第一篇：博士生考試

考博完全不同于考碩，這里面牽涉的人為因素太多了。我也經(jīng)常在小木蟲里看到不少網(wǎng)友發(fā)帖求助關(guān)于考博的事項(xiàng)。其中，有很多事重復(fù)的話題，也是很簡(jiǎn)單的話題。但也是由于沒有考博經(jīng)驗(yàn)而無法體會(huì)的問題。在我考博士期間，承蒙各位網(wǎng)友的指教和交流，這使得我受益匪淺。本著投之以桃，報(bào)之以李的態(tài)度，花點(diǎn)時(shí)間寫點(diǎn)心得。其中，這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)也并不一定是成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，更多的是筆者經(jīng)歷過失敗和教訓(xùn)之后的一點(diǎn)心得。如果能給今后的師弟師妹們有點(diǎn)幫助，我將倍感榮幸！閑話少敘，我將以話題的形式分標(biāo)題在今后的時(shí)間內(nèi)陸續(xù)發(fā)帖展開，謝謝！

1）什么樣的人應(yīng)該選擇讀博？

常常從帖子里看到不少網(wǎng)友在為讀不讀博士而猶豫不決。在這個(gè)老大不小的年齡里，看到很多的朋友，同學(xué)都事業(yè)小成，結(jié)婚生子。自己還在上學(xué)讀書，工作還沒有著落，心里不免對(duì)以往的苦苦追求的讀書生活有所懷疑。這些懷疑是正常的。個(gè)人認(rèn)為，如果你現(xiàn)在或者將來立志從事科研或高校的工作來說，讀博這條路是必須要走的。如果你心里已經(jīng)為自己的將來事業(yè)有了藍(lán)圖，并且這些藍(lán)圖不需要博士這個(gè)必須的學(xué)歷的話，顯然應(yīng)該堅(jiān)定自己的想法，自己踏實(shí)完成心中的藍(lán)圖。這樣的做法至少有兩個(gè)好處，一是可以省下更多的時(shí)間完成自己的事情；沒有必要為了一紙文憑而浪費(fèi)青春。二是最起碼可以省下這個(gè)名額給更需要博士這個(gè)學(xué)位的學(xué)生。或許他因?yàn)闊釔劭蒲卸蛭茨苡懈叩膶W(xué)歷而被迫選擇其他的職業(yè)。而干自己不喜歡的事情，確實(shí)是索然無味的。

總之，讀博不要被一紙文憑所帶來的虛榮和誘惑所吸引，也不要變成對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)找工作壓力的一種逃避！如果是這樣的話，學(xué)習(xí)期間會(huì)缺乏興趣和動(dòng)力。在老大不小的年齡階段，精神上罔惘然。讀博的真正目的是要獲取文憑背后的更多的知識(shí)（當(dāng)然文憑也重要），以此追求的過程中獲得知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、人生上的歷練，使得自己在將來的工作中學(xué)有所用，這是是最恰當(dāng)不過的了。

2）導(dǎo)師的聯(lián)系

正向前文所述，博士招生完全不同于碩士招生。博士招生，只要導(dǎo)師想要你，你考的很低也沒有多大問題（這個(gè)概率很低，因?yàn)闃侵髯⒁獾皆S多包括985類的院校里面有很多破格招生，這些破格生有時(shí)候英語(yǔ)往往才30多分）。但是話又說回來了，憑什么導(dǎo)師想要你的？答案是：你的工作要對(duì)他有用。因此，在報(bào)考之前，一定要聯(lián)系一下導(dǎo)師，征詢他的意見和建議。在這里，需要注意到幾點(diǎn)：

a）寫信的時(shí)候多多介紹自己以往的工作經(jīng)歷、科研成果、已經(jīng)你對(duì)報(bào)考導(dǎo)師科研興趣點(diǎn)在哪里。坐到既不張揚(yáng)，也不過度謙虛謹(jǐn)慎！

b)導(dǎo)師回信分析：

中國(guó)語(yǔ)言博大精深，同樣的一句話能說出不同的意思。往往存在這樣的導(dǎo)師（很多），明明自己內(nèi)定直博的都一大堆了。你寫信的時(shí)候，他還說些歡迎報(bào)考之類的話，結(jié)果你考上了因?yàn)槊~的限制他也不要你。這明顯是一種誤人子弟的行為。我對(duì)這樣的老師心存鄙夷！在這里，導(dǎo)師如果回信說“感謝你對(duì)我們科研。興趣，歡迎報(bào)考！”這樣的話套話。這說明一個(gè)問題，就是說他有中意的人選了。只有在別人考不上你才是他的選擇。

也存在這樣一種情況，如果導(dǎo)師直接告訴你或者委婉的告訴你，他不想招你。名額很多，或者對(duì)你的專業(yè)不是很感興趣之類的。我認(rèn)為你一定應(yīng)該回信感謝他，因?yàn)樗蚰阏f了實(shí)話，最起碼不會(huì)耽誤你。

如果導(dǎo)師給你回信的時(shí)候很誠(chéng)懇，并且明確提到他對(duì)你的專業(yè)感興趣的話，甚至迫不及待地介紹了他自己的想法。恭喜你。去考吧！過線了就基本沒有問題了。

3）學(xué)校的選擇

中國(guó)具有招生博士資格的現(xiàn)在大學(xué)，大致可以分為四類：一類是985高校；二類為中科院系統(tǒng)；三類為211類非985學(xué)校；最后一類為一般高校。個(gè)人認(rèn)為，對(duì)于我們這些始終蹲在普通高校里成長(zhǎng)到碩士畢業(yè)，始終不知道重點(diǎn)為何物的學(xué)生來說，在即將封頂?shù)臅r(shí)候能上個(gè)985學(xué)校甚至是211學(xué)校的博士簡(jiǎn)直就是一種久違的理想了。因而，985類和中科院類的院校是始終是大家憧憬的目標(biāo)。能從這些學(xué)校畢業(yè)，進(jìn)入社會(huì)后這些都是一筆可貴的社會(huì)資本。

在這里，我個(gè)人也認(rèn)為985學(xué)校和中科院系統(tǒng)是學(xué)弟學(xué)妹們最好的選擇。在這個(gè)論壇，我經(jīng)?？吹胶芏嗟呐笥言谶€是報(bào)考中科院系統(tǒng)還是報(bào)考985學(xué)校很猶豫，甚至在高校和院所同時(shí)錄取的話，還一直在猶豫。一般情況下，報(bào)考中科院系統(tǒng)的學(xué)生一是看中了他們的補(bǔ)助（東部所總共1800左右/月），二是憧憬中科院里的學(xué)術(shù)氛圍。在我看來，這兩點(diǎn)都是缺乏認(rèn)識(shí)的一種表現(xiàn)，就補(bǔ)助來說，很多高校的博士補(bǔ)助每月都在1000元以上（博士培養(yǎng)非在職一般免費(fèi)）；再者，對(duì)于高校來說，中科院的所所在地區(qū)由于缺乏系統(tǒng)的學(xué)校服務(wù)設(shè)施，一般物價(jià)較高。這樣算的話，其實(shí)每月拉扯起來，就消費(fèi)來說中科院所在的所也不見的具有多少“金錢優(yōu)勢(shì)”。就針對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)氛圍來說，確實(shí)中科院系統(tǒng)的學(xué)術(shù)氛圍在全國(guó)中算是偏上，甚至上上。但是，要知道，凡是沒有絕對(duì)的，中科院院所也是有一個(gè)個(gè)像你像我一樣的平常人組成的。我們社會(huì)上存在的勾心斗角，相互碾壓、甚至是誹謗在這些激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)部門也有之過而不及。因而，我在這里并非不建議大家報(bào)科研院所，我想告訴學(xué)弟學(xué)妹們的是如果你抱著絕對(duì)憧憬的態(tài)度去報(bào)考一所院所，最終你可能進(jìn)去了之后你也會(huì)對(duì)里面社會(huì)式的蕓蕓眾生而感到失望和失落。

對(duì)于高校來說，說實(shí)在的，全國(guó)985類的學(xué)校真的很難評(píng)出哪所學(xué)校是絕對(duì)的第一。因?yàn)榱炕臉?biāo)準(zhǔn)也不是絕對(duì)的。舉例來說，哈爾濱工大在全國(guó)綜合實(shí)力排名10位左右，但是它的許多理工科北大清華也難以撼動(dòng)。因而，我認(rèn)為，對(duì)于這些學(xué)校來說，無所謂學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境的好壞（其實(shí)差不多），關(guān)鍵是找一個(gè)適合的專業(yè)和一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)人的導(dǎo)師才是第一位的。如果你真想追求一個(gè)能夠嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)治學(xué)，不流于俗套的學(xué)校，我真的要失望的告訴你，在中國(guó)大陸目前的情況下，那些自詡為治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)拇髱熂?jí)的學(xué)校和人物，幾乎都是在吃老本地瘋狂吹噓。也就是說，自詡為建世界有名高校還是停留在口號(hào)階段。如果你自認(rèn)自己確實(shí)是一個(gè)很牛B的人，我認(rèn)為你現(xiàn)在就默默地保持一顆牛B的心態(tài)，踏實(shí)地就想辦法把報(bào)考的學(xué)校當(dāng)做階梯，想辦法將來走出國(guó)門繼續(xù)深造吧！

4)關(guān)于導(dǎo)師的人品的疑問？

a)導(dǎo)師的人品問題：

林子大了，什么鳥都會(huì)有！同樣，生活著同一個(gè)世界中，導(dǎo)師也像我們蕓蕓眾生的人一樣，有奸詐虛偽的偽君子、有滿盈的色狼、有厚黑學(xué)學(xué)的很老道的偽小人、當(dāng)然也有忠實(shí)厚道的老好人、有學(xué)術(shù)精湛的大師、也有平易近人和循循善誘的優(yōu)秀教書人..........，不過，我以為可能絕大多數(shù)的導(dǎo)師還是和你我一樣的平常人。因此，在考試以前，用平常人的眼光去理解和解讀那些光環(huán)下的導(dǎo)師，或許能使你撥開迷霧和蒙罩在他們都上的光環(huán)。使得你客觀地去選擇一名適合自己的導(dǎo)師。在這里，如果你以為導(dǎo)師的人品和學(xué)術(shù)水平成正比的話，那就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。有少數(shù)老師，只要你和他之間存在利益上的糾葛，以排擠甚至誹謗同事、甚至排斥要挾自己學(xué)生的伎倆來贏取自己的生存空間。其他涉及題外的例子我們不必多舉，就拿我以前認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)一個(gè)同學(xué)來說吧，他的導(dǎo)師表面笑面虎，背地里匿名信、勾心斗角什么花樣都使得出來。而且這些花招還在自己的研究生手底下使用。結(jié)果搞得自己的5個(gè)學(xué)生有四個(gè)被導(dǎo)師的小人行徑逼退學(xué)（其中一個(gè)在剛上研究生，總算最后混到畢業(yè)）。當(dāng)時(shí)，這個(gè)導(dǎo)師為了逼自己的學(xué)生退學(xué)，還居然自己打印了一份學(xué)生自愿退學(xué)報(bào)告，讓學(xué)生自己簽字，大致意思就是學(xué)生的自身原因自愿退學(xué)，與他無關(guān)意見之類的。結(jié)果，其中的一個(gè)學(xué)生（聯(lián)合培養(yǎng)被退學(xué)的學(xué)生。在另外一個(gè)學(xué)校獲得的學(xué)位）在此之后報(bào)考其他所博士，這名導(dǎo)師（居然還是個(gè)“百人”）知道了報(bào)考單位之后為了解恨（我現(xiàn)在想不通他害了別人自己還有什么“恨”），居然還寫匿名信的方式說這個(gè)學(xué)生的學(xué)術(shù)人品有問題。結(jié)果這個(gè)學(xué)生分?jǐn)?shù)過線而招生導(dǎo)師因?yàn)椴磺宄欠牵尤徊桓忆浫《鴮?dǎo)致這名學(xué)生未被錄??！說實(shí)在的，如果你碰到這樣的導(dǎo)師，就真的完蛋了！不管是人品還是學(xué)品，都會(huì)一無所獲！

當(dāng)然，這樣的極端的例子，可能一百人中沒有一個(gè)。但是，有些問題卻常見，如論文的署名順序問題、導(dǎo)師扣發(fā)生活費(fèi)問題......這些問題其實(shí)并不大，很可能溝通一下就行了。但是，在入學(xué)報(bào)名前能夠排除當(dāng)然更好，怎樣發(fā)現(xiàn)這一問題呢？

首先，存在一些這樣的導(dǎo)師，明明自己學(xué)生辛苦做出來的文章（構(gòu)思、寫作、投稿，老師的工作很少或者僅僅是輔助性的）?？蓪?dǎo)師一般情況下，總是習(xí)慣于自己署名第一。結(jié)果導(dǎo)師的文章一大把，學(xué)生辛苦三年僅僅一篇應(yīng)付畢業(yè)。這樣的導(dǎo)師有點(diǎn)坐的過激了，畢竟有點(diǎn)自己的地位是凌駕于別人痛苦之上的感覺，說白了有點(diǎn)不道德了！在這種情況下，為了避免今后這樣情況的發(fā)生，可以打開這名報(bào)考導(dǎo)師在做導(dǎo)師期間發(fā)的所有的文章，如果他的學(xué)生總是習(xí)慣性地在后面掛著的話，這說明這名導(dǎo)師有點(diǎn)限制學(xué)生的不良行為！這樣的導(dǎo)師最好不要報(bào)。當(dāng)然，如果對(duì)這樣的判斷比較懷疑的情況下，最好的方法是去與他畢業(yè)的學(xué)生交流，直接問一下也沒有關(guān)系，畢竟畢業(yè)之后也沒有什么利益牽絆，他也沒有必要一味地維護(hù)導(dǎo)師

b)導(dǎo)師人品VS.學(xué)品

我經(jīng)常在論壇里看到很多網(wǎng)友談?wù)搶?dǎo)師人品和學(xué)品哪個(gè)更重要的問題。我個(gè)人以為，其實(shí)人品更重要！在圈內(nèi)，一般的導(dǎo)師按照學(xué)術(shù)頭銜來說，可以分為三類：一是院士；二是長(zhǎng)江學(xué)者、歸國(guó)優(yōu)秀人員；三是沒有什么大頭銜的普通導(dǎo)師。在這三類中，院士一般情況下是早期學(xué)術(shù)比較屌、學(xué)者人脈關(guān)系比較拽的那些人（當(dāng)然也有少數(shù)書中忠實(shí)于做學(xué)問，但一般都老的跑不動(dòng)的那些人）。這樣的導(dǎo)師，一般人品都沒有太極端的問題，因?yàn)槿绻麤]有很好的人脈口碑游走于社會(huì)各色人等之間，也很難能混到這一步。他們的課題多而且大，資金充裕。但一般他很少管理你——哪怕你是博士了，進(jìn)去了之后你是跟著小老板混。因此，具體你學(xué)術(shù)專業(yè)水平能發(fā)展的什么樣的水平，很難說！因而，如果你今后畢業(yè)，準(zhǔn)備游走于學(xué)術(shù)圈之間，而確實(shí)能夠在學(xué)術(shù)上哪怕有一點(diǎn)成就的話，在這樣的老板手底下混還是不錯(cuò)的。但是，如果你給自己的人生定位是今后悶頭做學(xué)問，課題夠用就行的話，這樣的導(dǎo)師可報(bào)可不報(bào)！

對(duì)于長(zhǎng)江學(xué)者、和優(yōu)秀歸國(guó)博導(dǎo)。他們是一幫很用功、也很踏實(shí)處于上升期的人群人。人往往在牛的時(shí)候，很容易忽略比自己地位低的人，在一般平庸的時(shí)候（或者上升期的時(shí)候）很容易記起認(rèn)可自己的那些人（哪怕這些人的地位當(dāng)時(shí)比自己低）。這就是我為什么推薦大家報(bào)考這樣的導(dǎo)師的原因。在這樣的導(dǎo)師下工作，努力點(diǎn)一般學(xué)術(shù)水平都不會(huì)差，而且他也會(huì)很用心地培養(yǎng)你。因?yàn)?，一般你出去之后，你就是他為?shù)不多的商標(biāo)品牌了。況且，上升期的他，說明定你畢業(yè)之后，哪天那些老家伙一歸西，你的導(dǎo)師在學(xué)術(shù)圈一般都會(huì)很牛！這樣的話，也能更好地照顧你的發(fā)展。

第三類是那些一般的導(dǎo)師，我對(duì)他們更尊敬。因?yàn)槲业拇T導(dǎo)就是這樣的導(dǎo)師，他在我最困難的時(shí)候，給我的幫助很大。相信大家比我更理解這樣一群人，由于這樣的人群差異性很大，暫且不分析了。

假如對(duì)于上述的人等，人品和學(xué)品之間必須選擇的話，我認(rèn)為人品比學(xué)品更重要。如果讓我必須做出選擇的話，我寧可選擇層次稍低點(diǎn)的導(dǎo)師進(jìn)行報(bào)考。原因很簡(jiǎn)單，任何一個(gè)人品好的厚道的導(dǎo)師，如果為你著想的話，對(duì)你都終生受益！人品的卑劣的人幫助你，無非為

了獲取更豐厚的回報(bào)，如果你不給他回報(bào)，那么等待你的將是噩夢(mèng)！因此，上述的三類導(dǎo)師，如果那些有光環(huán)的導(dǎo)師的人品出問題，我寧愿選擇一名普通的博導(dǎo)！

5）黑與不黑

博士考試結(jié)束后，經(jīng)常在論壇上看到有些同學(xué)抱怨自己被黑了。其實(shí)，說實(shí)在的。在社會(huì)上混，沒有黑，也沒有不黑。別人為什么能“黑”你呢？那是因?yàn)樽约禾p信那些所謂的專家長(zhǎng)輩級(jí)的導(dǎo)師了。他們隨便回復(fù)自己一句就被考生當(dāng)做神明一樣銘記在心！當(dāng)最后導(dǎo)師的變卦的時(shí)候，而學(xué)生以為自己就被黑了！我們?cè)鯓犹幚眍愃频氖虑槟兀?/p>

首先，就像前文所說，考博不同于考碩。這里面人為的因素很大?？梢哉f你進(jìn)入復(fù)試后，導(dǎo)師就決定了你的生死。你可以是第一名，當(dāng)然復(fù)試后也可以變成最后一名，更甚者哪怕復(fù)試你是第一名導(dǎo)師也有不要你的權(quán)利。這樣的事情，在我考博士的時(shí)候，也不止一次的遇到過，里面的滋味真的不好受！但轉(zhuǎn)念想想，如果自己不是因?yàn)樘p信那些所謂的大導(dǎo)們，自己也不會(huì)那么失望甚至絕望，也不會(huì)被這種狀況逼的無路可退！在社會(huì)上混，如果因?yàn)閯e人給自己的一句承諾，而最終讓別人兌現(xiàn)什么的話，那除非這個(gè)承諾的人是你二大爺，不然因?yàn)闆]有絲毫關(guān)系而且都不靠太多譜的事情，你就輕信了別人，自己豈不是太幼稚了！或許導(dǎo)師壓根都不記得當(dāng)初你聯(lián)系他時(shí)，向你曾經(jīng)說過的話。

對(duì)于這種問題，在報(bào)考的時(shí)候都應(yīng)該盡量避免。其實(shí)，同時(shí)報(bào)考2-3所學(xué)校是最好的選擇。奇怪的是，我到現(xiàn)在還能看到很多網(wǎng)友在為了報(bào)考哪所學(xué)校而始終猶豫不決，要知道還沒有到被錄取的地步呢就這么猶豫不決啊，說白了能不能進(jìn)去還不一定呢。如果征求我的意見，我建議先都報(bào)上再說，到最終考試的時(shí)候再選擇考不考也不遲??？要知道，人不要因?yàn)槿饲橐蛩啬ú婚_，千萬不要天真地以為報(bào)考時(shí)導(dǎo)師在EMAIL里對(duì)你禮節(jié)式的稱贊而感激涕零、不考他的好像對(duì)不起他八輩祖宗一樣。要知道，博士能決定著你的后半生，但影響不了導(dǎo)師什么。復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候，隨著你學(xué)習(xí)的深入，你會(huì)對(duì)自己適合做什么，不適合做什么有個(gè)更深入的評(píng)價(jià)。最終選擇2-3所學(xué)校考考就行了。這樣的話，如果過線的話，即使有一所導(dǎo)師變卦不要你，最起碼還有的選擇。

6)關(guān)于考試復(fù)習(xí)

我希望上面所說的不要給大家一種誤導(dǎo)，好似只要導(dǎo)師想要就沒用問題了一樣。但是，請(qǐng)別忘記一個(gè)前提！對(duì)我們絕大多數(shù)既不是知名人物也不是什么政界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物的普通考生來說，初試的關(guān)口時(shí)必須要過的。尤其在一些好的高校，博士招生還是蠻嚴(yán)格的（自己感覺其實(shí)中科院的某些所的主觀性更大）。連初試都過不了，自己到時(shí)就很被動(dòng)！因此，如何度過初試這一關(guān)很重要！

有一個(gè)有趣的現(xiàn)象，隨著學(xué)歷的增加學(xué)生的考試能力是逐步在下降。這可能與精力的分散，心態(tài)的擺放有關(guān)！也經(jīng)?？吹胶芏嗑W(wǎng)友在罵當(dāng)今的考試制度，我不否認(rèn)卷面考試這種手段用來衡量一個(gè)人的綜合能力欠缺很多，這也可能是很多學(xué)生面對(duì)考試而憤世嫉俗的原因。但是，在當(dāng)今的社會(huì)中，你又能設(shè)計(jì)一條更為合理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去衡量選拔想用的人（才）嗎？如果不能的話，那還是忍忍咬緊牙關(guān)把初試這關(guān)給過了。

隨著年齡的增加，甚至很多同學(xué)已經(jīng)到了40歲了。兒女、父母、老婆、工作這些一堆的事情使得自己很難安心讀書。如果是這樣的話，我更建議你做下來，每天抽點(diǎn)時(shí)間、少點(diǎn)應(yīng)酬做下來及早復(fù)習(xí)。一般來說，如果真能深入學(xué)習(xí)，一般2-3個(gè)月就有不錯(cuò)的提升，但是如果僅僅是疲于應(yīng)付撈個(gè)心態(tài)平衡，可能最多是原地踏步不前。因而，對(duì)于一般的學(xué)生來說，復(fù)習(xí)的前期，基本上處在了解報(bào)考信息、購(gòu)買書籍、還沒有進(jìn)入復(fù)習(xí)狀態(tài)這些階段。這些階

段說白了是調(diào)整期。具體來說，對(duì)書中的知識(shí)、考點(diǎn)、理解力都沒用進(jìn)入狀態(tài)之中。一般這個(gè)時(shí)間是快則幾周，慢者很難說了。因此，我個(gè)人建議還是盡量提前半年以上準(zhǔn)備一下考試，認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)比較妥帖！

同時(shí)，也看到很多的網(wǎng)友為自己的英語(yǔ)水平而擔(dān)憂。這點(diǎn)我還是有點(diǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以介紹的！我高考的時(shí)候英語(yǔ)150分考了71（高中從來英語(yǔ)沒及格），大學(xué)研究生也沒用過4,6級(jí)，但是自從在大學(xué)之后，我一直認(rèn)真地學(xué)習(xí)鉆研英語(yǔ)。經(jīng)過努力，考碩考博英語(yǔ)考得還都不錯(cuò)。而且現(xiàn)在不僅能獨(dú)立英文撰寫論文，而且已經(jīng)評(píng)審了幾篇外文期刊的論文。因此，我在這里絕沒用任何炫耀的意味，只想在這里說明的一個(gè)問題是：不要因?yàn)檫@些外在的榮譽(yù)得失而影響了你對(duì)科研和學(xué)習(xí)的興趣，給自己增添無形的負(fù)擔(dān)！人活在世界上，要避虛而求實(shí)！要知道，中國(guó)這個(gè)社會(huì)，個(gè)體常常被無形的榮譽(yù)所綁架，到最后完全喪失自己的興趣！工作疲于應(yīng)付！

就個(gè)人來說，我認(rèn)為就博士考試來說，我個(gè)人認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)的復(fù)習(xí)單詞量是一個(gè)重要的方面，但是對(duì)句型的理解和掌握更重要，也更容易被忽略。簡(jiǎn)單來說，一個(gè)人的記憶力再好，也不可能把所有單詞都記住；但是只要記住你考試范圍內(nèi)的單詞即可（這點(diǎn)論壇上整理的很多，一般6級(jí)詞匯多看看，其他的在你的學(xué)習(xí)閱讀中碰到詞匯，再逐漸增加記憶，從而提高詞匯量）。而考試中，很多閱讀理解其實(shí)考的是對(duì)原文中出現(xiàn)的句型的理解。如果句型理解沒用培養(yǎng)起來的話，英語(yǔ)水平很難有較大的提高。

對(duì)于專業(yè)課，專業(yè)課的題目一般考的題目比較寬泛，題目看似簡(jiǎn)單。但要做到既有條理，又有深度地去解答，確實(shí)需要相當(dāng)?shù)幕A(chǔ)，這里面的幾乎每個(gè)問答和論述題都可以展開寫篇綜述性的論文。這就要求學(xué)生在復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候多多涉獵一些本學(xué)科內(nèi)的相關(guān)知識(shí)。從本質(zhì)理論上去理解這些知識(shí)點(diǎn)之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系！對(duì)于參考書的選擇來說，一般博士入學(xué)考試不推薦參考書。即使推薦了，書中所提及的重要內(nèi)容在考試中不見得考，反而書中一句兩句話提及的問題常常被考到。這就說明，當(dāng)初命題的時(shí)候，命題老師的思維也不僅僅限定在所指定的參考書內(nèi)。因而，我個(gè)人認(rèn)為，選擇一本經(jīng)典教材（或者指定教材）認(rèn)真地研究，在以其他教材為補(bǔ)充的形式涉獵一下?？梢詮浹a(bǔ)這種復(fù)習(xí)不到位的情況。

7）再論初試復(fù)習(xí)

上段已經(jīng)提及到準(zhǔn)備初試的重要性不言而喻，現(xiàn)不再過多羅嗦。在準(zhǔn)備初試的時(shí)候，專業(yè)課的復(fù)習(xí)和英語(yǔ)的復(fù)習(xí)可能差異很大。先就英語(yǔ)來說，根據(jù)我的長(zhǎng)期的做題經(jīng)驗(yàn)（全國(guó)名校的英語(yǔ)全部做完，而且中科院的英語(yǔ)試題從2000年一直看到2009年），如果你的英語(yǔ)水平不是很高，或者換句話說就像小蟲一樣沒用4,6級(jí)類的證書給自己撐腰的話，還是多多演習(xí)一下英語(yǔ)。對(duì)于一般的學(xué)生水平來說，花在英語(yǔ)上的時(shí)間要保證占總復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間的2/5，當(dāng)然3/5也更好?；〞r(shí)間復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)可以獲得以下好處：

a）在中科院內(nèi)部的直博生中，他們的學(xué)生是不考專業(yè)課的，只考一門英語(yǔ)。據(jù)我所知，09年?yáng)|部的部分所由于上線人太多，這些直博生的英語(yǔ)內(nèi)部線甚至劃到近60分左右。尤其，在這一個(gè)唯英文水平作為衡量學(xué)生素質(zhì)發(fā)達(dá)與否、并且少數(shù)甚至半年都不讀一篇英文的大導(dǎo)們也會(huì)跟著這個(gè)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行盲從的時(shí)代，我確實(shí)也搞不清楚卷面的65和56到底有什么差別。但是沒用辦法，這種差別可能是你是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)成功跨越的一道鴻溝！

b)專業(yè)課可能有些老師BT地不給及格。這主要是你回答的太差，或者是閱卷老師水平太差。但一般是后者，也就是說如果你考到了55分以上而且題目回答的自認(rèn)為還行老師還不給及格，那老師確實(shí)有問題。但是，如果你英文水平太差的話，考再多的學(xué)校只是增加一些及格（及格線不一定是60）的概率而已！而且這種差距不是一朝一夕能夠趕上！即使專業(yè)課很菜，英文水平能保證沒用問題的話，第二年再考上中的可能性也比英文拉退考不上的概

率要大。

在復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)之前，如果像樓主一樣，認(rèn)為自己是一個(gè)有足夠的毅力、并且也是一個(gè)記憶力不太好、理解力還行的小笨蛋的話。那么，最好的復(fù)習(xí)方法就是把全國(guó)名校最近幾年的考博真題先仔細(xì)做一遍（先不要定時(shí)間限制，盡量足夠耐心地理解地有計(jì)劃地去做），每套習(xí)題都要認(rèn)真地總結(jié)、復(fù)習(xí)、弄懂為什么選錯(cuò)？當(dāng)時(shí)我是怎樣想的？答案給出的合理性再哪里？句意如何理解？我最容易做錯(cuò)哪些題型？那些看著面熟而不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞記住了嗎? 如果按照這種方式復(fù)習(xí)的話，你的英語(yǔ)閱讀水平（不僅再考試中）一般會(huì)有實(shí)質(zhì)性的提高。甚至在復(fù)習(xí)到一定程度的時(shí)候，你能勘定試卷中的錯(cuò)誤參考答案。在將近臨考的前三個(gè)月，把報(bào)考學(xué)校的往年真題拿出來仔細(xì)按照規(guī)定時(shí)間做10套。按照提及的方法認(rèn)真總結(jié)得失，演習(xí)老師的命題思路！這對(duì)應(yīng)考會(huì)有很大的幫助！

樓主也注意到一個(gè)十分有趣的現(xiàn)象，幾乎在所有高校的博士英語(yǔ)試題中?？荚嚨念愋蜔o外乎文學(xué)、科研、哲學(xué)（理）、社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)等等這些題型。而如果你先前把全國(guó)名校的經(jīng)典試題做完一遍的話，考試時(shí)還會(huì)幸運(yùn)地發(fā)現(xiàn)居然還有這么相似的題、甚至居然是往年其他學(xué)校試題的完全照搬。這說明一個(gè)道理，試題中經(jīng)典的畢竟是經(jīng)典的，命題老師也不可能一個(gè)個(gè)地琢磨怎么設(shè)置答案（這個(gè)確實(shí)費(fèi)腦筋，而且可能出錯(cuò)題。就是漢語(yǔ)讓你命類似的題也是很麻煩，況且大家讀的都是英語(yǔ)？）。因此，部分相似度極高、甚至完全相同的題型（選擇、閱讀都會(huì)出現(xiàn)）的出現(xiàn)就完全能夠理解！在這里，不是告訴大家怎么投機(jī)取巧，只想說一句：勤能補(bǔ)拙、笨鳥先飛！最好的秘訣就是仔細(xì)地足夠耐心地從頭去做一件事情，做科研也應(yīng)當(dāng)如此！

(8)關(guān)于復(fù)試

復(fù)試，說白了就是見個(gè)面、打個(gè)招呼！一般來說，在這個(gè)時(shí)候?qū)熛胍l，不想要誰，心里已經(jīng)有譜了。換句話說，考試結(jié)束后復(fù)試成績(jī)的高低只是一種表象！復(fù)試的內(nèi)容一般常常涉及下面幾個(gè)問題：

a)以前從事的方向，已經(jīng)研究成果。這個(gè)問題其實(shí)報(bào)考導(dǎo)師已經(jīng)基本很清楚了，不然你不向他說明白你也不敢報(bào)啊。因此，這個(gè)問題基本上是說說給旁邊導(dǎo)師聽的，也是為了方便做記錄。

b)英語(yǔ)的口語(yǔ)表達(dá)，和書面閱讀能力。這是考察的一個(gè)重要方面，一般情況下導(dǎo)師、尤其是有點(diǎn)英文底子的導(dǎo)師會(huì)用英語(yǔ)提問幾個(gè)問題，讓你用英語(yǔ)來回答。針對(duì)這個(gè)問題大家不要緊張，其實(shí)他們也很清楚，在本天朝長(zhǎng)大、始終在漢英語(yǔ)甚至是家鄉(xiāng)土英語(yǔ)熏陶下成長(zhǎng)起來的P民們，大多數(shù)的口語(yǔ)和聽力底子也確實(shí)不敢恭維（當(dāng)然極少數(shù)還是很不錯(cuò)）！最可能的情況是導(dǎo)師重復(fù)幾句你聽懂一句，然后你用土英語(yǔ)回答一句導(dǎo)師也沒用完全理解什么你所表達(dá)的意思。因此，這種考試的方法僅僅是作為一種程式讓導(dǎo)師摸摸底！

c)英文閱讀功底的考察。這個(gè)過程是復(fù)試過程中最應(yīng)該注意的，因?yàn)樗軌蛑苯拥胤从吵瞿愕挠⑽淖x寫能力和今后培養(yǎng)潛力。一般復(fù)試組導(dǎo)師會(huì)給你一篇與所報(bào)考專業(yè)相關(guān)的英文文獻(xiàn)，這些英文文獻(xiàn)難度在SCI論文中閱讀難度一般偏低，有的時(shí)候是類似于學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告論文形式。讓你讀2-3小段之后，然后讓你翻譯里面的意思，這種翻譯也是句句翻譯，也可以是理解式地解釋性翻譯——也就是意譯。但是，如果你平時(shí)很少看英文文獻(xiàn)的話，估計(jì)在閱讀的時(shí)候會(huì)碰到些許生僻的單詞，或者很難理解的長(zhǎng)難句（一般有個(gè)3行左右的句子，還有插入語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)句子等等成分）。對(duì)于生僻的單詞，一般會(huì)出現(xiàn)在并列成分中，或者這個(gè)生僻的單詞用后置定語(yǔ)修飾。這就能根據(jù)這些并列詞的意義或者修飾成分判斷其最基本的含義。如果確實(shí)不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞，你完全可以只翻譯并列成分即可，最主要的是你要給別人一種印象

——即你完全明白了作者在本句中所要傳達(dá)的意義。不必為一兩個(gè)單詞而糾纏！

d)對(duì)報(bào)考專業(yè)的認(rèn)識(shí)。一般導(dǎo)師會(huì)問你，你會(huì)對(duì)本專業(yè)有什么想法，或者你今后的打算。怎么回答這些簡(jiǎn)直就是套話，只要客氣點(diǎn)、謙虛點(diǎn)。最后別忘記把你報(bào)考的導(dǎo)師給掛嘴上就行了。因?yàn)槟阍诓┦科陂g需要他的指導(dǎo)，因此最后如春風(fēng)般吹捧一下，留個(gè)好印象！

當(dāng)然，上述只是復(fù)試考察中經(jīng)常遇到的問題。也就是說，如果你報(bào)考了基本上90%以上他們會(huì)考察這些問題。但是不管表現(xiàn)的怎么樣，請(qǐng)一定記住一句話：謙虛、謹(jǐn)慎、三四而后行是通用的法寶！切不可因?yàn)樽约旱淖砸詾槭嵌o人留下一種極不好的印象。

第二篇：2018博士生考試英語(yǔ)

考博英語(yǔ)范文35篇

博士生入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試協(xié)作部分試題說明

根據(jù)教育部頒布的《研究生英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱大綱《大綱》的要求：“非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)博士研究生英語(yǔ)入學(xué)水平原則上應(yīng)達(dá)到或高于碩士生的通過水平?！?/p>

《大綱》中對(duì)碩士生的寫作要求是“掌握基本寫作技能（如文章結(jié)構(gòu)、段落展開和起承轉(zhuǎn)合等），能按具體要求，在一小時(shí)內(nèi)寫出250詞左右的短文，正確表達(dá)思想，語(yǔ)意連貫，無重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。” 第一部分

寫作文的要求，評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及考試中普遍存在的問題 一

考試要求

1．文章內(nèi)容切題。審題準(zhǔn)確,不跑題。

2．表達(dá)清楚。語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔、準(zhǔn)確、說理清楚,讀者能從作文內(nèi)容清楚理解作者寫作意圖。

3．意義連貫。文字連貫、層次分明、意義表達(dá)完整。要使文章意義連貫必須具有一定的技能，包括較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)感，遣詞造句能力和文章謀篇布局的組織能力；

4．語(yǔ)言規(guī)范。符合英語(yǔ)表達(dá)的習(xí)慣、語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤較少、語(yǔ)言基本功扎實(shí)，最終避免中式英語(yǔ)。

二

作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及樣卷介紹 分: 內(nèi)容符合要求, 包括了標(biāo)題或提綱中的全部?jī)?nèi)容;語(yǔ)言流暢;層次分明,句式有變化。詞匯豐富,句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞準(zhǔn)確,文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。

11分：內(nèi)容符合要求，包括了標(biāo)題或提綱中的全部?jī)?nèi)容；文字連貫，句式有一定變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯(cuò)誤，文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。

8分：內(nèi)容符合要求，包括了標(biāo)題或提綱中多數(shù)內(nèi)容；基本清楚表達(dá)的主題的內(nèi)涵；句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞有少量錯(cuò)誤，個(gè)別是大錯(cuò)。文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。

分： 內(nèi)容基本切題，基本表達(dá)了標(biāo)題或提綱中的內(nèi)容；文字連貫，語(yǔ)言可以理解，但有較多的結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞錯(cuò)誤，且大錯(cuò)較多。文章長(zhǎng)度基本符合要求。

分： 基本切題，但語(yǔ)句支離破碎，只有少數(shù)句子可以理解。

0 分： 文不切題。只將預(yù)先背誦的某篇文章默寫下來，或語(yǔ)句混亂，無法理解。

附：14 分樣卷

Topic：With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher-level talents.To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate(postgraduate)education system.State your opinion aobut this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.With China’s entry into WTO, she is facing a lot of chances and challenges in many aspects.As far as talents are concerned, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, especially for higher-level talents.In order to adapt this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate education system.In my opinion, we must make some reform and adjustment in graduate education system in many aspects as follows.First of all, from the view of the government, it must adjust its policy of using talents, especially higher-level talents.For example, it may provide many privileges for them.Secondly, for the viewpoint of the universities, they should adjust their constructure of curriculum.They should pay more attention to the cultivation of graduate’s capability.They should take effective measures to direct their educational goal from exam-oriented education to education for all-round development.Finally, as far as personnel is concerned, a student should pay more attention to the learning of all kinds of knowledge to meet the needs of society.In a word, it is high time that we reformed the graduate education system.If we do not make some changes in the graduate education system, we may be failure in the international competition.So we must reform our graduate education system.(219 1

words)

點(diǎn)評(píng)： 該文緊扣主題，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，內(nèi)容充實(shí)，語(yǔ)言流暢，句式變化多樣。雖有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)，但英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力較強(qiáng)，長(zhǎng)度符合要求。

萬能框架

As is implied in the table(or cartoon)and well known to all of us, … Take … in the table(cartoon)for example, it’s … for the … to… But when…

On the other hand, there do exist some… that… They are making all possible means to … and trying their best to… Compared with what those… , It’s a pity that… And what’s more, with the deepening and furthering of our country’s opening and reforming, more… are allowed to… With China entering the WTO, … are also permitted to … If still blind to this, the … is sure to … So, it’s urgent and essential for … to analyze… more rationally and macroscopically.It must keep in mind that … should never be unheard.Although the condition is unsatisfactory now, with the awareness of the …in the table(or cartoon)and all the society efforts, improvement and an even brighter future are not only possible but also inevitable.三

歷年考試中存在的典型問題分析 1．

不會(huì)審題，偏離主題。

2．漢語(yǔ)思維，逐字翻譯。常見考生用漢語(yǔ)構(gòu)思文章，同時(shí)將漢語(yǔ)句子硬譯成英語(yǔ)。3．

用詞搭配不當(dāng)。

4．詞匯量小，表達(dá)困難，拼寫錯(cuò)誤。

5．句法邏輯關(guān)系混亂。例如：Our English class often told stories.正確的應(yīng)是: Stories are often told on our English class.6．不會(huì)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞轉(zhuǎn)承上下句和段落。關(guān)聯(lián)詞即過渡詞，使用過渡詞，可使上下句子和段落合理銜接，承上啟下，使表達(dá)合乎邏輯，常見過渡詞如as far as, however, well, though, in spite of。7．

語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。主要表現(xiàn)為：

（1）

分不清及物與不及物動(dòng)詞，例如：rise，raise； hear, listen（2）

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的誤用,例如: interesting和 interested（3）

詞類混淆,將動(dòng)詞或形容詞誤用作名詞,將名詞或動(dòng)詞誤用作形容詞,例如: benefit 和beneficial;difficult和 difficulty;pleasure 和pleased等。（4）

混淆可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，例如： help，practice等。（5）

冠詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、介詞、代詞等方面的錯(cuò)誤，例如： a English book, should did, must done 等。

四．如何寫出漂亮的文章

文章要內(nèi)容切題，表達(dá)清楚，意思連貫，語(yǔ)言比較規(guī)范。這就要求考生在寫作時(shí)，把握如下方面： 1．

統(tǒng)一性（Unity）

內(nèi)容切題，實(shí)際上就是要求文章統(tǒng)一性。所謂統(tǒng)一性，就是指短文必須圍繞著主題擴(kuò)展，不能多中心。統(tǒng)一性表現(xiàn)在句子、段落和篇章三個(gè)層次上。我們寫漢語(yǔ)文章的要求是首先不能跑題，實(shí)際上就是對(duì)統(tǒng)一性的要求。2．

連貫性(Coherence)指句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間的銜接要自然通暢，主要體現(xiàn)在文章的邏輯發(fā)展順序和過渡詞語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用上。1）

邏輯順序

按照時(shí)間先后，或空間位置的相互關(guān)系，我們可以寫出眉目清晰、符合邏輯的段落或文章。敘述文體多采用時(shí)間順序，描寫文體中空間順序更常見。高潮形成系指按照其重要性或嚴(yán)重性安排各個(gè)發(fā)展點(diǎn)（指段落）或發(fā)展段（指文章）的順序，這種語(yǔ)篇發(fā)展方法在描寫、敘述、說明和議論文中均常出現(xiàn)。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇的邏輯順序安排一般是先談最次要的內(nèi)容，2

繼而談?shì)^為重要的內(nèi)容，最后再談最重要的內(nèi)容，從而形成文章高潮。2）

過渡詞語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用—— 語(yǔ)篇的外在連貫手段

有時(shí)，單靠邏輯上的連貫對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇來說是很不夠的，因而過渡詞語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用必不可少。漢語(yǔ)的連貫屬于“意合”，英語(yǔ)的連貫屬“形合”，而借助過渡詞語(yǔ)取得語(yǔ)篇的連貫是形合法最突出的特點(diǎn)。所以，在英語(yǔ)文章內(nèi)，諸如等過渡詞語(yǔ)特別多。它們的運(yùn)用挑明了句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間的關(guān)系，使文章更加顯得連貫。由于受漢語(yǔ)“意合”的影響，中國(guó)學(xué)生常忽略過渡詞語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用。所以中國(guó)學(xué)生在進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)寫作時(shí)必須對(duì)此給以足夠的重視。、3．

語(yǔ)言規(guī)范

語(yǔ)言的規(guī)范涉及面廣。小至遣詞造句，大到語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)，無不體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言使用的質(zhì)量。根據(jù)近年博士生入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試的作文試卷統(tǒng)計(jì)，許多考生未熟練掌握造句技能甚至不能保證單詞拼寫正確、句子無重大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。因此要多讀多看英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊和原著，從中學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言用法，沒有仔細(xì)閱讀過、理解過的東西千萬不要在作文中使用，切忌中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)。、、第二部分 35 篇范文

1.Television Program and Their Effect on children Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children.Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child.Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young.There are often specials on animal life.A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative.The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children.Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy.All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs.A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.2.How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities

With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities.Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.People have offered many solutions to this problem.I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical.The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc.in the overcrowded city.With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining.The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.3.―The younger generaton knows best‖

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were.The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true.It has never been truer than ti is today.The young are better educated.They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom.They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents.They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders.Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history.This is as it should be.Every new generation is different from the one preceded it.Today the difference is very marked indeed.3

The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer.They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened.And this precisely what the young are doing.They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency.They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds.What they reject more than anything is conformity.Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life? There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly.Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless.Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance.Today, the situation might reversed.The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children.One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ―sinful‖.Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life.It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions.It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future.This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation.This is their glorious heritage.Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?

4.Public Transportation

As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China.I can illustrate some examples.There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways.Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes.Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people.When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home.And travelers need special arrangements to go home.In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines.But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.There are three sources for fund raising.One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles.Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale.The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles.For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held.In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated.So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.5.Human Education

The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture ―Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text‖.In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement.His opinion set us 4

thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth.In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit.At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion.On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society.It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation.Our times call for an ideal humane education.It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole.Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation.Our attitude towards tradition should be ―discarding the dross and selecting the essence‖.The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education.It should start from primary school.In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality.The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education.We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.6.Criticism on Television A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren.A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema.But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago.In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children.The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents.In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life.There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs.When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.7.The ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man.They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married.The young people’s parents shook their heads.―You can’t get married yet.‖ They said.Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married.They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter.They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car.The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves.And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive.Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood.When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses.If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one.If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one 5

better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself.The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money.Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever.The wheels of industry must be kept turning.Built-in obsolescence provides the means;goods are made to be discarded.Cars get tinnier and tinnier.You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education.Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake.Every course of studies must lead somewhere.i.e.to a bigger wage packet.The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them.Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder.The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens.While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.8.Communication and Language

One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language.There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today.In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position.But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication.Sometimes, we ―say‖ more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication.Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites.Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth.The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex.But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.9.Cooperation Goes with Competition

In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world.Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind.It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now.As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges.From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others.This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal.It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation.Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.10.The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection

Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago.Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions.This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society.Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations.The number of U.S.patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995.The direct economic impact of 6

technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small.In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act()is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history.It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses mature.Intellectual property terms have become vitally important.The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors.But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret.The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.11.Generation Gap

Despite various improvements in all aspects of social life, the generation gap between the grown-up and the young remains unbridged.Instead, it grows wider apart.Nowadays, the youths do not blindly follow what their elder say.Owing to widespread edcuation, the influence of western civilization, to certain extent, gives them a new code of philosophy, which is completely different from that of their elders.An invisible cold wall thus appears between the two generations.Modern youths are trying to be more revolutionary.They have their own interpretation fro different matters;they also have their own ideals.Their reluctance to learn old teaching and sayings becomes the constant friction between the two generations.They always introduce new changes.However, the old people, wedded to everything of the past, are hostile to changes and the generation gap becomes wider and wider.After all, the young generation, like the old one, is made of flesh and blood.The young also need respect and they also have skills and good ideas.In order to narrow the gap, both groups should try to understand each other.Most probably, these suggestions may help to solve the problem.12.Should Men and Women Be Equal?

Should men and women be equal? This is a question much talked about by many people.Some hold the opinion that men are superiro to women in many ways.For one thing, many a job men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough;and for another, most of the word-famous scientists or statemen are found to be males.Moreover, the whole human society seems to have all along been dominated by men only.Isn’t it evident enough to show that men are a lot stronger than women? Hence, the former should enjoy more rights than the latter.Other people, however, think quite differently on this question.They firmly believe that men and women are born equal.And women are certainly as talented as men if they are given equal opportunities of education.Isn’t it a fact known to us all that women have been working side by side with men in China and elsewhere in the wordl? Like their men folks, they have been distinguishing themselves not only in research institutions, but in government bodies and other organizations as well.Personally, I am firmly standing on the side of those women’s rights defenders.Since men and women are playing an equally important role in all human activities, why should not they be on an equal footing? Furthermore, from time immemorial, there have been two sex groups, namely, men and women.Our Human society could definitely not have existed or advanced without either of them.Is it wonder that men and women ought to be equal and enjoy equal rights accordingly?

13.Computer and Man

It is believed that the computer can do almost every thing.At the time the computer was invented, scientists, carried away by its calculating speed, felt that they had created a miracle.It 7

Was gradually used not noly in mathematics,physics,chemisry and astronomy, but in places like the library, hospital and military army to replace the work of man.For the work of man.For this reason, the computer was entiled ―Electronic Brain‖ in terms of appreciation.Can man be controlled by computers? The answer is negative.Although a computer works much faster and accurately than man , a fact is undeniable;it is designed, manufactured and programmed by man, and therefore by human beings.Of course, science fictions have made up many fascinating stories about a computer, or rather robot,who conquers man and the earth, even the whole universe;however, they are only unrealistic imaginatio.A horse helps man a lot runs much faster than we, but it is only a slave.The future for the computer is very promising.With the help of it, we can do things that could not be done before.Conquering the universe, discovering new things, explaining mysteruiys phenomena puzzling us at present are all made possible by computer.14.what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic ?

There has always been an argument between the young and the old about what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic.Young people tend to think real think that real lofe is as dramatic and fascimating as it is in the novels and movies while more experiened adults think this na?ve daydream is certain to be broken by later experiences and everyone should learn to get used to the dull routine of his everydy life.However, there are some inadequacies in the opinions on the part of both sides.Life will be unimaginable if everything we do is only for realistic purpose, and the same is true if what we do everyday is just to enjoy ourselves.So it’s not difficult for us to see that neither way can ensure a happy life.In my opinion, a real happy lofe can never be separated from either of the two ways.On the one hand, let’s enjoy life-enjoy the excitement of sports.On the other, let’s not forget our work.Happy life can never go without hard work.15.Fast Food

Fast food is becoming more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers.Today, it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents the fast pace of modern society as powerfully as fast food.There are several reasons for its popularity.First, it is very convenient and saves a lot of time.The trends of modern society seem to all point to one ultimate goal--saving time, and fast food well serves this purpose.You just go into a fast food restaurant, order your food, and your food is ready in no time.You can either eat it there or take it away.Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurants, the excellent ervice, and the guaranteed quality of food.However, in terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory.It usually does not compose a balanced diet and is low in nutritional value.Thus, doctors suggest that people, especially children, eat fast food as little as possible.Although cooking at home is time-consuming and the following washing-up tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs.Fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and turn to it once in a while.16.On the Attitude towards Fighting against Criminals Today crime rate in our cities seems to be rising.Thefts, robberies, and murders are reported to take place even in the broad daylight.Facing crime tide, people may take different attitudes.Some feel frightened and prefer to turn a blind eye to the criminals.Others are resolute and dare to run risk at the cost of their lives in fighting with the criminals.They take it as their duty to protect the social law and order.As for me, I take the attitude of the latter.To ensure the social security and protect people’s safety, I may have some suggestions to make.First of all, the government should always keep a continuous law education among the people, especially, in the younger generations.Secondly, criminals 8

should be punished severely.And finally, it is imperative to set up a public foundation system to award those who set merits in fighting criminals.17.Parents are too permissive with their children nowadays Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children,but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard.Freud and company did away eith all that and patents have been bewildered ever since.The child’s happiness is all-important, the psychologist say, but what about the parents’ happiness?Parents suffer constantlu from fesar and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apsrt.A good old-fashioned spanking is out of the question: no modern childrearing manual would permit such barbarity.The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout.Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience.So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving theie children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn’t evern been heard of.Certainlu a child needs love, and a lot of it.But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents’ confidence in their own authority.And it hasn’t taken children long to get wind of the fact.In addition to the great modern classic on chidcare, there countless articles in magazines and newspapers.With so much un solicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don’t know what to do any more.In the end, they do nothing at all.So, from ear;y childhood, the kids are in charge and parents’ lives are regulates according to the needs of their offspring.When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control.Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent.If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house.Their presence merely spoils the fun, what else can the poor parents do but obey? Children are hardly creatures(far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe)and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness htat is the normal condition in the modern household.But a great many do not.The spread of juvenile delinquency in our won age is largely due to parental laxity.Mother, believing that little Johny cvan look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school;so little Johnny roams the streets.The dividing –line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine indeed.The psychologists have much to answer for.They should keep their moths shut and let parents get on with the job.And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much.At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something po9sitive to react against.Perhaps there’s some truth in the idea that children who’s had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood emerge like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.18.Adveriser Perform A Useful Service to The Community

Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why thery’re always coming in for criticism.Their critics smm to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around.―It’s iniquitous,‖ they say, ―that this entirely unproductive industry(if we can call it that)should be absorb millions of pounds each year.It only goes to show much profit the big companies are making.Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it’s the consumer who pays.‖

The poor old consumer!He’d have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products.It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap.But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read.Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about.Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding perfromance, price, etc., from an advertisement.Lots of people pretend that they never read advetisments, but this claim may be seriously doubted, it is hardly possible not to read advertisments these days.And what fun they often are too!Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements.Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway bye-laws while waiting for a train? Would 9

you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily reation to calamities.We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets.Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue.The fact that we pay so little fro our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmers is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers.Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!Another thing we mustn’t forget is the ―small ads.‖ Which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine.What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community!Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns.For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the ―hatch, match and dispatch‖ columns;but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or agony column.No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nautre.It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is!

19.Only Stricter Traffic Laws Can Prevent Accidents

From the health pointg of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases.A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery.It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases.The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads Men versus the motor-car!It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly mutilated each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personlity.Ther is no doubt that the motor-car ofter brings out a man’s very worst qualities.People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering wheel.They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year olds and utterly selfish.All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jeaslousies seem to be brought to the serface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behavior.Everything, is done for his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic;towns are made ugly by huge car parks;the countryside is desecrated by road networks;and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.Is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste fo human life.With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.Her are a few examples of some of the things that might be done.The driving test should be stadardized and made far more difficult than it is;all drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so;the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21;all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability.Present drinking and driving laws(where they exist)should be made much stricter.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads.Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.These measures may sound inordinately harsh, but surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life.After all, the world is for human beings, not motorcars.20.Population Control Progress in science and the improvement of living conditions have led to the rapid growth of world population.Modern medicine, 10

for example, has made it possible for babies to grow up healthily and for people to live longer.With improved living conditions particularly in the countryside, people tend to have larger families.As a result, the world population has increased so rapidly that it has now exceeded 6 billion.But the overgrowth of population presents a threat to the existence of food supplies and shelter space.However, the limited productivity and scarce world resources can hardly meet the needs of the ever-increasing population.Thus, in the long run, the overgrowth of the world population will only harm mankind.To guarantee the steady development of human society, mankind must realize the consequences resulting from a fast population growth and carry out a family planning program.Only by adopting effective meausres, can human society develop steadily and have a bright future.21．Part-time Jobs for College Students Nowadays, many college boys and girls take part-time jobs in their spare time.Some are employed by the companies near the campus, working as office clerks or computer programmers.Others have become salespersons for the commercial businesses.Foreign language students may serve as interpreters or translators where international cooperation is carried out.Or they may become tour guides for travel agencies.Also, it is a common practice for girl students to become governesses helping children with their school work in their homes.Many people, including some professors and parents, make no secret of their disapproval of this.On the one hand, they argue that academic pursuit is the main task for college students and that taking part-time jobs distracts their attention and consumes a lot of energy needed.On the other hand, professors and parents tend to believe that college boys and girls need to further cultivate their personality and develop their sense of responsibility before they can be ready for any serious jobs.But in my opinion, every coin has two sides.It is true that the students’ major task is to study.It is also true that taking part-time jobs will take a lot of time and energy.However, if the students can learn to arrange their time properly, the professors and parents might as well be relieved from all their worries.As many students take jobs related to their fields of study, they can gain some first-hand experience instead of being distracted from their study.Moreover, treated as full adults on their part-time jobs, they will develop their sense of responsibility very soon.When they finally graduate, they will find themselves in a more agreeable social environment.(280w)

22.Private Cars A few years ago, having a private car might be a wild dream to many Chinese families.But today, you can see the number of private cars running along the road and street is increasing rapidly.Statistics show that one in every six families in big cities has a car.Some people say that it is good because the number of car ownerships indicates a country’s auto industry, which in turn shows the country’s general economic development.The fact that more and more people can afford a car demonstrates that people in China enjoy a higher standard of living than they did before.Besides, a private car also adds a new dimension to a family’s work, daily life and leisure activities.Other people think differently.They argue that having private cars may not necessarily mean a more advanced society.It may bring about more stress, instead.More cars would consume more petroleum, produce more air pollution, and thus aggravate the already serious environmental problems.What’s more, another problem remains yet to be solved.Road conditions being what they are esp.in urban areas, accidents become a common occurrence, resulting in thousands of deaths per year.No wonder cars have been considered as the number one deadly weapon in the modern world.I find some truth in both of the arguments mentioned above.I feel it a personal choice to buy a private car.If you can afford it and you really need it to get around, having a car is fine.But remember, try to use environment-friendly type of gasoline and take special care while driving.If you don’t have much need for cars in your work and life, there is no need to follow fashion or keep up with the Jones.Remember, when you cycle, you are living a healthy life and at the same time contributing to our environment protection.11

23．What Have We Learned from SARS? In the spring of the year 2003, China has been afflicted with and successfully withstood SARS.The epidemic is now ebbing away.But we should never forget what we have gone through.What’s more important, we should learn a great deal from this experience.First, we understand that in the face of danger, we should fight bravely instead of shrinking away from responsibilities.Doctors and nurses have set shining examples for us.They plunged into their work without considering their own safety.Second, we have realized that diseases will yield not only to medical treatment but also to people’s will power.We are so determined in our final success that nothing can stop us from our effort.SARS has no way to go because everyone in the country is guarding against it.Third, we should try to get rid of unhealthy habits.Such behaviors as spitting on the ground and throwing rubbish everywhere are something we should be ashamed of.It’s important that everyone in society develop a good awareness of public sanitation.We should keep our living surroundings clean and healthy just as we do with our own homes.Fourth, we should enforce strict laws to punish those who capture, smuggle and eat rare wild animals.These people not only endanger the animal world by killing but also endanger the human society by bringing in odd diseases.Most important is that we should have an efficient and effective system to deal with outbreak of epidemics.It is a promising sign that our government has already come up with some laws and regulations in this respect.The lesson from SARS epidemic has gradually sunk in.To China, it means much more than the loss of over 1000 precious lives.How we respond to it sends a message to the world: China has been actively and effectively combating SARS and China will still be a safe place to live in and an attractive place for travelers and investors.24.Fast Food

Fast food is becoming more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers.Today, it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents the fast pace of modern society as powerfully as fast food.There are several reasons for its popularity.First, it is very convenient and saves a lot of time.The trends of modern society seem to all point to one ultimate goal--saving time, and fast food well serves this purpose.You just go into a fast food restaurant, order your food, and your food is ready in no time.You can either eat it there or take it away.Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurants, the excellent ervice, and the guaranteed quality of food.However, in terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory.It usually does not compose a balanced diet and is low in nutritional value.Thus, doctors suggest that people, especially children, eat fast food as little as possible.Although cooking at home is time-consuming and the following washing-up tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs.Fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and turn to it once in a while

25.My Idea on How for Beijing to Prepare the 2008 World Olympic Games As a young student(cadre, engineer, technician), I am an active citizen in greeting the 2008 World Olympic Games.As its host, Beijing is now busy in propagating for its advent.Since it is the first time for Beijing to host such a world gathering, we are naturally short of experience.And since it involves so many aspects, the whole nation should be mobilized to participate in actively.In facing the task, I have got some suggestions for its success: 1.Tours should be organized to go over the places such games have been held before to learn their positive experience;2.Architectural qualities and financial contributions should be stressed to promote its success;3.Careful calculations of costs and expenditures has to be done so as to avoid waste.Though I am just a small potato, I wish my suggestion would win t due attention from the authorities concerned.12

26.On University Tuition System a in China Tuition system has become one of the hottest topics in China since it was put into effect.Different people have different opinions on it.Some people think that there is no university in the world which is open to students without tuition.As far as China is concerned, it is a developing country with the largest population in the world.The government is unable to allocate enough funds to pay for various teaching facilities and many different kinds of expenses.One of the ways to relieve the problem is for students to pay tuition.The money raised in this way can be used to improve the conditions for running schools.Others, however, are opposed to the tuition system.They argue that the living standard of the Chinese people, especially of those in the poor rural areas, is still low, compared with that in the Western World.The university tuition will certainly add to the already heavy burden of the parents, who live on their salaries or wages.Moreover, tuition may become an obstacle to the development of China's higher education.This is because it hinders some talented people from entering the university just on account of their poverty.27.What Would Happen if No Attention Paid to The Environmental Protection With the development of our society, people want more convenience and comfort.Some European countries such as Switzerland and Sweden can be taken as good examples.However, our environment has been seriously polluted.Many factories or farmlands not only polluted themselves but also bring about pollution to the whole society.Sewage water, poisonous gases and waste mineral material are now destroying our environment.Facing the situation, I think, we must be aware of the long-lasting consequences of our actions.Strict laws must be imposed to punish those who pollute the environment.What is more important is for everybody to realize that only when we have a clean environment can we develop our economy in a healthy and sustainable manner for the future generations.28.Women Should Be Let To Play A More Important Role In Our State Affairs Women's social status has greatly changed since liberation.In spite of this, there still exists inequality between men and women in many ways.For example, we have many more men leaders in our government organs, factories and schools.No real equality can also be seen in the family.It is still often heard, “after all, women are women, they are not comparable to men”.To win real equality, we should do at least the following: First, let all girls go to school and receive regular education.Second, equal pay for equal work must be made a law and principle to obey.Third, up-bringing children should be regarded as a contribution to the whole society.Last of all women scholars and political leaders should be let to play more decisive roles..29.The Role of Migrant Workers

Migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities.They leave their home-land for better chances.Some want to change their destiny, some want to make a fortune.Whatever the purposes they cherished when millions of them streamed into big cities, they have promoted the development of cities.Most of the migrant workers are hard working and unafraid of hardships.They take up the dirtiest, the most strenuous or dangerous jobs which city laborers are unwilling to do.With lots of building they have set up and streets they have kept clean, they have helped modernize and beautify cities.Not only have they become the main work force in the construction sector, they also have helped liberate city women from heavy housework chores by taking care of the babies, cleaning houses or providing any other services citizens need.Although some of the citizens complain about the increasing number of the problems such as theft, robbery a few of migrant 13

workers have committed, most of the citizens agree that their contribution is obvious, and with better management, their role in the construction of cities will definitely be greater.30.The Effect of Decoding the Human Body The Human Genome Project will revolutionize the detection, prevention and treatment of conditions of certain diseases.Genes help early detection of diseases and fix health problems, not just to predict them.Genetic medicines will be aimed at the causes of disease rather than the symptoms and doctors will start prescribing different treatments for different patients, depending on their genetic profiles.Many potential diseases will be cured before they arise.But decoding the book of life poses moral dilemmas.It threatens to undermine privacy and bring on genetic discrimination in marriage, insurance and employment.With knowledge of our genetic code, those who have got certain undesirable genes may be discriminated when choosing their spouses.If genetic tests predict mental dullness, short stature or other undesirable traits before babies are born, the society may look down upon children whose parents let them be born , the society may look down upon children whose parents let them be born with those traits.Employers may take your genetic profile before they offer you a job.In my opinion, the completion of the Human Genome Project is a great breakthrough in human history.It will change the way we live and even the way we think about who we are to prevent genetic discrimination, in insurance and in employment based on genetic tests.31.The Orientation of China's Cross-Century Economic Reform The economic reform in the past 20 years has brought us tremendous changes in every way.China ranks No 9th according to its GNP in the world.Nevertheless, we are still facing serious challenges.A too large population and lower educational level still prevent us from more successful development.So, we should ask ourselves what we should do to promote our reform more fruitfully.To this problem, my answer is to strengthen the reform of our education and economic management to improve the qualities of our young people and our material products after joining WTO.At the same time we have to establish better laws of labor or distribution systems to arouse people's working enthusiasm.32.The Information Age and the Best Way to Use Information It is often said that ours is the information age.'Computers are playing a more and more important role in modern society.They are already widely used in industry and in universities to do extremely comp1icated work in all branches of learning.They can solve the most complex mathematical problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order.Because they work accurately and at high speeds, they save research workers years of hard work.They play a key role in automation.Besides, they have found applications in business, transportation, education and other fields.Computers have brought important social consequences.Computers are also entering ordinary families.As computers are being made small, cheap , and at the same time easy to use, more people buy computers for their homes.We use computers to control the work of washing machines, TV sets, electrical cookers and other electrical appliances.We use computers to process and store all kinds of information.We also use computers to entertain ourselves by playing games on them.There is no limit to the application of computers in our lives.Despite all the advantages t computers can never take the place of human brains.Although computers work much faster and much more accurately than human beings, they can not ―think“.They need detailed instructions from human beings in order to be ab1e to operate.They can never lead independent lives, or ―rule the world‖ or ”rule the would “by making decisions of their own.No matter how capable they are, they are our servants, not our 14

masters.33.Why Governmental Workers also Have to Go abroad? More and more people want to go abroad for academic advancement or business exchanges.So do the government leaders and middle-level governmental workers to improve their public services.Some people, however, keep an critical eye in this problem, saying this is ”a kind of making a tour on public money“.Others say it is a kind of extra pay for their over-service.I don't agree with them because they fail to see the importance to be open and progressive in running governmental affairs by exchanging and learning experience from the outside world.”Seeing is believing“ can be very useful for the governmental workers to improve their own work.And in many cases, it can even bring about a major change in their working style.34.The Problem in Using Water Water is indispensable to life.It is used for drinking and washing every day.We also need water in great quantity in industry and agriculture.However, not everyone is aware of the importance of water.They tend to think since there is plenty of water, it does not matter if we waste a little of it.They don’t know or they don’t want to know that water shortage has become more and more and serious in many cities, even in Beijing.If blind consumption of water is allowed to continue, the problem will become worse and worse.In order to cope with the shortage of water, the government has to take more effective measures.On the one hand, fines are to be imposed on those factories units that use water lavishly.On the other hand, the government should carry on intensive education among the people.For us ourselves, we should economize on water conscientiously.35.Compare with the domestic hen and the duck The domestic hen and the duck both belong to the bird category.They have some features in common such as wings, feet, beak, flight, nest, migration, food and eggs.The domestic hen has short wings which it rarely uses because it has a heavy body and lives on the ground.It is clumsy in flight and can cover only short distances.Its feet are designed for scratching the ground to find seeds and worms.It will also eat almost any other kind of food.Hens nest on the ground.They have been bred for egg production and can lay up to 300 eggs a year.A duck has webbed feet so that it can swim easily and walk on soft ground.It has a long, flat beak which it uses to search for food in river and pond mud.It has powerful wings which enable it to fly long distances.It nests in grass at water’s edge.Ducks migrate long distances.A duck lays 5 to 12 eggs at a time and may lay twice a year.In conclusion, although there are something different among these two birds, the basic features are quite similar.一)比較

表示優(yōu)點(diǎn)與缺點(diǎn)的詞匯

disadvantage/ weakness/ limitation/ defect/ drawback advantage/ strength / merit / strong point 1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.2.It is reasonable to maintain that...but it would be foolish to claim that...3.For all its limitations, it has its strengths.4.A bears some resemblances to B.15

5.However, the same is not applicable to B.6.A and B differ in several ways.7.Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.8.People used to think..., but things are different now.9.The same is true of B.10.It is true that A..., but the chief faults(obvious defects)are...二)原因

1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.A number of factors might contribute to(lead to)(account for)the phenomenon(problem).2.The answer to this problem involves many factors.3.The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...4.The factors that contribute to this situation include...5.The change in...largely results from the fact that...6.We may blame...,but the real causes are...7.Part of the explanations for it is that...One of the most common factors(causes)is that...Another contributing factor(cause)is...Perhaps the primary factor is that … But the fundamental cause is that...三)后果

1.It may give rise to a host of problems.2.The immediate result it produces is...3.It will exercise a profound influence upon...4.Its consequence can be so great that...四)批駁

1)It is true that..., but one vital point is being left out.2)There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.3)Some people say..., but it does not hold water.4)Many of us have been under the illusion that...5)A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.6)It makes no sense to argue for...7)Too much stress placed on...may lead to...8)Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that...9)Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that...五)舉例

1)A good case in point is...2)As an illustration, we may take...3)Such examples might be given easily.4)...is often cited as an example.六)證明

1)No one can deny the fact that...2)The idea is hardly supported by facts.3)Unfortunately, none of the available data shows...4)Recent studies indicate that...16

5)There is sufficient evidence to show that...6)According to statistics proved by..., it can be seen that...七)開篇

1)Many nations have been faced with the problem of...2)Recently the problem has been brought into focus.3)Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.4)Recently the issue has aroused great concern among...5)Nowadays there is a growing concern over...6)Never in our history has the idea that...been so popular.7)Faced with..., quite a few people argue that...8)According to a recent survey,...9)With the rapid development of...,...八)結(jié)尾

1)From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that...2)It is high time that strict measures were taken to… 3)It is necessary that steps should be taken to...4)In conclusion, it is imperative that...5)There is no easy method, but...might be of some help.6)To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must...7)In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.8)With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.9)We might do more than identify the cause;it is important to take actions to...10)Taking all these into account, we...11)Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...寫作絕招

開頭萬能公式

1． 開頭萬能公式一：名人名言

有人問了，“我沒有記住名言，怎么辦？尤其是英語(yǔ)名言？”，很好辦：編！

原理：我們看到的東西很多都是創(chuàng)造出來的，包括我們欣賞的文章也是，所以盡管編，但是一定要聽起來很有道理呦！而且沒準(zhǔn)將來我們就是名人呢！對(duì)吧？

經(jīng)典句型：

As the proberb says, “ You are only young once.”（適用于已記住的名言）

It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（適用于自編名言）

更多經(jīng)典句型：

As everyone knows, No one can deny that? 2． 開頭萬能公式二：數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)

原理：要想更有說服力，就應(yīng)該用實(shí)際的數(shù)字來說明。

原則上在議論文當(dāng)中十不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)虛假數(shù)字的，可是在考試的時(shí)候哪管那三七二十一，但編無妨，只要我有東西寫就萬事大吉了。所以不妨試用下面的句型：

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起來這個(gè)數(shù)字文縐縐的，其實(shí)都是編造出來的，下面隨便幾個(gè)題目我們都可以這樣編造：

Honesty：根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示，大學(xué)生向老師請(qǐng)假的理由當(dāng)中78%都是假的。

Travel by Bike：根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示，85%的人在近距離旅行的時(shí)候首選的交通工具是自行車。

Youth：根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示，在某個(gè)大學(xué)，學(xué)生的課余時(shí)間的70%都是在休閑娛樂。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型： 結(jié)尾萬能公式

1． 結(jié)尾萬能公式一：如此結(jié)論

說完了，畢竟要?dú)w納一番，相信各位都有這樣的經(jīng)歷，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)長(zhǎng)篇大論，到最后終于冒出個(gè)“總而言之”之類的話，我們馬上停止開小差，等待領(lǐng)導(dǎo)說結(jié)束語(yǔ)。也就是說，開頭很好，也必然要有一個(gè)精彩的結(jié)尾，讓讀者眼前一亮，這樣，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：

Obviously（此為過渡短語(yǔ)）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果讀者很難“顯而見之”，但說無妨，就當(dāng)讀者的眼光太淺罷了！

更多過渡短語(yǔ)：

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型：

Thus, it can be concluded that?, Therefore, we can find that? 2． 結(jié)尾萬能公式二：如此建議

如果說“如此結(jié)論”是結(jié)尾最沒用的廢話，那么“如此建議”應(yīng)該是最有價(jià)值的廢話了，因?yàn)檫@里雖然也是廢話，但是卻用了一個(gè)很經(jīng)典的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型。拽！

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.這里的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用得很經(jīng)典，因?yàn)榭脊俦緛斫?jīng)常考這個(gè)句型，而如果我們自己寫出來，你說考官會(huì)怎么想呢？

更多句型：

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.寫作的“七項(xiàng)基本原則”

一、長(zhǎng)短句原則

工作還得一張一馳呢，老讓讀者讀長(zhǎng)句，累死人！寫一個(gè)短小精辟的句子，相反，卻可以起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主題：

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可見，長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合，抑揚(yáng)頓挫，豈不爽哉？牢記！

強(qiáng)烈建議：在文章第一段（開頭）用一長(zhǎng)一短，且先長(zhǎng)后短；在文章主體部分，要先用一個(gè)短句解釋主要意思，然后在闡述幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)的時(shí)候采用先短后長(zhǎng)的句群形式，定會(huì)讓主體部分妙筆生輝！文章結(jié)尾一般用一長(zhǎng)一短就可以了。

二、主題句原則

國(guó)有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否則會(huì)給人造成“群龍無首”之感！相信各位讀過一些破爛文學(xué)，故意把主體隱藏在文章之內(nèi)，結(jié)果造成我們稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉勸各位一定要寫一個(gè)主題句，放在文章的開頭（保險(xiǎn)型）或者結(jié)尾，讓讀者一目了然，必會(huì)平安無事！

特別提示：隱藏主題句可是要冒險(xiǎn)的！

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主題句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一二三原則

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話總是第一部分、第一點(diǎn)、第二點(diǎn)、第三點(diǎn)、第二部分、第一點(diǎn)? 如此羅嗦?？僧吘惯€是條理清楚?？脊賯兛次恼乱脖厝灰ㄟ^這些關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”來判定你的文章是否結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，條理自然。破解方法很簡(jiǎn)單，只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)前就清楚了。

1）first, second, third, last（不推薦，原因：俗）

2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推薦，原因：俗）

3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推薦，原因：俗）

4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推薦，原因：俗）

5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦）

6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦）

7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（強(qiáng)烈推薦）

8）most important of all, moreover, finally

9）on the one hand, on the other hand（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）

10）for one thing, for another thing（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）

建議：不僅僅在寫作中注意，平時(shí)說話的時(shí)候也應(yīng)該條理清楚！

四、短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則

寫作時(shí)，尤其是在考試時(shí)，如果使用短語(yǔ)，有兩個(gè)好處：其

一、用短語(yǔ)會(huì)使文章增加亮點(diǎn)，如果老師們看到你的文章太簡(jiǎn)單，看不到一個(gè)自己不認(rèn)識(shí)的短語(yǔ)，必然會(huì)看你低一等。相反，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)亮點(diǎn)—精彩的短語(yǔ)，那么你的文章定會(huì)得高分了。其

二、關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻思維短路，只有湊字?jǐn)?shù)，怎么辦？用短語(yǔ)是一個(gè)辦法！比如：

I cannot bear it.可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I am looking forward to it.這樣字?jǐn)?shù)明顯增加，表達(dá)也更準(zhǔn)確。

五、多實(shí)少虛原則

原因很簡(jiǎn)單，寫文章還是應(yīng)該寫一些實(shí)際的東西，不要空話連篇。這就要求一定要多用實(shí)詞，少用虛詞。我這里所說的虛詞就是指那些比較大的詞。比如我們說一個(gè)很好的時(shí)候，不應(yīng)該之說nice這樣空洞的詞，應(yīng)該使用一些諸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable 之類的形象詞。再比如：

走出房間，general的詞是：walk out of the room

但是小偷走出房間應(yīng)該說：slip out of the room

小姐走出房間應(yīng)該說：sail out of the room

小孩走出房間應(yīng)該說：dance out of the room

老人走出房間應(yīng)該說：stagger out of the room

所以多用實(shí)詞，少用虛詞，文章將會(huì)大放異彩！

六、多變句式原則

1）加法（串聯(lián)）

都希望寫下很長(zhǎng)的句子，像個(gè)老外似的，可就是怕寫錯(cuò)，怎么辦，最保險(xiǎn)的寫長(zhǎng)句的方法就是這些，可以在任何句子之間加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后關(guān)系或者并列關(guān)系。比如說：

I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我們可以用一個(gè)超級(jí)句式：

Not only is the fur coat soft, but it is also warm.其它的短語(yǔ)可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2）轉(zhuǎn)折（拐彎抹角）

批評(píng)某人缺點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，我們總習(xí)慣先拐彎抹角說說他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，然后轉(zhuǎn)入正題，再說缺點(diǎn)，這種方式雖然陰險(xiǎn)了點(diǎn)，可畢竟還比較容易讓人接受。所以呢，我們說話的時(shí)候，只要在要點(diǎn)之前先來點(diǎn)廢話，注意二者之間用個(gè)專這次就夠了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.19

更多的短語(yǔ)：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3）因果（so, so, so）

昨天在街上我看到了一個(gè)女孩，然后我主動(dòng)搭訕，然后我們?nèi)タХ葟d，然后我們認(rèn)識(shí)了，然后我們成為了朋友?可見，講故事的時(shí)候我們總要追求先后順序，先什么，后什么，所以然后這個(gè)詞就變得很常見了。其實(shí)這個(gè)詞表示的是先后或因果關(guān)系！

The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短語(yǔ)：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4）失衡句（頭重腳輕，或者頭輕腳重）

有些人腦袋大，身體小，或者有些人腦袋小，身體大，雖然我們不希望長(zhǎng)成這個(gè)樣子，可如果真的是這樣了，也就必然會(huì)吸引別人的注意力。文章中如果出現(xiàn)這樣的句子，就更會(huì)讓考官看到你的句子與眾不同。其實(shí)就是主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句的變形。

舉例：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同樣主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)可以改成如下的復(fù)雜成分：

When to go, Why he goes away?

5）附加（多此一舉）

如果有了老婆，總會(huì)遇到這樣的情況，當(dāng)你再講某個(gè)人的時(shí)候，她會(huì)插一句說，我昨天見過他；或者說，就是某某某，如果把老婆的話插入到我們的話里面，那就是定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句或者是插入語(yǔ)。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，同位語(yǔ)--要解釋的東西刪除后不影響整個(gè)句子的構(gòu)成；定語(yǔ)從句—借用之前的關(guān)鍵詞并且用其重新組成一個(gè)句子插入其中，但是whom or that 關(guān)鍵詞必須要緊跟在先行詞之前。

6）排比（排山倒海句）

文學(xué)作品中最吸引人的地方莫過于此，如果非要讓你的文章更加精彩的話，那么我希望你引用一個(gè)個(gè)的排比句，一個(gè)個(gè)得對(duì)偶句，一個(gè)個(gè)的不定式，一個(gè)個(gè)地詞，一個(gè)個(gè)的短語(yǔ)，如此表達(dá)將會(huì)使文章有排山倒海之勢(shì)！

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（氣勢(shì)恢宏）

要想寫出如此氣勢(shì)恢宏的句子非用排比不可！

七、挑戰(zhàn)極限原則

既然是挑戰(zhàn)極限，必然是比較難的，但是并非不可攀！

原理：在學(xué)生的文章中，很少發(fā)現(xiàn)諸如獨(dú)立主格的句子，其實(shí)也很簡(jiǎn)單，只要花上5分鐘的時(shí)間看看就可以領(lǐng)會(huì)，它就是分詞的一種特殊形式，分詞要求主語(yǔ)一致，而獨(dú)立主格則不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出這樣的句子，不得高分才怪！文章主體段落三大殺手锏

一、舉實(shí)例

思維短路，舉實(shí)例！提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，舉實(shí)例！提出一個(gè)方案，舉實(shí)例！而且者也是我們揭示一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)最好的方式，任何情況下，只要我們無法繼續(xù)文章，不管三七二十一，盡管舉例子！

In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they film him or her.更多句型：

To take ? as an example, One example is?, Another example is?, for example

二、做比較

方法：寫完一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，比較與之相似的；又寫完一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，再比較與之相反的；

世界上沒有同樣的指紋，沒有相同的樹葉，文章亦同，只有通過比較，你才會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)二者的相同點(diǎn)（through comparison）和不同點(diǎn)（through contrast）。下面是一些短語(yǔ)：

相似的比較：

in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

相反的比較：

on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with ?, ?

三、換言之

沒話說了，可以換一句話再說，讓你的文章在多一些字，或者文鄒鄒地說，是讓讀者更充分的理解你的觀點(diǎn)。

實(shí)際就是重復(fù)重復(fù)再重復(fù)！下面的句子實(shí)際上就三個(gè)字 I love you!

I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.或者上面我們舉過的例子：

I cannot bear it.可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I cannot put up with it.因此可以這樣說：I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短語(yǔ)：

in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply The tips are great help for beginners such as myself.I have seen a small book called ”The Element of Style“, which deals with various frequent mistakes in English writing.It might be worth of recommending to anyone who is interested in good writing skills.What I learned from the book is that good English is simple, but not dull.一、先想先寫最后做: 1.做研究之前，必須想清楚：結(jié)果能不能發(fā)表？發(fā)表在哪里？

2.先把文章大框?qū)懞?，空出?shù)據(jù)，等做完實(shí)驗(yàn)填完空就可以發(fā)了；正所謂心中有溝壑！3.在未搞清“寫什么、發(fā)哪里、自己研究與同類研究有何出色之處”之前，就不要?jiǎng)邮肿觯?.繼續(xù)去看文獻(xiàn)，去想；想不清楚就做還不如不做！

5.要想這樣做，就得先看文獻(xiàn)！要知道如何把文章架起來、要知道別人是如何討論的、要知道自己的數(shù)據(jù)是不是說明了與別人不同的東東或別人沒有做過??這個(gè)過程就是閱讀文獻(xiàn)及思考的過程，這些搞清楚了，寫就簡(jiǎn)單了！6.要是先做事，做完發(fā)現(xiàn)別人做過，或無法用理論來解釋，豈不是冤大頭？

二、如何科學(xué)選題:

1.課題選擇和國(guó)際接軌。想在國(guó)際核心期刊發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)，就必須了解國(guó)際研究動(dòng)態(tài)，選擇與國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)研究合拍的課題。由于多方面因素的影響，我國(guó)科學(xué)研究選題與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平還有一定距離。我國(guó)一家權(quán)威科研機(jī)構(gòu)不久前在國(guó)內(nèi)挑選了許多前沿領(lǐng)域的研究課題，準(zhǔn)備參與國(guó)際合作，但到美國(guó)后發(fā)現(xiàn)近三分之二的課題已經(jīng)不屬前沿，在美國(guó)很少有人研究。在高校，一些教師治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、基礎(chǔ)扎實(shí)，但科研成果不突出，重要原因就是不重視有關(guān)領(lǐng)域?qū)W術(shù)動(dòng)態(tài)，不能選得合適的課題。

2.課題要有可發(fā)展性。課題可發(fā)展性對(duì)高水平論文的持續(xù)產(chǎn)出具有極大作用。中國(guó)科技大學(xué)范洪義另辟蹊徑，發(fā)展了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主狄拉克(Dirac)奠定的量子論的符號(hào)法，系統(tǒng)地建立了“有序算符內(nèi)的積分理論”，1998年有24篇論文被SCI收錄；他對(duì)自己論文高產(chǎn)的解釋是，研究“具有開創(chuàng)性，突破一點(diǎn)以后就可以向縱深發(fā)展，使研究工作自成系列、成面成片”。我院被SCI收錄論文最多的楊新民老師從事凸性理論研究，該理論興起于 20世紀(jì)70年代，90年代進(jìn)入高峰。作為新興研究領(lǐng)域，該理論本身有許多尚待研究之處，同時(shí)該理論也可用來解決最優(yōu)化方面的問題。反之，有人由于所接觸的問題已處于該研究分支的末端，即使在該點(diǎn)上有所突破，也難持續(xù)發(fā)展。

3.借助工具選題：①查閱有關(guān)領(lǐng)域的檢索工具，這些工具各高校都有；②了解SCI收錄期刊所反映的科技動(dòng)態(tài)，ISI期刊信息可從http://004km.cn查獲，也可從SCI印刷版每期Ａ、Ｄ分冊(cè)的來源出版物目錄(Lists of Source Publications)查找，還可從ISI引用期刊報(bào)告(Journal Citation Reports，簡(jiǎn)稱JCR)了解期刊信息，該文獻(xiàn)有印刷版、網(wǎng)絡(luò)版(JCR on the Web)和光盤版(JCR on CD-ROM)；③利用ISI提供的選題工具幫助，例如，能對(duì)正在開展的工作進(jìn)行量化分析以保證用戶科學(xué)研究同科學(xué)發(fā)展趨向一致的(Essential Science Indicators)，介紹有關(guān)最杰出人物研究狀況、有關(guān)領(lǐng)域研究熱點(diǎn)和發(fā)展趨向的(ISI Highly Cited.com)；④利用網(wǎng)上數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)了解國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)研究動(dòng)態(tài)及有關(guān)資料。只要有心參與國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，選擇與國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)研究接軌的課題并不存在難以克服的障礙。

三、如何獲得好的idea 無論是臨床還是基礎(chǔ)科研，最關(guān)鍵的是idea，idea的出臺(tái)決定了科研水平和檔次。高水平的科學(xué)家一聽你的科研課題和方向，就能判斷你科研水平。因此，獲得好的idea是至關(guān)重要的。

1.優(yōu)秀科學(xué)家要具備敏銳的科研嗅覺，而這種敏銳性是經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期的思考和實(shí)踐獲得的。通過幾天或半個(gè)月的苦思苦想得到了一個(gè)自以為很好的idea，很可能是別人十幾年前就做過的工作。但新手上路時(shí)重復(fù)一些經(jīng)典實(shí)驗(yàn)以獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)是很正常的。此外，科研要注重質(zhì)量，千萬不要為單純地追求數(shù)量而令懂行的人嘲笑。如何獲得idea呢？ A.大量地、仔細(xì)地閱讀文獻(xiàn)，多聽學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告、多與同行探討，從中獲得啟示，不能急于求成。B.總結(jié)感興趣領(lǐng)域內(nèi)尚未探討過但很有意義的課題；

C.總結(jié)爭(zhēng)論性很強(qiáng)的問題，反復(fù)比較研究方法和結(jié)論，從中發(fā)現(xiàn)切入點(diǎn)； D.善于抓住科研過程中遇到的難以解釋的問題，往往會(huì)成為思維的閃光點(diǎn)； E.細(xì)致地?cái)M定方案，論證可行性。

2.獲得idea的兩種途徑：傳統(tǒng)途徑就是先閱讀大量科研論文，弄清目前的研究現(xiàn)狀和要解決的問題等；非傳統(tǒng)的途徑是自己先冥思苦想一段時(shí)間，有了自己的idea后再去查文獻(xiàn)。這樣不會(huì)讓以往的研究限制你的思維，不失為一個(gè)很好的方法。別人沒作過的東西，也許不是因?yàn)閯e人沒想到，而是因?yàn)闆]有意義或者沒有可能性。3.獲得良好idea的基礎(chǔ)前提：

A.在科研前必須彌補(bǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，這是看懂文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)。

B.廣泛閱讀文獻(xiàn)是支撐。碩士至少查閱600篇，粗看300篇，細(xì)看100篇，研讀50篇。博士至少再多一倍，并始終關(guān)注國(guó)際動(dòng)態(tài)。

C.學(xué)會(huì)閱讀文獻(xiàn)，讀懂文章。建議先review再article，先中后英；看10－20篇review后看研究性論文。拿到一篇研究性論文，先看標(biāo)題，立即停住，問自己幾個(gè)問題：(1)想想別人這文章是怎么做的(可參考材料方法)？會(huì)做哪些內(nèi)容來說明其標(biāo)題？(2)明白他為什么要做這個(gè)嗎？(3)如文章是近半年內(nèi)發(fā)表的，該文章解決了什么問題？引出了什么問題(結(jié)合你看的綜述)？接下來仔細(xì)看摘要，就知道你的想法是否與別人吻合？(4)看完實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，再思考有什么地方不完善？有沒有深入或拓展到底？一般來說，SCI-3分以下的文章只可能做了一部分機(jī)理，下面肯定有東西可做，關(guān)鍵是你自己要思考，去發(fā)現(xiàn)。

4.長(zhǎng)期作戰(zhàn)持之以恒。做好上面所述要求肯定會(huì)有所謂idea，但過程艱辛，需長(zhǎng)時(shí)間磨練，需要patience和passion。有天賦的人能考上海中科院生命科學(xué)院，北京中科院那幾個(gè)所，北大、清華。耐心干5年，這些地方正為中國(guó)帶來更多本土nature、science文章。

四、博士如何出牛文章？

1.幾點(diǎn)忠告：多看paper沒有壞處；多找非老板的其他人，如其他教授，postdoc，前輩師兄等討論，借雞下蛋；可以動(dòng)手的東西容易上手，比如軟件等；找機(jī)會(huì)去開會(huì)，認(rèn)認(rèn)牛人，不發(fā)paper，做做volunteer，或者參加phd symposium之類。五主動(dòng)參加seminar，自己講幾次看過的paper，最好自己組織一個(gè)topic拉幾個(gè)師兄弟和postdoc參加，注意找?guī)妆窘炭?22

書看看，打好基礎(chǔ)。2.如何獲得IDEA: A.需對(duì)研究的領(lǐng)域有一個(gè)全局性了解，按老板的話說是要有bird eye。

B.要有bird eye，需比較全面地閱讀本領(lǐng)域文章。讀文章要其idea，總結(jié)成一句話，并用卡片記錄好，分類整理。如果把別人文章的idea總結(jié)成一句話，就容易理解它的本質(zhì)，也好作變化。

C.讀了很多文章后，可以寫一個(gè)special study，將讀過的本領(lǐng)域東西系統(tǒng)總結(jié)在一起，相當(dāng)于你的綜合理解，也就是bird eye看到的東西了。以后翻閱起來也相當(dāng)方便。

D.用心分析別人的idea，任何一個(gè)idea都有weakness；想辦法解決它，那就成自己idea。最好的辦法就是看大牛的paper，無論他有多牛，他的文章總是在說一個(gè)方面，總有其他東西沒有包括進(jìn)去，把他的文章認(rèn)真精讀了，總會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)漏洞和不足或不全面之處，然后你就知道怎么做了。記?。好科恼聨缀醵加袥]有考慮完全的東西。

E.時(shí)不時(shí)閱讀更廣泛領(lǐng)域的東西，擴(kuò)大bird eye范圍，對(duì)領(lǐng)域外的感興趣的文章進(jìn)行copy收藏，這個(gè)叫walk around a little bit，很多領(lǐng)域外的東西可以借鑒、學(xué)科交叉從而產(chǎn)生new idea。

F.經(jīng)常跟牛人、博士后或高年級(jí)博士等有思想的人(最好不是相同專業(yè)，而是相關(guān)專業(yè)或交叉學(xué)科)討論，也容易出idea。再有就是，關(guān)注其他專業(yè)的書籍、雜志等信息，從中獲取交叉創(chuàng)新idea 考博英語(yǔ)作文模板

（1）不同觀點(diǎn)列舉型（選擇型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文題目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 觀點(diǎn)一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___觀點(diǎn)一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___觀點(diǎn)二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點(diǎn)二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __觀點(diǎn)一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.（2）利弊型的議論文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文題目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __題目議題_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___優(yōu)點(diǎn)一______.And secondly ___優(yōu)點(diǎn)二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, ”every coin has two sides“, __討論議題______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺點(diǎn)一______.In addition, ____缺點(diǎn)二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __討論議題____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____討論議題___.（3）答題性議論文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文題目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途徑一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途徑二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文題目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.（4）諺語(yǔ)警句性議論文

It is well know to us that the proverb: ” ___諺語(yǔ)_______“ has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____諺語(yǔ)的含義_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)23

A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語(yǔ)_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____諺語(yǔ)_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（5）圖表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文題目的議題_____ has been on rise/ decrease(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.作文常見的開頭形式大致有以下幾種： 1．開門見山，揭示主題

文章一開頭，就交待清楚文章的主題是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎樣度假)的開頭是： I Spent my last vacation happily．

下面是題為”Honesty“(談?wù)\實(shí))一文中的開頭：

Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a ”liar“，and is looked upon by honest people． 2．交代人物、事情、時(shí)間或環(huán)境開頭

在文章的開頭，先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交待清楚。例如”A Trip to Jinshan“(去金山旅游)的開頭：

The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan.The bus ride there took three hours.The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.3.回憶性的開頭

用回憶的方法來開頭。例如”A Trip to the Taishan Mountain“(泰山游)的開頭是： I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.4．概括性的開頭

即對(duì)要在文章中敘述的人或事先作一個(gè)概括性的介紹。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(讀書的快樂)的開頭： People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.5．介紹環(huán)境式的開頭

即開頭利用自然景物或自然環(huán)境引出要介紹的事物。如“An Accident”(一場(chǎng)事故)的開頭是: It was a rainy and windy morning.The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty.I was on my way back to school.Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.6．交待寫作目的的開頭。

在文章的一開頭就交待寫作目的，如通過文章要表?yè)P(yáng)誰，批評(píng)誰，或說明一個(gè)什么問題等。如 ”Pollution Control“(控制污染)的開頭：

In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.英語(yǔ)作文的文章的正文

文章的正文是由若干段落組成的，段落通常由幾個(gè)或者更多的句子組成，有時(shí)候一個(gè)句子也能成段。

文章的正文應(yīng)以文章的開頭為線索，具體地?cái)⑹?、說明或論證文章的主題。文章不論長(zhǎng)短，每個(gè)段落都必須為主題服務(wù)。像說明文和議論文這一類的文章，一個(gè)主題還常分成幾個(gè)小主題，每個(gè)小主題要用一個(gè)段落處理，另起一段時(shí)，應(yīng)是一層新的意思。每一段的開頭，要放一個(gè)表示段落小主題的主題句，這樣可使文章條理化，易于閱讀，便于讀者抓住主題。段內(nèi)的所有句子應(yīng)圍繞主題句的意義加以闡述或論證，為中心思想服務(wù)。句子之間應(yīng)銜結(jié)自然，有條不紊，而且還要合乎邏輯，段落中不能出現(xiàn)任何與主題無關(guān)的句子；英語(yǔ)寫作比較重視主題句的作用，缺少它段落意義就會(huì)含糊不清。主題句也可放在段落的中間和末尾等部位，但對(duì)初學(xué)者來說，以放在段首為好。見下列這篇題為”How to Be a Good Student“(怎樣做個(gè)好學(xué)生)的文章：

We students are the builders and masters of the country.It is important for us to know how to be a good student.A good student, I think, should be diligent in his studies.The more he studies, the more he will increase his knowledge.Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.To take care of one's own body is another important thing for good student to do.Anyone, who hasn't got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge.There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health.No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health.From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student.Lastly, to cultivate one's own virtue is most important.Virtue is the essence of a noble and good character.It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul.When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society.We should draw lessons from this.這篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主題，第二、第三和第四段則是文章的正文，每—段的第一句即是段落的主題句，它們既支持了文章中心的觀點(diǎn)和思想，同時(shí)又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中，其余的句子都圍繞主題句所表示的中心展開，同時(shí)句子間的銜結(jié)也很自然；各層的意思都很連貫。

分段是文章組織上重要的一步，但如果寫的題目范圍很小，那就無須再將題目分成小的主題，并分入各個(gè)段落去闡述了。像一篇簡(jiǎn)短的評(píng)論；某一事情的簡(jiǎn)短記載，某一個(gè)想法的說明，對(duì)一個(gè)人物或一件事情的簡(jiǎn)要敘述或說明等，就可以只用一個(gè)段落來表現(xiàn)主題。

在記敘文中，段的結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以很簡(jiǎn)單，不需要有主題句，敘事一氣呵成，中途沒有停頓。段與段之所以分開，只是為了起修辭作用，以便把某一細(xì)節(jié)置于顯著的地位。

某些測(cè)試用的表達(dá)題，在題目中就已經(jīng)說明只需要根據(jù)。所給的提示寫一個(gè)段落，而不是一篇文章。對(duì)于這一類的寫作試題，就可以予以簡(jiǎn)潔的處理，并不是非要擴(kuò)充成一篇有頭有尾的完整文章。

下面這篇題為“Weekend Homework”(談周末作業(yè))的短文，就是用一個(gè)段落來論述問題和表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的。

Usually Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework.Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests.I think weekend homework should not be given.With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night.As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results.If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work.Teachers, don't you agree? 英語(yǔ)作文的文章的結(jié)尾

文章結(jié)尾的作用是概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意義表達(dá)得更加深刻。文章結(jié)尾的形式也是多種多樣的，常見的有以下幾種： 1．首尾呼應(yīng)，畫龍點(diǎn)睛

在文章的結(jié)尾，把含義較深的話放在末尾，以點(diǎn)明主題，深化主題，起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的效果。如”I Cannot Forget Her“(我忘不了她)的結(jié)尾：

After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life.I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.2．重復(fù)主題句

結(jié)尾回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我愛家鄉(xiāng))的結(jié)尾：

I love my home town, and I love its people.They too have changed.They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.3.自然結(jié)尾

隨著文章的結(jié)束，文章自然而然地結(jié)尾。如“Fishing”(釣魚)的結(jié)尾：

I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more.Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun.We returned home very late.4．含蓄性的結(jié)尾

用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接點(diǎn)明作者的看法，而是讓讀者自己去領(lǐng)會(huì)和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的結(jié)尾：

Evening came before we realized it.We put down our sickles and looked at each other.Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.5．用反問結(jié)尾

雖然形式是問句，但意義卻是肯定的，并具有特別的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者深思。如 ”Should We Learn to Do Housework?"(我們要不要學(xué)做家務(wù)?)的結(jié)尾。

Everyone should learn to do housework.Don't you agree, boys and girls? 6．指明方向，激勵(lì)讀者

結(jié)尾表示對(duì)將來的展望，或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。如“Let's Go in for Sports”(讓我們參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng))的結(jié)尾：

As we have said above, sports can be of great value.They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter.A sound mind is in a sound body.Let's go in for sports.文章的結(jié)尾沒有一定的模式，可以根據(jù)表達(dá)主題的需要靈活創(chuàng)造。一般的習(xí)慣是，一些記敘文和描寫文經(jīng)常采用自然結(jié)尾的方法；但說理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)的說明文和議論文則往往都有結(jié)束語(yǔ)，以便使文章首尾呼應(yīng)，結(jié)構(gòu)完整

第三篇：2013年博士生考試時(shí)間通知范文

關(guān)于2013年博士研究生招生考試的通知

各位考生：

經(jīng)學(xué)校研究決定，2013年我校博士研究生招生考試定于3月23、24日舉行?？记耙恢荛_始發(fā)放準(zhǔn)考證，請(qǐng)各位考生到研究生教學(xué)大樓207辦公室領(lǐng)取準(zhǔn)考證。外地考生可委托他人代領(lǐng)或致電研究生招就辦詳詢。

請(qǐng)考生參加考試時(shí)攜帶準(zhǔn)考證、第二代居民身份證或其他有效證件、學(xué)位證書原件，以備查。

招就辦電話：0791-83816805

特此通知

江西財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)研究生

招生就業(yè)辦公室

2013年2月28日

第四篇：東南大學(xué)博士生考試大綱-燃燒理論

博士生入學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課考試大綱

課程名稱：燃燒理論

一、考試要求

要求全面系統(tǒng)地掌握燃燒理論的基本概念及基本定律，并且能靈活運(yùn)用，具備較強(qiáng)的分析問題解決問題的能力。

二、考試內(nèi)容

1)化學(xué)熱力學(xué)及化學(xué)動(dòng)力學(xué)

? 化合物的生成焓、反應(yīng)焓及燃燒熱 ? 熱化學(xué)定律

? 熱力學(xué)平衡及化學(xué)平衡

? 溫度和壓力對(duì)平衡常數(shù)的影響 2)燃燒物理學(xué)的基本方程

? 雷諾輸運(yùn)定律及基本方程

? Zeldovich轉(zhuǎn)換和廣義Reynolds比擬 ? Stefen流

3)預(yù)混氣的著火與滅火

? 熱著火理論： 著火條件，謝苗諾夫非穩(wěn)態(tài)分析法，F(xiàn)rank-kamenetsky的穩(wěn)態(tài)分析法

? 開口系統(tǒng)的熱自燃

? 點(diǎn)燃理論：氣流中熾熱平板的點(diǎn)燃理論 ? 簡(jiǎn)單開口系統(tǒng)的著火，滅火分析 ? 鏈鎖自燃理論 4)液體燃料滴的燃燒

? 相對(duì)靜止高溫環(huán)境中液滴的蒸發(fā)和燃燒 ? 薄膜理論

? 液滴著火和滅火的簡(jiǎn)化分析 5)預(yù)混氣的層流燃燒、湍流燃燒 ? 預(yù)混氣的爆震波和緩燃波 ? Hugoniot曲線的性質(zhì)

? 層流火焰?zhèn)鞑ゼ捌鋫鞑シ匠痰奶匦?? Frank-kamenetsky分區(qū)近似解

? Damkohler-shelkin皺折的層流火焰模型 ? 容積燃燒模型 6)煤的燃燒基礎(chǔ)

? 熱解動(dòng)力學(xué)的研究

? 揮發(fā)物燃燒動(dòng)力學(xué)的研究 ? 純“碳”燃燒的研究 ? 煤本身燃燒的研究

三、試卷結(jié)構(gòu)

考試時(shí)間180分鐘，滿分100分。1)題型結(jié)構(gòu)

? 概念題

（16分）? 簡(jiǎn)答題

（24分）? 問答題

（60分）2)內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)

? 化學(xué)熱力學(xué)及化學(xué)動(dòng)力學(xué)

（16分）? 燃燒物理學(xué)的基本方程

（4分）? 預(yù)混氣的著火與滅火

（42分）? 液體燃料滴的燃燒

（8分）? 預(yù)混氣的層流燃燒、湍流燃燒（15分）? 煤的燃燒基礎(chǔ)

（15分）

四、參考書目

傅維標(biāo)，燃燒物理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 周力行，燃燒理論與化學(xué)流體力學(xué)，科學(xué)出版社

第五篇：博士生自我鑒定

歲月流轉(zhuǎn)，年華瞬逝。曾有的美好是今朝追尋的夢(mèng)。懷想不是因?yàn)檫b遠(yuǎn)，是因?yàn)殡x別的鐘聲已經(jīng)敲響。大學(xué)，我以拼搏的汗水洗凈了知識(shí)的塵埃，以不斷的勤勞奮進(jìn)擦盡了塵世浮華，卻忘記到了作別的長(zhǎng)亭，離去的碼頭。暮然回首，得失之間。惆悵與歡悅羈絆著前行的心。惟有追憶，方覺擁有的永恒！收獲是對(duì)奮斗的饋贈(zèng)，七年碩博生涯的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)匯集，七個(gè)春秋的孜孜以求，日以夜繼的孤身書海，心領(lǐng)神會(huì)的傾聽慧語(yǔ)，兢兢業(yè)業(yè)的投身事業(yè)，我學(xué)會(huì)了珍惜，懂得了追求。失去，是因時(shí)間的無情與付出的匱乏而酸楚，那是深深的烙印，這耐人尋味的烙印必將陪伴我，必將在以后的學(xué)習(xí)、生活和工作中時(shí)刻感染著我、激勵(lì)著我，七年，受益匪淺的七年。

在博士階段，我光榮地加入了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨，對(duì)此，我倍感欣慰和責(zé)任，我熱愛祖國(guó)，熱愛人民，堅(jiān)決擁護(hù)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和社會(huì)主義制度，遵紀(jì)守法，有堅(jiān)定的政治方向。

面對(duì)即將離校，踏入社會(huì)，既喜悅又彷徨，對(duì)于社會(huì)，即使我是博士，也是初來乍到，要學(xué)習(xí)的還有很多，玉不琢不成器，人不學(xué)不知道，畢竟終究還是面向社會(huì)的人而非一直留在象牙塔的人。

正所謂“寶劍鋒從磨礪出，梅花香自苦寒來”，博士研究生階段，收獲頗豐，從學(xué)業(yè)、科研工作，到個(gè)人素質(zhì)，都得到了充分的培養(yǎng)和鍛煉，是充實(shí)且有意義的七年。試想人的一生又有幾個(gè)七年？經(jīng)歷了許多，磨礪了許多，積累了許多。結(jié)識(shí)了好友，明辨了是非，認(rèn)清了方向，堅(jiān)定了信心。待老來回憶時(shí)，仍然會(huì)會(huì)心一笑的。相信這些經(jīng)歷和積累都將成為我人生道路上的寶貴財(cái)富。在以后的工作和

學(xué)習(xí)中，本人將繼續(xù)保持并發(fā)揚(yáng)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)治學(xué)的作風(fēng)，爭(zhēng)取取得更大的成績(jī)。