ ⑷Could you speak more slowly, please? 請(qǐng)你說得慢一點(diǎn)好嗎？ 5.include ─ including;included identity ─ identify actually ─ actual(adj);rapidly ─ rapid(v)

government(n)─ govern(v)wide(adj)─ widen(v);broad(adj)─ broaden(v)foreign ─ foreigner;solve(v)─ solution(n)

6.petrol------gas;lift------elevator;flat------apartment film------movie;sweets----candy;post------mail

高一英語必修一必背句型

1)It was the first time in a year and a half that I had seen the night face to face.（從句時(shí)態(tài)用完成時(shí)）這是我一年半以來第一次目睹夜晚。

2)I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）我不知道這是不是因?yàn)槲议L(zhǎng)久無法出門的緣故，我變得對(duì)一切與大自然有關(guān)的事物都無比狂熱。

3)I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself.有一天晚上，我熬到11點(diǎn)半故意不睡覺，為的是獨(dú)自好好看看月亮一次。4)Your friend, who doesn’t work hard, asks you to help him cheat in the end-of-term exam.（非限制性定語從句）你的一個(gè)朋友叫你在期末考試中幫他作弊，這個(gè)朋友平常不認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)。

5)If you have some trouble(in)getting along with your friends, you can write to the editor and ask for advice.如果你在和朋友的相處上有問題，你可以寫信給編輯向他征求建議。

6)Add up your score and see how many points you can get.把你的得分加起來，看看得了多少。

7)What he did has added to our difficulties.他的所作所為增加了我們的困難。8)His income adds up to $1000 a month.他每月的收入共計(jì)1000美元。9)It's no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.觀看這些已不再是樂趣，因?yàn)榇笞匀皇悄惚仨汅w驗(yàn)的。

10)Why is she so concerned about his attitude to her work? 她為什么那么關(guān)注他對(duì)她的工作的看法？

11)The police asked him to set down what he had seen in a report.警察讓他在報(bào)告中寫下他所看見的事情。

12)As I was about to go out and search for him, he happened to come in.正當(dāng)我打算出去找他時(shí)，他恰巧進(jìn)來。

13)Mr.Jones lives alone and often feels lonely.瓊斯先生單獨(dú)一人生活，常常感到孤獨(dú)。

14)We tried to calm him down, but he kept crying.我們?cè)噲D讓他平靜下來，但他仍不停地哭著。

15)Does he dare(to)go out at night in such stormy weather? 他敢在這樣一個(gè)暴風(fēng)雨夜外出嗎？

16)He would go through fire and water for his country.他愿為國(guó)家赴湯蹈火。17)That country suffered a heavy loss in the flood.那個(gè)國(guó)家在水災(zāi)中遭受嚴(yán)重的損失。18)World Englishes come from those countries where English plays an important role as a first or second language, either because of foreign rule or because of its special role as an international language.（定語從句）世界英語來自那些以英語為第一或第二語言的國(guó)家，英語在這些國(guó)家起重要作用，或是因?yàn)橥鈬?guó)的統(tǒng)治，或是因?yàn)槠渥鳛閲?guó)際語言的特殊地位。

19)All languages change when cultures communicate with one another.當(dāng)不同的語言互相溝通時(shí)，所有的語言都會(huì)發(fā)生變化。

20)Actually, the English spoken between about AD 450 and 1150 was based more on German than present day English.實(shí)際上，從公元450年到1150年，人們所說的英語更多的是以德語為基礎(chǔ)的，而現(xiàn)代英語不是。

21)Would you please come up to my flat for a visit? 請(qǐng)到我的公寓里來坐坐，好嗎？

22)Believe it or not, he cheated in the exams.信不信由你，他在考試中作弊。23)Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English.以英語作為母語的人，即使他們所講的語言不盡相同，也可以互相交流。

24)Today the number of people learning English in China is larger than even before.目前在中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)英語的人數(shù)比以往任何時(shí)候都多。

25)It is the duty of a government to provide education for the children of its country.（it作形式主語）政府的責(zé)任是為其國(guó)家的小孩提供教育。

26)Reading is one of the best ways of improving your vocabulary and usage.閱讀是幫助你改善詞匯及其用法的最好方法之一。

27)Giving commands is less polite than making a request.發(fā)號(hào)命令比發(fā)出請(qǐng)求粗魯。

28)We asked her for directions and she told us to go round the corner on the left and keep going straight for two blocks.我們向她問路，她告訴我們往左邊拐彎后直走兩個(gè)街區(qū)。

29)He knows several languages, such as English, French and German.他懂幾種語言，例如英語、法語和德語。30)My sister and I have dreamed about cycling along the Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.我姐姐和我一直夢(mèng)想要沿湄公河從源頭到終點(diǎn)騎車旅行。

31)The man insisted that he didn’t steal anything and he(should)be set free at once.(陳述語氣、虛擬語氣)這男人堅(jiān)持自己沒有偷東西，他堅(jiān)持說他應(yīng)該立刻被釋放。

32)She gave me a determined look ?C the kind that said she wouldn’t change her mind.她給了我一個(gè)堅(jiān)定的眼神——這種眼神表明她是不會(huì)改變主意的。

33)He is so stubborn that no one can persuade him to do anything.他是如此的固執(zhí)以致沒有人能說服他做任何事。

34)My sister doesn’t care about details.我的姐姐是不會(huì)考慮細(xì)節(jié)的。35)She is a determined woman.Once she determines to do something, she will do it well.她是個(gè)意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人。如果她下決心做什么事，就一定要做好。

36)He recorded the important events ad his afterthoughts in his travel journal.在旅行日記中，他記下了重大的事件及自己的想法。

37)I am not familiar with this city, because this is my first visit.我對(duì)這個(gè)城市不熟悉，因?yàn)檫@是我的第一次來訪。

38)I don’t think it is necessary for us to give in.我認(rèn)為我們沒有必要讓步。

39)The topics of a travel journal can be different from a diary, often including people, things, and events less familiar to readers.游記的主題可以和日記不同，經(jīng)常包括那些讀者不太熟悉的人和事。

40)It was great fun to put up tents here.在這兒搭帳篷真好玩。

41)The number of people who were killed or injured in the earthquake reached more than 400,000.（定語從句）死傷的人數(shù)達(dá)到40多萬。

42)The army organized the rescue workers to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.（定語從句）部隊(duì)組織救援人員將受困的人們挖出來，將死者掩埋。43)All hope was not lost.= Not all hope was lost.（部分否定）不是所有的希望都破滅了。

44)None of us were allowed to go there.（全部否定）我們?nèi)疾辉S去那里。45)He rescued the man from drowning.他救了一男子使之免遭溺斃。

46)An earthquake left the whole city in ruins.地震過后，全城到處是殘?jiān)珨啾凇?/p>

47)I feel highly honoured by your trust.得到你的信任，我感到非常榮幸。48)Professor Yu organized his thoughts before giving the speech.于教授在演講之前組織了一下思路。

49)Many people took shelter from the rain in the department store.許多人在百貨公司里避雨。

50)It seemed that the world was at an end as the earthquake destroyed nearly everything.世界似乎到了末日，因?yàn)榈卣饚缀鯕Я艘磺小?/p>

51)People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.人們開始納悶，這場(chǎng)災(zāi)難還會(huì)持續(xù)多久？

52)They used candles all the time instead of electricity.他們一直用蠟燭，沒有用電。

53)The one million people of the city, who thought little of these strange events, went to bed as usual that night.（非限制性定語從句）

這城市的一百萬居民幾乎都沒有把這些奇怪的情況當(dāng)一回事，當(dāng)天晚上照常上床睡覺了。54)We’d better prepare him for the bad news.我們最好讓他做好知道這個(gè)壞消息的心理準(zhǔn)備。

55)The rubbish gave out a smelly gas.垃圾發(fā)出一陣臭味。56)I am getting in touch with him right away.我馬上跟他聯(lián)系。57)Are you willing to do public service work without pay? 你愿意無償從事公益活動(dòng)嗎？

58)Do you easily lose heart when you are in trouble? 你處于不幸中時(shí)容易喪失信心嗎？

59)The time when I first met him was a very difficult period of my life.第一次見到他的時(shí)候是在我一生中非常艱難的時(shí)期。（定語從句）

60)It is a doctor’s job to advise patients on health problems.醫(yī)生的職責(zé)就是向病人提供有關(guān)健康的建議。

61)As a matter of fact, I was worried about whether I would be out of work.事實(shí)上我擔(dān)心我是不是會(huì)失業(yè)。

62)After getting up, he always drinks a glass of water, which he believes is good for his health.（非限制性定語從句）每天起床后，他都喝一杯水，他認(rèn)為這對(duì)他的身體有好處。

63)The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.（定語從句）過去30年來所出現(xiàn)的大量法律剝奪我們的權(quán)利，阻擋我們的進(jìn)步，一直到今天，我們還處在幾乎什么權(quán)利都沒有的階段。

64)In his life, he has always tried to help those who are less fortunate than himself.（定語從句）在他的一生中，他總是設(shè)法幫助那些比他不幸的人。65)Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.（倒裝句）只有到這個(gè)時(shí)候我們才決定用暴力反抗暴力。

66)Only some of the children seemed to have understood it.似乎只有一部分孩子明白。

67)The school where I studied only two years was three kilometers away.那所我僅僅讀了兩年的學(xué)校有三公里遠(yuǎn)。（定語從句）

68)The parts of town where they lived were places decided by white people.（過去分詞作后置定語）他們?cè)诔抢锏淖≌瑓^(qū)都是由白人決定的。

69)Before he came to power, he was once put in prison for years.在掌權(quán)之前，他曾經(jīng)坐了幾年牢。70)This was my reward after working all my life for equal rights for the Blacks.這是我畢生為爭(zhēng)取黑人的平等權(quán)利而斗爭(zhēng)所得到的回報(bào)。

71)He was sentenced to three years in prison for stealing.他因偷竊被判處三年監(jiān)禁。

72)He set up a black law firm to help those poor black people.他開設(shè)了一間黑人律師事務(wù)所幫助那些窮苦的黑人。

73)In 1963, I helped him blow up some government buildings.在1963年，我?guī)椭Я艘恍┱髽恰?/p>

74)My family could not continue to pay my school fee.我的家庭無法繼續(xù)支付我的學(xué)費(fèi)。

75)He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep.（虛擬語氣）在午餐的休息時(shí)間和晚上我們本應(yīng)該睡覺的時(shí)候他教授我們。

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高一英語必修一期末知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)（五篇）

第一篇：高一英語必修一期末知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

第二篇：高一必修一知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

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