第一篇：國際會計中英文對照

國際會計科目中英文對照 Account 帳戶

Accounting system 會計系統(tǒng)

American Accounting Association 美國會計協(xié)會American Institute of CPAs 美國注冊會計師協(xié)會Audit 審計

Balance sheet 資產(chǎn)負債表Bookkeepking 簿記

Cash flow prospects 現(xiàn)金流量預測

Certificate in Internal Auditing 內(nèi)部審計證書Certificate in Management Accounting 管理會計證書Certificate Public Accountant注冊會計師Cost accounting 成本會計External users 外部使用者Financial accounting 財務會計

Financial Accounting Standards Board 財務會計準則委員會Financial forecast 財務預測

Generally accepted accounting principles 公認會計原則General-purpose information 通用目的信息Government Accounting Office 政府會計辦公室Income statement 損益表

Institute of Internal Auditors 內(nèi)部審計師協(xié)會

Institute of Management Accountants 管理會計師協(xié)會Integrity 整合性

Internal auditing 內(nèi)部審計

Internal control structure 內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)Internal Revenue Service 國內(nèi)收入署Internal users 內(nèi)部使用者Management accounting 管理會計Return of investment 投資回報Return on investment 投資報酬

Securities and Exchange Commission 證券交易委員會Statement of cash flow 現(xiàn)金流量表Statement of financial position 財務狀況表Tax accounting 稅務會計Accounting equation 會計等式Articulation 勾稽關系Assets 資產(chǎn)

Business entity 企業(yè)個體Capital stock 股本Corporation 公司Cost principle 成本原則Creditor 債權(quán)人Deflation 通貨緊縮

Disclosure 批露Expenses 費用

Financial statement 財務報表Financial activities 籌資活動

Going-concern assumption 持續(xù)經(jīng)營假設Inflation 通貨膨漲

Investing activities 投資活動Liabilities 負債

Negative cash flow 負現(xiàn)金流量Operating activities 經(jīng)營活動Owners equity 所有者權(quán)益Partnership 合伙企業(yè)Positive cash flow 正現(xiàn)金流量Retained earning 留存利潤Revenue 收入

Sole proprietorship 獨資企業(yè)Solvency 清償能力

Stable-dollar assumption 穩(wěn)定貨幣假設Stockholders 股東

Stockholders equity 股東權(quán)益Window dressing 門面粉飾

財會名詞漢英對照表（1）會計與會計理論會計 accounting決策人 Decision Maker投資人 Investor股東 Shareholder債權(quán)人 Creditor

財務會計 Financial Accounting管理會計 Management Accounting成本會計 Cost Accounting私業(yè)會計 Private Accounting公眾會計 Public Accounting

注冊會計師 CPA Certified Public Accountant 國際會計準則委員會 IASC美國注冊會計師協(xié)會 AICPA財務會計準則委員會 FASB管理會計協(xié)會 IMA美國會計學會 AAA稅務稽核署 IRS獨資企業(yè) Proprietorship合伙人企業(yè) Partnership公司 Corporation

會計目標 Accounting Objectives會計假設 Accounting Assumptions會計要素 Accounting Elements會計原則 Accounting Principles會計實務過程 Accounting Procedures財務報表 Financial Statements財務分析Financial Analysis

會計主體假設 Separate-entity Assumption貨幣計量假設 Unit-of-measure Assumption

持續(xù)經(jīng)營假設 Continuity（Going-concern）Assumption 會計分期假設 Time-period Assumption資產(chǎn) Asset負債 Liability

業(yè)主權(quán)益 Owners Equity收入 Revenue費用 Expense收益 Income虧損 Loss

歷史成本原則 Cost Principle收入實現(xiàn)原則 Revenue Principle配比原則 Matching Principle

全面披露原則 Full-disclosure（Reporting）Principle客觀性原則 Objective Principle一致性原則 Consistent Principle可比性原則 Comparability Principle重大性原則 Materiality Principle穩(wěn)健性原則 Conservatism Principle權(quán)責發(fā)生制 Accrual Basis現(xiàn)金收付制 Cash Basis財務報告 Financial Report流動資產(chǎn) Current assets流動負債 Current Liabilities長期負債 Long-term Liabilities投入資本 Contributed Capital留存收益 Retained Earning（2）會計循環(huán)

會計循環(huán) Accounting Procedure/Cycle會計信息系統(tǒng) Accounting information System帳戶 Ledger會計科目 Account會計分錄 Journal entry原始憑證 Source Document日記帳 Journal

總分類帳 General Ledger

明細分類帳 Subsidiary Ledger試算平衡 Trial Balance

現(xiàn)金收款日記帳 Cash receipt journal現(xiàn)金付款日記帳 Cash disbursements journal銷售日記帳 Sales Journal購貨日記帳 Purchase Journal普通日記帳 General Journal工作底稿 Worksheet調(diào)整分錄 Adjusting entries結(jié)帳 Closing entries（3）現(xiàn)金與應收帳款現(xiàn)金 Cash

銀行存款 Cash in bank庫存現(xiàn)金 Cash in hand流動資產(chǎn) Current assets償債基金 Sinking fund定額備用金 Imprest petty cash支票 Check（cheque）銀行對帳單 Bank statement

銀行存款調(diào)節(jié)表 Bank reconciliation statement 在途存款 Outstanding deposit在途支票 Outstanding check應付憑單 Vouchers payable應收帳款 Account receivable應收票據(jù) Note receivable起運點交貨價 F.O.B shipping point目的地交貨價 F.O.B destination point商業(yè)折扣 Trade discount現(xiàn)金折扣 Cash discount

銷售退回及折讓 Sales return and allowance壞帳費用 Bad debt expense備抵法 Allowance method備抵壞帳 Bad debt allowance損益表法 Income statement approach資產(chǎn)負債表法 Balance sheet approach帳齡分析法 Aging analysis method直接沖銷法 Direct write-off method帶息票據(jù) Interest bearing note不帶息票據(jù) Non-interest bearing note出票人 Maker受款人 Payee本金 Principal利息率 Interest rate到期日 Maturity date

本票 Promissory note貼現(xiàn) Discount背書 Endorse拒付費 Protest fee（4）存貨存貨 Inventory

商品存貨 Merchandise inventory產(chǎn)成品存貨 Finished goods inventory在產(chǎn)品存貨 Work in process inventory原材料存貨 Raw materials inventory起運地離岸價格 F.O.B shipping point目的地抵岸價格 F.O.B destination寄銷 Consignment寄銷人 Consignor承銷人 Consignee

定期盤存 Periodic inventory永續(xù)盤存 Perpetual inventory購貨 Purchase

購貨折讓和折扣 Purchase allowance and discounts 存貨盈余或短缺 Inventory overages and shortages 分批認定法 Specific identification加權(quán)平均法 Weighted average先進先出法 First-in, first-out or FIFO后進先出法 Lost-in, first-out or LIFO移動平均法 Moving average

成本或市價孰低法 Lower of cost or market or LCM 市價 Market value

重置成本 Replacement cost可變現(xiàn)凈值 Net realizable value上限 Upper limit下限 Lower limit

毛利法 Gross margin method零售價格法 Retail method成本率 Cost ratio（5）長期投資

長期投資 Long-term investment長期股票投資 Investment on stocks長期債券投資 Investment on bonds成本法 Cost method權(quán)益法 Equity method合并法 Consolidation method股利宣布日 Declaration date股權(quán)登記日 Date of record除息日 Ex-dividend date

付息日 Payment date

債券面值 Face value, Par value債券折價 Discount on bonds債券溢價 Premium on bonds

票面利率 Contract interest rate, stated rate市場利率 Market interest ratio, Effective rate普通股 Common Stock優(yōu)先股 Preferred Stock現(xiàn)金股利 Cash dividends股票股利 Stock dividends清算股利 Liquidating dividends到期日 Maturity date到期值 Maturity value

直線攤銷法 Straight-Line method of amortization實際利息攤銷法 Effective-interest method of amortization（6）固定資產(chǎn)

固定資產(chǎn) Plant assets or Fixed assets原值 Original value

預計使用年限 Expected useful life預計殘?nbsp;Estimated residual value折舊費用 Depreciation expense累計折舊 Accumulated depreciation帳面價值 Carrying value應提折舊成本 Depreciation cost凈值 Net value

在建工程 Construction-in-process磨損 Wear and tear過時 Obsolescence

直線法 Straight-line method（SL）

工作量法 Units-of-production method（UOP）加速折舊法 Accelerated depreciation method

雙倍余額遞減法 Double-declining balance method（DDB）年數(shù)總和法 Sum-of-the-years-digits method（SYD）以舊換新 Trade in經(jīng)營租賃 Operating lease融資租賃 Capital lease

廉價購買權(quán) Bargain purchase option（BPO）資產(chǎn)負債表外籌資 Off-balance-sheet financing最低租賃付款額 Minimum lease payments（7）無形資產(chǎn)

無形資產(chǎn) Intangible assets專利權(quán) Patents

商標權(quán) Trademarks, Trade names著作權(quán) Copyrights

特許權(quán)或?qū)I權(quán) Franchises商譽 Goodwill

開辦費 Organization cost租賃權(quán) Leasehold攤銷 Amortization（8）流動負債負債 Liability

流動負債 Current liability應付帳款 Account payable應付票據(jù) Notes payable貼現(xiàn)票據(jù) Discount notes

長期負債一年內(nèi)到期部分 Current maturities of long-term liabilities

應付股利 Dividends payable預收收益 Prepayments by customers存入保證金 Refundable deposits應付費用 Accrual expense增值稅 value added tax營業(yè)稅 Business tax

應付所得稅 Income tax payable應付獎金 Bonuses payable

產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量擔保負債 Estimated liabilities under product warranties

贈品和兌換券 Premiums, coupons and trading stamps或有事項 Contingency或有負債 Contingent或有損失 Loss contingencies或有利得 Gain contingencies永久性差異 Permanent difference時間性差異 Timing difference應付稅款法 Taxes payable method

納稅影響會計法 Tax effect accounting method遞延所得稅負債法 Deferred income tax liability method（9）長期負債

長期負債 Long-term Liabilities應付公司債券 Bonds payable有擔保品的公司債券 Secured Bonds抵押公司債券 Mortgage Bonds保證公司債券 Guaranteed Bonds信用公司債券 Debenture Bonds一次還本公司債券 Term Bonds分期還本公司債券 Serial Bonds可轉(zhuǎn)換公司債券 Convertible Bonds可贖回公司債券 Callable Bonds

可要求公司債券 Redeemable Bonds記名公司債券 Registered Bonds無記名公司債券 Coupon Bonds普通公司債券 Ordinary Bonds收益公司債券 Income Bonds名義利率，票面利率 Nominal rate實際利率 Actual rate有效利率 Effective rate溢價 Premium折價 Discount面值 Par value

直線法 Straight-line method

實際利率法 Effective interest method到期直接償付 Repayment at maturity提前償付 Repayment at advance償債基金 Sinking fund

長期應付票據(jù) Long-term notes payable抵押借款 Mortgage loan（10）業(yè)主權(quán)益權(quán)益 Equity

業(yè)主權(quán)益 Owners equity股東權(quán)益 Stockholders equity投入資本 Contributed capital繳入資本 Paid-in capital股本 Capital stock資本公積 Capital surplus留存收益 Retained earnings核定股本 Authorized capital stock實收資本 Issued capital stock

發(fā)行在外股本 Outstanding capital stock庫藏股 Treasury stock普通股 Common stock優(yōu)先股 Preferred stock

累積優(yōu)先股 Cumulative preferred stock非累積優(yōu)先股 Noncumulative preferred stock完全參加優(yōu)先股 Fully participating preferred stock部分參加優(yōu)先股 Partially participating preferred stock非部分參加優(yōu)先股 Nonpartially participating preferred stock 現(xiàn)金發(fā)行 Issuance for cash

非現(xiàn)金發(fā)行 Issuance for noncash consideration股票的合并發(fā)行 Lump-sum sales of stock發(fā)行成本 Issuance cost成本法 Cost method面值法 Par value method

捐贈資本 Donated capital盈余分配 Distribution of earnings股利 Dividend

股利政策 Dividend policy宣布日 Date of declaration股權(quán)登記日 Date of record除息日 Ex-dividend date股利支付日 Date of payment現(xiàn)金股利 Cash dividend股票股利 Stock dividend撥款 appropriation（11）財務報表

財務報表 Financial Statement資產(chǎn)負債表 Balance Sheet收益表 Income Statement帳戶式 Account Form報告式 Report Form編制（報表）Prepare工作底稿 Worksheet多步式 Multi-step單步式 Single-step（12）財務狀況變動表

財務狀況變動表中的現(xiàn)金基礎 SCFP.Cash Basis（現(xiàn)金流量表）

財務狀況變動表中的營運資金基礎 SCFP.Working Capital Basis

（資金來源與運用表）營運資金 Working Capital

全部資源概念 All-resources concept直接:)業(yè)務 Direct exchanges

正常營業(yè)活動 Normal operating activities財務活動 Financing activities投資活動 Investing activities（13）財務報表分析

財務報表分析 Analysis of financial statements比較財務報表 Comparative financial statements趨勢百分比 Trend percentage比率 Ratios

普通股每股收益 Earnings per share of common stock股利收益率 Dividend yield ratio價益比 Price-earnings ratio

普通股每股帳面價值 Book value per share of common stock 資本報酬率 Return on investment總資產(chǎn)報酬率 Return on total asset

債券收益率 Yield rate on bonds

已獲利息倍數(shù) Number of times interest earned債券比率 Debt ratio

優(yōu)先股收益率 Yield rate on preferred stock營運資本 Working Capital周轉(zhuǎn) Turnover

存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率 Inventory turnover

應收帳款周轉(zhuǎn)率 Accounts receivable turnover流動比率 Current ratio速動比率 Quick ratio酸性試驗比率 Acid test ratio（14）合并財務報表

合并財務報表 Consolidated financial statements吸收合并 Merger創(chuàng)立合并 Consolidation控股公司 Parent company附屬公司 Subsidiary company少數(shù)股權(quán) Minority interest權(quán)益聯(lián)營合并 Pooling of interest購買合并 Combination by purchase權(quán)益法 Equity method成本法 Cost method（15）物價變動中的會計計量

物價變動之會計 Price-level changes accounting一般物價水平會計 General price-level accounting貨幣購買力會計 Purchasing-power accounting統(tǒng)一幣值會計 Constant dollar accounting歷史成本 Historical cost

現(xiàn)行價值會計 Current value accounting現(xiàn)行成本 Current cost重置成本 Replacement cost物價指數(shù) Price-level index

國民生產(chǎn)總值物價指數(shù) Gross national product implicit price deflator（or GNP deflator）

消費物價指數(shù) Consumer price index（or CPI）批發(fā)物價指數(shù) Wholesale price index貨幣性資產(chǎn) Monetary assets貨幣性負債 Monetary liabilities

貨幣購買力損益 Purchasing-power gains or losses資產(chǎn)持有損益 Holding gains or losses

未實現(xiàn)的資產(chǎn)持有損益 Unrealized holding gains or losses現(xiàn)行價值與統(tǒng)一幣值會計 Constant dollar and current cost accounting

第二篇：中英文對照A

《美國口語慣用法例句集粹》Ａ

A(Page 1-4)

1.about

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道這到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 來一塊魚肉三明治怎么樣？What about me? 我怎么樣？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不會進那幢舊房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我記得那個晚上，那又怎樣？What's this all about? 這到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你該露面的時候了。

2.above

1)

2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.湯姆認為自己沒必要努力工作。

3.act

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把發(fā)生的事演示一下嗎？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜歡在課堂上搗蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那個愛說粗言穢語的喜劇演員應該凈化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我們需要統(tǒng)一意見后來見你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.報紙上稱那次地震為天災。Masa is a class act.瑪莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

1)

2)

3)

4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我們打算控告我們的債務人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比賽中你看到有什么有趣的精彩場面嗎？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地區(qū)要采取行動反對那項垃圾處理場的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

1)

2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我們的對手在身高上比我們占有優(yōu)勢。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.沒有人喜歡被捉弄（或：被欺騙、利用）

6.after

1)

2)

3)

4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起來事情終會解決的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.這軟飲料有種讓人難受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不覺

得這已是“事后諸葛亮”了嗎？

7.again

1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不會感到

厭倦）

8.age

1)

2)Would you please act your age!請你做事要有一個與自己年齡相稱的樣子。This is a “coming of age” movie.這是一部成人影片。

9.air

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸點新鮮空氣。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.雖然我不知道到底是出了什么差錯，但我能隱隱約約感覺到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.當邁克喜歡的節(jié)目被取消時，他感到很傷心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我們的房子出勤率售一事還沒有最后定下來。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.獲得冠軍后，我飄飄欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是來個沒有頭腦的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克遜的新歌到處都在不斷地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飛機時暈機了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我們之間的關系不要很別扭。

10.all

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起來最后我們還是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我們已幾乎完成了那個項目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.總的來說，我認為這一天過得很充實。Let's go all-out and win this game!讓我們盡全力來打贏這場比賽。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.當我們看見那座建筑突然起火時，我們知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我們大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果這對你都是一回事的話，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他們以極快的速度逃脫警察的追趕。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的進來。Let's settle this matter once and for all.讓我們來把這個問題一次性地徹底解決掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.馬克是一個全能運動員。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入選全明星隊的比賽了嗎？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的學校

100米跑的歷史最高記錄。

11.alley

1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽車不是我拿手的活兒。

12.alone

1)

2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一個人呆會兒。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些閑事嗎？

13.along

1)

2)You knew all along what was going on.你從一開始就知道所發(fā)生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相處得不好。

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生來到這兒尋求他的“美國夢”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外國人在美國居住時被美國化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.沒有選擇職業(yè)的自由是完全違背美國精神傳統(tǒng)的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比爾是全美（橄欖球）明星賽的四分衛(wèi)隊員。I just can't go on the American way.我無法適應美國方式。

15.animal

1)

2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水運動真正激發(fā)出了湯姆的活力與激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那個年輕演員在熒幕

上充分顯示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我給埃米打了電話，但是沒人接。

17.apple

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去過紐約嗎？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你問我有沒有感覺出你們兩人之間的不和，是嗎？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.麗塔喜歡把一切都弄得井井有條。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一個馬屁精。

18.arm

1)

2)

3)

4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不著你強迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一個沒救了的紙上談兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯帶有武器，十分危險。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公園里到處都是

手挽手散步的戀人。

19.around

1)

2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.約翰遜教練已有三十年的經(jīng)驗了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在這里晝夜值班。

20.as

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起來在人來過這里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我準備回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.馬蒂表現(xiàn)得像什么也沒發(fā)生過一樣。I want this room left as is.我希望這間房子保持原樣。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.變動從明天開始實施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜尋綁架者的工作受

挫。

1)

2)

3)

4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我們每個月的煤氣費平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我們平均每周吃一次雞肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特視自己為一名普通的美國人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美國平常日

子里，有100,000個孩子帶手槍去上學。

22.away

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你認為你可以免受處罰？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他們能費除掉這些復雜的稅務表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我們正在為慶祝我們的紀念日而安排一次周末的外出活動。Tom wants to run away from home.湯姆想從家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凱茜計劃在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

第三篇：中英文對照

AEROFLEX “亞羅弗”保溫 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利頓空調(diào) Alfa laval阿法拉伐換熱器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壯”保溫 AUX 奧克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力謀”閥門 BERONOR西班牙“北諾爾”電加熱器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃燒器 BOSIC “柏誠”自控 BROAD 遠大

Burnham美國“博恩漢”鍋爐 CALPEDA意大利“科沛達”水泵 CARLY 法國“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 開利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普萊力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克萊門特” Copeland“谷輪”壓縮機 CYRUS意大利”賽諾思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空調(diào)

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”壓縮機

DUNHAM-BUSH 頓漢布什空調(diào)制冷 DuPont美國“杜邦”制冷劑 Dwyer 美國德威爾 EBM “依必安”風機

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英國“英菲尼蘭“閥門 EVAPCO美國“益美高”冷卻設備 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”壓縮機 FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空氣幕 FUJI “富士”變頻器

FULTON 美國“富爾頓”鍋爐 GENUIN “正野”風機 GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯爾 GRUNDFOS “格蘭富”水泵 Haier 海爾 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韋爾自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龍

KRUGER瑞士“科祿格”風機 KU BA德國“庫寶”冷風機 Liang Chi 良機冷卻塔 LIEBERT 力博特空調(diào) MARLEY “馬利”冷卻塔 Maneurop法國“美優(yōu)樂”壓縮機 McQuary 麥克維爾 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除濕機 Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“萊富康”壓縮機 RIDGID 美國“里奇”工具 RUUD美國“路德”空調(diào) RYODEN “菱電”冷卻塔 SanKen “三墾”變頻器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英國森威爾自控 Schneider 施耐德電氣 SenseAir 瑞典“森爾”傳感器 SIEMENS 西門子

SINKO ",28商機網(wǎng);新晃“空調(diào) SINRO “新菱”冷卻塔 STAND “思探得”加濕器 SWEP 舒瑞普換熱器 TECKA “臺佳”空調(diào) Tecumseh“泰康”壓縮機 TRANE 特靈

TROX德國“妥思”風閥 VASALA芬蘭“維薩拉”傳感器 WILO德國“威樂”水泵 WITTLER 德國”威特”閥門 YORK 約克

ZENNER德國“真蘭”計量

第四篇：中英文對照

醫(yī)院中英文對照

發(fā)熱門診Have Fever主治醫(yī)師Doctor-in-charge 供應室Supply Room謝絕入內(nèi)No entering 紅燈亮時謝絕入內(nèi)No entering when red light

彩超、心電圖Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院樓Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.護士Nueser康復理療科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中藥計價China medical price account肛腸科Ano-proctology

皮膚、肛腸、男性科、泌尿科候診Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮膚科、肛腸科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中醫(yī)科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

預防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、藥庫Logistic Room、Seore入院登記In-patient Admisson 高壓氧治療Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center掛號收費Registration

中心藥房Cenreral Pharmacy內(nèi)科門診Internal Medicine Clinic會議室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 產(chǎn)科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神經(jīng)、燒傷外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手術室Operation Room 泌尿、腫瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.婦科Gynecology Dept.內(nèi)二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2產(chǎn)房及愛嬰中心Delivery Room內(nèi)一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手間Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮膚科Dermatology Dept.中醫(yī)骨傷科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐廳Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.電工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 內(nèi)、兒科候診 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能檢查候診Function Exam 中醫(yī)科候診TCM Clinic放射科候診Radiology Clinic 婦科門診Gynecology Dept.產(chǎn)科候診Obstentrics Clinic 肛腸科候診Ano-proctology婦科候診Gynecology Clinic 產(chǎn)科門診Obstentrics Dept.五官科候診ENT.Clinic 外科候診Surgery Clinic輸液中心Transfusion Center 皮膚、泌尿科候診 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic檢驗候診Clinical Laborotories 家屬休息Relation Rest Room口腔科門診Stomatology Clinic 內(nèi)兒科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics鏡檢科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.檢驗中心Laboratory Center 功能檢查Function Exam Dept.登記處Registration 預防保健門診Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收費處Cashier 美容科、鏡檢科門診 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收費健康發(fā)證Gharge lssue Bill of Health試敏觀察室Scratch Espial Room

第五篇：中英文對照

共軌技術

隨著人們對低油耗、低廢氣排放、發(fā)動機低噪聲的需求越來越大，對發(fā)動機和燃油噴射系統(tǒng)的要求也越來也高。對柴油發(fā)動機燃油噴射系統(tǒng)提出的要求也在不斷增加。更高的壓力、更快的開關時間，以及根據(jù)發(fā)動機工況修訂的可變的流量速率曲線，已經(jīng)使得柴油發(fā)動機具有良好的經(jīng)濟性、低污染、高動力性，因此柴油發(fā)動機甚至進入了豪華高性能轎車領域。達到這些需求的前提是擁有一個可以精確霧化燃油并具有高噴油壓力的燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。同時，噴油量必須精確計算，燃油流量速率曲線必須有精確的計算模型，預噴射和二次噴射必須能夠完成。一個可以達到以上需求的系統(tǒng)即共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。

共軌系統(tǒng)包括以下幾個主要的部分： ①低壓部分，包含燃油共軌系統(tǒng)組件。

②高壓系統(tǒng)，包含高壓泵、油軌、噴油器和高壓油管等組件。

電控柴油機系統(tǒng)EDC主要由系統(tǒng)模塊，如傳感器、電子控制單元和執(zhí)行機構(gòu)組成。共軌系統(tǒng)的主要部分即噴油器。它們擁有一個可以快速開關噴嘴的執(zhí)行閥(電磁閥或壓電觸發(fā)器)，這就允許對每個氣缸的噴射進行控制。

所有的噴油器都由一個共同的油軌提供燃油，這就是“共軌”的由來。在共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)中，燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是分開的。噴油壓力的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速和噴油量無關。EDC控制每個組件。

(1)壓力產(chǎn)生。

燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是通過蓄能器分離開來。將具有壓力的燃油提供給為噴射做好準備的共軌系統(tǒng)的蓄能器。

由發(fā)動機驅(qū)動的連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)的高壓泵提供所需噴油的壓力。無論發(fā)動機的轉(zhuǎn)速高低，還是燃油噴射量的多少，油軌中的壓力均維持在一定值。由于幾乎一致的噴油方式，高壓泵的設計可以小的多，而且它的驅(qū)動轉(zhuǎn)矩可以比傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)低，這源于高壓泵的負載很小。

高壓泵是徑向活塞泵，在商用車上有時會使用內(nèi)嵌式噴油泵。(2)壓力控制

所應用的壓力控制方法主要取決于系統(tǒng)。

一種控制油軌壓力的方式是通過一個壓力控制閥對高壓側(cè)進行控制。不需噴射的燃油通過壓力控制閥流回到低壓回路。這種控制回路允許油軌壓力對不同工況(如負載變化時)迅速做出反應。

在第一批共軌系統(tǒng)中采用了對高壓側(cè)的控制。壓力控制閥安裝在燃油軌道上更可取，但是在一些應用中，它被直接安裝在高壓泵中。

另一種控制軌道壓力的方式是進口端控制燃油供給。安裝在高壓泵的法蘭上的計量單元保證了泵提供給油軌精確的燃油量，以維持系統(tǒng)所需要的噴油壓力。

發(fā)生故障時，壓力安全閥防止油軌壓力超過最大值。

在進口端對燃油供給的控制減少了高壓燃油的用量，降低了泵的輸入功率。這對燃油消耗起到積極的作用。同時，流回油箱的燃油溫度與傳統(tǒng)高壓側(cè)控制的方法相比得到了降低。

雙執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)也是一種控制軌道壓力的方式，它通過計算單元對壓力進行控制，并且通過壓力控制閥對高壓端進行控制，因此同時具備高壓側(cè)控制與進口端燃料供給控制的優(yōu)勢。

(3)燃油噴射

噴油器直接將燃料噴到發(fā)動機的燃燒室。它們由與燃油軌道直接相連的短高壓油軌提供燃油。發(fā)動機的控制單元通過與噴油器結(jié)合在一起的控制閥的開閉控制噴油嘴的開關。

噴油器的開啟時間和系統(tǒng)油壓決定了燃油供給量。在恒壓狀態(tài)下，燃油供給量與電磁閥的開啟時間成正比，因此與發(fā)動機或油泵的轉(zhuǎn)速(以時間為計量的燃油噴射)無關。

(4)液壓輔助動力

與傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)相比，將壓力的產(chǎn)生與燃油的噴射分離開來，有利于燃燒室的充分燃燒。燃油噴射壓力在系統(tǒng)中基本可以自主選擇。目前最高燃油壓力為1600巴，將來會達到1800巴。

共軌系統(tǒng)通過引入預噴射或多次噴射可以進一步減少廢氣排放，也能明顯降低燃燒噪聲。通過多次觸發(fā)高速轉(zhuǎn)換閥的開閉可以在每個噴射周期內(nèi)實現(xiàn)多達5次的噴射。噴油針閥的開閉動作是液壓輔助元件助力的，以保證噴射結(jié)束的快速性。

(5)控制和調(diào)節(jié)

發(fā)動機的控制單元通過傳感器檢測加速踏板的位置以及發(fā)動機和車輛的當前工況。采集到的數(shù)據(jù)包括：

① 曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)角； ② 燃油軌道的壓力； ③ 進氣壓力；

④ 進氣溫度、冷卻液溫度和燃油溫度； ⑤ 進氣量； ⑥ 車速等。

電控單元處理輸入信號。與燃燒同步，電控單元計算施加給壓力控制閥或計算模塊、噴油器和其他執(zhí)行機構(gòu)(如EGR閥，廢氣渦輪增壓器)的觸發(fā)信號。

噴油器的開關時間應很短，采用優(yōu)化的高壓開關閥和專業(yè)的控制系統(tǒng)即可實現(xiàn)。

根據(jù)曲軸和凸輪軸傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)，對照發(fā)動機狀態(tài)(時間控制)，角度/時間系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)噴油正時。電控柴油機系統(tǒng)(EDC)可以實現(xiàn)對燃油噴射量的精確計算。此外，EDC還擁有額外的功能以進一步提高發(fā)動機的響應特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括對柴油燃油噴射正時的精確控制，和在給定壓力下對油量的控制。這樣，它們就保證了柴油發(fā)動機具有能耗低、運行平穩(wěn)的特點。

其他開環(huán)和閉環(huán)控制功能用于減少廢氣排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具體例子有：

① 廢氣在循環(huán)控制； ② 增壓控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 電子防盜控制系統(tǒng)等。(6)控制單元結(jié)構(gòu)。

由于發(fā)動機控制單元通常最多有8個噴油器輸出口，所以超過八缸的發(fā)動機需要兩個控制單元。它們通過內(nèi)置高速CAN網(wǎng)絡的“主/從”接口進行連接，因此也擁有較高的微控制器處理能力。一些功能被 分配給某個特定的控制單元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根據(jù)需求情況(如檢測傳感器信號)可以動態(tài)地分配給一個或多個控制單元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).