第一篇：解放黑人奴隸宣言演講稿

《解放黑人奴隸宣言》（The Emancipation Proclamation）是一份由美國(guó)總統(tǒng)亞伯拉罕·林肯公布的宣言，其主張所有美利堅(jiān)聯(lián)邦叛亂下的領(lǐng)土之黑奴應(yīng)享有自由，然而豁免的對(duì)象未包含未脫離聯(lián)邦的邊境州，以及聯(lián)邦掌控下的諸州。此宣言雖僅立即解放少部分奴隸，但實(shí)質(zhì)上強(qiáng)化聯(lián)邦軍掌控聯(lián)邦的領(lǐng)土后這些黑奴自由的權(quán)威性，并為最終廢除全美奴隸制度預(yù)先鋪路。

整份宣言分成兩個(gè)部分發(fā)布：第一部分發(fā)布于1862年9月22日，是份概述第二部分目的的準(zhǔn)備公告；第二部分正式生效于1863年1月1日，此時(shí)正處于南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的第二年，其中包含亞伯拉罕·林肯的聲明：所有脫離聯(lián)邦并回到聯(lián)邦掌控下的州之奴隸最遲于1863年1月1日后當(dāng)被解放。有十個(gè)州的名字在第二部分公布時(shí)被逐一提及，可有意忽略了馬里蘭州、德拉瓦州（特拉華州）（當(dāng)時(shí)皆未脫離聯(lián)邦）、田納西州（已確實(shí)在聯(lián)邦控制之下）、密蘇里州以及肯塔基州（已存有幾個(gè)被聯(lián)邦接受的派系政府，但仍未正式脫離聯(lián)邦）。特別豁免權(quán)由48個(gè)連署成立西維吉尼亞州以及其他被舉列的維吉尼亞州郡表述；另外還包含紐奧良和幾個(gè)被列舉為聯(lián)邦掌控之下的路易斯安那州郡。

Text of the Emancipation Proclamation(second part)

A Proclamation.Whereas, on the 22d day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:

1862年9月22日，合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)曾發(fā)出一道宣言，其內(nèi)容如下：

That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free;and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.“1863年元月1日起，凡在當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣裆性诜纯购媳妵?guó)的任何一州之內(nèi)，或一州的指明地區(qū)之內(nèi)，為人占有而做奴隸的人們都應(yīng)在那時(shí)及以后永遠(yuǎn)獲得自由；合眾國(guó)政府行政部門，包括海陸軍當(dāng)局，將承認(rèn)并保障這些人的自由，當(dāng)他們或他們之中的任何人為自己的自由而作任何努力時(shí)，不作任何壓制他們的行為。

That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States;and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion against the United States.政府的行政部門將于上述的元月1日，以公告宣布那些州或那些州的那些地區(qū)的人民當(dāng)時(shí)尚在反抗合眾國(guó)，如果有的話；在那一天任何一州或其人民以大多數(shù)合法選舉人參加選舉出來(lái)的代表參加合眾國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)，同時(shí)沒(méi)有強(qiáng)有力的反證時(shí)，這種事實(shí)就是該州及其人民沒(méi)有反抗合眾國(guó)的確實(shí)證據(jù)”。

Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:

所以現(xiàn)在我，合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)亞伯拉罕·林肯，以在反抗合眾國(guó)政府當(dāng)局的武裝叛變時(shí)期被授權(quán)為合眾國(guó)海陸軍總司令的職權(quán)，作為一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)?、必須的?zhàn)略措施以便鎮(zhèn)壓上述叛變，特于1863年元月1日，從上面第一次所說(shuō)之日起至今足足一百天的期間，根據(jù)這樣的目的公開(kāi)宣布現(xiàn)在反對(duì)合眾國(guó)者有如下諸州及某些州的下列地區(qū)及其人民：

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana(except the Parishes of St.Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St.John, St.Charles, St.James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St.Mary, St.Martin, and Orleans, including the City of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia(except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomack, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts, are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.阿肯色、得克薩斯、路易西安那（除去圣伯爾拿、普拉奎明、哲斐孫、圣約翰、圣查理、圣詹姆士、亞森湘、亞森普欣、得里保恩、拉伐什、圣馬利、圣馬丁以及奧爾良等郡，包括新奧爾良城在內(nèi)）、密西西比、亞拉巴馬、佛羅里達(dá)、喬治亞、南卡羅來(lái)納、北卡羅來(lái)納和弗吉尼亞（除去西弗吉尼亞四十八個(gè)郡以及柏克立、阿康瑪克、諾珊普頓、依利薩伯、約克、安公主、諾?？说瓤ぐㄖZ?？撕蜆愦拿┧箖沙窃趦?nèi)），這些除開(kāi)的地區(qū)現(xiàn)在仍暫時(shí)維持本公告發(fā)出之前的原有狀況。

And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free;and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.為著上述的目的，我利用我的職權(quán)，正式命令并宣告在上述諸州以及某些州的上述地區(qū)以內(nèi)所有作為奴隸的人現(xiàn)在和今后永遠(yuǎn)獲得自由；合眾國(guó)政府，包括海陸軍當(dāng)局在內(nèi)，將承認(rèn)并保持上述人們的自由。

And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence;and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.我現(xiàn)在命令這些被宣布自由的人們，除非是必須的自衛(wèi)，不得有違法行為；我勸告他們，在任何可能的情況下，他們應(yīng)當(dāng)忠實(shí)地為合理的工資而勞動(dòng)。

And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.我進(jìn)一步宣告在適當(dāng)條件下，這些人們可參加合眾國(guó)的軍事工作，駐守炮臺(tái)、陣地、衛(wèi)戍區(qū)域以及其他地區(qū)，以及在各種軍艦上服役。

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.我真誠(chéng)地相信這個(gè)舉動(dòng)是一個(gè)正義的舉動(dòng)，合于法律的規(guī)定，根據(jù)軍事的需要。我祈求人類的慎重判斷和萬(wàn)能上帝的恩典。

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.作為證明，我署名于此并加蓋合眾國(guó)國(guó)璽。

Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.于華盛頓，1863年元月1日

合眾國(guó)獨(dú)立第87周年。

By the President: Abraham Lincoln

亞伯拉罕·林肯

William H.Seward, Secretary of State.威廉·西華德（國(guó)務(wù)卿）

歷史背景：南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)后，相當(dāng)多的黑奴自愿為自身自由而協(xié)助聯(lián)邦作戰(zhàn)，但對(duì)如何處理占領(lǐng)地黑奴觀點(diǎn)上仍有所沖突。林肯一開(kāi)始收回某些將軍自行發(fā)布的解放黑奴命令，而此政策嚴(yán)厲執(zhí)行則造成逃亡黑奴必須回到他們南方主子那兒，但1862年3月13日邦聯(lián)政府禁止所有聯(lián)邦軍指揮官遣返逃亡黑奴，如此影響了《1850年逃亡奴隸法》的廢除。1862年4月11日，國(guó)會(huì)宣布聯(lián)邦政府將保障釋放黑奴的奴隸主，所有在華盛頓的黑奴于1862年4月16日獲得解放。1862年7月19日國(guó)會(huì)廢止聯(lián)邦領(lǐng)土上的奴隸制度，如此使美國(guó)最高法院于1857年《得福德·史考特訴桑福德案》（Dred Scott v.Sandford）作出的決議失去效力：此決議曾導(dǎo)致國(guó)會(huì)一度無(wú)權(quán)監(jiān)督國(guó)土上的黑奴制度。

林肯曾宣稱他自己沒(méi)有法律賦予的權(quán)力解放黑奴，此外，解放黑奴是種具有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的政治行為，因?yàn)槿杂胁糠中笈菪е矣诼?lián)邦，且戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初始的目的集中在保護(hù)聯(lián)邦的完整而非解放黑奴?；谌绱?，這份宣言當(dāng)時(shí)只是份而由林肯自己理解為以三軍統(tǒng)帥的身份所發(fā)表的軍事命令，而非由國(guó)會(huì)公布具同等地位的法案或法律增修條文。另外有些論點(diǎn)認(rèn)為解放奴隸宣言本身乃違憲，且是種領(lǐng)袖擴(kuò)權(quán)指揮軍隊(duì)行動(dòng)，而非創(chuàng)造新法（可參考《楊斯頓鋼鐵公司總統(tǒng)權(quán)限案》Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.v.Sawyer, 343 U.S.579(1952)其主張總統(tǒng)無(wú)權(quán)以三軍統(tǒng)帥的身份掌控?zé)掍搹S使其為韓戰(zhàn)效力）。解放奴隸宣言也把解放黑奴的同意權(quán)讓渡給聯(lián)邦軍隊(duì)（雖然軍隊(duì)本身實(shí)行種族隔離），這難得的機(jī)會(huì)使將近20萬(wàn)多曾為奴隸的黑人受惠，也讓北方人獲得額外的人力資源而南方人卻直到戰(zhàn)敗前幾天還無(wú)法仿效。

林肯第一次與其內(nèi)閣討論宣言是在1862年7月，但考慮到此舉對(duì)政治的種種影響（包括對(duì)聯(lián)邦內(nèi)的畜奴州），他覺(jué)得在發(fā)布前需要場(chǎng)聯(lián)邦軍的勝仗。在安地潭之役，聯(lián)邦軍隊(duì)擊退邦聯(lián)對(duì)馬里蘭州的進(jìn)犯后，他于1862年9月22日發(fā)布一份準(zhǔn)備宣言，而最終的宣言則于隔年1月發(fā)布。

解放奴隸宣言自身受限于對(duì)奴隸制度的立即效用，僅能在聯(lián)邦納入控制下的邦聯(lián)領(lǐng)土上生效，邊界州（德拉瓦州、肯塔基州、馬里蘭州、密蘇里州和西維吉尼亞州）的奴隸制度因其仍效忠聯(lián)邦而絲毫不受影響。國(guó)務(wù)卿威廉·西華德（William Seward）曾于評(píng)論中談到：“我們表達(dá)對(duì)奴隸制度的同情手法是解放那些我們管不著的奴隸以及奴役那些我們能解放的人們。”任何脫離聯(lián)邦的州只要在宣言生效前重新加入聯(lián)邦（或僅僅送他們的國(guó)會(huì)議員回華盛頓）便具有等同邊際州的地位，并至少在當(dāng)下能保有奴隸制度（雖然馬里蘭州、密蘇里州和西維吉尼亞州早在 1865年美國(guó)法律第13號(hào)修正案批準(zhǔn)解除全國(guó)奴隸制度的合法性以前，便透過(guò)內(nèi)部政治運(yùn)作逐步廢除奴隸制度）。

第二篇：林肯解放黑人奴隸宣言(中英文對(duì)照)

林肯：解放黑人奴隸宣言

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: By the President of the United States of America:

1862年9月22日，一個(gè)瘦弱而偉大的總統(tǒng)用顫抖的雙手簽署了這份宣言，他知道雖然該宣言會(huì)激起奴隸主們的反抗，可能會(huì)造成國(guó)家

第三篇：林肯解放黑人奴隸宣言(中英文對(duì)照)

林肯：解放黑人奴隸宣言

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: By the President of the United States of America:

1862年9月22日，一個(gè)瘦弱而偉大的總統(tǒng)用顫抖的雙手簽署了這份宣言，他知道雖然該宣言會(huì)激起奴隸主們的反抗，可能會(huì)造成國(guó)家南北的分裂。但為了結(jié)束一個(gè)資本主義與奴隸制并存的畸形社會(huì)，他用顫抖的雙手簽了，雖然此后他的擔(dān)心成真了，而且自己還被同情奴隸制的蒲斯刺殺了。但統(tǒng)一后的美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)在通往現(xiàn)代化的道路上一路狂飆，創(chuàng)造了無(wú)數(shù)現(xiàn)代文明，引領(lǐng)了整個(gè)20世紀(jì)。這個(gè)丑陋而羸弱的總統(tǒng)也成就了美國(guó)歷史上最偉大的總統(tǒng)。

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: By the President of the United States of America: A PROCLAMATION Whereas on the 22nd day of September, A.D.1862, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit: “That on the 1st day of January, A.D.1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free;and the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”That the executive will on the 1st day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States;and the fact that any State or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the United States." Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for supressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, A.D.1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the first day above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States the following, to wit: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana(except the parishes of St.Bernard, Palquemines, Jefferson, St.John, St.Charles, St.James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebone, Lafourche, St.Mary, St.Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia(except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Morthhampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free;and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence;and I recommend to them that, in all case when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.On Jan.1, 1863, U.S.President Abraham Lincoln declared free all slaves residing in territory in rebellion against the federal government.This Emancipation Proclamation actually freed few people.It did not apply to slaves in border states fighting on the Union side;nor did it affect slaves in southern areas already under Union control.Naturally, the states in rebellion did not act on Lincoln?s order.But the proclamation did show Americans--and the world--that the civil war was now being fought to end slavery.Lincoln had been reluctant to come to this position.A believer in white supremacy, he initially viewed the war only in terms of preserving the Union.As pressure for abolition mounted in Congress and the country, however, Lincoln became more sympathetic to the idea.On Sept.22, 1862, he issued a preliminary proclamation announcing that emancipation would become effective on Jan.1, 1863, in those states still in rebellion.Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in America--this was achieved by the passage of the 13TH Amendment to the Constitution on Dec.18, 1865--it did make that accomplishment a basic war goal and a virtual certainty.DOUGLAS T.MILLER Bibliography: Commager, Henry Steele, The Great Proclamation(1960);Donovan, Frank, Mr.Lincoln?s Proclamation(1964);Franklin, John Hope, ed., The Emancipation Proclamation(1964).1862年9月22日，合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)曾發(fā)出一道宣言，其內(nèi)容如下：

“1863年元月1日起，凡在當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣裆性诜纯购媳妵?guó)的任何一州之內(nèi)，或一州的指明地區(qū)之內(nèi)，為人占有而做奴隸的人們都應(yīng)在那時(shí)及以后永遠(yuǎn)獲得自由；公眾國(guó)政府行政部門，包括海陸軍當(dāng)局，將承認(rèn)并保障這些人的自由，當(dāng)他們或他們之中的任何人為自己的自由而作任何努力時(shí)，不作任何壓制他們的行為。

政府的行政部門將于上述的元月1日，以公告宣布那些州或那些州的那些地區(qū)的人民當(dāng)時(shí)尚在反抗合眾國(guó)，如果有的話；在那一天任何一州或其人民以大多數(shù)合法選舉人參加選舉出來(lái)的代表參加合眾國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)，同時(shí)沒(méi)有強(qiáng)有力的反證時(shí)，這種事實(shí)就是該州及其人民沒(méi)有反抗合眾國(guó)的確實(shí)證據(jù)”。

所以現(xiàn)在我，合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)阿伯拉罕·林肯，以在反抗合眾國(guó)政府當(dāng)局的武裝叛變時(shí)期被授權(quán)為合眾國(guó)海陸軍總司令的職權(quán)，作為一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)?、必須的?zhàn)略措施以便鎮(zhèn)壓上述叛變，特于1863年元月1日，從上面第一次所說(shuō)之日起至今足足一百天的期間，根據(jù)這樣的目的公開(kāi)宣布現(xiàn)在反對(duì)合眾國(guó)者有如下諸州及某些州的下列地區(qū)及其人民： 阿肯色、得克薩斯、路易西安那（除去圣伯爾拿、普拉奎明、哲斐孫、圣約翰、圣查理、圣詹姆士、亞森湘、亞森普欣、得里保恩、拉伐什、圣馬利、圣馬丁以及奧爾良等郡，包括新奧爾良城在內(nèi)）、密西西比、阿拉巴馬、弗羅里達(dá)、喬治亞、南卡羅來(lái)納、北卡羅來(lái)納和佛吉尼亞（除去西佛吉尼亞四十八個(gè)郡以及柏克立、阿康瑪克、諾珊普頓、依利薩伯、約克、安公主、諾福克等郡包括諾?？撕蜆愦拿┧箖沙窃趦?nèi)），這些除開(kāi)的地區(qū)現(xiàn)在仍暫時(shí)維持本公告發(fā)出之前的原有狀況。

為著上述的目的，我利用我的職權(quán)，正式命令并宣告在上述諸州以及某些州的上述地區(qū)以內(nèi)所有作為奴錄的人現(xiàn)在和今后永遠(yuǎn)獲得自由；合眾國(guó)政府，包括海陸軍當(dāng)局在內(nèi)，將承認(rèn)并保持上述人們的自由。

我現(xiàn)在命令這些被宣布自由的人們，除非是必須的自衛(wèi)，不得有違法行為；我勸告他們，在任何可能的情況下，他們應(yīng)當(dāng)忠實(shí)地為合理的工資而勞動(dòng)。

我進(jìn)一步宣告在適當(dāng)條件下，這些人們可參加合眾國(guó)的軍事工作，駐守炮臺(tái)、陳地、衛(wèi)戍區(qū)域以及其他地區(qū)，以及在各種軍艦上服役。

我真誠(chéng)地相信這個(gè)舉動(dòng)是一個(gè)正義的舉動(dòng)，合于憲法的規(guī)定，根據(jù)軍事的需要。我祈求人類的慎重判斷和萬(wàn)能上帝的恩典。作為證明，我署名于此并加蓋合眾國(guó)國(guó)璽。于華盛頓，1863年元月1日 合眾國(guó)獨(dú)立第87周年。阿伯拉罕·林肯 威廉·西華德（國(guó)務(wù)卿）

第四篇：《黑奴解放宣言》（小編推薦）

課件附屬講稿《解放黑奴宣言》

ppt4：國(guó)內(nèi)背景：

1）北方廢奴運(yùn)動(dòng)高漲：美國(guó)廢奴運(yùn)動(dòng)是從19世紀(jì)30年代初開(kāi)始的在美國(guó)北部興起的要求徹底廢除黑人奴隸的一場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。早在殖民時(shí)代和獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，富蘭克林和杰弗遜等人就提出廢除奴隸制。美國(guó)獨(dú)立之后，北部各州先后廢除奴隸制，但是南部各州由于棉花種植業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，種植園奴隸制經(jīng)濟(jì)畸形繁榮，造成南方各省遲遲不肯廢除奴隸制。建國(guó)之初，南北方勢(shì)力在政府的權(quán)力分配上形成了平衡的態(tài)勢(shì)，但是隨著國(guó)際市場(chǎng)棉花需求量猛增，南方奴隸制種植園經(jīng)濟(jì)有進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大的趨勢(shì)，與北方工業(yè)資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展相抵觸，廢奴運(yùn)動(dòng)在北方興起。19世紀(jì)20年代之后，廢奴組織在北方出現(xiàn)，1833年4月在費(fèi)城成立了全國(guó)性的美國(guó)反對(duì)奴隸制協(xié)會(huì)，總部設(shè)在紐約。隨后反奴隸制協(xié)會(huì)在北部各地紛紛建立，到40年代這類組織達(dá)到2000個(gè)，成員超過(guò)二十萬(wàn)人，形成聲勢(shì)浩大的群眾性廢奴運(yùn)動(dòng)。2）林肯的政治造勢(shì)：美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)之初，盡管北方的軍隊(duì)人數(shù)多于南方，但是南方擁有訓(xùn)練有素的兵員，而北方的軍隊(duì)大多數(shù)都缺乏訓(xùn)練，臨時(shí)招募的。南方同時(shí)還有非常出色的軍事將領(lǐng)，比如說(shuō)羅伯特*李將軍，而北方的將領(lǐng)大多是政客擔(dān)任，沒(méi)有作戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，因此在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初期北方接連失利，損失慘重，因此北方竭力對(duì)南方進(jìn)行政治攻勢(shì)，因此奴隸制不可避免的遭到攻擊。3）內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)是南北矛盾激化的產(chǎn)物：在美國(guó)建國(guó)之后的幾十年中，南北方的政治勢(shì)力在一定程度上達(dá)成了妥協(xié)，工業(yè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)與南方奴隸主在政府中的權(quán)力分配是比較平衡的，但是到了1850年左右，南部和北部為奴隸制之間的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)開(kāi)始白熱化，爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)集中在新加入的州里是不是允許奴隸制，這關(guān)系到自由州與奴隸州在聯(lián)邦政府中的權(quán)力分配上的平衡。1850年之后，美國(guó)共和黨在北方崛起，共和黨希望美國(guó)西部能夠避免奴隸制，實(shí)行自由勞工制度，因此堅(jiān)決反對(duì)奴隸制向西部擴(kuò)張。特別是共和黨人林肯上臺(tái)之后，南北矛盾爆發(fā)。

4）國(guó)際背景：歐洲金融勢(shì)力對(duì)美國(guó)的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)有著不為人知卻又十分深遠(yuǎn)的影響。國(guó)際金融勢(shì)力妄圖在美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中撈到好處，通過(guò)向北方政府提供高息國(guó)債等方式賺取利潤(rùn)。歐洲金融勢(shì)力對(duì)于南方則起到鼓動(dòng)和支持的作用，無(wú)論任何一方取得勝利，真正的贏家都是他們?？梢詤⒄盏聡?guó)羅斯柴爾德家族。ppt5： 主要原因：

1）北方內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)的工業(yè)資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r：在北方，資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速，從19世紀(jì)20年代開(kāi)始，北部和中部各州開(kāi)始了工業(yè)革命的浪潮，到19世紀(jì)50年代完成。1860年，北方工業(yè)生產(chǎn)位居世界第四位，工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展需要大量的自由勞動(dòng)力，而南方的奴隸制種植園經(jīng)濟(jì)束縛了大量人力，因此廢奴運(yùn)動(dòng)勢(shì)在必行。

2）廢奴主義者之前的輿論造勢(shì)：著名廢奴主義者道格拉斯和塔潘兄弟組織的推行廢奴主義綱領(lǐng)的自由黨，1852年斯托夫人寫的《湯姆叔叔的小屋》等輿論造勢(shì)。

3）國(guó)際環(huán)境的壓力：英法暗地里支持南方的反叛，為南方軍隊(duì)提供武器裝備，為南方的軍隊(duì)進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練為了增大對(duì)北方的軍事壓力，1861年年底英國(guó)增兵8 000人到加拿大，隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備策應(yīng)南軍的進(jìn)攻，從北部邊界威脅林肯政府。1862年，英國(guó)、法國(guó)和西班牙聯(lián)軍在墨西哥港口登陸，在美國(guó)南方邊境地區(qū)完成集結(jié)，必要時(shí)將進(jìn)入美國(guó)南方直接與北方開(kāi)戰(zhàn)。1863年10月3日，法軍將領(lǐng)耶列又增兵三萬(wàn)，并占領(lǐng)了墨西哥城。這時(shí)北方有必要利用廢奴運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)占領(lǐng)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的輿論制高點(diǎn)，避免他國(guó)的干涉，并盡力取得國(guó)際社會(huì)的支持。

4）之前林肯的政治承諾：作為堅(jiān)決反對(duì)蓄奴的共和黨的一員，林肯自身也是一個(gè)堅(jiān)定的廢奴者，而他競(jìng)選聯(lián)邦總統(tǒng)的競(jìng)選口號(hào)也是這個(gè)。逐步廢除奴隸制是他的政治承諾。

直接原因：內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)之初，北方聯(lián)邦軍隊(duì)一度作戰(zhàn)失利，損失慘重

為了瓦解南方的軍事力量，達(dá)到平定叛亂的目的，《宣言》成為林肯一個(gè)必然的選擇。

ppt6： 即時(shí)影響：

1）這份宣言象征著北方人戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)目的的轉(zhuǎn)變，在《宣言》發(fā)布之前，北方聯(lián)邦軍隊(duì)進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的目的是為了平定叛亂，維護(hù)聯(lián)邦的統(tǒng)一和完整，但是《宣言》發(fā)布之后，聯(lián)邦軍隊(duì)進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的目的轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闉榱私夥拍戏降呐`，廢除南方的奴隸制。這就上升到人權(quán)的高度。

2）這份《宣言》在軍事上起到了很大的作用，它在很大程度上化解了南方的軍事實(shí)力，南方奴隸不斷發(fā)生**起義，這就不斷削弱南方的抵抗勢(shì)力，北方最終贏得了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，占領(lǐng)了南方首府里士滿。

3）《宣言》將內(nèi)戰(zhàn)上升到解放奴隸的高度，聯(lián)邦軍隊(duì)因此也得到了解放者的稱號(hào)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的目的是為了廢除奴隸制，為了奴隸的人權(quán)。這就使歐洲大國(guó)任何干涉的借口都沒(méi)有正義性可言。此宣言使他國(guó)民意轉(zhuǎn)而支持聯(lián)邦終結(jié)奴隸制的承諾，這最終導(dǎo)致南方邦聯(lián)政府得不到國(guó)際社會(huì)的承認(rèn)，在道義上陷入孤立。長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)影響：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)末期，美國(guó)共和黨中的廢奴者推斷一旦戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束之后《解放黑奴宣言》將可能被解讀為一份違憲的戰(zhàn)時(shí)命令，故他們千方百計(jì)保障黑奴的自由，而非僅僅是宣言賦予的解放，這對(duì)于黑奴解放運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)說(shuō)是有極為深刻的意義的。

ppt9: 林肯人生軌跡與《宣言》的頒布之間的關(guān)系：

1）1809年林肯出生在肯塔基州一個(gè)普通家庭里，1831年年輕的林肯來(lái)到新奧爾良，在那里，他看到的很多南方奴隸悲慘的生活現(xiàn)狀，這使他非常震驚，因此萌發(fā)了解放黑奴的想法 2）帶著對(duì)奴隸制的仇恨，林肯踏上從政的道路，他鮮明的反對(duì)奴隸制，這也影響到了他的仕途。

3）當(dāng)他重返政壇時(shí)，他變得比以前圓滑和保守，他并沒(méi)有直接反對(duì)南方的奴隸制，在這一時(shí)期，他不再激進(jìn)的反對(duì)奴隸制，而是希望通過(guò)一種溫和的方式來(lái)解決問(wèn)題。他只是反對(duì)奴隸制在西部的擴(kuò)張，而并不主張立刻廢除南方的奴隸制。

《解放黑奴宣言》-看林肯對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)主題的轉(zhuǎn)變：

內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之后雖然南北雙方互有得失，但是北方的損失遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出林肯的想象。北方人開(kāi)始質(zhì)疑這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的正義性。美國(guó)是一個(gè)憲政國(guó)家，而憲政并沒(méi)有明確規(guī)定州不能脫離聯(lián)邦，而當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的州權(quán)力很大，聯(lián)邦與州處理事情是商討而不是命令。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行到膠著狀態(tài)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的正義性開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)爭(zhēng)議，甚至出現(xiàn)政府信任危機(jī)，在這種情況下，林肯決定發(fā)布《解放黑奴宣言》來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)變戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)主題。對(duì)于美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，沒(méi)有什么能夠高過(guò)人權(quán)理念，因此這是個(gè)絕好的理由。林肯“我在這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的最高目標(biāo)是拯救聯(lián)邦，既不是保全奴隸制，也不是摧毀奴隸制，如果我能拯救聯(lián)邦而不解放任何一個(gè)奴隸，我愿意這樣做?！彼裕督夥藕谂浴芬簿统蔀榱艘环N精神手段。

第五篇：黑人歷史英文演講稿

African Americans also referred to as Black Americans, are citizens or residents of the United States who have total or significant partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.Slavery era

In 1565, the colony of Saint Augustine in Florida, founded by Pedro Menendez de Aviles, became the first permanent European settlement in North America.It included an unknown number of free and enslaved Africans that were part of this colonial expedition.The first recorded Africans in British North America were “20 and odd negroes” who came to Jamestown, Virginia via Cape Comfort in August 1619 as indentured servants.As English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers.The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery.Servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away.Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom.They raised families, marrying other Africans and sometimes intermarrying with Native Americans or English settlers.The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century.The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven black slaves into New Amsterdam.All the colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the British.Massachusetts was the first British colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641.In 1670 the colonial assembly passed a law prohibiting free and baptized Negroes from purchasing Christians but allowing them to buy persons “of their own nation.”

The first black congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the Great Awakening.By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the American colonies, which made them the second largest ethnic group after the English.During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious English colonists secure American Independence by defeating the British in the American Revolution..American Civil War

April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865(by declaration)[1]

Date(4 years, 3 weeks and 6 days)

(last shot fired June 22, 1865)

Southern United States, Northeastern United States, Western United Location States, Atlantic Ocean

Union victory

? Territorial integrity preserved Result ? Reconstruction

? Slavery abolished

Reconstruction and Jim Crow

African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools, community and civic associations, to have space away from white control or oversight.While the post-war reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, in the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement.In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in the United States.These discriminatory acts included racial segregation which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, voter suppression or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or

resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities.Great Migration and Civil Rights Movement

The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South that sparked the Great Migration of the early 20th century, combined with a growing African American community in the Northern United States, led to a movement to fight violence and discrimination against African Americans.The Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1968 was directed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Americans, particularly in the Southern United States.The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on President John F.Kennedy and Lyndon B.Johnson.By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from white authority.Post-Civil Rights era

Politically and economically, blacks have made substantial strides during the post-civil rights era.In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African-American elected governor in U.S.history.In 1992 Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first black woman elected to the U.S.Senate.There were 8,936 black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970.In 2001 there were 484 black mayors.On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected President.At least 95 percent of African-American voters voted for Obama.He also received overwhelming support from young and educated whites, a majority of Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans picking up a number of new states in the

Democratic electoral column.Obama lost the overall white vote, although he won a larger proportion of white votes than any previous no incumbent Democratic

presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter.The following year Michael S.Steele was elected the first African-American chairman of the national Republican Party.