第一篇：應(yīng)用文寫作價值定位 Microsoft Word 文檔

應(yīng)用文寫作價值定位

苑道平

(鄭州電子信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)部451450)

摘要：應(yīng)用文從它誕生之日起，就確定了其在社會生活中的重要地位。追蹤應(yīng)用文的發(fā)展歷史，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，應(yīng)用文寫作不僅是治理國家的關(guān)鍵和樞紐，更是人們生活、工作和學(xué)習(xí)不可缺少的一項重要傳播工具。是組織傳播與個體生存及其發(fā)展的能力要素之一?！稇?yīng)用文寫作》課不僅是培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生素質(zhì)與能力的基本人文素質(zhì)課程，亦是可促進(jìn)其它課程學(xué)習(xí)與研究基礎(chǔ)工具課程，更是助于培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生從現(xiàn)實出發(fā)思考解決問題的意識與能力的實踐課程。

關(guān)鍵詞：應(yīng)用文寫作；應(yīng)用文寫作課；價值定位

一、應(yīng)用文寫作的價值定位

(一)應(yīng)用文寫作的發(fā)展沿革昭示了其對社會與個人的重要應(yīng)用價值

應(yīng)用文寫作歷史悠久，從它誕生之日起，就確定了其在社會生活中的重要地位。追蹤應(yīng)用文的發(fā)展歷史，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，應(yīng)用文及其寫作不僅是“經(jīng)國之樞機(jī)”(劉勰)，也是人們生活、工作和學(xué)習(xí)不可或缺的重要傳播工具，是組織傳播與個體生存及其發(fā)展的能力要素之一。

我國最早的文字甲骨文在內(nèi)容上就是應(yīng)用文的雛形。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的發(fā)展和國家的產(chǎn)生，除了民間的應(yīng)用文日益豐富外，適應(yīng)公務(wù)需要的應(yīng)用文發(fā)展更快，且成為應(yīng)用文的主體形式，例如，周代的《尚書》文告，秦代的制詔諭奏，漢代的表疏律令，魏晉的簡犢署書，唐宋的圖籍表冊，明清的史冊文翰都是應(yīng)用文。此外，書信、書契、碑竭志銘、法律條例等也是應(yīng)用文。

我國古代的文章研究者對應(yīng)用文的價值也予以高度評價。曹丕在《典論·論文》中說：“蓋文章，經(jīng)國之大業(yè)，不朽之盛事。”這里的“文章”泛指當(dāng)時的奏、議、書、論、銘、誄、詩、賦等，應(yīng)用文則列在首位。劉勰在《文心雕龍》中稱“章表奏議，經(jīng)國之樞機(jī)?！逼湮捏w論部分共20篇，其中l(wèi)2篇談到應(yīng)用文。

辛亥革命及其以后是現(xiàn)代應(yīng)用文(主要是指公務(wù)應(yīng)用文)誕生的標(biāo)志。南京臨時政府頒布了公文程式條例，規(guī)定了公文名稱和使用范圍，廢除了幾千年封建王朝使用的文種，是應(yīng)用文發(fā)展史上的一次重大改革。1928年國民黨中央政府對公文程式又作了一些新規(guī)定，其中比較重要的一點是規(guī)定公文的寫作要用白話文，使用新式標(biāo)點符號。

中國共產(chǎn)黨成立后，從建立自己的機(jī)關(guān)開始，就相應(yīng)地有了自己的公文。先后頒布印發(fā)了《陜甘寧邊區(qū)新公文程式》，《公文處理暫行辦法》，《中國共產(chǎn)黨中央和省級機(jī)關(guān)文書處理工作和檔案工作暫行條例》，《關(guān)于公文名稱和體式問題的幾點意見》，《國家行政機(jī)關(guān)公文處理暫行辦法》，《國家行政機(jī)關(guān)公文處理辦法》。從內(nèi)容與形式諸方面對公文進(jìn)行規(guī)范，以充分有效地發(fā)揮其社會管理效能。通過這些政權(quán)形式對公文重視的行為可見公文的重要性。

應(yīng)用文寫作在當(dāng)代社會的地位和價值仍在不斷提升。信息時代或知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代，也是寫作的時代，確切地說，是應(yīng)用寫作的時代。許多學(xué)者已經(jīng)指出，在信息社會、知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代里，作為社會主體的人最為需要的是“文化”方面的素質(zhì)和能力。所謂“文化”并非只是認(rèn)識文字而已，應(yīng)用文寫作能力則成為現(xiàn)代人能力結(jié)構(gòu)之要素。美國著名學(xué)者阿爾溫·托夫勒指出：“新的經(jīng)濟(jì) 要求掌握符號形象的技巧，要求合乎邏輯地說明問題和表達(dá)的能力，以及其他方面的能力。最根本的是閱讀和寫作能力。美國教育家韋斯特說得更形象：在信息社會，“寫作，包圍著你”。美國新澤西州普林斯頓教育董事會任命的長期規(guī)劃委員會的委員們經(jīng)過長期調(diào)查研究得出結(jié)論：“未來世界的學(xué)習(xí)”就該使人們具有“實用讀寫能力”。在很多學(xué)者看來，適應(yīng)新技術(shù)革命的信息社會的本領(lǐng)就在于“實用讀寫能力”。早在20世紀(jì)80年代，西方發(fā)達(dá)國家的一些高等院校就普及了應(yīng)用寫作課。一些企業(yè)和部門不僅聘請法律顧問，而且還聘請應(yīng)用文寫作顧問。因此可以

認(rèn)為，沒有哪一個時代像今天這樣需要應(yīng)用寫作，沒有哪一個時代像今天這樣依賴應(yīng)用寫作。在信息時代的社會生活中，越來越多的職業(yè)表現(xiàn)為對信息的加工處理，應(yīng)用寫作作為一種最常用 的傳輸、儲存、處理信息的方式，越來越成為這個社會成員不可缺少的工作方式、手段和必備技能。許多重要指標(biāo)已經(jīng)顯示，應(yīng)用寫作水平是一個人綜合能力水平的標(biāo)志之一，與一個人的財富收入水平正相關(guān)。

(二)應(yīng)用文寫作作為組織傳播的重要栽體與手段，昭示了其保障組織生存與發(fā)展的重要工具價值

組織是“人們?yōu)閷崿F(xiàn)共同目標(biāo)而各自承擔(dān)不同的角色分工，在統(tǒng)一意志之下從事協(xié)作行為的持性體系”(日本·見田宗介等《社會學(xué)詞典》)。人群要稱得上組織(政黨、政府、軍隊、企事業(yè)單位、社團(tuán)都屬于組織)，首先要有既定的共同的目標(biāo)，其次要有協(xié)調(diào)的統(tǒng)一的系統(tǒng)，再次要有具有普遍約束力的為組織成員共同遵守的規(guī)范。組織就是有序化的人類群體。人類社會就是各種各樣組織的綜合架構(gòu)。要維護(hù)組織系統(tǒng)的正常運行并使其保持活力，就必須依賴信息傳播。所謂組織傳播，就是以組織為主體的信息傳播活動。組織傳播是組織生存與發(fā)展的必要而重要的保障，信息傳播是組織的一個基本屬性，任何組織都是同信息傳播同步生成的，組織的目標(biāo)、系統(tǒng)、規(guī)范的形成和運作都離不開傳播。組織的內(nèi)傳播有多種媒介形式，如公文、會議、電話、組織內(nèi)公共媒介(內(nèi)部報紙、閉路電視系統(tǒng)、組織網(wǎng)站網(wǎng)頁等)；組織外傳播亦有多種形態(tài)：公關(guān)宣傳、廣告宣傳、企業(yè)標(biāo)識系統(tǒng)宣傳等。其中公文包括相關(guān)應(yīng)用文是其中基礎(chǔ)、正式而主體的傳播手段。組織通過下行文使其成員適應(yīng)組織環(huán)境、了解工作內(nèi)容、熟悉職責(zé)權(quán)力內(nèi)容，培養(yǎng)其對組織的“一體”感。組織通過上行文使中樞部門了解組織目標(biāo)任務(wù)在執(zhí)行部門及其人員的貫徹落實情況，并以此進(jìn)行既定決策的修改完善調(diào)整。組織通過平行文使組織內(nèi)同級部門及其成員間協(xié)調(diào)配合。組織通過公關(guān)、廣告等宣傳文稿塑造建立良好的公眾形象和公共關(guān)系，推銷推廣組織的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)，從而為組織的生存發(fā)展創(chuàng)造有利的生態(tài)環(huán)境助。具體而言，應(yīng)用文的組織內(nèi)傳播工具價值主要表現(xiàn)為：

1、法規(guī)價值，這是法規(guī)性公文所具有的價值；

2、指導(dǎo)的價值，這是指各類各級組織的公文在一定范圍內(nèi)起著領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與指導(dǎo)作用；3互通情報價值，這是指各類各級組織在處理日常工作、業(yè)務(wù)活動中，利用公文與上、下和不相隸屬組織問進(jìn)行聯(lián)系，或通知事項，或處理問題，或商洽工作；

3、宣傳、教育的價值，這是指各類各級組織的許多公文，特別一些重要的指導(dǎo)性公文，都具有宣傳教育價值；

4、憑證和依據(jù)的價值，這是指組織活動中形成的各種公文，都是機(jī)關(guān)進(jìn)行各項活動的歷史記錄，作為貫徹執(zhí)行或處理工作的依據(jù)。

(三)應(yīng)用文寫作作為現(xiàn)代人必備的基本素質(zhì)，昭示著其具有個人創(chuàng)業(yè)和成功的必備技能價值。

如前所述，在信息社會，閱讀與寫作是現(xiàn)代人與社會進(jìn)行信息交流的兩個最根本的手段，應(yīng)用寫作則是進(jìn)行信息輸出，實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實功利目的的重要而正式的工具。因此，任何一個人現(xiàn)代人特別是高素質(zhì)的現(xiàn)代人，他可以不寫或不會寫小說、詩歌，但在其一生中，無論是學(xué)習(xí)、工作、還是生活，小至留言條，大至學(xué)術(shù)論文、科研報告，都離不開應(yīng)用文章的寫作。因為它有利于維護(hù)個人權(quán)益，展示個人才能，實現(xiàn)個人價值，提高生活質(zhì)量，提高工作效益，? ??？傊?，應(yīng)用文寫作在人的一生中是必然會碰到的，是必要，必須的。應(yīng)用文寫作也是個人創(chuàng)業(yè)和成功的必備技能之一，具有不可替代的技能價值。

在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的沖擊下，人們的價值觀念發(fā)生了深刻的變化。人們理直氣壯地追求富裕的生活，“財富”成為衡量一個人成功與否的重要標(biāo)志，也是實現(xiàn)個人價值的重要支點。在追求成功、追求個人價值、贏得財富的路途上，你不可能不與應(yīng)用文體打交道。你想創(chuàng)辦公司嗎?那么你將與政府、銀行有一系列的公文往來：你想在競選中大獲全勝嗎?那么請你寫份精彩的演講稿：你想擴(kuò)大業(yè)務(wù)嗎?做廣告是常用的方法，你的廣告詞中必須令人心動。還有招標(biāo)書、投標(biāo)書、說明書、協(xié)議書、契約、條據(jù)，合同等等。有不少人，他們事業(yè)的起點正是那份伏案起草的應(yīng)用文。

應(yīng)用文寫作同樣是大學(xué)生求職、競爭常用而重要的手段。人力資源的相對過剩，帶來了大學(xué)生就業(yè)的空前壓力，競爭異常激烈。而求職信或簡歷則是求職競爭中首當(dāng)其沖的“敲門磚”，一般而言，是現(xiàn)代大學(xué)生求職中必寫的文本，從某種意義上講，高質(zhì)量的求職信或簡歷本身就是強(qiáng)有力的“介紹信”、“證明書”、“推薦信”“廣告詞”，特別對于諸如文員崗位、教師崗位、中低層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位等更是如此。在招聘實踐中，我們也常見到在面筆試時常有應(yīng)用文寫作或與其相關(guān)的題目，更不用說在公務(wù)員招考中有應(yīng)用文寫作或與其密切相關(guān)的專門科目——申論。

二、《應(yīng)用文寫作》課程的價值定位

(一)《應(yīng)用文寫作》課是培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生素質(zhì)與能力的基本人文素質(zhì)課程

《中共中央、國務(wù)院關(guān)于深化教育改革，全面推進(jìn)素質(zhì)教育的決定》提出：“重視培養(yǎng)學(xué)生收集處理信息的能力、獲取新知識的能力、分析和解決問題的能力、語言文字表達(dá)能力以及團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作和社會活動的能力”。人力資本開發(fā)成為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分，而對人才的基本的綜合素質(zhì)和能力的重視成為時代潮流，順應(yīng)這一潮流，綜合素質(zhì)和能力培養(yǎng)導(dǎo)向已成為我國高等教育的趨勢。一般認(rèn)為，人才的綜合素質(zhì)和能力包括關(guān)鍵素質(zhì)、能力和職業(yè)素質(zhì)、技能。關(guān)鍵素質(zhì)、能力是指勞動者從事任何一種職業(yè)都必不可少的基本素質(zhì)、能力，如交流、語言、信息處理、組織活動、解決問題等素質(zhì)、能力?？梢詳嘌?，在人類已經(jīng)進(jìn)人信息時代的今天，無論是關(guān)鍵素質(zhì)、能力還是職業(yè)素質(zhì)、技能，都離不開應(yīng)用文寫作能力，因此，應(yīng)用文寫作的素質(zhì)與能力應(yīng)是高等院校畢業(yè)生必備的素質(zhì)與能力之一，當(dāng)然也是高等院校必須重點培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的素質(zhì)與能力之一，而應(yīng)用文寫作課則是其直接課程。應(yīng)用文寫作具有綜合性的特點，它要求寫作主體具有系統(tǒng)的知識素質(zhì)與能力。應(yīng)用文寫作的過程就是寫作主體對采集、運思、表述和修改四個環(huán)節(jié)的調(diào)節(jié)、控制和操作過程，而每一個環(huán)節(jié)都滲透或關(guān)聯(lián)于寫作主體的基本素質(zhì)與能力。如采集環(huán)節(jié)涉及到觀察、調(diào)查、交流、閱讀理解諸能力；運思環(huán)節(jié)突出地涉及到以信息處理、材料評價安排、結(jié)構(gòu)安排為核心地思維能力，特別是現(xiàn)實思考能力；表述環(huán)節(jié)突出地涉及到語言表達(dá)能力；修改環(huán)節(jié)則是諸種能力再度系統(tǒng)融合運用。應(yīng)用文寫作課正是通過應(yīng)用文寫作這個載體實現(xiàn)對大學(xué)生基本素質(zhì)與基本能力的培養(yǎng)與提升。

(二)《應(yīng)用文寫作》課是可促進(jìn)其它課程學(xué)習(xí)與研究基礎(chǔ)工具課程

《應(yīng)用文寫作》作為人文素質(zhì)教育的基礎(chǔ)課程，涵蓋了多學(xué)科知識，無疑對于學(xué)習(xí)研究其它課程具有促進(jìn)作用。從表達(dá)的角度而言，應(yīng)用文寫作涉及到諸如基礎(chǔ)寫作學(xué)、語言學(xué)、修辭學(xué)、邏輯學(xué)、心理學(xué)、傳播學(xué)等學(xué)科的知識。從對象或內(nèi)容的角度而言，可以說應(yīng)用文寫作涉及到的學(xué)科知識無所不包。從工具的角度而言，應(yīng)用文寫作是學(xué)習(xí)研究其他學(xué)科的常用工具。諸如讀書筆記、實驗報告、調(diào)研報告、學(xué)年論文、學(xué)位論文等。

總之，應(yīng)用文寫作的學(xué)習(xí)與實踐促使學(xué)習(xí)者不斷拓寬學(xué)科領(lǐng)域知識的學(xué)習(xí)與儲備，促進(jìn)對學(xué)科知識的深人理解與把握，強(qiáng)化運用學(xué)科知識分析解決實踐的意識與能力，形成與強(qiáng)化創(chuàng)新意識和能力。

(三)《應(yīng)用文寫作》課是有助于培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生從現(xiàn)實出發(fā)思考解決問題的意識與能力的實踐課程

現(xiàn)實功利性是應(yīng)用文及其寫作的本質(zhì)特征，即應(yīng)用文寫作的根本目的在于滿足人類社會實踐的現(xiàn)實功利需要，使人類能夠有效地適應(yīng)現(xiàn)實與改造現(xiàn)實。于是，應(yīng)用文的內(nèi)容與形式的確定都須從現(xiàn)實需要出發(fā)思考。對于絕大多數(shù)高等院校的畢業(yè)生而言，走向社會所從事的是現(xiàn)實而具體的工作，因此要完滿而創(chuàng)造性地完成工作，須有強(qiáng)烈而優(yōu)良的從現(xiàn)實出發(fā)思考解決問題的意識與能力。而應(yīng)用文的本質(zhì)特征所要求的應(yīng)用文寫作教學(xué)中須著力培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)者的從現(xiàn)實出發(fā)思考解決問題的意識與能力無疑具有直接的價值。因此，應(yīng)用文寫作課是培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)者從現(xiàn)實出發(fā)思考解決問題的意識與能力的重要途徑。同時，這種意識的訓(xùn)練與形成也有助于潛移默化地形成學(xué)生的社會責(zé)任意識，促使學(xué)生關(guān)注社會、思考現(xiàn)實。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[ 1 ]趙冰.提高應(yīng)用文寫作教學(xué)質(zhì)量之我見[J].廣西師院學(xué)報,1995.(1)75-80.[２]李艷爽.應(yīng)用文寫作教學(xué)的問題與對策.《中國電力教育》2009年第08期

［3］曾頌勇.淺議應(yīng)用文寫作教學(xué)［J］.職業(yè)教育研究，2005，（11）.［4］洪威雷.應(yīng)用文寫作在高校課程建設(shè)中的地位［J］.應(yīng)用文寫作，2007，（2）.

第二篇：應(yīng)用文寫作

證明信

XX公司：

貴公司陳紅確是我校畢業(yè)生。該學(xué)生在校期間品學(xué)兼優(yōu)，2000、2001、2002學(xué)期均被評為校級三好學(xué)生，在校期間積極參加校內(nèi)戶外活動并取得較好的成績。2003年被評為市級優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生。

特此證明

XX職業(yè)（公章）二00四年三月七日

推薦信

各位校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：

您好！

某某皮具有限公司在我校招聘文員和秘書實習(xí)生，為此，特向您推薦黃文武同學(xué)去實習(xí)。我認(rèn)為黃文武同學(xué)去人秘書實習(xí)生，其理由如下：

一、他學(xué)完了所有的秘書大專自考課程，并全部一次性通過全國統(tǒng)一考試。

二、他不僅拿到了XX大學(xué)的自考?？莆膽{，而且在計算機(jī)方面取得了計算機(jī)操作員中級職業(yè)資格證書，曾參加全市計算機(jī)錄入比賽獲二等獎。

三、在校連續(xù)三年獲優(yōu)秀學(xué)生稱號，2007年獲國家獎學(xué)金。特此推薦，請予考慮。此致 敬禮

班主任：XXX（私章）

二00八年五月五日

感謝信

XX職校：

尊敬的校長、老師和同學(xué)們，你們好！

我是貴校剛畢業(yè)的學(xué)生王曉珍。我在貴校學(xué)習(xí)期間，因為家里發(fā)生了巨大的變故，負(fù)債累累是我無法繼續(xù)完成學(xué)業(yè)，只能輟學(xué)。老師和同學(xué)們知道了我的情況后，積極替我排憂解難，讓我順利的完成了學(xué)業(yè)。在此我們?nèi)曳浅８袆?。老師和同學(xué)們對我的關(guān)心和友愛，我由衷地感謝你們！

我今后會更加努力學(xué)習(xí)，爭取取得更優(yōu)異的成績。我用實際行動來感謝你們對我的幫助。再次感謝你們！衷心祝愿貴校全體師生工作順利、學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步、身體健康！

王曉珍全家

二00九年十月六日

愛護(hù)鳥類倡議書

親愛的市民朋友們：

鳥類和野生動物是人類親密的朋友，也是維護(hù)自然生態(tài)平衡的重要因素，保護(hù)鳥類的野生動物就是保護(hù)我們?nèi)祟愖约海?/p>

保護(hù)鳥類和野生動物是我們每一個市民朋友義不容辭的責(zé)任。在此，我們向全體市民朋友們發(fā)出如下倡議：

一、主動學(xué)習(xí)保護(hù)鳥類的科學(xué)知識和相關(guān)法律法規(guī)，牢固樹立保護(hù)鳥類光榮，破環(huán)鳥類違法的理念，養(yǎng)成愛鳥保護(hù)鳥的良好習(xí)慣；

二、積極行動起來，不傷害、不捕殺、不籠養(yǎng)野鳥，拒食野鳥等野生動物，從我做起，做一名文明、守法的公民；

三、保護(hù)鳥類的野生動物的自然棲息地，愛護(hù)一草一木，保護(hù)綠地和濕地，減少環(huán)境污染，為鳥類和野生動物創(chuàng)造良好的生存和生活空間；

四、自覺遵守保護(hù)野生動物的法律、法規(guī)，及時舉報并制止非法捕捉、傷害鳥類和野生動物的行為，堅決與各種破環(huán)鳥類和野生動物資源的違法行為做斗爭。

市民朋友們，讓我們共同努力，積極行動，從我做起，從小事做起，爭做保護(hù)鳥類和野生動物的衛(wèi)士，讓鳥類和野生動物與我們?nèi)祟愒谕黄{(lán)天下平安快樂地生活，為建設(shè)我們美好和諧的家園做出自己應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。

上海市烹飪協(xié)會 二0一一年四月五日

開業(yè)申請書

XX省工商管理局：

我是XX市XX職業(yè)學(xué)校計算機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)專業(yè)畢業(yè)后的學(xué)生?？加杏嬎銠C(jī)資格證書，加強(qiáng)實踐鍛煉，現(xiàn)在已充分掌握了計算機(jī)應(yīng)用的知識和技術(shù)，我也自籌了資金20萬元。

這一年來，本省的用電腦的群眾極速增加，許多人對電腦的需求越來越多。

為此，我申請開辦個體電腦公司。懇請主管部門批準(zhǔn)我的要求，盡早發(fā)給營業(yè)執(zhí)照。開業(yè)后，我保證遵守國家的政策、法令，嚴(yán)格按章繳納稅金；對客戶做到熱情服務(wù)，合理收費，保證質(zhì)量，使客戶滿意。

此致 敬禮

申請人 項XX 二00六年六月六日

建議書

黃老師：

最近，我們班學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)氣不好，影響了全班的正常上課，會分心。為了轉(zhuǎn)變學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)氣、改善學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度，提高學(xué)習(xí)成績。我向您提出以下幾點建議：

一、每天早自修安排兩個同學(xué)負(fù)責(zé)早讀，督促大家認(rèn)真早讀；

二、安排班干部記錄課堂紀(jì)律，違紀(jì)者予以記名；

三、在班級合適地方張貼學(xué)習(xí)資料；

四、開展“結(jié)對幫帶”的帶動全班一起進(jìn)步。以上幾點不成熟的建議，供您參考。此致 敬禮

文秘班學(xué)生付XX 二00九年三月六日

建議書

教導(dǎo)處主任：

我們是07商務(wù)（3）班的學(xué)生。半個多學(xué)期來，大家感到作業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)太重。每天下課都是做作業(yè)，課外活動也被擠掉。這主要是因為有的老師喜歡拖堂，即講課條理性較差造成的。為了提高課堂學(xué)習(xí)效率，保障休息時間，所以我們建議：

一、希望教導(dǎo)處對這些老師提出要求，盡量不要拖堂，最好課堂上留五之十分鐘讓大

家做作業(yè)；

二、希望教導(dǎo)處指導(dǎo)教師改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法，盡可能做到精講多練，活躍課堂氣氛；

三、盡可能保證我們的課外活動時間。這樣可以豐富我們的課余生活。以上建議，不當(dāng)之處，請批評。此致 敬禮

07商務(wù)（3）班全體學(xué)生

二00八年五月三日

慰問信

敬愛的老師們：

流光溢彩的九月，秋風(fēng)送爽，桃李芬蕓。我們迎來了教師節(jié)，在這丹桂飄香的金秋時節(jié)悄然而至。九月如期而至。九月獻(xiàn)給老師。我們銘記九月，因為這是你們永恒的節(jié)日；我們贊頌九月，因為這是我們真誠的表白。

三寸舌 三寸筆 三尺講臺 三千桃李 十載風(fēng) 十載雨 十年樹木 十萬棟梁

你們總是如此默默無聞的執(zhí)著于自己的工作崗位，你們總是如此深沉地奉獻(xiàn)著自己的知識和青春。用你們陽光般溫暖，雨露般甘甜的教誨，讓我們從混沌中領(lǐng)悟人生，讓我們在學(xué)習(xí)中升華！是你們，造就了生機(jī)勃勃、欣欣向榮的人民職高！是你們，伴隨著我們成長，培育出自強(qiáng)不息、不斷進(jìn)取的品德！是你們，辛勤耕耘在三尺講臺上，無怨無悔！從認(rèn)字的那天起，我們的每一步成長都離不開你們無限的關(guān)愛！

光陰輕輕帶走了你們辛勤勞動的一幕幕，正如它輕輕帶來了這讓我們回憶與感動并存的九月。

九月，是只情滿泗意的杯子，我們用雙手高高地舉起——在一片真誠的祝福聲中，請你們干杯。

九月的樂章已經(jīng)奏響，請接受我們九月的獻(xiàn)禮吧！所有拼搏在教育戰(zhàn)線的老師們。祝全校老師節(jié)日快樂、身體健康、工作順利！

XX學(xué)校學(xué)生會 二00九年九月十日 本學(xué)期的個人學(xué)習(xí)計劃

上學(xué)期因為復(fù)習(xí)課的時候不是很認(rèn)真的聽講，而造成了期末考試成績不太理想。根據(jù)上學(xué)期的期末考試各科的成績，為保證能在這學(xué)期中的個人學(xué)習(xí)活動有序進(jìn)行，進(jìn)一步的提高自身學(xué)習(xí)成績。結(jié)合上學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)要點，根據(jù)自身的實際能力，特制定本學(xué)期計劃：

一、認(rèn)真聽老師講課，認(rèn)真做好筆記，認(rèn)真做好家庭作業(yè)；

二、多讀課外書，增強(qiáng)自身的課外知識，以及增強(qiáng)自身的閱讀能力；

三、積極向老師或同學(xué)請教自己不理解的題目，以便于你更好的復(fù)習(xí)；

四、自信是非常重要的，要經(jīng)常對自己說：“我是最棒的，不要讓自己失去自信心?！睋碛袠酚^，積極向上的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度才能更好地完成最后學(xué)習(xí)考核。

11禮儀班 葉舒婷 二0一二年五月二日

XX學(xué)校上學(xué)期創(chuàng)安全班級的工作總結(jié)

現(xiàn)在每個家庭只有兩三個孩子，孩子的安全健康成長關(guān)系著每個家庭的幸福和平安，要為家長分憂解困，為做好安全教育工作是班主任工作的重中之重。班級安全是確保構(gòu)建和諧校園這一目標(biāo)任務(wù)實現(xiàn)的重要前提和保障。班級安全工作，直接關(guān)系到學(xué)生生命安全和學(xué)生健康成長，關(guān)系到千家萬戶幸福安寧和班級聲譽。為了深入貫徹上級有關(guān)文件精神，進(jìn)一步提高全校學(xué)生的安全防范意識，切實加強(qiáng)學(xué)生人身安全教育，創(chuàng)設(shè)一個穩(wěn)定、安全、有序、平安 的校園環(huán)境，確保班級正常的教育教學(xué)秩序，一學(xué)年來，我認(rèn)真貫徹班級有關(guān)“創(chuàng)建平安校園” 暨 做好班級安全工作的精神，結(jié)合我班實際，提高認(rèn)識，加強(qiáng)管理，注重落實，講求實效，取得了很好的成效，得到領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的肯定和社會家長的認(rèn)可，切實達(dá)到了創(chuàng)建平安校園的目的?，F(xiàn)將班級安全工作總結(jié) 如下：

一、班級是未成年人較為聚集的地方，班級安全工作的主要對象是在校學(xué)生，他們的自我保護(hù)意識和防范能力相對較弱，是安全工作領(lǐng)域的弱勢群體，確保他們安全的任務(wù)十分艱巨。班級安全工作有其特殊性：

1)學(xué)生每天都有變化，都需要重申安全紀(jì)律，強(qiáng)調(diào)防范措施；

2)從初級中學(xué)八年級學(xué)生的年齡、生理以及知識結(jié)構(gòu)、認(rèn)知和自我防范能力等特點來看，班級安全工作的這根弦得時刻繃緊，時刻提防；

二、責(zé)任分工，層層落實

按照學(xué)校工作部署，具體負(fù)責(zé)本抓班的安全工作，落實班級的安全管理。成立了班主任主管，班長分管，學(xué)習(xí)委員、團(tuán)支部書記、體育委員、勞動委員層層分解負(fù)責(zé)，做到一人主抓一塊，層層抓落實。班主任在學(xué)年初給每位學(xué)生簽訂安全責(zé)任書 全面抓好下列安全工作：學(xué)生個人飲食衛(wèi)生安全、參加勞動人身安全防范、安全法制教育；校內(nèi)打架斗毆事件的預(yù)防與處理；禁煙和防賭安全工作。教室宿舍居住、床位安全；教學(xué)、生活設(shè)施安全；食堂飲食衛(wèi)生安全；用電安全；預(yù)防基建工地人身安全。課堂教學(xué)人身安全；體育課、活動課、實驗課、電腦課教學(xué)安全；實驗室、電腦室等有關(guān)器材使用安全；外出教學(xué)活動人身安全。

三、建設(shè)“平安校園”，保障班級安全的關(guān)鍵在防范

班級 堅持 “預(yù)防為主”的方針，強(qiáng)化管理，落實各項安全措施。進(jìn)一步明確目標(biāo)責(zé)任，落實到人，學(xué)生對個人安全防范形成書面材料并上交班主任。各小組責(zé)任人認(rèn)真進(jìn)行自查，做到邊查邊改，對檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)的隱患和問題做好記錄，并由專人負(fù)責(zé)，限期整改，切實做到層層有目標(biāo)，人人有責(zé)任。

總之，班級安全管理是造福學(xué)生的一項重要舉措，也是事關(guān)廣大學(xué)生、班級的生命財產(chǎn)安全的一項重要工作，班級安全建設(shè)的成功與否與班級的改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定息息相關(guān)。我 們始終把安全工作擺在班級各項工作的重要位置加以落實，給學(xué)生提供一個安全健康的環(huán)境，讓每位學(xué)生都充分認(rèn)識到安全工作的重要性，要人人關(guān)心、人人支持、人人參與，始終圍繞保障學(xué)生生命和財產(chǎn)安全作為重中之重，切實為班級創(chuàng)造安全穩(wěn)定的工作發(fā)展環(huán)境貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量。班級多一分管理，學(xué)生就多一分平安，社會就多一分和諧。

XX學(xué)校 XXX 二0一二年五月九日 XX學(xué)院辦公會議記錄

時間：2009年5月5日上午8：30至上午10：00 地點：第一會議室 出席人：尹XX（院長）、孔XX（辦公室主任）、徐X（院長辦公室秘書）及學(xué)院各部門主要負(fù)責(zé)人

缺席人：王XX、鄭XX（另有會議參加）主持人：胡XX（副院長）

記錄：徐X（院長辦公室秘書）

議題：討論我院如何按照市教育局的《通知》精神抓好安全工作

一、主持人開場白 略

二、主題報告

主持人傳達(dá)市教育有關(guān)安全文件的通知（略）

三、討論發(fā)言 1.尹XX：（略）2.孔XX：（略）3.徐X：（略）

四、決議

1.傳達(dá)《通知》精神，對全部人員開展一次安全教育 2.各部門責(zé)成有關(guān)人員安排好安全檢查、整頓工作 散會。

主持人：（簽名）記錄員：（簽名）2009年5月5日

省商務(wù)廳深入學(xué)習(xí)實踐科學(xué)發(fā)展觀活動

簡報 第二十五期

省商務(wù)廳深入學(xué)習(xí)實踐科學(xué)發(fā)展觀活動領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組 2008年11月19日 _____________________________________________________________________ 編者按：開展深入??，供全廳人員學(xué)習(xí)參考。

金融危機(jī)的影響及應(yīng)對建議

去年年底發(fā)生在美國的??不利影響。為此建議：

一、是密切關(guān)注金融危機(jī)??，促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級。

在國內(nèi)，隨著原材料價格上漲，運費??具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。

_____________________________________________________________________ 送：省委學(xué)習(xí)實踐活動領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室，省委學(xué)習(xí)實踐活動領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組第六指導(dǎo)檢查組，省商務(wù)廳學(xué)習(xí)實踐活動領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組成員，廳領(lǐng)導(dǎo) 發(fā)：廳機(jī)關(guān)各支部（總支）、各處室、廳屬事業(yè)單位

（本期共印80份）

歡送詞

尊敬的XXX博士：

在您訪問結(jié)束，即將回國之際，我代表我方向您表示熱烈歡送。

XXX博士的訪問雖然短暫，然而是極其成功的。在北京期間，他會晤了有關(guān)方面的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)同志，參加了工廠、農(nóng)村、學(xué)校，與各界人士進(jìn)行了談話，并認(rèn)真研究了我國政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和教育。促進(jìn)了對我國的認(rèn)識和了解，增進(jìn)了相互之間的友誼，為今后的合作奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)。

在最后，希望XXX博士再來我國進(jìn)行訪問，不斷加深研究和了解，是合作取得更大的成就。

祝XXX博士回國途中一路平安！身體健康！

開幕詞

各位老師們、各位同學(xué)們：

大家好！在今天這個令人激動的時刻，我們迎來了我校校運動會的勝利召開，在此，我代表全校老師和同學(xué)們，向這次體育盛會的召開表示熱烈的祝賀！

這次運動會是對我校體育教學(xué)工作的大檢閱，更是對我校師生精神面貌和綜合素質(zhì)的大檢閱。體育是力量的角逐，體育是智慧的較量，體育是美麗的展示，體育是理想的飛揚。在這緊張激烈的賽場上，希望全校師生要以我國的體育健兒為榜樣，以飽滿的激情、昂揚的斗志，勇于拼搏進(jìn)取的信念，團(tuán)結(jié)向上的精神投入到本次運動會上。賽出成績，賽出水平，賽出風(fēng)格！讓我們的實際行動來追求更高、更快、更強(qiáng)！

最后，祝全體運動員們賽出好成績！預(yù)祝大會圓滿成功！

XXX

二0一一年九月二十九日

第三篇：應(yīng)用文寫作

應(yīng)用文寫作

胡建舫

第一講

應(yīng)用文概述

一、概念

國家機(jī)關(guān)企事業(yè)單位社會團(tuán)體個人在處理事務(wù)工作進(jìn)行社會活動中經(jīng)常使用的具有規(guī)范格式的文種。

訓(xùn)練:舉例說明哪些文章屬于應(yīng)用文.二、特點

價值實用性

應(yīng)用廣泛性

建構(gòu)模式性

表述簡約性

使用時效性

三、作用

管理國家

宣傳教育

聯(lián)系溝通

憑證記載

四、分類

應(yīng)用文分公務(wù)私務(wù)兩大類;公務(wù)應(yīng)用文可再分通用專用兩類

上行

平行

下行

訓(xùn)練:舉例說明哪些文章屬于上行文

五、文本的構(gòu)成要素及其要求

主旨:客觀

單一

明晰

語言:直接

行業(yè)

模式

材料:真實

充分

具體

結(jié)構(gòu):合理

規(guī)范

訓(xùn)練:修改下面段文字

時間如白駒過隙,過得飛快，一轉(zhuǎn)眼，2010年將要過去了。在過去的一年里,我公司的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益猶如穿云燕子,飛向百尺竿頭.公司上下興高采烈,笑逐顏開.現(xiàn)在,我們把去年的工作總結(jié)一下。

試寫一則留言條,集體修改。

六、應(yīng)用文特用詞舉例

稱謂用語:你

我本

貴

該

開端:為了

依照

茲定于

頃接

遞送:報

呈

印發(fā)

頒發(fā)

下達(dá)

轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)

擬辦:擬辦

責(zé)成交辦

試辦

引敘:悉

收悉

過渡:為此

鑒于

綜上所述

期請:懇請

特請

擬請

如蒙

希望

尚望

希予

結(jié)尾:當(dāng)否 ,請批示

特此報告

為要

訓(xùn)練:解詞

茲經(jīng)

如蒙

擬請

鑒于

為此

此復(fù) 責(zé)成謝忱

謹(jǐn)悉

屆期

頃接

七、關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)應(yīng)用文,略

八、常見公文的開頭和結(jié)尾

開頭:目的式 根據(jù)式 融合式 引文式 自然式 引敘式 時間式

結(jié)尾:自然式 強(qiáng)調(diào)式

總結(jié)式

說明式

希望式

征詢式

第二講

行政應(yīng)用文

一、行政應(yīng)用文的廣義與狹義

廣義,略

狹義,略

二、版式及構(gòu)成要素

1.文頭

1)版頭

2)發(fā)文字號(聯(lián)合發(fā)文

簽發(fā))

3)簽發(fā)

4)秘密等級和保密期限

5)緊急程度

6)文件份號

2文件主體

1)標(biāo)題(程式 簡化式

標(biāo)點

省略關(guān)于

戒虛題)

訓(xùn)練:修改標(biāo)題

(1)中共中央國務(wù)院關(guān)于法輪功的通知

(2)關(guān)于召開布置增產(chǎn)節(jié)約勞動競賽活動的通知

擬標(biāo)題

拾金不昧

再要經(jīng)費

砍伐樹木

自然災(zāi)害

人事調(diào)動

轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)

2)主送(頂格

順序

概稱)

3)文章主體

4)附件

5)發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)成文日期印章(聯(lián)合發(fā)文)

3.文尾

1)主題詞

2)抄送

3)印制日期份數(shù)

訓(xùn)練:根據(jù)標(biāo)題擬主題詞

國務(wù)院關(guān)于十一五期間深化科學(xué)技術(shù)體制改革的決定

關(guān)于禁止在新關(guān)水庫內(nèi)搞旅游問題的批復(fù)

國務(wù)院辦公廳克拉瑪依特大火災(zāi)事故情況的通報

國務(wù)院關(guān)于發(fā)布《國家行政機(jī)關(guān)公文處理辦法》的通知

關(guān)于崇明島發(fā)電用煤缺口問題的請示

解釋意思:

滬府[2007]51號

新政辦函[2007]3號 填空: 關(guān)于（）《廣東省碧水工程計劃》的（）各市縣自治縣人民政府,省府直屬有關(guān)單位: 《廣東省碧水工程計劃》業(yè)經(jīng)省人民政府同意,現(xiàn)（）給你們,請認(rèn)真執(zhí)行。北京市人民政府（）各區(qū)縣人民政府,市府有關(guān)直屬單位:

現(xiàn)將國務(wù)院《關(guān)于修訂<發(fā)明獎勵條例>的通知》(國發(fā)[1999]279號)（給你們,請認(rèn)真執(zhí)行.)

第三講

通知

一、用法

批轉(zhuǎn)下級機(jī)關(guān)公文，轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)上級機(jī)關(guān)和不相隸屬機(jī)關(guān)公文,傳達(dá)要求下級機(jī)關(guān)辦理和需要有關(guān)單位周知或執(zhí)行的事項，任免人員.二、批轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)類通知的寫法

1.標(biāo)題

1)不出現(xiàn)關(guān)于 2)例舉

國務(wù)院辦公廳轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)工商總局等部門關(guān)于嚴(yán)厲打擊傳銷和變相傳銷等非法經(jīng)營活動意見的通知

云南省人民政府批轉(zhuǎn)省工商局《關(guān)于做好<中華人民共和國合同法>貫徹實施工作的意見》的通知

江蘇省教育廳轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)教育部辦公廳《關(guān)于印發(fā)<高等學(xué)校學(xué)報管理辦法>的通知》的通知 2.主送,略 3.正文主體:

1)現(xiàn)將

《》(X[]X號)

給你們，執(zhí)行。

2)

業(yè)經(jīng)

同意，現(xiàn)批轉(zhuǎn)給你們,請貫徹執(zhí)行。4.附件認(rèn)定

訓(xùn)練:修改下面一則通知。

關(guān)山市財政局轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)省財政廳文件的通知 各區(qū)財政局:

現(xiàn)在，將財政廳二00七年九月十五日第六號《關(guān)于個部門召開訂貨會議,其住宿費一律由招待所旅館等部門出具收費的通知》發(fā)給你們.通知中指出的以會議專用章等名義出具,隨意提高收費標(biāo)準(zhǔn),加收空房費,為會議上請客招待開方便之門的違反財經(jīng)紀(jì)律的現(xiàn)象在我市也是存在的。今后，我市各單位的會議，其住宿費出具收費的單位,均擬按照上述通知的規(guī)定執(zhí)行。

二00七年

月

日

三、會議通知的寫法

1標(biāo)題:關(guān)于召開

會議名稱

的通知

2正文開頭

1)自然式

目的式

融合式

2)會議名稱

3)過渡:現(xiàn)將會議有關(guān)事項通知如下

3主體 1)分條列項式

2)內(nèi)容

地點

時間

與會人員

攜帶材料

報到

食宿等 4結(jié)尾:自然式

強(qiáng)調(diào)式

希望式 訓(xùn)練:修改一則會議通知

關(guān)于召開布置開展增產(chǎn)節(jié)約勞動競賽活動的通知 各分公司分廠各車間黨支部總公司直屬部門:

為貫徹上級精神，總公司董事會研究決定在全公司范圍內(nèi)廣泛開展增產(chǎn)節(jié)約勞動競賽活動.現(xiàn)在把會議有關(guān)問題通知如下:

一會議時間:10月4日至8日.二會議地點:總公司招待所.三與會人員:各分公司分廠總公司各直屬部門主管生產(chǎn)的負(fù)責(zé)同志工會主席等。

四請各單位準(zhǔn)備好本單位開展勞動競賽活動的經(jīng)驗材料,限5000字.并請與會人員于10月4日前來報到。

吉林省石化總公司

****年**月**日

四、任免人員通知

例文: 海防市人民政府關(guān)于單邊王鵬同志職務(wù)任 免的通知 各區(qū)縣人民政府,市政府各委辦局,直屬機(jī)構(gòu):

經(jīng)2007年9月4日海防市第十一屆人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會第三十次會議決定: 任命單邊同志為海防市規(guī)劃委員會主任。

免去王鵬的海防市規(guī)劃委員會主任職務(wù)。

二00七年九月四日

五、指示性通知

例文: 烏魯木齊市人民政府辦公廳關(guān)于在機(jī)構(gòu)改革中加強(qiáng)我市中等專業(yè)學(xué)校管理工作有關(guān)問題的通知

各區(qū)縣人民政府,市政府各委辦局,各中等專業(yè)學(xué)校: 為在政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革和中等職業(yè)教育結(jié)構(gòu)中切實保護(hù)國有教育資產(chǎn)，為我市中等專業(yè)學(xué)校的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的環(huán)境，現(xiàn)就加強(qiáng)我市中等專業(yè)學(xué)校管理工作有關(guān)問題通知如下：

一

二

第四講

通報

一、用法

表彰先進(jìn)批評錯誤,傳達(dá)重要精神情況。

二、寫法 1.標(biāo)題

1)關(guān)于表彰(獎勵)趙楠同學(xué)的通報 2)關(guān)于青海省特大騙匯案件的通報 2.正文

1)開頭:概括敘述通報事實

2)主體:定性

通報根據(jù)

(過渡)決定 3)結(jié)尾:希望式

推及到面

訓(xùn)練:根據(jù)所給材料寫一份通報

鐘荷花同學(xué)是烏魯木齊成人教育學(xué)院財經(jīng)系2007級經(jīng)濟(jì)管理班學(xué)生。2009年9月4日下午5點30分,她去參加應(yīng)聘工作.當(dāng)路過建設(shè)銀行幸福路儲蓄所門前,撿到了一捆錢,坐等右等不見人來認(rèn)領(lǐng)，就把錢交給銀行工作人員。經(jīng)查,為人民幣三萬元.又過了半個小時,失主裴順福老人跌跌撞撞沿途找到銀行.當(dāng)老人拿到失而復(fù)得的錢時，老人異常激動,差點暈了過去。他淚流滿面,抽出一沓錢硬要塞給鐘荷花,她謝絕了.最終,老人打聽到她所在學(xué)校，給學(xué)院送了一份感謝信。學(xué)院研究決定,表揚該生并獎勵人民幣500元。

韓成是我院計科系2005級信息管理專業(yè)的學(xué)生。2007年7月5日下午,他一個人在宿舍用電爐子煮火鍋吃,釀成火災(zāi),經(jīng)過周圍師生的奮力撲救，大火撲滅,但宿舍的被褥,桌椅等均不同程度受損,價值折合人民幣521元。代學(xué)院寫一份批評通報。

第五講

報告

一、用法

向上級機(jī)關(guān)匯報工作反映情況答復(fù)上級機(jī)關(guān)的詢問。

二、種類:工作 專題 答復(fù) 遞送

三、寫法

1.標(biāo)題

《烏魯木齊職業(yè)大學(xué)2010年工作報告》

《關(guān)于組織師生觀看討論影片<一曲難忘>情況的報告》 《關(guān)于近來學(xué)生思想動態(tài)的報告》 2.正文開頭

1)報告的目的或緣由 2)自然式

總括式 3正文主體,略

4.正文結(jié)尾:強(qiáng)調(diào)式 自然式 期請式 總結(jié)式

三、習(xí)作訓(xùn)練:根據(jù)材料寫作.2007年8月26日下午約4點,烏魯木齊地區(qū)普降大雨,為歷史上五十年不遇.當(dāng)日的氣象預(yù)報也沒能及時準(zhǔn)確報出.當(dāng)晚12點,南山礦區(qū)暴發(fā)了泥石流,區(qū)人民醫(yī)院四間藥品庫平房被沖毀,八間職工宿舍被沖倒塌,很多醫(yī)療器械被沖走.該院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)趕緊組織職工搶險.經(jīng)過三個小時的奮戰(zhàn),該院把價值128萬元的藥品搬到了安全的地方,被沖跑的醫(yī)療器械也全部找了回來。此時,大雨忽停忽下，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)安排其他職工先回去休息.萬一出現(xiàn)緊急情況再通知大家。

代請該院給區(qū)政府寫一份反映這次災(zāi)害的報告。

第四篇：應(yīng)用文寫作

如何規(guī)范應(yīng)用文寫作

應(yīng)用文不但是人類在長期的社會實踐活動中形成的一種文體，而且是人們傳遞信息、處理事務(wù)、交流感情的工具，有的應(yīng)用文還用來作為憑證和依據(jù)?？墒请S著社會的發(fā)展，人們在工作和生活中的交往越來越頻繁，事情也越來越復(fù)雜，因此應(yīng)用文的功能也就越來越多了。所謂應(yīng)用文是人們在生活、學(xué)習(xí)、工作中為處理實際事物而寫作，有著實用性特點，并形成慣用格式的文章。

1.當(dāng)今社會包括政府單位在內(nèi)，很多應(yīng)用文寫作不規(guī)范的行為，如何更好規(guī)范應(yīng)用文寫作呢？

一、明確概念、認(rèn)清特點、把握語體特點

1、概念：

應(yīng)用文是黨政機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)單位、人民團(tuán)體和個人在日常工作、學(xué)習(xí)和生活中處理公私事務(wù)時使用的具有實用價值和固定格式的文體。對應(yīng)用文的認(rèn)識，應(yīng)從兩方面考察，一是從文章的功用來看，應(yīng)用文從產(chǎn)生到發(fā)展都是以應(yīng)用為目的的，或用于處理公務(wù)，或用于個人事務(wù)，這一點，使它鮮明的區(qū)別于以審美為主要功能的文學(xué)作品；二是從文章的表現(xiàn)形式上看，應(yīng)用文較之于其他文體，有著更為嚴(yán)格的寫作格式，語言文字也較簡明通俗，這一點是與它功能上的實用性相適應(yīng)的。

2、特點：

第一，功能上的實用性。

應(yīng)用文的產(chǎn)生源于社會發(fā)展和社會生活方方面面的實際需要。國家出現(xiàn)，需要政事管理，出現(xiàn)公文，有了商品交換，契約文書應(yīng)運而生；社會進(jìn)入法制階段，便產(chǎn)生了訴訟文書，實用性是應(yīng)用文最為根本的特征和生命之所在。應(yīng)用文是據(jù)以辦事的工具，它既有明確具體的實用目的，又有明確、固定的使用對象。

第二，內(nèi)容上的真實性。

應(yīng)用文的實用性是以真實性為基礎(chǔ)和前提的，失去真實性，應(yīng)用文就失去了價值和意義，甚至?xí)斐芍卮蟮钠茐男杂绊?。第三，形式上的程式性?/p>

由于社會交際的需要，應(yīng)用文的文體形式不斷完善和充實，在結(jié)構(gòu)形式、語言表達(dá)上形成了一些慣用的格式，在有些公用文書的辦理上也形成了一定的程式，這就是應(yīng)用文的程式性。這些程式化的東西，有的是約定俗成的，如信函、請柬的寫法；有的是由國家權(quán)威行政機(jī)構(gòu)做出統(tǒng)一規(guī)定的，如行政公文的格式及寫法，都是由《國家行政機(jī)關(guān)公文處理辦法》規(guī)定的，這個規(guī)定，1993年由國務(wù)院辦公廳發(fā)布，2000年由國務(wù)院發(fā)布，體現(xiàn)了高度的統(tǒng)一性。還有的是由行業(yè)約定，如經(jīng)濟(jì)應(yīng)用文的寫法、建筑行業(yè)的招投標(biāo)書、司法應(yīng)用文中的起訴狀、上訴狀、申訴狀等都有具體的要求和約定。第四，時限性。

應(yīng)用文的寫作是服務(wù)于生活和工作的實際需要的，是為解決實際問題的，所以要在一定時限內(nèi)完成，這就是它的時限性。這其中包括兩方面的內(nèi)容： 一方面從應(yīng)用文發(fā)揮作用的角度說，它有一定的時限性，應(yīng)用文在一定時間內(nèi)有效，過了時間就不再有效，時間短的如開會的通知，會議結(jié)束了通知就失效了，長的如行政法規(guī)、規(guī)章，最長的是國家的根本大法《憲法》，當(dāng)下一部《憲法》出臺后，原來的就只有保存的價值了。另一方面，從應(yīng)用文的撰寫的角度來說，它也要講究時限性，在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)完成應(yīng)用文的撰寫，否則，就影響了工作。

二、應(yīng)用文寫作要遵守約定俗成的格式要求

關(guān)于應(yīng)用文的寫作，要十分注重人們所說的“約定俗成”的格式要求。這種寫作規(guī)范并非是一種嚴(yán)格規(guī)定的法定形式，而是無數(shù)前人在寫作實踐中所取得的某種共同的認(rèn)識和約定，也可以說是一種審美趣味上的趨同和共識。可見，“約定俗成”雖然不屬法定規(guī)范，但它必然包含著寫作規(guī)范中許多合理因素，我們應(yīng)該加以繼承和保留，不應(yīng)隨意破壞和擅自修改，以免影響應(yīng)用文的特定交際功能。能夠善于運用應(yīng)用文的“約定俗成”格式，也是一個人語文修養(yǎng)和水平的具體體現(xiàn)。

比如就書信而言，不要以為它的寫作十分簡單。寫信寫了十幾年了，還有錯。實際上，真正能夠規(guī)范地全部書寫正確書信格式的人，可以說是鳳毛麟角。有的人對此不以為然，書信格式錯了，不也照樣收到，意思也能理解。但它不知道，它所體現(xiàn)的語文修養(yǎng)卻是有天壤之別。就像吃飯一樣，有的人用臟手抓飯往嘴里塞，有的人卻用高級餐具進(jìn)餐，其風(fēng)格的粗魯和優(yōu)雅是不可相比的。

三、注重應(yīng)用文的語言特征

應(yīng)用文作為一種實用性文體，語言上與其他文體相比較，主要表現(xiàn)出“樸實、沿習(xí)、多元、明確、簡練、生動”等特征。

1、樸實——開門見山、自然質(zhì)樸

文學(xué)作品屬形象思維范疇，主要用場景渲染、人物描寫、心理刻畫等手法塑造出活生生的藝術(shù)形象來感染讀者，即“以情動人”。語言上特別重視積極的修辭手法，特別講究動詞、形容詞的錘練。論文寫作屬邏輯思維范疇，以對事理的解剖分析、綜合歸納、邏輯推論“以理服人”，語言上特別重視語法、邏輯和專業(yè)術(shù)語的準(zhǔn)確。

應(yīng)用文是一種處理公私事務(wù)的工具，是用來說明事實、解決實際問題的，側(cè)重于“以事告人”。所以語言要求樸實無華、開門見山。

2、沿習(xí)——文有定型、約定俗成。

一般說“文無定法”，但寫作應(yīng)用文應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循“慣例”。應(yīng)當(dāng)符合相對穩(wěn)定的格式、表述規(guī)定的內(nèi)容、使用習(xí)慣的語言。標(biāo)題、開頭、結(jié)尾、轉(zhuǎn)折過渡采用習(xí)慣的用語。

3、多元——文字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)、表格圖形。

一般文章多用文字表述，應(yīng)用文除了用文字表述外，還可以用數(shù)據(jù)、表格、圖形來說明事理，可謂“語出多門”。特別是財經(jīng)類應(yīng)用文則大量采用數(shù)據(jù)、表格、統(tǒng)計圖形。

商務(wù)類文體寫作

4、明確——確切無誤、明白通曉。

文學(xué)創(chuàng)作講“文貴曲”，而應(yīng)用文有很強(qiáng)的政策性、實用性。要求語言明確，使人一看就懂，一懂就可執(zhí)行、答復(fù)或辦理，不能模棱兩可，不能有再創(chuàng)造的余地。明確特征要求，不用或少用比喻，不用或少用具有描寫性和感性色彩的詞語。

5、簡練——言簡意賅、文約事豐。

“簡”本來是戰(zhàn)國至魏、晉時代的書寫材料，是削制成的狹長竹片或木片。由于這種書寫材料制作的困難，就要求作者必須言簡意賅，盡量爭取以少少的文字，容進(jìn)多多的意思?！熬殹敝赴呀z麻或布帛煮得柔軟潔白，這里是要求文字寫得明白。

應(yīng)用文寫得簡實、煉是高速傳遞信息的需要，是節(jié)省時間、提高辦事效率的需要，也是樸明確特征在“文字量”上的體現(xiàn)

6、生動——有聲有色、活潑鮮明。

語氣莊重、言簡意明、直來直去、明白顯露是應(yīng)用文用語的基本要求。但在調(diào)查報告、總結(jié)等應(yīng)用文種里，也可以用生動活潑的語言表達(dá)事理、吸引讀者，感染讀者。誠然，上述應(yīng)用文文種不會象文學(xué)作品那樣借用種種寫作手法來塑造形象，只可以有限使用比喻、借代、夸張等修辭技巧，穿插使用成語、俗語、歇后語等增強(qiáng)文章的吸引力、感染力、新鮮感。

應(yīng)用文不但是人類在長期的社會實踐活動中形成的一種文體，而且是人們傳遞信息、處理事務(wù)、交流感情的工具，有的應(yīng)用文還用來作為憑證和依據(jù)。可是隨著社會的發(fā)展，人們在工作和生活中的交往越來越頻繁，事情也越來越復(fù)雜，包括政府單位在內(nèi)，很多應(yīng)用文寫作不規(guī)范的行為，如何更好規(guī)范應(yīng)用文寫作呢？

2.如何更好在社會各界推廣應(yīng)用文寫作？

隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會的發(fā)展，人們在工作和生活中的交往越來越頻繁，事情也越來越復(fù)雜，因此應(yīng)用文的功能也就越來越多了，主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：

一、新聞媒體所說的消息，也叫新聞。新聞這一概念有狹義和廣義之分。狹義的單指消息；廣義的指消息、通訊、報告文學(xué)、特寫、評論、新聞?wù)掌鹊?。新聞消息是我們幾乎天天在報上和電視上見面的一種應(yīng)用文。在各種新聞宣傳形式中，消息是目前世界上發(fā)表量最大、受眾最多的一種文體。它在報紙、廣播電臺、電視臺每天安排的新聞節(jié)目中，大多放在前面，而且使用頻率最高的一種文體。在西方發(fā)達(dá)國家，每天播出消息的數(shù)量占整個新聞節(jié)目的70％、80％，有的甚至超過這個比例，因此在新聞方面加強(qiáng)應(yīng)用文推廣有著至關(guān)重要。

二、營銷人才不僅要精通網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息，能熟練運用電子工具，而且還必須具有較強(qiáng)得應(yīng)用文寫作能力，也就是說具有較強(qiáng)的應(yīng)用文寫作能力是衡量現(xiàn)代營銷人才的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。所以說對市場營銷專業(yè)學(xué)生的應(yīng)用文寫作能力的培養(yǎng)在現(xiàn)代營銷活動中具有極其重要的作用。

三、應(yīng)用文是國家黨政機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)單位、民主黨派、社會團(tuán)體以及廣大人民群眾，在日常工作、生產(chǎn)、科研、學(xué)習(xí)和生活中辦理公務(wù)和個人事務(wù)時所常用的具有直接使用價值和某種慣用體勢的一類文章總稱。它是人們交流思想、互通情況、解決問題、處理事務(wù)的工具。因此在國家黨政機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)單位、民主黨派、社會團(tuán)體加強(qiáng)應(yīng)用文推廣有著至關(guān)重要。

四、應(yīng)用文在日常工作、生產(chǎn)、科研、學(xué)習(xí)和生活中辦理公務(wù)和個人事務(wù)涉及的范圍比較寬廣，不僅體現(xiàn)在導(dǎo)游、海報、啟事、禮儀類文體寫作、主持詞的寫作、演講詞的寫作、名片和請柬的創(chuàng)意與寫作，而且體現(xiàn)在求職應(yīng)聘類文體寫作、策劃類文體寫作、商務(wù)類文體寫作、報告類文體寫作、法律類文體寫作、實用類文體寫作、常見公文寫作等等之類的文體中。

總之，應(yīng)用文寫作有很明確的對象和目的，內(nèi)容強(qiáng)調(diào)真實不能有虛構(gòu)、夸張、什么比喻、擬人等等，它的文風(fēng)相對來說就要樸實一些，不要憑個人好惡主觀臆斷。應(yīng)用文寫作在思維上側(cè)重邏輯思維，講究邏輯體現(xiàn)在文章結(jié)構(gòu)上。就是有條理清楚、井井有條，斷了之間有明顯的邏輯關(guān)系。陳述事項界限清晰，不交叉、不困亂，內(nèi)容前后講究因果，材料能夠證明觀點。應(yīng)用文有規(guī)定的格式，寫作過程要按固定格式來寫，不能標(biāo)新立異要遵守慣用或通用格式來寫。應(yīng)用寫作的目的是實用，語言要求簡潔、明確、概括、精煉、恰當(dāng)使用詞語、專業(yè)詞語。應(yīng)用文寫作體現(xiàn)了實用性、功用性、固定性、真實性、明確性、針對性、客觀性、邏輯性、規(guī)范性、簡明性、是應(yīng)用文所應(yīng)具備的基本特征，也是對應(yīng)用文寫作的基本要求。

所以在社會各界推廣應(yīng)用文寫作對國家經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展有著極其重要和積極促進(jìn)的重要作用和意義。

第五篇：應(yīng)用文寫作

Practical Writing I.Notices

Notices are mostly written to make known something about to happen or, sometimes, something that has happened.It may be an announcement of a meeting, a party, a film or video show, a contest, a match, etc.Such a notice includes at least three parts.1.Date—day of the week—time 2.Place 3.Activity For lectures or talks, the notices should also include: 4.Background information about the speakers, and for tours 5.Other details Models

Class Meeting Wednesday Oct.5 p.m.Rm 405

Movie— Hamlet in the Auditorium 4:00—6:00 p.m.Sat.Apr.5 Admission Free 3

Basketball Match on Playing Court # 1 English Dept.vs French Dept.Mon.June 6 5:00 PM 4

Women's Lib Movement on U.S.Campus

Speaker: Prof.Betty Powell Professor of Sociology, Smith College Author of The Other Half of the Sky

Date: Friday, 8 May Time: 10 a.m.Place: Rm.101 All Welcome!

Notice

The gentleman/lady who bought two ivory figurines and a lacquer ware coffee set from the Chinese Arts and Crafts Store on the morning of May 2nd has been overcharged through an accounting error.Will he/she please contact the Manager's Office to be refunded?

Manager's Office

FOUND

A brown leather wallet, in the dining hall on the morning of Sept.29th.Owner please claim at the Lost and Found Office, Rm.320 on the 3rd floor of the Office Building.Lost and Found Office

FOUND

A brown leather wallet, in the dining hall on the morning of Sept.29th.Owner please claim at the Lost Property Office, Rm.320 on the 3rd floor of the Office Building.Lost Property Office

SUNRISE TOUR GROUP Schedule for Tuesday, August 10

8:50 a.m.Meet in hotel lobby

to board bus for

the Summer Palace

Lunch at the Summer Palace

Quick stop at

the Friendship Store

for last-minute purchases 4:30 p.m.Return to hotel

Liu Xinhua，Tour Guide Monday, August 9 8

BUS

TOUR

We are arranging for a bus tour to the Summer Palace on this SATURDAY, 24th September.The bus will depart from the Beijing Hotel shortly after 8：30 a.m.and will return around 6 p.m., in time for dinner at the Hotel.Lunch will be served atRestaurant in the Summer Palace.There will be quick stops at the Haidian Free Market and the Beijing Zoo on our way back.If you would like to join us, please place your name on the sheet on the Notice Board, or tell Mr.Wang Huaide or Xiao Liu at the front desk, and meet in the lobby at 8:30 a.m., SATURDAY, 24th September.Cordially yours，(Signature)

Hu Wendi, Tour Guide

II.Greetings, Good Wishes, Congratulations, and Condolences

These are words conveying different messages for different occasions usually written on cards which include: 1.name of the person to whom the message is sent: To Mr.& Mrs.Smith/Dr.Brown/Prof.Stone/Dick/Annette 2.the message 3.name of the sender:

from Li Lihua Model

To Dr.Brown, A Merry Christmas and A Happy New Year!

from Li Lihua 1.Greetings(1)For Christmas and the New Year:

1)A Merry Christmas and A Happy New Year!2)Sending you wishes for a beautiful Christmas and a New Year filled with happiness!3)Best wishes for a Happy and Prosperous New Year!4)Warm regards and season's greetings.5)Warmest thoughts and best wishes for a wonderful holiday and a very Happy New Year.6)Remembering you with a warm wish for a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.(2)For a birthday: Happy Birthday!Many Happy Returns of the Day!(3)For a wedding anniversary: Many Happy Returns of Your Wedding Anniversary!2.Good Wishes(1)To someone in hospital: 1)Best wishes for a speedy recovery.2)Get Well Soon!3)Warmest Get-Well Wishes.(2)For an examination: Good luck in your examination!(3)For an interview for a jobs: Good Luck in your interview!3.Congratulations(1)On success in doing something:

Hearty congratulations on your success!(2)On a marriage: Hearty congratulations on your marriage and best wishes to you both!Best wishes for a long and happy married life to you both.4.Condolences Heartfelt/Sincere condolences in your great loss.We were shocked and deeply sorry to learn the passing away of Mr.A.Please accept our very sincere condolences in your great loss.III.Notes

Notes are short letters written for various purposes.Compared with a letter, a note is simpler in form and often informal or colloquial in language.In a note, the following may be omitted: 1.the addresses of the addressee and the addresser 2.the word “Dear” in the salutation 3.the complimentary close 4.the year in the date Be sure that the date of your note is made quite clear.Though the date may be written in numbers only, it is best not to use only numbers to avoid misunderstanding and confusion;for 10/1/93 is Oct.1, 1993 to the Americans, but Jan.10, 1993 to the British and most Europeans.October 1, 1993 may also be written as 1(st)October(,)1993 or abbreviated to 1 Oct.'93, with or without a comma between the month and the year when you write the day before the month.The names of other months with the exception of May are often abbreviated to Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Nov., and Dec.June and July may be abbreviated to Jun.and Jul., but it is better lo spell them out.Models

1.Appointments 1.Feb.11

Helen, Could we see each other for about an hour on Friday afternoon at 3 o'clock?

Xiaohong

2.July 15 Larry, I have to meet my wife at the airport at 3 p.m.today.Shall we discuss the matter at 10 tomorrow morning? If not, please ring me to make another time—many thanks.Liu

3.Tues.May 9 Prof.Lowell, I'd like to discuss with you the outline of my BA thesis.Could you please appoint a time and leave a message for me with Ms.Lin at/in the department office? Thank you.Wang Hong 4.Mar.8 Mr.Magee, Would you please arrange for(our)Mr.Tan Yiguo to be met at the...airport? He arrives at 18:40 hours on Flight BE 421 from London.Many thanks, Su Hoping

2.Apologies 1.Tues.Oct.20 Dear Prof.Richards, I'm sorry I couldn’t' make our 4 o’clock appointment.My meeting lasted a lot longer than I expected.I could meet you in the department office tomorrow at 3, if that is convenient for you.If not, please leave a note in my mailbox, # 529, tomorrow morning.Thank you, Zhang Hongyi

Tuesday 20th October Dear Prof.Richards, I'm sorry I couldn’t' make our 4 o’clock appointment.Prof.Sterne's lecture lasted a lot longer than I expected.I could meet you in the department office tomorrow at 3, if that is convenient for you.If not, please leave a note in my mailbox, # 529, tomorrow morning.Thanks, Zhang Hongyi

2.Sat, Oct.31 Dear Mr.Clark, I would like to express my apologies for not being able to keep our 9 o'clock appointment.I had a small accident on my way to school.I will come over to your apartment the day after tomorrow----Monday, November 2, at 9 a.m.if that is convenient for you.I will check my mailbox(# 245)tomorrow to see if you have left a note for me.Otherwise, I will see you at nine, Monday morning.With many apologies，Li Xiaomei

3.Dec.10 Dear Mr.Liang, I am so sorry I have been unable to get you the address of Mr.John Eastman yet.I have tried very hard but have had no success.1 shall keep on trying.Yours sincerely, Jane Bunyan

4.Dec.12 Dear Ms.Bunyan, I am sorry I have given you so much trouble over finding Mr.John Eastman’s address.I am very grateful to you for all you have done.Please do not worry about the matter any further.Sincerely, Liang Xinyu 5.Oct.4 Susan, I am sorry to have to tell you that I shall not be able to come to the party, because I have a bad cold.I do hope you will have a good time.Feihong

6.2nd Nov.Henry, I am sorry I shall be out of town on business on Nov.8, so I am afraid I am having to postpone our meeting to Thursday, Nov.12 at the same hour.I do hope you can still come, and very much regret any inconvenience the postponement may cause you.Shihui

7.3rd July Jianhua, I am terribly sorry 1 failed to meet you at the school gate yesterday afternoon.I had one of the bike tires punctured on my way, and by the time I had the puncture mended and got to school, you must have given up hope and left.Do please forgive me.George

3.Informal invitations 1.Julyl George, Would you like to come swimming with me next Monday afternoon? We could meet at the school gate at about 1:30 p.m.and then go together.Jianhua

2.Cathy, We are having tea and moon cakes in my flat(392)tomorrow night(Thursday)about 8 p.m.Do come if you are free.Huiling 3.Dear Mr./Prof.Leavis, There will be a meeting of our drama group on Saturday afternoon, April 5, at 5 in our classroom, # 410, in this building to discuss which play to put on for English Evening.We would like to hear your suggestions and hope you will come if you possibly can.Song Liping

4.Dear Ms.Gates, We are having a party in our classroom, # 402, to celebrate....Would it be possible for you to join us on Friday, December 29, at 8 p.m.? We would be very happy if you could be with us.Students of Class 5 Grade '93

5.Mr.& Mrs.Johnson, We should be very glad if you could come to dinner with us at our apartment at about 7 p.m.on Wednesday, Sept.21st.We look forward to seeing you.Liling & Dahua

4.Requests

1.1st August Dear Judy, Congratulations on your very good paper at the conference.Could I have a copy of it sent to the following address...? Thank you.Jiaxin

2.Dan, Please let me know as soon as possible what arrangements you have made.Thank you.Tong

3.Dear Mr.White, Would you please let us have the information about your flights to Sydney by next week.Thanks.Zhang Qingyuan

* I would like to receive this publication regularly.* I would be grateful if you could let me have full details of the symposium.* We would appreciate having the addresses and telephone numbers of your branches in Tokyo, London, and San Francisco.5.Thanks 1.Huiling, Thank you very much for the invitation.I would be delighted to come.Cathy 2.Dear Hongfei & Weizhou, Many thanks for your kind invitation to dinner on September 23rd.David and I accept with pleasure.Teresa

* Thank you very much for the lovely dinner yesterday.We enjoyed the evening a lot.* 1 am writing to thank you for the wonderful time we had at your party l.ast night.3.Dear Mr.Singh, I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for your warm hospitality during my stay in New Delhi.I enjoyed it greatly.Fang Tongbao

* I am writing to express my appreciation of all that you did for me during my visit to New Delhi.* Thank yon so much for your assistance / for the information you gave us.1 should be happy to reciprocate your kindness at any time.* It was most kind of you to give us the benefit of your experience.Please accept our warmest thanks.6.Messages 1.Dear Mr.Ali, Here is a ticket for the exhibition tomorrow.The car will come around at 10:00 tomorrow morning.Hong 2.Dear Mr.Hussain, A Mr.Ali who recently arrived from Egypt wishes to see you.You are requested lo ring him up any lime this evening from 8:00 to 10:00 at 500-5566, Ext.2106.Liu IV.Letters

Letters are important means of communication.Generally speaking, there are two types of letters, business letters and personal letters.By “business” we do not mean buying, selling, or exchanging goods with people or companies but important matters we have to discuss or deal with.Business letters may be a recommendation, a job/school application, an inquiry, an answer, an invitation, a complaint, etc.In other words, all letters which are not “personal“ are ”business“ letters.1.Form A letter has six parts: the heading, the inside address, the salutation, the body, the complimentary close, and the signature.(1)The heading The heading gives the full address of the writer and the date of the letter.It is usually written or typed in the upper right-hand corner of the first page.It may be either blocked or indented.It may or may not have end punctuation.If letterhead stationery is used, the date is often centered two or three spaces below the printed matter, though it may be written flush with either margin.The British may put a comma after each line in the heading and end the address with a period, but the Americans do not: British Ms.Jennifer Stone, 20 Fairview Drive, Eastbourne, 2BU.England.Take care that the date of your letter is made perfectly clear(See III.Notes)

(2)The inside address The inside address, which is often omitted in personal letters, gives the name and full address of the addressee.It goes above the salutation.As in the heading, the use or nonuse of end punctuation depends on the preference of the writer.BN18

American

Ms.Jennifer Stone 20 Fairview Drive Eastbourne, BN18 2BU England(3)The salutation The salutation is a greeting to the addressee.It is written flush with the left margin two spaces below the inside address.The British tend to use a comma after the salutation and the Americans a colon, especially in a business letter.The first name(Christian name)may be used in friendly personal letters.But in the salutation of a business letter, the surname of the addressee is used, as in the following examples: British: Dear Professor/Prof.Smith, Dear Mr./Dr.Stein, Dear Ms.Santos,(or Dear Miss Santos,)Dear Ms.Singh,(or Dear Mrs.Singh,)

American: Dear Professor/Prof.Smith: Dear Mr./Dr.Stein: Dear Ms.Santos:(or Dear Miss Santos:)Dear Ms.Singh:(or Dear Mrs.Singh:)

What merits the attention of Chinese students is that they should use Ms.when the marital status of a woman addressee is not known or when she(married or not)prefers the Ms.In letters to organizations, or to persons whose names you do not know, the following greetings are used:

Dear Sir:(or Dear Madam:)(or Dear Sir or Madam: if you do not know the sex of your addressee)

To whom it may concern:(only for testimonials and things of that kind)

Dear colleague:(to a person who is of the same profession as the writer, and usually used when you are sending a circular to many people)(4)The body In the body of the letter, all paragraphs should begin flush with the left margin(the block style)or begin with an equal indention(the indented style), and the letter is usually single-spaced within-the paragraph and doubled-spaced between paragraphs.(5)The complimentary close The closing of a business letter consists of three parts: complimentary close, signature, and the typed name.In the complimentary close, only the first word is capitalized.The close is followed by a comma.The conventional complimentary closes in business letters are: ”Yours truly,“ ”Yours Sincerely,“ ”Sincerely yours,“ ”Sincerely,” “Cordially yours” or ”Yours cordially.”

The close of a personal letter is of a more free choice.“Affectionately,” “Fondly,” “ Yours with love, ” “With best wishes, “ ”Love,” “Yours,” ”As ever, “ etc., can be used apart from ”Yours sincerely, “ ”Yours truly, “ etc.;which one of these you use depends on your exact relationship with the addressee.The closing can be put either on the right-hand side or left-hand side of the page.Some writers even prefer to have it in the middle one or two spaces below the last line of the letter.(6)The signature In a business letter the handwritten signature is placed between the complimentary close and the typed name of the writer, and writer's official capacity is indicated after the typed name.In a personal letter, you may sign your full name, your first name, or even a nickname in accordance with your relationship with the addressee.If you send along with your letter such things as a resume check, a receipt, etc., write Enclosure(s)or EHC.to remind addressee that besides the letter, there is another material in the envelope.If you happen to have something additional to say after you have finished the letter, you may begin with P.S., which stands for ”postscript“, and then write what you wish to add.2.Language The style and tone of letters can be greatly varied.Generally speaking, the style and tone of a personal letter differ from those business letters—the former is casual, whereas the latter is form However, for either of them, the language should be clear and direct.Business letters should be polite in lone, exact and concise wording.387 Paragraphs in business letters tend to be short.Very often you find the first and last paragraphs are single-sentence paragraphs.The first paragraph may be a single sentence that indicates the subject and purpose of the letter.If necessary, one more sentence may be used to refer to previous correspondence when such correspondence needs to be remembered.When you answer a business letter, it is advisable to identify it by mentioning its subject and date.Always remember that you begin and end a business letter with a cour-teous tone.The following are some useful expressions with which to begin or end you letters.(1)Business letters 1)Invitation * I am writing on behalf of all the members of our Literature Society to ask...* We should be very grateful if you could give a talk on ”The Latest Development in...“ to our...Club on Saturday afternoon, June 20th...2)Application for entry to a college * I am writing to ask whether you could send me some information about your college and for the application forms...* I am writing to you in the hope that I may obtain an opportunity to do graduate study in your university...' ?

* Thank you very much for the information you sent me about your college and for the application forms, which I am returning with

388 three letters of recommendation * Thank you for your enquiry about the possibility of coming as a visiting Scholar to the Department of....We should be very pleas welcome you here and to invite you to participate in the activity the Department.3)Application for scholarships/assistantships/membership jobs * I should like to apply for one of the scholarships that your department may be offering to students from other countries.Would please send me the necessary application forms and any truth tails about the scholarships...* I should be very grateful if you could let me have details c teaching assistantships in electric engineering that your department may have...* I am thinking of applying for membership of your library/d should be grateful if you would let me know how I should go it.../would you be kind enough to let me know the facility provide? * Thank you for the information about your scholarships/teaching assistantships....* Thank you for the scholarship application forms which you are

kind enough to send me...? Thank you for your help in this matter.? Thank you for your letter/I have received your letter of/date 19...* I see from your advertisement in yesterday's China Daily.* I am interested in the post/I should like to apply for the position which you advertised in yesterday's China Daily...389 * I should very much like to be considered for the post of...which was advertised in...* I am looking for a job as..., and would be grateful if you would consider me for such a post in your firm.* Thank you for your time and consideration.? I can come for an interview at any time convenient to you.? I look forward to your early reply/the interview.? I look forward to hearing from you and I do hope I shall have the opportunity of an interview.4)Applications for visas * I am planning to visit Singapore in June and should be grateful if you would let me know what I have to do to get a visa...* Will you please kindly let me have a visa for entry to your country? I enclose the forms which you sent me and also two photographs...(2)Personal letters * I am sorry that it has taken me so long to reply.., but...You will be very glad to hear that...* I thought you would be interested to hear of...* Best regards to you and your family.* Please remember me to.../ Please say hello for me to...* Please accept our thanks in advance.* If there is anything I can do for you, please do not hesitate to let me know.* In the meantime, please accept my very best wishes for a complete and speedy recovery.*...join me in sending you our warmest congratulations/in conveying our sincere sympathy to members of his family.390 3.Addressing an Envelope Write the full name and the address of the addressee in the middle part of the envelope.The return address which gives the full name and address of the writer is placed in the upper left-hand corner of the envelope.Note that the name of the addressee is written first;then the number of his/her house, followed by the name of the road/street, on the same line;then the town/city in which he/ she lives;then the county/state and the zip code;and lastly the country, if the letter is an international one.Li Mingxin

Dept.of English Beijing Foreign Studies Univ.Beijing.100081 China

Prof.Richard Miller 502 North Olive Avenue

West Palm Beach.Florida 33402 U.S.A.The following may be written on the top left-hand corner of the envelope '?(1)Put Printed Matter for printed material to be sent by surface mail.(2)Write Please Forward if you want your letter to be sent on to the addressee whose new address you do not know.(3)Mark the envelope with Photo(graph)s:(Please)Do not bend or Photos Enclosed if there are photographs in your letter.391(4)If you ask Mr.Richard Miller to pass on a letter to Mr.Li Mingxin, write Mr.Li Mingxin first, followed by c/o(which stands for ”care of“)Prof.Richard Miller and the latter's address;Mr.Li Mingxin

c/o Prof.Richard Miller

502 North Olive Ave.West Palm Beach, Florida 33402

U.S.A.5)If you ask Mr.Li Mingxin to forward a letter to Prof.Richard Miller in person, there is no need to write the address;just put Prof.Richard Miller in the middle of the envelope and underneath, Kindness of Mr.Li Mingxin.Prof.Richard Miller Kindness of Mr.Li Mingxin

392Models

1.Business Letters

Inquiry

f English Department Beijing Foreign Studies Univ.Beijing, 100081 China , Sept.5.1993

HEditor Newsweek International 444 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10022 U.S.A.Dear Editor:-

? Inside address

Salutation

I read in Newsweek/ September 14, 1987 that an updated second edition of the unabridged Random House Dictionary of the English Language is being published.I would be very grateful if you could give me some information on-where and how I can get a copy of the dictionary and if there is a less expensive edition than the one described.Thank you for any help you can give me.Complimentary close ? Signature — Typed name ? Invitation

Date

Dear Mr.Harvey: We should be very grateful if you could give a talk on ”...“ to students of the English Department on Saturday, Apr.19.If I his subject does not suit you, any other similar topic would also he welcome.We have already had several very interesting talks from distinguished visitors from various countries this semester and look forward eagerly to the opportunity to benefit from your experience and wisdom.I Sincerely yours.J Li Gang, President, Student Union ^Beijing Foreign Studies Univ.Closing ?

Offici(3)Dear Prof.Li:

On behalf of Acting President Catherine Chapman and Wellesley College, I am extending to you our formal invitation to visit Wellesley' s campus.We have arranged a meeting between you and Mrs.Chapman for the morning of June 29 at 9:00.We would like to have you as the guest of the College for an overnight stay at the College Club either the night of June 28 or June 29.We are all looking forward to your visit to our campus.Sincerely,(Signature)Helen T.Lynn Chairman and

Kenan Chair Professor Application and Reply

338 E.44th St.Apt.11A New York, NY 10017 U.S.A.Mav 16, 1992 Professor Wang Yiming Department of English Beijing Foreign Studies University Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China

395 Dear Professor Wang: I am interested in teaching English in the People's Republic of China.I am qualified to teach reading, writing and literature.An acquaintance of mine, Mr.Liu Yongli of your University suggested that I should write to you.Presently, I work as a teaching assistant in X College in Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.My background is strong in the liberal arts, especially in the English language.I have a Ph.D.degree in linguistics from University of Michigan.Enclosed you will find a copy of my resume.Basically, I am interested in a position as a foreign language expert or as a teacher.If you have any positions available, please allow me to interview with you.Thank you for your time and consideration.'

Respectfully yours,(Signature)Christine Stein End.396 BEIJING FOREIGN STUDIES UNIVERSITY Department of English 2 North Xisanhuan Ave.Beijing，100081 China letterhead June 14, 1993 Ms.Christine Stein 338 E.44th St.Apt.11A New York, NY 10017 U.S.A.Dear Ms.Stein: Thank you for your letter of May 16.I must apologize for taking so long in answering, a situation caused by a number of recent conferences.We appreciate your desire to offer your services to our University.From the information you supplied about yourself, there would be no question about your qualifications.However, we have only a small quota for foreign teachers, and all our positions for this year and the coming academic year have already been filled.We shall keep your offer on file and inform you should there be any openings.In the meantime, you might try other colleges here in Beijing or other cities.397 Thank you once again for your offer.Best wishes for success.Sincerely,(Signature)Wang Yiming(,)Chairman Department of English

Date

Chairman Department of Sociology University of Massachusetts at Amherst Amherst, MA 01003 U.S.A.Dear Sir:

I am writing to you in the hope of obtaining a one-year grant to do some research work in your department.I am an associate professor in the Department of History in the Central Institute for Nationalities.In addition to research work, I also offer courses in ethnology and sociology.Recently I have just finished a book on the history of the Jews in China, which is to be published by the New World Press ill(lie coming year.Enclosed please find three letters of recommendation and my resume.398

Thank you for your time and consideration.I look forward, to your reply

Sincerely yours,(Signature)Lo Liguo End.Department of Sociology UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AT AMHERST

(Letterhead)

Thompson Hall Amherst, MA 01003(413)545-0577

June 30, 1990 Mr.Lo Liguo Dept.of History Central Institute for Nationalities Beijing, 100081 P.R.C.Dear Mr.Lo;Thank you for your inquiry about obtaining a one-year grant to do some research work in our department.At the present time there are no grants available, and there is nothing immediately in prospect.Thank you for your interest in our department.I wish you well in find-

399 ing a one-year grant for doing research this coming year.Sincerely yours,(Signature)Joseph Lasky Professor and Chair

Dear Mr.Stratton: I would like to apply for the summer position of proofreader which you advertised in the June 16 issue of Beijing Youth.Currently I am a junior at Beijing Foreign Studies University, where I am working toward a BA degree in English.Last summer I held a similar position with Beijing Review, working as their summer replacement in the editorial department.I enjoyed the seemingly tedious work which I knew would further my professional goal of becoming an editor.The experience also helped me improve my typing skills, which I understand, is required for the job I am applying for.Mr.Liu Kailu, head of the editorial department thought well of my ability, enthusiasm, and devotion.He said that he would welcome a call from you if you wish to know more about me.His office telephone number is 831-0645.In Beijing Foreign Studies University I have been working hard and doing well in the major courses.I am fluent in both written and spoken English and my reading skills are also satisfactory.Besides, I am learning computer languages such as Basic and Fortune, so I believe I can work for your magazine without much additional training.My English teacher.Professor Shi Danian has kindly agreed to write a reference for me if it is required.400 I am available for an interview every afternoon except Wednesday.Please contact me at 842-2277, ext.309 or P.0.Box 235, Beijing Foreign Studies University, 100081.Thank you for your consideration.Sincerely yours, Su Hua Dear Professor Cooper: I have read the annual prospectus issued by your school and found that it has the best graduate program of cross-cultural studies, which you are currently presiding over.I am greatly interested in the program and hope that I may do my MA work under your instruction.I am 28 years old and am now working in the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, in charge of affairs in the Pacific areas.I love my work, as it brings me into contact with all kinds of people.At the same time, I feel the urgent need to improve myself and update my knowledge so that I can do my work better.I graduated from Beijing Foreign Studies University in 1989, majoring in English and majoring in cross-cultural communications.In college I took such courses as World History, American Society and Culture, Introduction to European Culture, and Cultural Exchanges between the East and the West, which were all conducted in English.So I believe I will have no difficulty in my MA studies.401

I have broad interests in various fields such as history, literature, music, and photography.I love sports, too;I joined the Literary Society in college and was also on the English Department's volleyball team.I have discussed my application with three of my former professors, who have urged me to apply and have kindly written letters of recommendation for me, which I enclose with this letter.I would be very grateful if you could send me the necessary application forms and any information about your scholarships or teaching assistantships.I look forward very much to hearing from you soon.Sincerely yours, Zhao Jingsheng Enclosures

Introduction

532 Overbrook Road Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48013 January 4, 1992 Prof.Liu Fangyi Dept.of Foreign Languages Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008 People's Republic of China

402 Dear Prof.Liu^ May I introduce Professor Robert Kim, Professor of Chinese language and literature at San Francisco State University and Director of the Institute for Sino-American Studies at San Francisco State University.The Institute for Sino-American Studies has responsibility for facilitating academic exchanges between appropriate institutions in China and San Francisco State University.The Board of the Institute has requested that its Director pursue discussions and preliminary negotiations with likely institutions in China.We would greatly appreciate your receiving Professor Kim as our representative in these matters and engaging in discussions with him.Truly yours,(Signature)John M.Gould, Chairman of the Board Institute for Sino-American Studies Congratulations

Mr.Hugh MacDougal(Address)June 18, 1991 Dear Mr.MacDougal，403 I was very happy to learn that you have been elected President of the Scotland China Association and I would like, on behalf of the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries and in my own name, to express to you my warmest congratulations.I hope that during your tenure of office the relations of friendship and cooperation that already exist between our two organizations will be further developed.Let us join our efforts to make greater contributions to the promotion of mutual understanding and friendship between the peoples of China and Scotland.With best wishes.Sincerely yours,(Signature)Chen Haitao President CPAFFC Reference To whom it may concern:

Tao Xiaoling was enrolled as student in my...course at the...University in 1990.Her performance in the class was outstanding.^ Ms.Tao participated in all of the class discussions with obvious interest, and she made valuable contributions.She has a keen mind, capable of clear logical analysis of complex subjects.She also has worthwhile original ideas, and she expresses them clearly and effectively.404 In addition, Ms.Tao has a pleasant personality.She gets along very well with other people because of her

warm and friendly attitude toward them.Ms.Tao has already proved that she can do outstanding work as an undergraduate in our university.I am sure that she would continue to do well in any university in Canada.I recommend her to you with no reservations.Sincerely yours.(Signature)(Typed name)(Official capacity)2.Personal Letters

Date Dear Liping, Jim and I want to thank you again for your part of the delicious dinner at the Wang house the other night.Everything was marvelous—obviously;I'm afraid that I'll go back to Boston even rounder than when I arrived!We want to thank you for all sorts of other things too—but I imagine we'll see you again—so I'll end

for now.As ever, Elizabeth

405

LETTERHEAD DATE Dear Liping:

It has been a few months since I last wrote you and sent you a box of books, and as I have not heard anything from you, I thought I would write again to make certain that you did, in fact, receive my letter and the books.I am concerned about the books arriving there and would appreciate your letting me know if you have received them and if they were the kind of books that you could use.Best regards, George

Date

Dear Liping, Liu Danhong called me about two weeks ago and said he had a message from you, so I asked him and his wife to have dinner and invited Hugh and Evelyn Levin, whom I thought it might be good for him to know.I was delighted to get the lovely cloth shoes and to hear that your father is recovering from the operation and that things seem hopeful.407 I appreciate your recommendation of Ms.Yan Fangzhi, and I will make certain that a copy of your letter is placed in her application review folder.I have recently accepted the post as Director of the Institute of Asian Culture at the Center.I find this position a very challenging one which entails a lot of administrative work.The Center will also be looking forward to greeting our new president.Dr.Michael Palana, a China specialist from Oxford.Dr.Palana is planning to start in January.We have an exciting year ahead of us.Carolyn joins me in sending all good wishes to you and your family.Sincerely, Philip Enclosure Dear Zhang, Thank you very much for the postcard you sent us on your arrival home.We were glad to know that you had arrived home safely and were settling down to your way of life again.We also received today a card from Yang Daoming and perhaps you would be kind enough to thank him for me 408-I should see him.Eddie was thrilled to receive a card from you as well [ know he will be writing to you.Matthew is getting to be a little chatterbox and is now at the climbing i.I think he still remembers you as when he wakes up in the mornings times calls out ”Zhang“.I'm sure he also misses the sweet-tin from second drawer of the chest in your room!

We do hope you are reaping the benefit now of your studies in England, that it is a help to you with your teaching.We often think of you when-there is news on the T.V.from China.Please remember us to all your friends and should you ever have time to ie we would be pleased to hear from you.Matthew sends you all a big kiss.Best wishes，James, Linda, and Matthew

Curriculum vitae

Curriculum vitae(c.v.)or resume is a short written account main events of one’s life.It is often required when one applies for a job.A curriculum vita usually includes the following items: name, s, telephone number, date of birth, education, and work ex-=e.Among other headings that may be added are marital status-citizenship/nationality，present position/current status, S/honors and scholarships, publications, current studies/re-t professional affiliations/memberships, languages, travel, is and interests;and references/referees.These should be inserted at suitable and logical places, but when letters of recommen-dation are not sent along with the c.V, references/referees should be the last item.When you compose your curriculum vitae, try to give the information that will show you in the best possible light.1.Name;unlike most Westerners, we Chinese put our family name at the beginning as surname, whereas they put it at the end as last name.To avoid misunderstanding, you may either put a comma after your surname—Wang, Ming—or capitalize every letter of it like this—WANG Ming.2.Address: If you like, you may write both your business or temporary address and your home address.For example: Temporary address: 17 University Ave.Providence, RI 02906(until Dec.31, 199-)

3.Telephone.”(0)or(W)is put after your office telephone number and(H), your home telephone number.4.Marital Status: Put Single or Married(, no/two children).5.Education: Schools should be listed either in chronological order(usually starting from the year when you entered college or when you got your first degree)or from the most recent backwards with the dates of attendance.Whichever way you choose, be sure that the items under such headings as work experience, awards and publications follow the same order.For example,(1)1978-1979

Nankai University Major: History 1979-' 1982

Zhongshan University Major: History 1988-1989

Harvard University Major: American Civilization(2)1985

M.A.in Computer Science, Qinghua University 1980

B.A.in Mathematics, Lanzhou University 6.Professional/Work Experience: Under this heading, in addition to the date, write also your position/title and the name of the institution.For example '?

1992-

Associate Professor of Economics, Wuhan University 19861989

Fulbright Award, United States State Department Exchange Program，Washington

USA.1990

Excellent Student, University 8.Publications: Books and articles follow the format of the biblioj raphy card in Part Eight The Research Paper, with the name ' the author omitted.411

Book:

Introduction to English Stylistics.Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1987.Article:

“Journals and Letters of Henry David Thoreau.' Trans.American Literature Quarterly, No.4, 1983.9.Professional Affiliations/Memberships: Examples under this heading are: 1971-

Member, Yunnan Provincial Writers' Association 1980June 1984 Nicholas Evans Scholarship in English Literature, 1987-88.-Illinois State Scholarship, Scholastic honors: 1984-88.416

Technical training

Attended a two-week seminar on

”Advertising in Today's Marketplace, “ sponsored by College of Business and Murray County Association of

Personal Data Age

Married, one child Health

Excellent

Willing to relocate Memberships

Journalism Club(President, 1986-87)Hobbies

Photograph, swimming

References Ms.Helen Grim

Dr.John Undsay

Mr.David Reed Grim'8 Variety Store

Prof.of English

Advertising ManageState Univ.682 Sumner St.Somerville, MA 02143 Nonnal, IL 61761

Akron, OH 44311 Phone(617)628-0977 Phone(309)436-9903.Curriculum Vitae Name

Lo, Liguo Address

Dept.of History

Central Institute for Nationalities 'Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China Telephone

842-0077 Ext.3931(0)Ext, 2024(H)Languages Date of Birth

May 8, 1953 Nationality

Chinese Education 1973-1977

People's University, Beijing Major: History 1983-1985

University of Hawaii at Manoa Major: History 1987-1991

Central Institute for Nationalities, Beijing Major: Ethnology Received Ph.D.in Ethnology, July 1991.English, fluent in spoken and written Japanese and French, able to read Professional Experience 1977-1987

Assistant, Lecturer of History, Central Institute for Nationalities 1992-Present Associate Professor of Sociology, Central Institute for Nationalities Courses offered: Introduction to Sociology, EthnoloAwards and Scholarships 1977

”Excellent Student“, People's University 1980

”O(jiān)utstanding Teacher“, Central Institute for Nationalities 1987

Recipient of Wu Wenzao Scholarship, Central Institute for Nationalities 418 Publications

”China's Regional Autonomy Law.“ China Daily, 10 Dec.1989, P.4.”The Influence of Islamism on Chinese History." Chinese Muslims, No.4(1990), pp.14-16,21.A Brief History of the Jews in China.Beijing: New World Press, 1993.Exercises

I.Notices Write a notice 1.to announce a meeting/party/film show/football match/ talk;2.to give information about a bus tour to the Great Wall/some scenic spot/place of historic interest.II.Notes 1.Write a note to a foreign expert(1)making an appointment to discuss the outline of your paper with him/her;(2)asking him/her to a party to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival;

(3)apologizing for not being able to hand in your paper on time;(4)thanking him/her for lending you the reference book you 419 need.2.Write a note to a foreign friend(1)asking him/her to go to a Peking opera;(2)asking him/her to a birthday party;(3)apologizing for not being able to keep an appointment;(4)thanking him/her for a small gift.Note that the style and tone you use for notes in 1 and 2 should be somewhat different—the former is more formal, and the latter, ratDI.Letters 1.Write a business letter(1)asking a well-known professor to give a talk to students of your department;(2)asking for/giving information about a new product;(3)asking for information about a college and for the application forms;(4)applying for a scholarship/an assistantship;(5)applying for a job.Note that in(3),(4)and(5)you usually provide some information about yourself, such as age, educational background, professional expemodel Business Letters(4),(6),(8)and(9).2.Write a personal letter to a pen friend, telling him/her whatever you would like him/her to know about yourself.3.Write a personal letter to a friend.4.The following is a letter from a reader published in ChinaDaily.Write a letter in reply, explaining China' s single-child policy.The letterand meant to be published in China Daily.Editor: I'm a woman's liberationist.I read in a newspaper that women in China are not allowed to decide how may children they want to have.Thercalling itself a socialist state could trample on this first and most sacred of women' s rights—the right to motherhood—in such a flagrant way.have more than one child, and any woman who gets into a second pregnancy is forced by law to undergo induced abortion followed by surgical s

Boston, U.S.A.Ruth Hancock IV.Curriculum Vitae Prepare curriculum vitae for yourself.