第一篇：7 分詞

分詞

分詞是英語(yǔ)中非常重要的連詞成句的手段。本章將從分詞的意義及其在句中的作用來(lái)探討分詞的造句規(guī)則。

一、分詞的意義

1分詞的意義

從分詞本身所表達(dá)的意義來(lái)看，分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞，兩者具體區(qū)別如下:

（1）從語(yǔ)態(tài)角度來(lái)看，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，它與所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，如:The man standing at the gate is my English teacher.換句話說(shuō):The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher.過(guò)去分詞通常表示被動(dòng)意義(不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞除外)，與它所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如:the broken cup意思是:Someone broke the cup.或The cup was broken.（2.）從時(shí)態(tài)角度來(lái)看，現(xiàn)在分詞一般表示進(jìn)行動(dòng)作，過(guò)去分詞則表示完成的動(dòng)作。a.fallen leaves

b.falling leaves

這里a相當(dāng)于leaves that have fallen，即表示完成的動(dòng)作;而b相當(dāng)于leaves that are falling，即表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

a.地上的落葉

b.正在飄落的葉子

a.sunken ships

b.sinking ships

這里a相當(dāng)于_ships that have sunken，即表示完成的動(dòng)作;而b相當(dāng)于ships that are sinking，即表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

a.沉沒(méi)了的船只

b.正在下沉的船只

二、分詞的作用

分詞的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞和副詞，因此在句中主要是充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句。考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握分詞的下列用法特點(diǎn):

（1）分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)要后置，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。

（2）分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)有兩種結(jié)構(gòu):分詞邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子主語(yǔ)一致;獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。

分詞作定語(yǔ)

分詞作定語(yǔ)其位置關(guān)系有兩種。單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)，一般置于被修飾名詞的前面;分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，只能置于被修飾名詞的后面?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示與所修飾的名詞有主謂關(guān)系或主動(dòng)關(guān)系，過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示與所修飾的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

(1)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems means of transport.（2000英譯漢）

這里現(xiàn)在分詞arising修飾problems，作后置定語(yǔ)，與problems構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。problems arising from mass migration movements表示“大量人口流動(dòng)造成的問(wèn)題”。過(guò)去分詞made修飾themselves，作后置定語(yǔ)，themselves構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，這里themselves指代mass migration movements

由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動(dòng)(現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動(dòng)相對(duì)容易)造成的種種問(wèn)題也會(huì)給社會(huì)造成新的壓力。

(2)After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely to depicting happiness?(2006年閱讀第四篇)

過(guò)去分詞dedicated作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞expression，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

幾乎完全致力于描述快樂(lè)的當(dāng)代表現(xiàn)形式究竟是什么?

(3)To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage to them only minutes earlier.“We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,” says Dr.David.“Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”

現(xiàn)在分詞requiring修飾tests，作后置定語(yǔ)，與tests構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，tests requiring them to add?是說(shuō)明這個(gè)剛試要求他們做什么。過(guò)去分詞read后置修飾passage，與passage構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

為了測(cè)定睡眠不足帶來(lái)的后果，研究人員讓受試者接受一系列心理測(cè)試以及能力測(cè)試，包括做數(shù)字加法或回憶剛剛聽(tīng)過(guò)的文章?！拔覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)如果睡眠不足，那么能力測(cè)試就會(huì)受到影響，”大衛(wèi)醫(yī)生說(shuō)，“短期記憶能力會(huì)下降，決策力和集中力同樣也會(huì)減弱?！?/p>

(4)The emphasis on data first-hand, with a cross-cultural perspective to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.本句有三個(gè)過(guò)去分詞:gathered, combined, brought，它們的修飾關(guān)系是:

首先，gathered修飾data，作定語(yǔ)，譯成“收集第一手資料”。

其次，combined with是將emphasis和perspective兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞聯(lián)系起來(lái)，構(gòu)成一個(gè)并列關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于說(shuō):“A, combined with B”，其他類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有“A, together with B“，或“A, coupled with B”，意思是將A與B結(jié)合起來(lái)，即“強(qiáng)調(diào)第一手資料，然后加上跨文化視角”。很多考生對(duì)這里combined with起著連接兩個(gè)并列成分的作用看不出來(lái)，造成句子誤譯。這里三個(gè)過(guò)去分詞gathered, combined和brought并非并列關(guān)系。

再次，brought是修飾perspective，作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):bring a cross-cultural perspective to the analysis of cultures past and present，這里past and present是作后置定語(yǔ)修飾。The emphasis, combined with a perspective, makes this study a social science.強(qiáng)調(diào)收集第一手資料，加上在分析過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在文化形態(tài)時(shí)采用跨文化視角，使得這一研究成為一門獨(dú)特并且非常重要的社會(huì)科學(xué)。

(5)It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes _____ place in our ever-changing world.A.takingB.to takeC.takeD.taken

本題考查分詞作定語(yǔ)的用法。這里分詞要修飾名詞changes，而changes與動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) take place構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞taking，故A正確。

我們很容易把人們之間交流減少歸咎于快節(jié)奏的現(xiàn)代生活和快速變化的外部世界。

(6)The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon, com, and other pioneers show that a Web will attract online customers.(1999-2-4)

網(wǎng)絡(luò)葡萄園、亞馬遜和其他一些開(kāi)拓者的事例顯示： 出售合適商品并輔之以適當(dāng)交流互動(dòng)、熱情周到和安全可靠服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站將會(huì)吸引網(wǎng)上顧客。than an intuitive one.(2007-1-4)

這次試驗(yàn)的成功，以及后來(lái)證明記憶本身不是遺傳決定的研究，使 Ericsson 得出結(jié)論：記憶行為更多地屬于認(rèn)知練習(xí)而不是直覺(jué)活動(dòng)。whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.(2003-1-2)

以絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)領(lǐng)先的是弗吉尼亞的一個(gè)名為 “公開(kāi)來(lái)源情報(bào)公司”的小公司，它的明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)是對(duì)電子世界的把握。

(9)The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of in the United Kingdom.(2001-1-2)

在特別以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，這種傾向自然非常明顯，并且可以就英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展得到證實(shí)。

(10)Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.(2001-3-7)

然后它出資組織旨在搞清為什么顧客被激怒并且大量離去的研討會(huì)和可信度調(diào)查項(xiàng)目.(11)Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.許多人錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為毒品一詞僅指某種藥品或吸毒成癮者使用的非法化學(xué)物質(zhì)。

(12)First of all, most will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.(1997-3-2)

首先，大部分過(guò)度使用的物質(zhì)將產(chǎn)生負(fù)面效果，如中毒或強(qiáng)烈的知覺(jué)變異。

分詞作狀語(yǔ)

分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)在句中有不同的意義，可表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、結(jié)果、伴隨等等。

(1)In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet(1999年閱讀第一篇)

這里分詞wearing作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。修飾從句謂語(yǔ)was paralyzed;involving分詞作定語(yǔ)，修飾lawsuit

5月份，伊利諾伊州舒茨體育用品商店的總經(jīng)理Julie Nimmons贏得了一場(chǎng)官司，這場(chǎng)官司與一位橄欖球員戴著舒茨頭盔在比賽中受傷癱瘓的事故有關(guān)。

(2)I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was haw I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks.(1997年閱讀第一篇)

這里分詞fighting和clawing作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞die，表示在die的過(guò)程中，人們同時(shí)做出的一些動(dòng)作。因?yàn)檫@里fight和claw與people是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用了現(xiàn)在分詞。

從精神角度來(lái)說(shuō)，我并不懼怕死亡。但我懼怕的是如何走向死亡這個(gè)過(guò)程，因?yàn)槲铱吹竭^(guò)病人在醫(yī)院死亡之時(shí)因缺氧而抗?fàn)幉⒆プ∶娓锏那樾巍?/p>

(3)Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When asserted that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”(2003年閱讀第二篇)

三個(gè)分詞asked, assured, asked的邏樣主語(yǔ)是:he，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以都用了過(guò)去分詞。這里作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間，所以我們可以在分詞前面加上時(shí)間連詞，比如when assured

當(dāng)問(wèn)到她是否反對(duì)接種時(shí)，她問(wèn)疫苗是否來(lái)自動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。當(dāng)被告知的確如此時(shí)，她回答

道:“那么我不得不說(shuō)，是的，我反對(duì)接種。”當(dāng)問(wèn)到瘟疚爆發(fā)怎么辦時(shí)，她說(shuō):“不用擔(dān)心，科學(xué)家將會(huì)用計(jì)算機(jī)找到一些解決問(wèn)題的辦法?！?/p>

(4)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.在英文中，being done結(jié)構(gòu)往往表示原因。這里being interested也不例外，作原因狀語(yǔ)。由于沃爾夫?qū)φZ(yǔ)言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣，這使他逐漸形成了這樣的觀點(diǎn):在一個(gè)社會(huì)中，語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定習(xí)慣思維的結(jié)構(gòu)。

(5)He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,________insufficiently popular with all members.A.being consideredB.consideringC.to be consideredD.having considered 本題考查分詞作狀語(yǔ)的用法。這里句子主語(yǔ)he和動(dòng)詞consider是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用being considered，作原因狀語(yǔ)。在英文中，being done常常用來(lái)表示原因。

由于他在該協(xié)會(huì)里并不受成員的歡迎，所以人們沒(méi)有選他作協(xié)會(huì)主席。

(6)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.這里arguing的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子主語(yǔ)extremists，兩者構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因。

由于極端主義者認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不同，因此，他們認(rèn)為對(duì)待動(dòng)物無(wú)須考慮道德問(wèn)題。

(7)Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,tryingto anticipate every possible accident.(1999年閱讀第一篇)

這里feeling的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子主語(yǔ)companies，兩者構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。同樣道理，trying的邏輯主語(yǔ)也是companies。這里feeling threatened作狀語(yǔ)表示原因。第二個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)trying to.二作方式狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)responded

由于面對(duì)這樣的威脅，公司的反應(yīng)是寫出無(wú)比冗長(zhǎng)的警告標(biāo)簽，以盡量預(yù)見(jiàn)所有可能的事故。

(8)_____ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.A.To be freeB.FreeingC.To freeD.Freed

本題考查分詞作狀語(yǔ)及現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的用法。這里句子主語(yǔ)the balloon同時(shí)也是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，它與動(dòng)詞free構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞Freed

氣球由于被釋去冰塊重負(fù)，一直飛向空中，向南漂去。

(9)In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.(2007-3-2)伴隨狀語(yǔ)

僅僅在一代人的時(shí)間，成千上萬(wàn)的母親投入工作的 行列，改變了基本家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。

(10)His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.(1998-2-5)

他的同事麥克彼爾說(shuō)，太多的公司以機(jī)械的形式實(shí)施重組，降低成本，而未對(duì)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的嬴利給予充分的考慮。

(11)Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr.McWhorter documents is unmistakable.(2005-4-4)原因狀語(yǔ)

麥克沃特先生用大量上層文化和大眾文化的有趣例子說(shuō)明這種趨勢(shì)，他所記錄的這種趨勢(shì)是清楚明白的。

（12）Left, until now, to odd，low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of

data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss ' s agenda in businesses of every variety.(2007-4-1)時(shí)間

直到現(xiàn)在，信息保護(hù)一直留給臨時(shí)的、底層的信息技術(shù)人員掌控，并且被認(rèn)為是諸如金融、電信、航空等數(shù)據(jù)豐富的行業(yè)所獨(dú)有的問(wèn)題。信息保護(hù)現(xiàn)在處于各種商業(yè)老板的首要議事日程。

（13）Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.(2003-4-2)原因

由于有保留醫(yī)療費(fèi)用由第三方支付的保障，我們常 常要求用盡所有的醫(yī)療手段，即使它不會(huì)有任何作用。

（14）But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant，instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.(2002-2-5)伴隨

但是人的大腦能夠掃描一個(gè)快速變化的場(chǎng)景，并且 迅速排除 98%'的不相干的物體，立 即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁 的一只猴子，或者人群中的一張可疑的臉。

（15）When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.(2000-1-1)

當(dāng)美國(guó)在二戰(zhàn)后進(jìn)入一個(gè)輝煌的歷史時(shí)期時(shí)，它擁 有比任何競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手大八倍的市場(chǎng)，這為其各種行業(yè)提供了前所 未有的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模。

第二篇：分詞基本練習(xí)

分詞作定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)的講解及練習(xí)一

分詞的種類：現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞 二

分詞的形式 時(shí)態(tài)

2語(yǔ)態(tài)

1）一般式 v--ing

being done 2)完成式

having done

having been done 3）以上所有是否定形式都是直接在前面加not 4）過(guò)去分詞形式

v+ed 二意義 現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行和主動(dòng)意義，2 過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成和被動(dòng)意義。三 作用

定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

四 定語(yǔ)：一個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)前置，分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)后置。a sleeping child We only sell used books.The bridge built last month needs repairing.The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor

The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.由于被嚴(yán)重困擾，這個(gè)人幾乎失去了記

五 作狀語(yǔ) 分詞在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、結(jié)果、方式、條件等。如：（1）表示時(shí)間

Arriving in Paris, I lost my way.到了巴黎，我迷了路。When i arrived in paris,l lost my way 表示與主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)性的現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間意義時(shí)，分詞前可以加上while, when等從屬連接詞。如：

Don’t talk while having di er.吃飯時(shí)不要說(shuō)話。

When crossing the street, do be careful.過(guò)馬路時(shí)要小心。（2）表示原因 表示原因的分詞短語(yǔ)一般置于句首。

Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well.在倫敦住過(guò)多年，我?guī)缀鯇?duì)每個(gè)地方都很熟悉。

Seriously injured, he had to be taken to ho ital.由于傷得嚴(yán)重，只好把他送往醫(yī)院。（3）表示結(jié)果

The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.大火持續(xù)了近一個(gè)月，幾乎沒(méi)剩下什么有用的東西。

Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular ort.80多個(gè)國(guó)家都踢足球，因此足球成了一種很流行的運(yùn)動(dòng)。（4）表示方式

I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.我站在門旁，不敢說(shuō)一句話。He earns his living buying vegetables（5）表示條件

Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes.如果你更細(xì)心，你會(huì)犯更少的錯(cuò)誤。Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it.一旦失去這次機(jī)會(huì)你就很難找回。

分詞練習(xí)1.The old farmer,________ the badly-injured and wounded soldier, came out of the burning house, ________for help.A.supporting;calling

B.supported by;called

C.being supported by;called

D.being supporting;called

2.-Oh, it’s already a quarter past six.What shall we do at the meeting this evening?-We’ll go on with the matter________ this afternoon.A.be discussed

B.being discussing C.discussed

D.which discussed 3.The brave man died,________ his young wife nothing but a________ cottage.A.left;breaking

B.leaving;broken C.left;broken D.to leave;breaking 4.________the exam, the boy was punished by his father.A.No passing

B.Having passed C.Not passing D.Not having passed

5.________into many languages, the story is well known all over the world now.A.Being translated B.Having translated C.To be translated

D.Having been translated 6.________from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.A.Suffered B.To suffer C.Having suffered D.Being suffered

7.Many teachers were praised at the meeting, Mr.Zhou________.A.including B.being including C.to include D.included

8.-Who were those people with the flags?

-A group________ itself the League of Peace.A.calls B.calling C.called D.being called

9.________you the truth, she knows nothing about it.A.Tell B.Telling C.To tell D.Told

10.We slept with the light________ all night long last night.A.burnt B.to burn C.being burnt D.burning

11.Linda can’t attend the party________ at Tom’s house at present because she is preparing a speech for the party ________ at Marie’s house tomorrow.A.being held;to be held B.to be held;held C.held;being held D.to be held;to be held 12.Wen________ that it was getting late, I put off the light and went to bed.A.find B.finding C.found D.to find

13.Don't leave the water _____ while you brush your teeth.A.run B.running C.being run D.to run

14.______from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.A.Being separated B.Having separated C.Having been separated D.To be separated 15.He sent me an E-mail, _______ to get further information.A.hoped B.hoping C.to hope D.Hope

16.When first ______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A.introducing B.introduced C.introduce D.being introduced 17.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ______ at the meeting by my boss.A.questioning B.having questioned C.questioned D.to be questioned 18.Friendship is like money: easier made than ______.A.kept B.to be kept C.keeping D.being kept 19.— What’s happening in the street?

— A group ______ Green Peace are protesting against the summit.A.calls B.called C.calling D.to be called 20.He had his leg ______ when playing football.A.break B.to break C.breaking D.Broke 21.______ with excitement, the children couldn’t fall asleep.A.To fill B.To be filled C.Filling D.Filled 22.Even if ______, I won’t go.A.invited B.inviting C.I invited D.he invites 23.With the homework ______, he was allowed to watch the football match.A.finished B.finishing C.to finish D.to be finished 24.With his finger ______ to the ______ window, the teacher asked: “Who did that?”

A.pointing;broken B.pointed;broke C.pointing;breaking D.pointed;breaking 25.The shy girl never speaks unless ______.A.speaking B.spoken C.speaking to D.spoken to 26.______ by Yang Liwei’s speech，the students are determined to study even harder.A.Deeply moved B.Having deeply move C.To be deeply moved D.Moving deeply 27.If ______ green, the door might look more beautiful.A.paint B.painted C.painting D.to paint 28.The girl is still fast asleep, with her head ______ deep in arms.A.bury B.to bury C.buried D.burying

第三篇：中文分詞工具

當(dāng)前幾個(gè)主要的Lucene中文分詞器的比較（ZZ）

1.基本介紹：

paoding ：Lucene中文分詞“庖丁解?！?Paoding Analysis

imdict ：imdict智能詞典所采用的智能中文分詞程序

mmseg4j ： 用 Chih-Hao Tsai 的 MMSeg 算法 實(shí)現(xiàn)的中文分詞器

ik ：采用了特有的“正向迭代最細(xì)粒度切分算法“，多子處理器分析模式

2.開(kāi)發(fā)者及開(kāi)發(fā)活躍度：

paoding ：qieqie.wang，google code 上最后一次代碼提交：2008-06-12，svn 版本號(hào) 132 imdict ：XiaoPingGao，進(jìn)入了 lucene contribute，lucene trunk 中 contrib/analyzers/smartcn/ 最后一次提交：2009-07-24，mmseg4j ：chenlb2008，google code 中 2009-08-03（昨天），版本號(hào) 57，log為：mmseg4j-1.7 創(chuàng)建分支

ik ：linliangyi2005，google code 中 2009-07-31，版本號(hào) 41

3.用戶自定義詞庫(kù)：

paoding ：支持不限制個(gè)數(shù)的用戶自定義詞庫(kù)，純文本格式，一行一詞，使用后臺(tái)線程檢測(cè)詞庫(kù)的更新，自動(dòng)編譯更新過(guò)的詞庫(kù)到二進(jìn)制版本，并加載

imdict ：暫時(shí)不支持用戶自定義詞庫(kù)。但 原版 ICTCLAS 支持。支持用戶自定義 stop words mmseg4j ：自帶sogou詞庫(kù)，支持名為 wordsxxx.dic，utf8文本格式的用戶自定義詞庫(kù)，一行一詞。不支持自動(dòng)檢測(cè)。-Dmmseg.dic.path

ik ：支持api級(jí)的用戶詞庫(kù)加載，和配置級(jí)的詞庫(kù)文件指定，無(wú) BOM 的 UTF-8 編碼，rn 分割。不支持自動(dòng)檢測(cè)。

4.速度（基于官方介紹，非自己測(cè)試）

paoding ：在PIII 1G內(nèi)存?zhèn)€人機(jī)器上，1秒 可準(zhǔn)確分詞 100萬(wàn) 漢字

imdict ：483.64(字節(jié)/秒)，259517(漢字/秒)

mmseg4j ： complex 1200kb/s左右, simple 1900kb/s左右

ik ：具有50萬(wàn)字/秒的高速處理能力

5.算法和代碼復(fù)雜度

paoding ：svn src 目錄一共1.3M，6個(gè)properties文件，48個(gè)java文件，6895 行。使用不用的 Knife 切不同類型的流，不算很復(fù)雜。

imdict ：詞庫(kù) 6.7M（這個(gè)詞庫(kù)是必須的），src 目錄 152k，20個(gè)java文件，2399行。使用 ICTCLAS HHMM隱馬爾科夫模型，“利用大量語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的訓(xùn)練來(lái)統(tǒng)計(jì)漢語(yǔ)詞匯的詞頻和跳轉(zhuǎn)概率，從而根據(jù)這些統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果對(duì)整個(gè)漢語(yǔ)句子計(jì)算最似然(likelihood)的切分”

mmseg4j ： svn src 目錄一共 132k，23個(gè)java文件，2089行。MMSeg 算法，有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜。ik ： svn src 目錄一共6.6M(詞典文件也在里面)，22個(gè)java文件，4217行。多子處理器分析，跟paoding類似，歧義分析算法還沒(méi)有弄明白。

6.文檔

paoding ：幾乎無(wú)。代碼里有一些注釋，但因?yàn)閷?shí)現(xiàn)比較復(fù)雜，讀代碼還是有一些難度的。imdict ： 幾乎無(wú)。ICTCLAS 也沒(méi)有詳細(xì)的文檔，HHMM隱馬爾科夫模型的數(shù)學(xué)性太強(qiáng)，不太好理解。

mmseg4j ： MMSeg 算法 是英文的，但原理比較簡(jiǎn)單。實(shí)現(xiàn)也比較清晰。

ik ：有一個(gè)pdf使用手冊(cè)，里面有使用示例和配置說(shuō)明。

7.其它

paoding ：引入隱喻，設(shè)計(jì)比較合理。search 1.0 版本就用的這個(gè)。主要優(yōu)勢(shì)在于原生支持詞庫(kù)更新檢測(cè)。主要劣勢(shì)為作者已經(jīng)不更新甚至不維護(hù)了。

imdict ：進(jìn)入了 lucene trunk，原版 ictclas 在各種評(píng)測(cè)中都有不錯(cuò)的表現(xiàn)，有堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)，不是個(gè)人山寨。缺點(diǎn)為暫時(shí)不支持用戶詞庫(kù)。

mmseg4j ：在complex基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)現(xiàn)了最多分詞(max-word)，但是還不成熟，還有很多需要改進(jìn)的地方。

ik ：針對(duì)Lucene全文檢索優(yōu)化的查詢分析器IKQueryParser

8.結(jié)論

個(gè)人覺(jué)得，可以在 mmseg4j 和 paoding 中選一個(gè)。關(guān)于這兩個(gè)分詞效果的對(duì)比，可以參考：

或者自己再包裝一下，將 paoding 的詞庫(kù)更新檢測(cè)做一個(gè)單獨(dú)的模塊實(shí)現(xiàn)，然后就可以在所有基于詞庫(kù)的分詞算法之間無(wú)縫切換了。

ps，對(duì)不同的 field 使用不同的分詞器是一個(gè)可以考慮的方法。比如 tag 字段，就應(yīng)該使用一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)單的分詞器，按空格分詞就可以了。

==============================以上部分為網(wǎng)上轉(zhuǎn)載=============================

Paoding 的具體使用：

最新版本JAR包在Lucene3.0下會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)，直接使用Lucene2.9.4即可。另外其論壇說(shuō)也可以直接使用源碼編譯。

字典的添加：添加新字典，需刪除dic文件夾下.compiled文件，重新編譯。

第四篇：現(xiàn)在分詞變化規(guī)則

現(xiàn)在分詞變化規(guī)則

1.直接+ ing(例：sleep+ing sleeping)

2.去e+ing(例：bite-e+ing biting)

3重讀閉音節(jié)，且末尾只有1個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫輔音字母+ing(例：sit+t+ing sitting)

4.特殊變化：die-dying,lie-lying，tie-tying

5.不規(guī)則變化

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：

A 表示現(xiàn)在(指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。

例：We are waiting for you.B.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。

例：Mr.Green is writing another novel.(說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)

例：She is learning piano under Mr.Smith.C.已經(jīng)確定或安排好的將來(lái)活動(dòng)

I'm leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.（已經(jīng)安排了）

we're flying to Paris tomorrow.(票已經(jīng)拿到了）

D.有些動(dòng)詞（狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)）1.表示知道或了解的動(dòng)詞:believe,doubt,forget,imagine,know, remember,realize,suppose,understand

2.表示“看起來(lái)”“看上去“appear,resemble,seem

3表示喜愛(ài)或不喜愛(ài)hate,like.lover.prefer

4表示構(gòu)成或來(lái)源的動(dòng)詞 be come from.contain,include

5表示感官的動(dòng)詞 hear see smell sound taste

6表示擁有的動(dòng)詞belong to.need.own.possess.want wish

1、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由”be+v-ing"構(gòu)成。be應(yīng)為助動(dòng)詞，最容易被同學(xué)漏掉，它應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。

2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用

(1)當(dāng)句子中有now時(shí)，常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如： They are playing basketball now.現(xiàn)在他們正在打籃球。

(2)以look, listen開(kāi)頭的句子，提示我們動(dòng)作正進(jìn)行，這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如： Listen！She is singing an English song.聽(tīng)，她正在唱英語(yǔ)歌。

(3)表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，且此時(shí)有this week, these days等時(shí)間詞，這時(shí)常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：

We are making model planes these days.這些天我們?cè)谧鲲w機(jī)模型。

(4)描述圖片中的人物的動(dòng)作，也為了表達(dá)更生動(dòng)。此時(shí)也常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如： Look at the picture.The children are flying kites in the park.看這幅圖，那些孩子正在公園放風(fēng)箏。

3、現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則：

（1）一般情況下，直接在動(dòng)詞后加－ing work----working sleep-----sleeping study-----studying

（2）動(dòng)詞以不發(fā)音的－e結(jié)尾，要去－e加－ing take-----taking make-----making dance-----dancing

（3）重讀閉音節(jié)的動(dòng)詞，要雙寫詞尾字母，再加－ing cut-----cutting put-----putting begin------beginning

（4）以－ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，把變成y再加－ing lie-----lying tie-----tying die-----dying

4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的變化

肯定句式：主語(yǔ)+be(am, is, are)+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它.否定句式：主語(yǔ)+be(am, is, are)+not +現(xiàn)在分詞+其它.一般疑問(wèn)句：be(am, is, are)+主語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它

特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+be(am, is, are)+主語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它

第五篇：語(yǔ)法練習(xí)(分詞和從句)

語(yǔ)法練習(xí)（分詞和從句）

1.The speed _____ light travels is very high.A.which B.at which C.in which D.with which 2.Does he have difficulty _____ English? A.to speak B.speak C.speaking D.spoke 3.In winter we go _____ on the hill.A.skiing B.to ski C.ski D.for ski 4.Asked about the new play, ____.A.his answer was confident B.he was confidently answered C.he answered confidently D.his answers were confident 5._____ black clouds covering the sky, he stopped his work and went home.A.To see B.Having been seeing C.Seeing D.having to see 6._____ , the inhabitants fled.A.The city taken B.The city having been taken C.Having taken the city D.The city being taken 7._____ , he works very late at nigh.A.Having been choosing director B.Choosing director C.Having chosen director D.Being chosen director 8.She apologized for _____ the party.A.not her being able to attend B.her not being able to attend C.her being able not to attend D.her being notable to attend 9.I advised _____ , but he turned me a deaf ear.A.him not to smoke again B.him to smoke not again C.him to not smoke again D.not him to smoke again 10._____ a satisfactory answer,so he had to writhe to them again.A.As he hadn’t received B.Not having received C.Having not received D.He hadn’t received 11.The reason _____ I can’t come is that I have to prepare for the coming exam.A.for B.as C.because D.why 12.She studied hard at school when she was young;_____ contributes to her success in her career.A.that B.so that C.so D.which 13.I’ve got a bottle of beer, but I haven’t got anything _____ I can open it with.A.that B.what C.where D.which 14._____ the day went on，the weather got worse.A.With B.Since C.While D.As 15.It wasn’t such a good present _____ he had promised me.A.that B.as C.which D.what 16.The person _____ you were talking to was an American.A.who B.whom C.which D.as 17.She _____ playing volley-ball very much.A.has B.wants C.lets D.enjoys 18.Most of the people _____ to her party were her old friends.A.Invited B.to invited C.being invited D.inviting 19._____ from the moon, the earth with water _____ seventy percent of its surface.A.See/covered B.Seeing/covering C.Seen/covering D.To see/to cover 20.The fact _____ doctors recommend that children with hypertension（過(guò)度緊張）drink coffee is surprising.A.what B.is that C.that D.of 21.I can never forget the day _____ I first came to college.A.when B.in which C.at which D.which 22.I can never forget the day _____ we spent together.A.when B.in which C.at which D.which 23.The reason _____ he failed the exam was _____ he had not worked hard.A.why??if B.why??that C.that??why D.why??what 24.When you called me this morning, I _____ the newspaper.A.read B.was reading C.reads D.have read 25._____ to get there on time，we walked as fast as we could.A.hoping B.to hope C.hoped D.being hoped 26.Walking along the river, he heard someone _____ for help.A.shouting B.shout C.shouted D.having shouted 27.My vacation begins next Tuesday, _____ I will leave for Flofida.A.which B.that C.while D.when 28.He has made another wonderful discovery, _____ of great importance to science.A.which I think it is B.of which I think is C.I think which is D.which I think is 29.I decided to buy a car because we had sold _____ we had in England before leaving.A.that B.the other C.which D.the one 30.The investigation, _____ will soon be published, was made by John.A.at which the results B.the results on which C.whose results D.at whose results 31.They did not discover until later _____ the car had been destroyed.A.as B.than C.which D.that 32.They overcame all the difficulties and fulfilled the plan ten days ahead of schedule, _____ was something we had not expected.A.that B.this C.it D.which 33.That’s the reason _____ Ann could not do her part of the job.A.that B.of C.because D.why 34.The company official _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.A.whom B.whoever C.who D.of whom 35.In 1990 he caught a serious illness from _____ effects he still suffers.A.that B.which C.what D.whose 36.His brother had become a teacher, _____ he wanted to be.A.who B.what C.which D.that 37._____ I saw was two men crossing the street.A.What B.Whom C.Who D.That 38.The time will come _____ man can fly to outer space freely.A.that B.when C.in that D.what 39.Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai,_____ she belonged.A.which B.to where C.to which D.at which 40.The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water.A.them B.that C.which D.those 41.Crude oil is refined in a refinery, _____ makes it possible to get many grades of oils for different uses.A.as B.that C.this D.which 42.I am sure that _____ you said is wrong.A.which B.all C.this D.how 43.He arrived late for the tea party, _____ made us all very disappointed.A.which B.this C.it D.that 44.The people at the party were worried about John because no one was aware _____ he had gone.A.where that B.where C.of the place where D.the place 45.Is there anyone you can think of _____ may know her address? A.which B.that C.who D.what 46.It was raining, _____ was a pity.A.what B.that C.as D.which 47.This is the reason _____ an aeroplane can’t fly in space.A.which B.why C.where D.for that 48.We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, _____ completely waterproof.A.no of which B.none of which C.some of that D.neither of which 1.B which代替先行詞在后面的定語(yǔ)從句中作 at 的賓語(yǔ)?！耙允裁此俣葌鞑ァ睉?yīng)該是travel at...speed。2.C 他在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)上有困難嗎？have difficulty（in）doing 干什么有困難；其中in 可以省略．固定短語(yǔ)，故Ｃ正確．

3.A 冬季我們?nèi)ド缴匣?go skiing 去滑雪.4.C 被問(wèn)及這次新的演出時(shí)，他回答得很自信。Confidently 是副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞answer，放在動(dòng)詞前面后面都可以。過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)，含被動(dòng)意義，這里asked的邏輯主語(yǔ)是he, 而不是his answer.故A, D排除，再看：B, C , “他回答”是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，所以B項(xiàng)被動(dòng)形式錯(cuò)誤，正確答案為：C。

5.C 看到烏云遮蓋了天空，他就停下工作回家了。現(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是主句主語(yǔ)：he.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故Ｃ正確．Ｂ被動(dòng)形式排除．選項(xiàng)A是不定式形式，表目的，將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，譯為：為了要看烏云遮蓋天空，他．．．．．．顯然不合題意。D.沒(méi)有這種用法． 6.B fled 的原形是：flee , 意思是＂逃走，逃避＂；這個(gè)城市被占領(lǐng)了，居民們就四處逃生了．這是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，兩句的主語(yǔ)不是一個(gè)．

7.D 由于被選為主任，他晚上工作到很晚．Being chosen director現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于原因狀語(yǔ)從句：Because he was chosen director.8.B 她為沒(méi)能參加那次聚會(huì)而道歉。apologize for 為??而道歉；for 為介詞，后跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞，動(dòng)名詞的否定式是其前面直接加否定詞not，故B正確。9.A 我再次建議他不要再吸煙了，但他好像沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到一樣。turn sb a deaf ear 不聽(tīng)某人的話。advise sb(not)to do sth 建議某人（不要）做某事。注意：不定式的否定式也是其前面直接加否定詞not, 故A正確。10.D as表示“因?yàn)椤?，不能?so 連用。So是并列連詞，連接兩個(gè)句子，B、C 都是分詞短語(yǔ)，無(wú)法做句子的謂語(yǔ)。11.D 我不能來(lái)來(lái)的原因是我必須得為馬上來(lái)臨的考試做準(zhǔn)備了．reason 原因，why 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。12.D 年輕時(shí)她在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)很用功，這對(duì)她在以后的職業(yè)生涯中取得成功有很大貢獻(xiàn)。這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，前面整個(gè)句子做先行詞，則定語(yǔ)從句只能用關(guān)系代詞which，故選D。13．D 我買了一瓶啤酒，但是我沒(méi)有什么東西用來(lái)打開(kāi)它。句子“I can open it with”中缺少賓語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)：指人就用whom，指物就用which，故選擇：D。

14.D as意為“隨著”表示伴隨動(dòng)作，as the day went on“隨著白天的過(guò)去”，類似的表示還有 as time went on“隨著時(shí)間的推移”。

15.B 這個(gè)禮物并不像他曾許諾我的那樣好。such??as?? 如此??像什么一樣； 16.B 那個(gè)你剛才跟他說(shuō)話的那個(gè)人是個(gè)美國(guó)人。先行詞是指人，在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)氖琴e語(yǔ)(通過(guò)：you were talking to，我們看出句子缺少賓語(yǔ)。)，故用whom.17.D 她非常喜歡打排球；enjoy doing sth 喜歡干什么事．

18.A 大多被邀請(qǐng)去她晚會(huì)的人都是她的老朋友．過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾詞的后面，具有被動(dòng)的概念．

19.C 從月亮上看，地球有百分之七十被水覆蓋．第一個(gè)空：主句主語(yǔ)是地球，那么從月球上看地球這個(gè)空，由于主語(yǔ)是地球，地球是被看的，故用過(guò)去分詞形式，表被動(dòng)．第二個(gè)空：現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)放在所修飾詞的后面，具有主動(dòng)的含義，水覆蓋地表的百分之七十，所以用covering，如果用covered就表示水被百分之七十的地面所覆蓋，這顯然不符合現(xiàn)實(shí)．故答案Ｃ正確．

20.C 事實(shí)上醫(yī)生建議過(guò)度緊張的孩子們喝些咖啡是很有效的。21.A 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了第一次去上大學(xué)的那一天．從句主，謂，賓成分完整，只需要時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)．先行詞：the day是表示時(shí)間的詞，用引導(dǎo)詞when來(lái)引導(dǎo)，作為從句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)． 22.Ｄ

我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過(guò)的那天．這句話中，從句缺少賓語(yǔ)，而that或者which在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)． 23.B 他考試失敗的原因是他工作不夠努力．名詞reason后的定語(yǔ)從句由why引導(dǎo)，表語(yǔ)從句由that引導(dǎo)．

24.B 當(dāng)你今天早上叫我的時(shí)候，我正在讀報(bào)紙．一般過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，讀報(bào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作在你叫我時(shí)正在進(jìn)行，而你叫我這個(gè)動(dòng)作是過(guò)去式，故用一般過(guò)去進(jìn)行式． 25.A 我們走得盡可能地快，希望能準(zhǔn)時(shí)趕到哪兒．分詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)

26.A 他沿著河邊走時(shí)聽(tīng)到有人叫喊求助．分詞短語(yǔ)shouting for help置于被修飾詞someone的后面,做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)．Hear這個(gè)動(dòng)詞后面可以跟賓語(yǔ)再跟現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作是由賓語(yǔ)做的．

27.D 我的假期從下一周二開(kāi)始,那時(shí)我將去佛羅里德.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,故用when.28.D 他實(shí)驗(yàn)出了另一項(xiàng)偉大的發(fā)明,我認(rèn)為這對(duì)科學(xué)界有重大意義.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是another wonderful discovery,關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ).所以用which.29.D 我決定買一輛車,因?yàn)槲覀儼言谟?guó)那輛在離開(kāi)之前給賣了.我們注意這個(gè)句子主句還不完整,缺少賓語(yǔ),用代詞the one來(lái)做賓語(yǔ),從句也少賓語(yǔ),我們用引導(dǎo)詞which來(lái)引導(dǎo)這個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,所以應(yīng)該填補(bǔ): the one which.但是我們?cè)谥v語(yǔ)法時(shí)講過(guò),在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,引導(dǎo)詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略.故D正確.30.C 那個(gè)結(jié)果很快將被公布出來(lái)的調(diào)查是由John主做的.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系代詞在從句中做定語(yǔ),只能用whose來(lái)引導(dǎo),C正確.31.D 至到最后,他們才發(fā)現(xiàn)車已經(jīng)被毀壞了.that在這里引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句.that the car had been destroyed這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句做的是主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞discover的賓語(yǔ).32.D 他們克服了所有的困難并且提前十天完成了計(jì)劃,這是我們不曾預(yù)料到的.這個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,從句缺少主語(yǔ),用which或者 that來(lái)引導(dǎo),但是我們注意到: 關(guān)系代詞代指的是前面一句話, 故一定要用which來(lái)引導(dǎo).33.D

這就是Ann不愿意做兼職的原因.Why引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句.34.C 我認(rèn)為將被解聘的那個(gè)公司經(jīng)理升職了.先行詞為人,關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),故用who來(lái)引導(dǎo).35.D 1990年他患過(guò)一場(chǎng)嚴(yán)重的疾病,他現(xiàn)在依然承受著那場(chǎng)病留下的后遺癥帶來(lái)的痛苦.引導(dǎo)詞在句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ),能做定語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞只有whose。

36.C 他的哥哥已經(jīng)成為一名老師,這正是他所想要的.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),只能用which.37.A 我所看到的是兩個(gè)男人穿過(guò)了那個(gè)街道．這是一個(gè)由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，what做的是saw的賓語(yǔ)，What I saw，我所看到的，這部分做句子的主語(yǔ)． 38.B 我想這個(gè)時(shí)代將會(huì)來(lái)臨，人類能夠自由地飛出太空．這是一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句．

39.C 在她出嫁之前，她花了很多時(shí)間在上海，那個(gè)生她養(yǎng)她的地方.Belong to 屬于??;這是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,從句缺少賓語(yǔ),并且從句謂語(yǔ)belong是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞,接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)要帶上介詞to, 所以由which來(lái)引導(dǎo)(當(dāng)指物,并且關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),要用which,而不能用that).40.C 美國(guó)由五十個(gè)州組成,其中兩個(gè)州與其它州完全由陸地或水隔開(kāi).這個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞代指的是fifty states, 并且前面有介詞,所以要用which。

41.D 原油在精煉廠被加工,這使得有可能得到不同等級(jí)的油而滿足不同的需要.非限制性從句中,從句缺少主語(yǔ),可以用which 或者that來(lái)引導(dǎo),但是我們注意:這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞代指的是前面的句子,這時(shí)就必須用which.42.B 我確信你所說(shuō)的一切是錯(cuò)誤的.句子中的引導(dǎo)詞是that, 從句中動(dòng)詞said缺少賓語(yǔ),all you said 意思是:你所說(shuō)的一切,然后,這句話由關(guān)系代that來(lái)引導(dǎo)做從句的主語(yǔ).43.A 他去參加晚荼會(huì)晚了,這件事讓我們都很失望.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞代指的是前面一句話,只能用which.44.B 晚會(huì)上的人在擔(dān)心約翰,因?yàn)闆](méi)有人注意到他去哪兒了.where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句,從句he had gone中不缺少成分,所以只需要地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ).答案為B.45.C 你能想到有什么人知道她的地址嗎?先行詞是anyone,指人,關(guān)系代詞又在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),故用who來(lái)引導(dǎo).46.D 天在下雨,這真是遺憾.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系代詞代指的是前面一句話,所以要用which.47.B 這就是宇航員不能在太空飛的原因.先行詞為reason,故why來(lái)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句.48.B 我們?cè)嚵巳俜N長(zhǎng)統(tǒng)靴,沒(méi)有一種是完全防水的.在這些靴子當(dāng)中沒(méi)有一種是防水的, 關(guān)系代詞代指three hundred types of boot, 在這些靴子當(dāng)中要用到of,而of 是介詞,關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時(shí)要用which.