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      “金磚五國”百所大學排行榜清華北大入榜
      
        
       時間：2019-05-12 16:29:43下載本文作者：會員上傳
      
      
      
      
      
簡介：寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關的《“金磚五國”百所大學排行榜清華北大入榜》，但愿對你工作學習有幫助，當然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《“金磚五國”百所大學排行榜清華北大入榜》。

      
	
      

      第一篇：“金磚五國”百所大學排行榜清華北大入榜
      

      “金磚五國”百所大學排行榜清華北大入榜英國QS公司日前公布了“金磚五國”(BRICS—巴西、俄羅斯、印度、中國大陸和南非)的最佳大學排行榜，從上述5國的共400多所高等教育機構中評選出前100名。其中清華大學和北京大學位列一、二，第三名是俄羅斯的羅蒙諾索夫莫斯科州立大學。
      在這份“2013-2014‘金磚五國’百所大學排行榜”上，前10名依次為清華大學、北京大學、羅蒙諾索夫莫斯科州立大學、復旦大學、南京大學、中國科技大學、上海交通大學、巴西圣保羅大學、浙江大學和巴西金邊大學。中國共有40所大學上榜。
      英國QS(全稱Quacquarelli Symonds)公司成立于1990年，以其創(chuàng)始人的名字命名，是一家為教育及升學就業(yè)以及高教人才流動提供服務的組織，在世界多地設有辦事處?！癚S世界大學排名”與“泰晤士高等教育世界大學排名”和“世界大學學術排名”被公認為世界三大最具影響力的全球性大學排名。
      第二篇：金磚五國紀錄片觀后感
      《金磚之國》紀錄片觀后感
      2009年6月16日，位于歐亞大陸分界處的俄羅斯名城葉卡捷琳堡見證了一個重要的歷史事件——“金磚四國”領導人首次會晤在這里舉行。在典雅富麗的謝瓦斯季亞諾夫宮，“金磚四國”領導人就國際金融危機之下的國際形勢、二十國集團領導人會議、國際金融機構改革、“金磚國家”對話合作未來發(fā)展方向等問題交換了意見，發(fā)表了《“金磚國家”領導人葉卡捷琳堡會晤聯(lián)合聲明》和關于糧食問題的聲明,闡述四國在國際金融危機、能源安全、糧食安全、氣候變化等問題上達成的共識,增強了新興市場國家和發(fā)展中國家在國際事務中的影響和作用。
      《金磚之國》紀錄片將采用高清格式、紀實拍攝手法，在中國乃至世界首次以電視紀錄片形態(tài)全面、系統(tǒng)、深入地介紹以金磚國家為代表的新興國家發(fā)展之路，展望新興國家?guī)Ыo世界政治經(jīng)濟格局的巨變。這將是一部連接歷史與未來、兼具國際視野和中國思考的篇巨著。上世紀80年代起，經(jīng)濟全球化與產業(yè)結構調整的浪潮極大地改變了世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展格局，一批新興經(jīng)濟體開始崛起?！敖鸫u國家”更因其較大的經(jīng)濟規(guī)模和突出的發(fā)展成就，相繼引起世界的矚目。金融風暴之后，以“金磚國家”為代表的新興市場國家的果斷應對和措施的卓有成效，已經(jīng)成為帶動全球經(jīng)濟走向復蘇不可或缺的動力。2010年，金磚國家對全球經(jīng)濟增長的貢獻率達50%以上，“金磚國家”正在全球經(jīng)濟大潮中的一支新生力、新動力。中國、俄羅斯、印度、巴西、南非5個“金磚國家”國土面積占世界領土面積的26.8%，人口占世界總人口的42.88%。國際貨幣基金組織預測，2014年“金磚國家”在世界經(jīng)濟增量中的比例將達到61%。此外，金磚國家在國際金融體系改革、氣候變化等事關全球治理的重大問題上正發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用，推動著國際秩序朝更加均衡的方向發(fā)展。《金磚之國》大型紀錄片將從“金磚”概念的提出、“金磚”機制的形成為切入點，系統(tǒng)闡述金磚國家在全球化的背景下把握機遇、經(jīng)濟騰飛的過程，揭示以“金磚國家”為代表的新興市場國家力量步入上升期的客觀現(xiàn)實?！督鸫u之國》紀錄片將立足現(xiàn)在，突出“前瞻性”，探討以“金磚國家”為代表的新興市場力量的崛起帶動世界經(jīng)濟格局之變。
      前天晚看了《金磚之國》的印度篇，整體上感覺它像一精美的藝術品。好久沒有看到這么好的記錄片了，它深刻的展示了印度的歷史政治人文宗教，讓許多故事濃縮在一小時中。解說員低沉柔和的聲音似鐘聲掠過古老的大地，音樂插曲的節(jié)奏板點從容悠揚，舒展著人間的悲喜之情，鏡頭有時拉到500米的高度，觀眾乘著歌聲的翅膀立天地之間。
      對尼赫魯、甘地等人的配圖解說，讓我對人物接近了解---此前的印度對我來說好像是一個
      蒙著面紗的人?！安豢伤甲h”是該篇1的題目，自然讓觀眾發(fā)現(xiàn)了該國的不可思議之處——節(jié)約和信仰自由好像是人的靈魂的基本要求。
      河流污染現(xiàn)在在整個亞洲比較明顯，印度也不例外，我們看到他們的圣水恒河上泛起的黃色污染帶---無論是好是壞，節(jié)目就像父親給孩子講的故事那樣真實和悠遠。就國土面積而言，印度的人口實在是太密集了（12億），而且好像集中在沿河地帶；想象中，如果到印度旅游，會否產生水泄不通和擁擠的感覺。印度人以素食為主——這樣我覺得蠻好的，這樣翔實的介紹讓人對該國產生了親切感。雖然記憶中60年代印度在中國邊境搞沖突襲擾----但千百年的滄桑時光里中印關系總體是平和的,這也許是由于喜馬拉雅山的阻隔，或因歷史上印度自身一直沒有完全地統(tǒng)一過（這點影片有提示）。
      種姓制度是愚昧落后的，在外國留學過的部分印度人意識到了這點，而現(xiàn)代化又使種姓制度有所淡化——聽到這種介紹讓人感覺到社會還是會進步的。電視介紹了印度人心目中低種姓的英雄----那個名字比較難記，不過給人印象深刻。無論是種姓制度，還是家族世襲，亞洲各國大多保留著一些封建的東西。
      昨晚的又一集從另一個側面介紹了印度，就是新的國策和經(jīng)濟建設，印度全球化的魄力和發(fā)展程度，超過了一般人的想象。它國際化強的企業(yè)主要是IT業(yè)。而中國的制造業(yè)更強，比如機械、紡織、礦山、汽車家電等，也許中國人覺得制造業(yè)更有分量吧。
      我個人感覺這兩集的觀看是非常有價值的，不僅幫助我了解了印度的現(xiàn)狀，還幫助我理解了很多國家關系產生的原因。我計劃在接下來看完全部的十集，然后讓自己懂得更多一點。
      第三篇：金磚五國的醫(yī)療保險現(xiàn)狀
      金磚五國醫(yī)療保險現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展情況
      摘要：金磚五國作為全球的新興經(jīng)濟體，它們的崛起在全世界范圍內已經(jīng)不能再被忽視了。他們發(fā)展在某種程度的相似性和他們共同的利益訴求決定了他們結合的必然趨勢。而此文僅就金磚五國的醫(yī)療保險業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展分別作出描述和分析，雖然這只是金磚五國各自重要現(xiàn)狀的冰山一角，但是這也有易于我們對這五個國家的更好理解。
      金磚五國，英文簡稱BRICS，代表著巴西，俄羅斯，印度，中國，南非這五個發(fā)展迅速的發(fā)展中國家，近期又由于三亞峰會的成功召開，金磚五國又一次投入大眾的視野，無論金融業(yè)，實體產業(yè)，外貿產業(yè)，大家都希望從中間互利共贏，吸取各自的長處，是自己的產業(yè)鏈得到提高。但是我今天只說說這五個國家各自保險業(yè)的發(fā)展情況，主要是各自的成就和問題。
      一、中國
      新中國成立以后，我國逐步建立起與公有制相對應的城鎮(zhèn)公費醫(yī) 療、勞保醫(yī)療和農村合作醫(yī)療組成的醫(yī)療保障制度。由于傳統(tǒng)的醫(yī)療保障制度無法適應社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的要求，進入20世紀80年代后，開始逐步對其進行改革，并建立起以城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險和新型農村合作醫(yī)療為主，大病保險、職工互助保險和商業(yè)保險等為補充的醫(yī)療保險體系。然而，由于我國城鄉(xiāng)二元結構的存在，城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的不平衡，社會處于轉型期，醫(yī)療保險制度改革雖然取得了可喜的成績，但更深層次的矛盾和問題也同時顯現(xiàn)，其進一步改革已成為社會關注的熱點，也是醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體制改革的重點之一。
      我國醫(yī)療保險面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與問題在城市建立的社會醫(yī)療保險制度不斷得到完善，在農村的醫(yī)療保障制度的建立中，也凸顯了政府的責任。但是，縱觀中國醫(yī)療保險制度的改革過程，仍可以發(fā)現(xiàn)以下幾方面的問題：(一)保障力度不夠
      首先，目前我國醫(yī)療保險的保障水平較低，享受待遇的條件較多且相對苛刻，尚不存在應對重大災難性醫(yī)療費用的止損機制，從而部分喪失了其保障功能?！翱床≠F、看病難”的困境仍然是困擾我國廣大人民就醫(yī)的關鍵因素。在目前的城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險制度下，“因病致貧”、“因病返貧”仍是一個十分嚴重的社會問題。其次，我國醫(yī)療保險的保障目標定位為保大病，城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險制度和新型農村合作醫(yī)療制度設計均著眼于解決保障對象在住院及大病時的基本保障問題，然而在現(xiàn)實生活中，真正影響居民整體健康水平和基本衛(wèi)生服務可及性的多是那些常見病和多發(fā)病。國內外研究及實踐已經(jīng)證明，以“保大病為主”的模式，對改善基本衛(wèi)生服務可及性作用非常有限。同時，保大病模式也必然限制了醫(yī)療保障的受益面，獲得收益的時間延長而幾率卻降低，尤其是在社會保險知識普及率較低的農村地區(qū)，這種模式大大影響了農民“參合”的積極性。另外，在這種制度模式下，由于貧困人口和低收入人群缺乏支付保險費用的能力，政府對參保者的財政補貼通常變成了一種典型的“逆向”轉移支付，違背了社會保障制度應當對貧困者進行轉移支付，以緩解社會不平等的基本原則?。最后，我國目前醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生資源在城鄉(xiāng)之間、城域之間分布極為不平衡。優(yōu)質的醫(yī)療資源大多分布在東部且經(jīng)濟文化發(fā)展水平較高的東部城市及沿海地區(qū)，而在經(jīng)濟相對落后的西部、中部城市，以及廣大農村地區(qū)優(yōu)質醫(yī)療資源就相對稀缺，從而給這些地區(qū)居民的看病就醫(yī)帶來一定的不便，同時，由于新農合籌資水平不高，加之宣傳力度不夠，參合率相對較低，保障水平非常低。(二)費用控制不利 首先，目前的醫(yī)療保險制度安排中，代表患者利益的第三方購買者即醫(yī)保機構談判能力不強，對醫(yī)療服務提供者難以形成有效的約束；醫(yī)療服務提供者的支付機制存在缺陷，難以控制醫(yī)療費用的攀升。
      此外，醫(yī)療保障體制改革與醫(yī)療服務體制、藥晶流通體制等改革不配套，造成不正常的醫(yī)療費用攀升，這也進一步弱化了制度的保障功能。
      其次，醫(yī)療費用過高，基金支付能力有限。大型醫(yī)療機構占有大量的醫(yī)療資源和醫(yī)療設備，因此居民在患病時通常會選擇較大的醫(yī)療機構。但是由于醫(yī)療機構尤其是大型醫(yī)療機構的診療費用通常很高，進院動輒幾百幾千元，這樣將使得農村合作醫(yī)療基金無力承擔或者需要提高保費，而提高保費又將使得收入較低的居民無力繳納，從而降低了農村合作醫(yī)療的保障水平。最后，繳費人群減少，覆蓋面降低，導致“逆向選擇”。因為合作醫(yī)療主要是通過健康保險原理，運用較少的資金來對發(fā)病率較低但治療費用較高的疾病進行保險。因此，投保人在交費后當年可能不會享受到合作醫(yī)療的實惠，而且社會保險在農村宣傳力度不夠，普通農民都只會關心眼前的切身利益，以至于在以后的年數(shù)中投保的農民會越來越少，這樣在完全自愿投保的原則下都是高危人群用戶建立合作醫(yī)療，而健康人群卻不愿參加，最終的結果是參加保險的人全是“老、弱、病、殘”，其直接后果是保險基金很快耗盡，合作醫(yī)療制度崩潰，失去保障功能‘2I。(三)制度管理、運行效率不高 首先，醫(yī)療保險統(tǒng)籌層次低，城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險原則上以地級以上行政區(qū)為統(tǒng)籌單位，也可以縣(市)為統(tǒng)籌單位，北京、天津、上海3個直轄市原則上在全市范吲內實行統(tǒng)籌。新型農村合作醫(yī)療則主要在縣級統(tǒng)籌。過低的統(tǒng)籌層次難以發(fā)揮規(guī)模效應，弱化了風險分擔的效果，從而增加了管理成本。其次，醫(yī)療保險基金的管理更多地重視基金的財務績效，不合理地強調基金的結余及償付能力，忽視了醫(yī)療保險本身的宗旨——提供基本醫(yī)療保障，促進居民健康。從政府管理方面看，城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險的管理模式都是由政府負責，社會機構幾乎沒有機會參與政策制定和系統(tǒng)管理。但是，由于計劃是在各個地區(qū)執(zhí)行，政府制定的權利和運營的責任就由中央和地方政府分別承擔。地方政府則按照中央的指導原則，根據(jù)本地具體情況制定計劃實
      施細則。這樣，在各個地區(qū)必定會形成政策差異，如個人保障范圍、福利條款、繳納比例等。因此，最終實現(xiàn)全國統(tǒng)一的醫(yī)療保險體系將會遇到很大困難。最后，由于我國城鄉(xiāng)、地區(qū)間經(jīng)濟文化水平發(fā)展不平衡，醫(yī)療保險基金在地域上過于分散，導致經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平較差的地區(qū)，由于人民生活水平較低，醫(yī)療保險基金的籌資能力也較差，從而加劇了我國城鄉(xiāng)以及不同地區(qū)間醫(yī)療服務可獲得性以及享受待遇的 不平等。
      (四)保險制度不公平
      主要表現(xiàn)為不同制度之問的保障水平差別很大；繳費不公平，經(jīng)濟狀況相似，繳費卻不同。另外，保障主體與客體之間的信息不對稱性也是導致保障制度不公平的關鍵原因所在。此外，對于弱勢貧困群體，他們經(jīng)濟收入非常微薄，大多是享受城鎮(zhèn)居民最低生活保障制度的貧困人員，而且以老年人和殘疾人居多。由于自身身體因素或學歷、能力等種種原因，他們參與社會事務、獲得社會信息的能力相對比較有限，獲取的經(jīng)濟收入或靠最低生活保障制度得到的救助金緊緊能夠勉強吃飽飯，患病對他們來說可以說是災難性事件。雖然他們的患病率比常人高，對醫(yī)療服務的需求最急迫、也最渴望，但由于沒有經(jīng)濟能力加入醫(yī)療保險，無法享受到最基本的醫(yī)療保障。
      二、俄羅斯
      俄羅斯的醫(yī)療體制主要分為一下兩部分：
      （1）現(xiàn)金補助，也就是俄羅斯聯(lián)邦社會保險基金機構和地區(qū)社會保險基金機構負責疾病和生育現(xiàn)金補助基金籌措；地區(qū)社會保險部門負責失業(yè)者和其他不工作公民生育補助管理；企業(yè)和雇主向雇員支付疾病和生育補助。
      （2）醫(yī)療保健，也就是聯(lián)邦衛(wèi)生部和地區(qū)衛(wèi)生部門，實施國家衛(wèi)生保健政策和開發(fā)衛(wèi)生保健項目；醫(yī)療服務通過診所、醫(yī)院、接生站和其他醫(yī)療設施提供，包括私營機構。
      它的覆蓋范圍現(xiàn)金補助為受雇的公民（包括國營和集體農莊的莊員，自我雇用者和個體農民）和不工作的公民（包括學生和失業(yè)者）；醫(yī)療保健為所有居民。
      它的基金來源分為一下三部分：
      受保人：現(xiàn)金補助和強制醫(yī)療保險不繳納保險費，可向自愿補充醫(yī)療保險繳費，根據(jù)計劃費率各不相同。
      雇主：現(xiàn)金補助方面，向社會保險基金繳納工資總額的5.4%；醫(yī)療保健方面，向強制醫(yī)療保險繳納工資總額的3.6%。自愿補充醫(yī)療保險費率根據(jù)計劃的補貼而各不相同。
      政府：中央政府負責不工作公民的現(xiàn)金補助；中央和地方政府負責不工作公民強制醫(yī)療保險的費用，包括兒童、學生、年金領取者和失業(yè)人員。
      它們享受待遇條件對現(xiàn)金和醫(yī)療補助沒有最低合格期限；疾病和生育待遇分別為；疾病待遇：如果不間斷工作不足5年為收入的60%；連續(xù)工作5~8年為收入的 80%；8年以上（或有3個以上的受供養(yǎng)子女）為收入的100%。最低標準是最低工資的90%（1995年1月1日最低工資為20 500盧布）。生育補助：為收入的100%，產前和產后各支付10周。每月還付給請假照看18個月以下子女的雇員相當于100%最低工資的補助。對員工的醫(yī)療待遇主要有強制醫(yī)療保險，由公共和私營衛(wèi)生保健部門直接向患者提供醫(yī)療服務。包括普通治療、預防、急診、住院、化驗、牙科治療、生育保健、接種疫苗和交通。住院治療、殘疾人和3歲以下兒童藥品免費。自愿醫(yī)療保險主要包括專科診治、使用貴重藥品和器械等。對受供養(yǎng)人的醫(yī)療補助同戶主。
      三、巴西
      首先，它們面臨的問題有：
      1、全民醫(yī)療保障制度面臨的資金壓力很大。巴西的全民醫(yī)療保障制度始建于上個世紀五十年代。六七十年代，巴西經(jīng)濟平均增長率達10.1％，曾被譽為“巴西奇跡”，全民醫(yī)療保障制度運行良好。80年代中期，巴西經(jīng)濟陷入嚴重衰退，國內生產總值下降，全民免費醫(yī)療制度面臨嚴重的挑戰(zhàn)，資金不足，醫(yī)務人員工作不安心等問題表現(xiàn)突出。自90年代初開始，巴西政府采取了一系列措施，經(jīng)濟狀況有一定好轉。但全民醫(yī)療保障問題沒有從根本上得到解決，資金的壓力仍然比較大。
      2、公立醫(yī)療機構低效率、低質量。巴西、阿根廷的公立醫(yī)療機構醫(yī)護人員勞動紀律松散、普遍存在曠工率高、應診時間不足、工作時間短等問題。勞動紀律的渙散，造成服務質量低，促使一些患者轉到私人醫(yī)療部門就醫(yī)。公立醫(yī)療機構承擔著免費醫(yī)療服務的主要任務，但這一服務系統(tǒng)不能滿足免費醫(yī)療的需求。在巴西、阿根廷的公立醫(yī)療機構普遍存在門診看病、取藥排長隊，住院需要排號等候的現(xiàn)象。
      3、大量公立醫(yī)療機構的醫(yī)護人員流向私人醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)。工資收入較低是公立醫(yī)療機構醫(yī)護人員（主要是醫(yī)生）外流的主要原因。他們的工資收入通常是由學歷和資歷決定的，而工作表現(xiàn)對收入的影響很小，甚至沒有影響。為了增加收入，許多醫(yī)護人員除在公立醫(yī)療機構工作以外，還通過私人性質的營業(yè)來獲得額外收入，或離開公立醫(yī)院轉向私立醫(yī)院。公立醫(yī)療機構醫(yī)護人員向私人部門的流動加劇了公立醫(yī)療醫(yī)療機構服務的萎縮。 其次，他們國家采取的改革舉措有：
      1、改革公共衛(wèi)生管理體制，提高公立醫(yī)療機構經(jīng)營靈活性。巴西原先全國公共衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)統(tǒng)由聯(lián)邦政府直接管理，后來聯(lián)邦政府將權下放給州政府。1992年，聯(lián)邦政府衛(wèi)生部決定，管理權限進一步下放，將過去由州衛(wèi)生廳統(tǒng)辦統(tǒng)管的醫(yī)療機構下放紿所在地市政府管理。分散化了的醫(yī)療機構仍是醫(yī)療服務的核心組成部分。醫(yī)療機構的分散化，給予醫(yī)療承辦者以更大的獨立性，使承辦者在高層次管理上享有完全的自主權，在財政預算、合同、支出等領域的管理上擁有較大的靈活性。
      2、積極發(fā)展私立醫(yī)療機構，并讓其承擔免費醫(yī)療任務。為了緩解供不應求的矛盾，政府采取讓私立醫(yī)療機構和社會慈善組織辦的醫(yī)療機構參與全民醫(yī)療保障系統(tǒng)，承擔一定數(shù)量的免費醫(yī)療任務。政府對私立醫(yī)療機構承擔的免費醫(yī)療給予一定數(shù)額的補助，并給予一定的免稅政策，如免除營業(yè)所得稅、醫(yī)療設備進口稅等。二是支持社會慈善組織或教會舉辦的醫(yī)療機構，幫助其維修房屋、裝備設備，使其有能力承擔免費醫(yī)療服務。
      3、發(fā)展私人醫(yī)療保險機構，鼓勵有條件的人購買私人醫(yī)療保險。巴西、阿根廷均對私人醫(yī)療保險機構進行扶持，兩國均規(guī)定雇主和雇員購買私人醫(yī)療保險的費用可從稅前列支，鼓勵發(fā)展私人醫(yī)療保險作為對現(xiàn)有醫(yī)療保險制度的補充，滿足國民的多層次醫(yī)療需求。
      四、南非
      南非衛(wèi)生部部長曼托曾透露，在南非，75%到80%的普通黑人，很少或者根本得不到公立醫(yī)療服務。相反，那些購買了醫(yī)療保險、生活富裕的白人，他們可以享受非常好的私立醫(yī)院治療。在兩極分化越來越明顯的情況下，越來越多的普通黑人乃至白人，選擇了物美價廉的中醫(yī)治療。而南非，也是除中國外唯一一個承認中醫(yī)合法地位的國家。
      南非社會的主要問題是看病，它們的貧富兩極分化特別嚴重。和英美等發(fā)達國家一樣，南非醫(yī)院同樣有著公立和私立之分———公立醫(yī)院治療費不高，但病人較多，等候時間長。私立醫(yī)院條件好，服務好，但收費較高。總體來說，如果你有錢而且買了醫(yī)療保險，那么“大病小病不用愁”。如果你沒錢又買不起醫(yī)療保險，那么看病會成為你物質和精神上的雙重噩夢。
      據(jù)介紹，南非的醫(yī)療體系大致分為兩個平行的系統(tǒng)：公立醫(yī)療，是針對窮人和不愿意購買醫(yī)療保險的有錢人所建立，有國家撥款，面對80%的普通民眾。私立醫(yī)療，則是針對購買了醫(yī)療保險的高收入者建立，面對20%的富裕階層。由于收入和社會地位的不同，白人一般享受服務更好、收收費更貴的私立醫(yī)院，而黑人只能選擇收費較低、但服務“不靠譜”的公立醫(yī)院。
      進入公立醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)，簽個個人收入的聲明書，一次性繳納300蘭特左右費用就“OK”了。不過公立醫(yī)院的服務卻讓人不敢恭維，特別是大城市的大醫(yī)院，環(huán)境差，治療速度慢，一個大手術拖個一年是很正常的事。在約翰內斯堡，記者聽說了一個傳聞——— 在公立醫(yī)院，一位病人直到去世之后，才輪到了做手術的機會??不過，由于福利性質濃厚，窮人更多選擇公立醫(yī)院。當然，對于公立醫(yī)院服務態(tài)度差、效率低下、甚至停電時打著手電做手術等糟糕軟硬件環(huán)境，就只能默默承受了。與之形成鮮明對比的，是私立醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)無微不至的服務。在約堡富人云集的桑頓區(qū)，記者親眼看到了這樣一家私立醫(yī)院：大廳里小橋流水，地上鋪著地毯，墻上掛著油畫。每間病房配單獨的衛(wèi)生間和浴室，電視機，冰箱等也一應俱全，漂亮的護士小姐更是溫柔體貼。當然，要享受這般上帝式的服務，代價是昂貴的。
      山東老鄉(xiāng)小左到南非已經(jīng)五六年了。她告訴記者，“在南非看私人醫(yī)院花費非常昂貴。就拿去年我生孩子來說，一個簡單的剖腹產手術就花了3萬多蘭特，要是沒有醫(yī)療保險，這可是不小的開銷?！毙∽蟾嬖V記者，她早就辦了醫(yī)療保險，每個月需交近3000蘭特，這個數(shù)目已經(jīng)快趕上約堡普通人收入的一半了。每年積累下來，更是一個不小的數(shù)目了?！暗墙涣酸t(yī)療保險之后，我再去醫(yī)院看病就省心了，不論生了需要花多少錢的大病，醫(yī)療保險都會全額報銷?！?/p>
      總之，一句話，如果想在南非常住，經(jīng)濟又過得去，一定要辦醫(yī)療保險。南非的醫(yī)療保險是非常重要的。
      五、印度
      十億人口的印度是僅次于中國的世界人口大國和發(fā)展中國家。其醫(yī)療水平卻比許多人認為的要高得多。在2000年6月世界衛(wèi)生組織對全球191個成員國衛(wèi)生效績的排名中，一向被認為“分配極不公平”的印度排名第43位，名列發(fā)展中國家前茅。
      早在20世紀80年代初期，印度政府就制定了在全國農村逐步建立三級醫(yī)療保健網(wǎng)的宏偉目標。這一網(wǎng)絡包括保健站、初級保健中心和社區(qū)保健中心三部分，免費向廣大窮人提供醫(yī)療服務。在各大城市，印度政府開設的公立醫(yī)院也是窮人看病的首選，醫(yī)院對就診的窮人免收掛號費。印度的醫(yī)療保險制度十分注意覆蓋弱勢群體。印度建立了諸如全民免費免疫計劃和公立醫(yī)院免費治療項目等公共衛(wèi)生制度，以保障弱勢群體、特別是廣大農民能夠享受基本的醫(yī)療保障。更值得注意的是，印度政府對金融保險市場一直持有強硬的干預手段，規(guī)范銀行和保險公司的行為，促使其采取足夠的措施照顧弱勢群體。
      印度的醫(yī)療保障制度，核心思想就是運用經(jīng)濟和行政等各種杠桿，制訂一系列行之有效的公共政策，既要使富人享受室外綠草如茵、屋內環(huán)境優(yōu)雅、各種先進醫(yī)療設備一應俱全的星級醫(yī)療服務，同時也要使普通百姓能夠享受基本的醫(yī)療保障。
      印度主要有以下三種醫(yī)療保險和救助形式：
      農產品加工企業(yè)組織合同農戶向保險公司集體投保。如，科拉拉邦某區(qū)牛奶生產者合作社協(xié)會與東印度保險公司簽約，協(xié)助奶牛養(yǎng)殖戶投保住院醫(yī)療保險。每戶每年保費為100多盧比（約合2美元多），保險限額為15000盧比（約合300多美元）。目前參加這項計劃的農戶約占該企業(yè)合同農戶的2/3。非政府組織為成員設計保險項目集體向保險公司投保。如，古吉拉特邦非正規(guī)產業(yè)婦女聯(lián)合會與印度聯(lián)合保險公司簽約，提供三個檔次的住院保險產品：個人繳納保費分別為 85、200和 400盧比，對應的保險限額分別為2000、5500和一萬盧比。不過，該項目不覆蓋乙型肝炎和肺結核之類的慢性傳染病。目前，該聯(lián)合會有十萬多人參保，約占該組織成員總數(shù)的1/3。
      非正規(guī)經(jīng)濟產業(yè)工會的健康福利項目。這些工會各自設有福利基金，每年按照雇員工資的固定百分比從每個會員及其雇主那里收費。根據(jù)各工會的福利章程，會員在滿足規(guī)定的基金繳納年限或繳納金額后，有權利享受醫(yī)療、養(yǎng)老、傷殘、生育、喪葬、嫁娶、房屋和失業(yè)補助，或是其中的單項福利。科拉拉邦的非正規(guī)產業(yè)工會中，約有半數(shù)工會提供大病醫(yī)療補助，例如棕櫚酒業(yè)工會設有金額為3000盧比的癌癥醫(yī)療補助金。
      興辦這些保險項目不僅有利于成員的健康安全和收入安全，而且有助于加強社區(qū)和社團的凝聚力。這些保險項目主要針對的是發(fā)病率較低但醫(yī)療費用較高的大病風險。采取社區(qū)和社團集體投保的方式也克服了與正規(guī)保險項目相聯(lián)系的成本障礙。以往保險公司不接納非正規(guī)部門個人客戶的一個重要原因．是他們獲得收入的時間和金額都不確定，加之投保數(shù)額較小，導致公司相對交易成本太高。而社區(qū)和社團集體投保一方面降低了保險公司的交易成本使得非正規(guī)就業(yè)者獲得正規(guī)保險服務，另一方面由于和保險公司掛鉤從而強化了單個社區(qū)和社團的風險分散能力。
      印度能推行行之有效的社會醫(yī)療保障制度，最根本的基礎是其日益發(fā)展的制藥業(yè)及其低廉的價格。作為文明古國，印度的草藥很發(fā)達。近年來，印度政府積極提倡使用印藥，并在廣大農村建立了草藥中心，鼓勵能用草藥就不用西藥，從而大大降低了窮人的治療費用。此外，由于國產西藥質量普遍很好，絕大部分印度人都選用國產藥，對于感冒發(fā)燒這樣的小病，窮人只要拿處方去藥店，花上二三十盧比買藥服下，就能解決問題。類似“扶他林”之類的藥，價格也只有中國的1/3。
      印度醫(yī)藥企業(yè)的國際化程度較高。印度醫(yī)藥企業(yè)中排名第三的西普拉公司上世紀80年代末90年代初就獲得了美國食品及藥物管理局對其生產設施頒發(fā)的許可證，生產的藥品已經(jīng)可以銷售到世界上100多個國家。印度的經(jīng)驗證明，采取市場經(jīng)濟體制的發(fā)展中國家完全能夠根據(jù)本國社會政治經(jīng)濟文化的特點，建立獨特的公共衛(wèi)生制度和醫(yī)療保障制度，并利用醫(yī)療救濟手段援助貧困人口，以滿足國民最基本的健康需求。
      綜上，這就是金磚五國的現(xiàn)狀了，他們各有利弊各有自己面臨的難題，但也有許多相近的地方，比如由于人口過多，醫(yī)療體制不健全導致的看病難和看病貴的問題，所以每個國家的醫(yī)療保險的發(fā)展程度也不太一樣，就比如印度相比與其他幾個國家就顯的成熟許多。所以，我們在了解自己有了解伙伴的時候，可以正好互補，大力發(fā)展，改革，完善我們國家的醫(yī)保體制。參考文獻： 1，2005年第5期《世界知識》傅小強
      2，《中國醫(yī)療保險的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢分析》王文娟，陳岱云(濟南大學法學院，山東濟南250022)3，《巴西、阿根廷醫(yī)療保障制度的現(xiàn)狀與啟示》
      4，《南非醫(yī)療現(xiàn)狀：立法承認中醫(yī) 貧富兩極分化嚴重》（濟南時報）5，《印度醫(yī)保體制》（學習時報）6，《俄羅斯醫(yī)療保險現(xiàn)狀》
      第四篇：2017廈門金磚五國聯(lián)合宣言中英文對照版
      金磚國家領導人廈門宣言
      BRICS Leaders Xiamen Declaration
      中國廈門，2017年9月4日
      Xiamen, China, 4 September 2017
      一、序言
      1.我們，中華人民共和國、巴西聯(lián)邦共和國、俄羅斯聯(lián)邦、印度共和國和南非共和國領導人于2017年9月4日在中國廈門舉行金磚國家領導人第九次會晤。圍繞“深化金磚伙伴關系，開辟更加光明未來”主題，我們致力于本著未來共同發(fā)展的愿景，在金磚國家合作已有進展的基礎上更進一步。我們還討論了共同關心的國際和地區(qū)問題，協(xié)商一致通過《金磚國家領導人廈門宣言》。
      1.We, the Leaders of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the Russian Federation, the Republic of India, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa, met on 4 September 2017 in Xiamen, China, at the Ninth BRICS Summit.Under the theme “BRICS: Stronger Partnership for a Brighter Future”, we endeavor to build on our achievements already made with a shared vision for future development of BRICS.We also discussed international and regional issues of common concern and adopted the Xiamen Declaration by consensus.2.我們重申，追求和平、安全、發(fā)展和合作的宏偉目標和愿望使金磚國家在10年前走到了一起。從此，金磚國家矢志發(fā)展經(jīng)濟，改善民生，沿著符合本國國情的發(fā)展道路共同走過了一段非凡歷程。在歷次領導人會晤的推動下，我們致力于協(xié)調行動，構建起全方位、多層次的合作勢頭。我們堅持發(fā)展事業(yè)，秉持多邊主義，共同推動建立更加公正、平等、公平、民主和有代表性的國際政治、經(jīng)濟秩序。
      2.We reiterate that it is the overarching objective and our desire for peace, security, development and cooperation that brought us together 10 years ago.BRICS countries have since traversed a remarkable journey together on their respective development paths tailored to their national circumstances, devoted to growing their economies and improving people's livelihoods.Our committed and concerted efforts have generated a momentum of all-dimensional and multi-layered cooperation fostered by the previous Leaders' Summits.Upholding development and multilateralism, we are working together for a more just, equitable, fair, democratic and representative international political and economic order.3.我們始于2006年的合作進程已經(jīng)培育出互尊互諒、平等相待、團結互助、開放包容、互惠互利的金磚精神，這是我們的寶貴財富和金磚國家合作不竭的力量源泉。我們尊重各自選擇的發(fā)展道路，理解和支持彼此利益。我們一直堅持平等團結，堅持開放包容，建設開放型世界經(jīng)濟，深化同新興市場和發(fā)展中國家的合作。我們堅持互利合作，謀求共同發(fā)展，不斷深化金磚務實合作，造福世界。
      3.Our cooperation since 2006 has fostered the BRICS spirit featuring mutual respect and understanding, equality, solidarity, openness, inclusiveness and mutually beneficial cooperation, which is our valuable asset and an inexhaustible source of strength for BRICS cooperation.We have shown respect for the development paths of our respective choices, and rendered understanding and support to each other's interests.We have upheld equality and solidarity.We have also embraced openness and inclusiveness, dedicated to forging an open world economy.We have furthered our cooperation with emerging markets and developing countries(EMDCs).We have worked together for mutually beneficial outcomes and common development, constantly deepening BRICS practical cooperation which benefits the world at large.4.我們對合作取得的豐碩成果感到滿意，包括成立新開發(fā)銀行(NDB)和應急儲備安排(CRA)，制定《金磚國家經(jīng)濟伙伴戰(zhàn)略》，通過安全事務高級代表會議、外長會晤等加強政治安全合作，深化五國人民的傳統(tǒng)友誼等。
      4.We draw satisfaction from the many fruitful results of our cooperation, including establishing the New Development Bank(NDB)and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement(CRA), formulating the Strategy for BRICS Economic Partnership, strengthening political and security cooperation including through Meetings of BRICS High Representatives for Security Issues and Foreign Ministers Meetings, and deepening the traditional ties of friendship amongst our peoples.5.我們回顧烏法和果阿會晤成果，將共同努力深化金磚國家戰(zhàn)略伙伴關系，造福五國人民。我們將本著堅定信念，在歷次領導人會晤成果和共識的基礎上，開辟金磚國家團結合作的第二個“金色十年”。
      5.Recalling our Summits in Ufa and Goa, we will work together to further enhance BRICS strategic partnership for the welfare of our peoples.We commit ourselves to build upon the outcomes and consensus of our previous Summits with unwavering conviction, so as to usher in the second golden decade of BRICS cooperation and solidarity.6.我們相信，金磚國家發(fā)展前景廣闊，合作潛力巨大，我們對金磚國家的未來滿懷信心。我們致力于加強如下合作：
      6.Believing in the broad development prospects of our countries and the vast potential of our cooperation, we have full confidence in the future of BRICS.We commit to further strengthen our cooperation.——深化務實合作，促進金磚國家發(fā)展。我們將加強發(fā)展經(jīng)驗交流，打造貿易投資大市場，促進基礎設施聯(lián)通、貨幣金融流通，實現(xiàn)聯(lián)動發(fā)展。我們致力于同其他新興市場和發(fā)展中國家建立廣泛的伙伴關系。為此，我們將采取平等和靈活的方式同其他國家開展對話與合作，包括“金磚+”合作模式。
      --We will energize our practical cooperation to boost development of BRICS countries.We will, inter alia, promote exchanges of good practices and experiences on development, and facilitate market inter-linkages as well as infrastructure and financial integration to achieve interconnected development.We shall also strive towards broad partnerships with EMDCs, and in this context, we will pursue equal-footed and flexible practices and initiatives for dialogue and cooperation with non-BRICS countries, including through BRICS Plus cooperation.——加強溝通協(xié)調，完善經(jīng)濟治理，建立更加公正合理的國際經(jīng)濟秩序。我們將努力提高金磚國家及新興市場和發(fā)展中國家在全球經(jīng)濟治理中的發(fā)言權和代表性，推動建設開放、包容、均衡的經(jīng)濟全球化，以促進新興市場和發(fā)展中國家發(fā)展，為解決南北發(fā)展失衡、促進世界經(jīng)濟增長提供強勁動力。
      --We will enhance communication and coordination in improving global economic governance to foster a more just and equitable international economic order.We will work towards enhancement of the voice and representation of BRICS countries and EMDCs in global economic governance and promote an open, inclusive and balanced economic globalization, thus contributing towards development of EMDCs and providing strong impetus to redressing North-South development imbalances and promoting global growth.——倡導公平正義，維護國際與地區(qū)和平穩(wěn)定。我們將堅定維護以聯(lián)合國為核心的公正合理的國際秩序，維護《聯(lián)合國憲章》的宗旨和原則，尊重國際法，推動國際關系民主化法治化，共同應對傳統(tǒng)和非傳統(tǒng)安全挑戰(zhàn)，為人類命運共同體開辟更加光明的未來。--We will emphasize fairness and justice to safeguard international and regional peace and stability.We will stand firm in upholding a fair and equitable international order based on the central role of the United Nations, the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and respect for international law, promoting democracy and the rule of law in international relations, and making joint efforts to address common traditional and non-traditional security challenges, so as to build a brighter shared future for the global community.——弘揚多元文化，促進人文交流，深化傳統(tǒng)友誼，為金磚合作奠定更廣泛的民意支持基礎。我們將拓展全方位人文交流，鼓勵社會各界廣泛參與金磚合作，促進各國文化和文明的互學互鑒，增進各國人民之間的溝通和理解，深化傳統(tǒng)友誼，讓金磚伙伴關系的理念深植于民心。
      --We will embrace cultural diversity and promote people-to-people exchanges to garner more popular support for BRICS cooperation through deepened traditional friendships.We will expand people-to-people exchanges in all dimensions, encourage all fabrics of the society to participate in BRICS cooperation, promote mutual learning between our cultures and civilizations, enhance communication and mutual understanding among our peoples and deepen traditional friendships, thus making BRICS partnership closer to our people's hearts.二、金磚經(jīng)濟務實合作
      BRICS Practical Economic Cooperation
      7.我們注意到，世界經(jīng)濟增長更加穩(wěn)固，抗風險能力增強，新動能繼續(xù)顯現(xiàn)，金磚國家繼續(xù)發(fā)揮作為全球增長引擎的重要作用。同時，我們也注意到世界經(jīng)濟中的不確定性和下行風險依然存在，強調有必要警惕防范內顧政策和傾向。這種政策和傾向正在對世界經(jīng)濟增長前景和市場信心帶來負面影響。我們呼吁各國謹慎制定宏觀經(jīng)濟政策和結構性政策，加強政策溝通與協(xié)調。
      7.We note that against the backdrop of more solid global economic growth, enhanced resilience and emerging new drivers, BRICS countries continue to play an important role as engines of global growth.Noting the uncertainties and downside risks that persist, we emphasize the need to be vigilant in guarding against inward-looking policies and tendencies that are weighing on global growth prospects and market confidence.We call upon all countries to calibrate and communicate their macroeconomic and structural policies and strengthen policy coordination.8.我們注意到，經(jīng)濟務實合作一直是金磚合作的基礎，特別是落實《金磚國家經(jīng)濟伙伴戰(zhàn)略》以及在貿易投資、制造業(yè)和礦業(yè)加工、基礎設施互聯(lián)互通、資金融通、科技創(chuàng)新、信息通信技術合作等優(yōu)先領域的倡議。我們歡迎落實該經(jīng)濟伙伴戰(zhàn)略的首份報告，歡迎各領域專業(yè)部長會取得的系列成果。我們承諾使用所有政策工具，包括財政、貨幣和結構性改革措施，實施創(chuàng)新驅動戰(zhàn)略，增強經(jīng)濟韌性和潛力，為促進強勁、可持續(xù)、平衡和包容增長做出貢獻。8.We note that practical economic cooperation has traditionally served as a foundation of BRICS cooperation, notably through implementing the Strategy for BRICS Economic Partnership and initiatives related to its priority areas such as trade and investment, manufacturing and minerals processing, infrastructure connectivity, financial integration, science, technology and innovation, and Information and Communication Technology(ICT)cooperation, among others.We welcome the first report on the implementation of the Strategy for BRICS Economic Partnership, and the broad package of outcomes delivered by the sectoral ministerial meetings.We commit to use all policy tools-fiscal, monetary and structural-and adopt innovation-driven development strategies to enhance resilience and potentials of our economies, so as to contribute to strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive global growth.9.我們強調加強貿易投資合作有助于釋放金磚國家經(jīng)濟潛力，同意完善并擴展貿易投資合作機制和范圍，以加強金磚國家經(jīng)濟互補性和多樣性。我們歡迎金磚國家第七次經(jīng)貿部長會議在貿易投資便利化及互聯(lián)互通合作框架、路線圖和概要方面取得積極成果，包括通過加強貿易投資便利化、服務貿易、電子商務、與金磚國家知識產權管理部門合作活動相協(xié)調的知識產權合作、經(jīng)濟技術合作、中小企業(yè)和婦女經(jīng)濟賦權等領域合作，加強政策分享、信息交流和能力建設。我們歡迎建立自愿參與的金磚國家示范電子口岸網(wǎng)絡和電子商務工作組。我們歡迎中國在2018年舉辦國際進口博覽會并鼓勵金磚國家工商界積極參與。
      9.Stressing the role of enhanced trade and investment cooperation in unleashing the potential of BRICS economies, we agree to improve and broaden trade and investment cooperation mechanism and scope, with a view to enhancing BRICS economic complementarity and diversification in BRICS countries.We welcome the positive outcomes of the 7th BRICS Trade Ministers Meeting in terms of the cooperative frameworks, roadmaps and outlines on trade and investment facilitation and connectivity and enhanced policy sharing, information exchange, capacity building, through enhanced joint efforts on trade and investment facilitation, trade in services, E-commerce, IPR(in synergy with the cooperation activities among BRICS IP authorities), economic and technical cooperation, SMEs and women economic empowerment.We welcome the setting up of the BRICS E-Port Network that will operate on a voluntary basis and the establishment of the BRICS E-commerce Working Group.We also welcome China's initiative to host an International Import Expo in 2018 and encourage our business communities to actively participate in it.10.我們強調加強金磚國家財金合作的重要性，以更好地服務實體經(jīng)濟，滿足金磚國家發(fā)展需要。我們注意到金磚國家財政部長和央行行長就政府和社會資本合作(PPP)達成共識，包括分享PPP經(jīng)驗，開展金磚國家PPP框架良好實踐等。我們認識到金磚國家成立臨時工作組，就通過多種途徑開展PPP合作進行技術性討論，包括如何根據(jù)各國經(jīng)驗利用多邊開發(fā)銀行現(xiàn)有資源、探討成立一個新的PPP項目準備基金的可能性等。我們鼓勵金磚國家會計準則制定機構和審計機關加強協(xié)調與合作，同意在充分考慮各國法律和政策的同時，探討債券發(fā)行領域的會計準則趨同和審計監(jiān)管領域的合作，為金磚國家債券市場互聯(lián)互通奠定基礎。我們同意促進金磚國家本幣債券市場發(fā)展，致力于共同設立金磚國家本幣債券基金，作為維護金磚國家融資資本可持續(xù)性的一種手段，通過吸引更多外國私人部門參與，促進各國國內和區(qū)域債券市場發(fā)展并加強金磚國家財政韌性。
      10.We stress the importance of enhancing BRICS financial cooperation to better serve the real economy and meet the development needs of BRICS countries.We note the agreement by the finance ministers and central bank governors on cooperation on Public Private Partnerships(PPP), including through PPP experience exchange and application of the BRICS Good Practices on PPP Frameworks.We acknowledge the establishment of a temporary task force to conduct technical discussion on various ways of cooperation, including utilizing existing facilities of the MDBs based on national experiences, exploring the possibility of establishing a new PPP Project Preparation Fund and other options.We encourage cooperation and coordination by our accounting standards setters and audit regulators and agree to explore convergence of accounting standards and continue discussion on cooperation on auditing oversight in the area of bond issuance, so as to lay the groundwork for bond market connectivity among BRICS countries, with due regard to applicable national legislation and policies.We agree to promote the development of BRICS Local Currency Bond Markets and jointly establish a BRICS Local Currency Bond Fund, as a means of contribution to the capital sustainability of financing in BRICS countries, boosting the development of BRICS domestic and regional bond markets, including by increasing foreign private sector participation, and enhancing financial resilience of BRICS countries.11.為滿足金磚國家貿易投資快速增長帶來的需求，我們同意在遵守各國現(xiàn)有監(jiān)管框架和世貿組織義務的基礎上，通過促進金融機構和金融服務網(wǎng)絡化布局，為金磚國家金融市場整合提供便利，同時確保金融監(jiān)管部門更好地交流與合作。我們同意通過金磚國家反洗錢/打擊恐怖融資代表團團長合作，以及在金磚國家反恐工作組工作框架下，并利用其他平臺來維護各國金融系統(tǒng)廉潔，為落實和改善金融行動特別工作組關于反洗錢、打擊恐怖融資和防止大規(guī)模殺傷性武器擴散的國際標準發(fā)揮積極作用。我們同意在符合各國央行法律授權的前提下，通過貨幣互換、本幣結算、本幣直接投資等適當方式，就加強貨幣合作保持密切溝通，并探索更多貨幣合作方式。我們鼓勵金磚國家銀行間合作機制繼續(xù)在支持金磚國家經(jīng)貿合作方面發(fā)揮重要作用。我們贊賞金磚國家成員國的開發(fā)銀行簽署關于銀行間本幣授信和信用評級合作的諒解備忘錄。
      11.In order to serve the demand arising from rapid growth of trade and investment among the BRICS countries, we agree to facilitate financial market integration through promoting the network of financial institutions and the coverage of financial services within BRICS countries, subject to each country's existing regulatory framework and WTO obligations, and to ensure greater communication and cooperation between financial sector regulators.We agree to take an active part in the efforts to implement and improve International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation in FATF, including through cooperation among BRICS Heads of Delegation on AML/CFT, also in the context of the work of BRICS CTWG and by using other platforms and to safeguard integrity of national financial systems.We agree to communicate closely to enhance currency cooperation, consistent with each central bank's legal mandate, including through currency swap, local currency settlement, and local currency direct investment, where appropriate, and to explore more modalities of currency cooperation.We encourage the BRICS Interbank Cooperation Mechanism to continue playing an important role in supporting BRICS economic and trade cooperation.We commend the progress in concluding the Memoranda of Understanding among national development banks of BRICS countries on interbank local currency credit line and on interbank cooperation in relation to credit rating.12.我們強調創(chuàng)新是經(jīng)濟中長期增長和全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要驅動力。我們致力于推動科技創(chuàng)新合作，發(fā)揮協(xié)同效應，挖掘金磚國家增長新動能，繼續(xù)應對我們面臨的發(fā)展挑戰(zhàn)。我們對金磚國家科技創(chuàng)新框架計劃下選擇的研發(fā)項目感到滿意，并注意到第二輪項目征集。我們歡迎金磚國家科技創(chuàng)新合作諒解備忘錄，支持通過技術轉移轉化、科技園區(qū)和企業(yè)合作以及研究人員、企業(yè)家、專業(yè)人士和學生流動等方式加強創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)合作。我們鼓勵學術界、工商界、民間社會以及其他利益攸關方加大參與，支持通過新開發(fā)銀行等現(xiàn)有基金、機構和平臺促進科技創(chuàng)新投資以及跨境投資。我們同意繼續(xù)就創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)合作平臺開展工作，支持落實《金磚國家創(chuàng)新合作行動計劃(2017－2020)》。
      12.We highlight the importance of innovation as a key driver for mid and long term economic growth and global sustainable development.We commit to promote cooperation on science, technology and innovation(STI)to forge synergy in tapping new growth momentum for our five economies and continue to address the development challenges we face.We commend the selection of BRICS research and development projects under the BRICS STI Framework Program and note the launch of the 2nd call for projects.We welcome the BRICS STI Cooperation MOU and support enhanced cooperation on innovation and entrepreneurship, including by promoting technology transfer and application, cooperation among science and technology parks and enterprises as well as mobility of researchers, entrepreneurs, professionals and students.We encourage increased participation of the academia, businesses, civil society and other stakeholders in this process, and support the promotion of STI investment and cross-border investment through existing funding, institutions and platforms including the NDB.We agree to continue to work on a cooperation platform for innovation and entrepreneurship and support the implementation of the BRICS Innovation Cooperation Action Plan 2017-2020.13.我們重申致力于工業(yè)領域合作，包括產能和產業(yè)政策、新型工業(yè)基礎設施與標準、中小微企業(yè)等，共同抓住新工業(yè)革命帶來的機遇，加速金磚國家工業(yè)化進程。我們鼓勵探討建立金磚國家未來網(wǎng)絡研究機構。我們將加強金磚國家在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、云計算、大數(shù)據(jù)、數(shù)據(jù)分析、納米技術、人工智能、5G及其創(chuàng)新應用等信息通信技術的聯(lián)合研發(fā)和創(chuàng)新，提升五國信息通信技術基礎設施建設和互聯(lián)互通水平。我們倡導在基礎設施安全、數(shù)據(jù)保護、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)空間領域制定國際通行的規(guī)則，共建和平、安全的網(wǎng)絡空間。我們將增加信息通信技術投資，確認有必要進一步提升信息通信技術研發(fā)投資，在提供產品和服務方面釋放創(chuàng)新活力。我們鼓勵研究機構、組織、企業(yè)在概念論證和試點項目方面建立認證和便利化伙伴關系，通過智慧城市、衛(wèi)生保健、能效設施等領域的下一代創(chuàng)新舉措，發(fā)揮在信息通信技術軟硬件和技能方面的互補優(yōu)勢。我們支持就落實金磚信息通信技術發(fā)展議程和行動計劃積極開展合作。13.We reaffirm our commitment to BRICS industrial cooperation, including on industrial capacities and policies, new industrial infrastructure and standards, and among small, micro and medium-sized enterprises(SMMEs), so as to jointly seize the opportunities brought about by the new industrial revolution and expedite our respective industrialization processes.We encourage exploring the establishment of BRICS Institute of Future networks.We will enhance joint BRICS research, development and innovation in ICT including the Internet of Things, Cloud computing, Big Data, Data Analytics, Nanotechnology, Artificial Intelligence and 5G and their innovative applications to elevate the level of ICT infrastructure and connectivity in our countries.We will advocate the establishment of internationally applicable rules for security of ICT infrastructure, data protection and the Internet that can be widely accepted by all parties concerned, and jointly build a network that is safe and secure.We will increase investment of ICT, recognize the need to further increase investment in ICT Research and development, unleash the dynamics of innovation in producing goods and services.We encourage identification and facilitation of partnership between institutes, organizations, enterprises in the implementation of proof of concepts and pilot projects by leveraging complementary strengths in ICT hardware, software and skills through developing next generation of innovative solutions in the areas of smart cities, health care and energy efficient device, etc.We support active collaboration in implementing the BRICS ICT Development Agenda and Action Plan.14.我們重申致力于全面落實2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程。我們將倡導公平、開放、全面、創(chuàng)新、包容發(fā)展，平衡協(xié)調推進經(jīng)濟、社會和環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展。我們支持聯(lián)合國，包括其可持續(xù)發(fā)展高級別政治論壇，在協(xié)調、評估全球落實2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程方面發(fā)揮重要作用，認為有必要通過改革聯(lián)合國發(fā)展系統(tǒng)增強其支持成員國落實可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程的能力。我們敦促發(fā)達國家按時、足額履行官方發(fā)展援助承諾，為發(fā)展中國家提供更多發(fā)展資源。14.We reaffirm our commitment to fully implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.We will also advocate equitable, open, all-round, innovation-driven and inclusive development, to achieve sustainable development in its three dimensions-economic, social and environmental-in a balanced and integrated manner.We support the important role of the United Nations, including the High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development(HLPF), in coordinating and reviewing global implementation of the 2030 Agenda, and support the need to reform the UN Development System with a view to enhancing its capability in supporting Member States in implementing the 2030 Agenda.We urge developed countries to honor their Official Development Assistance commitments in time and in full and provide more development resources to developing countries.15.我們強調能源對經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略重要性，致力于加強金磚國家能源合作。我們認識到可持續(xù)發(fā)展、能源獲取、能源安全對世界的共同繁榮和未來發(fā)展至關重要。我們承認清潔和可再生能源應讓所有人負擔得起。我們將建設開放、靈活和透明的能源大宗商品和技術市場。我們將攜手推動化石能源的更高效利用及天然氣、水電和核能的更廣泛應用，為低排放經(jīng)濟、更好的能源獲取及可持續(xù)發(fā)展作出貢獻。為此，我們強調，提高用以擴大民用核能能力的技術和資金的可預測性十分重要，這有利于金磚國家的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。我們鼓勵就設立金磚國家能源研究平臺繼續(xù)開展對話，要求相關機構繼續(xù)推進能源合作與能效領域聯(lián)合研究。15.Underlining the strategic importance of energy to economic development, we commit to strengthen BRICS cooperation on energy.We recognize that sustainable development, energy access, and energy security are critical to the shared prosperity and future of the planet.We acknowledge that clean and renewable energy needs to be affordable to all.We will work to foster open, flexible and transparent markets for energy commodities and technologies.We will work together to promote most effective use of fossil fuels and wider use of gas, hydro and nuclear power, which will contribute to the transformation toward a low emissions economy, better energy access, and sustainable development.In this regard, we underline the importance of predictability in accessing technology and finance for expansion of civil nuclear energy capacity which would contribute to sustainable development in BRICS countries.We encourage continued dialogue on the establishment of a BRICS Energy Research Cooperation Platform and urge relevant entities to continue to promote joint research on energy cooperation and energy efficiency.16.我們致力于在可持續(xù)發(fā)展和消除貧困的框架內繼續(xù)推動發(fā)展綠色和低碳經(jīng)濟，加強金磚國家應對氣候變化合作，擴大綠色融資。我們呼吁各國根據(jù)共同但有區(qū)別的責任原則、各自能力原則等《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》有關原則，全面落實《巴黎協(xié)定》，并敦促發(fā)達國家向發(fā)展中國家提供資金、技術和能力建設支持，增強發(fā)展中國家減緩和適應氣候變化的能力。
      16.We commit to further promote green development and low-carbon economy, in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, enhance BRICS cooperation on climate change and expand green financing.We call upon all countries to fully implement the Paris Agreement adopted under the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)including the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, and urge developed countries to provide financial, technological and capacity-building support to developing countries to enhance their capability in mitigation and adaptation.17.我們強調環(huán)境合作對金磚國家可持續(xù)發(fā)展和人民福祉的重要性，同意在預防空氣和水污染、廢棄物管理、保護生物多樣性等領域采取具體行動，推進成果導向型合作。我們認識到構建環(huán)境友好型技術平臺和提高城市環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力的重要性，支持金磚國家在此方面的共同努力。巴西、俄羅斯、印度和南非贊賞并支持中國承辦2020年《生物多樣性公約》締約方大會。
      17.Stressing the importance of environmental cooperation to sustainable development of our countries and the well-being of our peoples, we agree to take concrete actions to advance result-oriented cooperation in such areas as prevention of air and water pollution, waste management and biodiversity conservation.We recognize the importance of an environmentally sound technology platform and of improving urban environmental sustainability, and support BRICS joint efforts in this regard.Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa appreciate and support China's hosting of the meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2020.18.我們注意到過去幾年金磚國家農業(yè)合作成果豐碩，認為各國農業(yè)發(fā)展各具特色，互補性強，合作潛力巨大。為此，我們同意在糧食安全與營養(yǎng)、農業(yè)適應氣候變化、農業(yè)技術合作與創(chuàng)新、農業(yè)投資貿易以及農業(yè)信息技術應用等五大重點領域加強合作，為推動全球農業(yè)穩(wěn)定增長、實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標作出貢獻。我們歡迎建立金磚國家農業(yè)研究平臺協(xié)調中心，這一虛擬網(wǎng)絡將有助于推進上述優(yōu)先領域合作。
      18.Noting the fruitful agricultural cooperation over the past years, we recognize the unique characteristics and complementarity of BRICS countries in agricultural development and vast cooperation potential in this area.In this connection, we agree to deepen cooperation in the five priority areas such as food security and nutrition, adaptation of agriculture to climate change, agricultural technology cooperation and innovation, agricultural trade and investment, and ICT application in agriculture to contribute to stable global agricultural growth and achievement of Sustainable Development Goals.We welcome the establishment in India of the Coordination Center of BRICS Agriculture Research Platform, a virtual network which will facilitate addressing these priority areas.19.我們關注非洲大陸在自主和可持續(xù)發(fā)展、野生動物保護等方面面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。我們重申將致力于加強對非合作，通過促進互聯(lián)互通和發(fā)展領域的倡議與項目，幫助非洲大陸打擊非法野生動物買賣，促進就業(yè)、糧食安全、基礎設施發(fā)展與工業(yè)化。我們重申堅定支持非盟落實《2063年議程》框架下的各項計劃，實現(xiàn)非洲大陸和平與經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展。
      19.We express concern over the challenges faced by the African continent in achieving independent and sustainable development and in wildlife conservation.We reaffirm our commitment to strengthen cooperation with Africa and help the continent to address illegal wildlife trade, promote employment, food security, infrastructure development and industrialization including through connectivity and developmental initiatives and projects.We reaffirm our strong support for African Union's implementation of its various programs under Agenda 2063 in pursuit of its continental agenda for peace and socio-economic development.20.腐敗對可持續(xù)發(fā)展帶來負面影響。我們支持加強金磚國家反腐敗合作，重申致力于加強對話與經(jīng)驗交流，支持編纂金磚國家反腐敗圖冊。腐敗資產非法流動危害金磚國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和金融穩(wěn)定，我們支持加強資產追回合作。我們支持包括通過金磚國家反腐敗工作組機制加強國際反腐敗合作和追逃追贓工作。非法資金流動、藏匿在國外的非法所得等腐敗活動是全球性挑戰(zhàn)，將對經(jīng)濟增長和可持續(xù)發(fā)展造成負面影響。我們將努力加強這方面的協(xié)調行動，依據(jù)《聯(lián)合國反腐敗公約》和其他有關國際法，鼓勵在全球范圍內更有力地預防和打擊腐敗。20.Keenly aware of the negative impact of corruption on sustainable development, we support the efforts to enhance BRICS anti-corruption cooperation.We reaffirm our commitment to intensify dialogue and experience sharing and support compiling a compendium on fighting corruption in BRICS countries.We further acknowledge that illegal flow of the proceeds of corruption impairs economic development and financial stability, and support enhanced cooperation in asset recovery.We support the strengthening of international cooperation against corruption, including through the BRICS Anti-Corruption Working Group, as well as on matters related to asset recovery and persons sought for corruption.We acknowledge that corruption including illicit money and financial flows, and ill-gotten wealth stashed in foreign jurisdictions is a global challenge which may impact negatively on economic growth and sustainable development.We will strive to coordinate our approach in this regard and encourage a stronger global commitment to prevent and combat corruption on the basis of the United Nations Convention against Corruption and other relevant international legal instruments.21.我們生活在數(shù)字經(jīng)濟時代，已準備好利用數(shù)字經(jīng)濟為全球增長帶來的機遇，并應對有關挑戰(zhàn)。我們將基于創(chuàng)新、伙伴、協(xié)同、靈活、開放和利于營商、注重信任和安全，保護消費者權益等原則，采取行動為數(shù)字經(jīng)濟繁榮和蓬勃發(fā)展創(chuàng)造條件，促進世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展并惠及所有人。21.Living in the era of digital economy, we are ready to use opportunities it provides and address challenges it poses for the global growth.We will act on the basis of principles of innovation, partnership, synergy, flexibility, open and favorable business environment, trust and security, protection of consumer rights in order to ensure the conditions for a thriving and dynamic digital economy, that will foster global economic development and benefit everyone.22.我們贊賞金磚國家工商理事會和金磚國家工商論壇在基礎設施、制造業(yè)、能源、農業(yè)、金融服務、電子商務、技術標準校準、技能開發(fā)等方面為加強金磚國家經(jīng)濟合作所做的努力和貢獻。我們歡迎在工商理事會框架下建立區(qū)域航空工作組，注意到巴西關于建立區(qū)域航空伙伴關系諒解備忘錄的提議。我們鼓勵工商界和商業(yè)協(xié)會積極參與金磚國家合作，充分發(fā)揮貿易投資促進機構作用，推動互利共贏合作。
      22.We appreciate the efforts and contribution of the BRICS Business Council and Business Forum to strengthening our economic cooperation in infrastructure, manufacturing, energy, agriculture, financial services, e-commerce, alignment of technical standards and skills development.We welcome the establishment of a working group on regional aviation within the framework of the Business Council and in this connection acknowledge the Brazil's proposal on an MOU on regional aviation partnership.We encourage business communities and associations to actively participate in BRICS cooperation, and give full play to their role as trade and investment facilitation institutions in promoting mutually beneficial cooperation.23.我們認識到勞動市場經(jīng)歷的重大變革及其為各國帶來的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)。我們滿意地看到金磚國家在人力資源、就業(yè)、社會保障、加強勞動市場信息系統(tǒng)、培育金磚國家勞動研究機構網(wǎng)絡和金磚國家社會保障合作框架等領域取得的進展。我們歡迎金磚國家就未來勞動治理取得共識，同意進一步加強合作與交流，確保充分就業(yè)和體面勞動，通過技能開發(fā)減少和消除貧困，構建普遍、可持續(xù)的社會保障體系。
      23.We recognize the importance of transformation that is taking place in the labor market and the opportunities and challenges it brings.We note with satisfaction the progress in BRICS cooperation with regard to human resources, employment and social security, fostering strong labor market information systems and networking of BRICS of Labor Research Institutes and BRICS Social Security Cooperation Framework.We welcome the achievement of a BRICS common position on governance in the future of work and agree to further strengthen exchanges and cooperation in ensuring full employment, promoting decent work, advancing poverty alleviation and reduction through skills development and achieving universal and sustainable social security systems.24.我們認識到，保護競爭對確保五國社會和經(jīng)濟高效發(fā)展、鼓勵創(chuàng)新、為消費者提供高品質產品都有重要意義。我們注意到五國競爭管理部門互動的重要意義，特別是識別和抑制跨境限制性商業(yè)行為。
      24.We recognize the importance of competition protection to ensure the efficient social and economic development of our countries, to stimulate innovative processes and to provide quality products to our consumers.We note the significance of the interaction between the Competition Authorities of our countries, in particular, in identifying and suppressing restrictive business practices that are of a transboundary nature.25.我們滿意地注意到，通過金磚國家海關合作委員會和海關工作組等機制，五國海關部門在貿易便利化、安全與執(zhí)法、能力建設和其他共同關心的事務方面取得的合作進展。我們鼓勵以信息互換、監(jiān)管互認、執(zhí)法互助為指導原則擴大合作，促進經(jīng)濟增長和人民福祉。為加強海關事務相互合作，我們重申致力于盡快完成《金磚國家海關行政互助協(xié)定》。25.We note with satisfaction the progress made by Customs Administrations in their cooperation on trade facilitation, security and enforcement, capacity building and other issues of mutual interest, including through such mechanisms as BRICS Customs Cooperation Committee and BRICS Customs Working Group.We encourage broadened cooperation under the guiding principles of mutual sharing of information, mutual recognition of customs control, and mutual assistance in enforcement so as to boost growth and promote people's welfare.In order to strengthen mutual cooperation in customs matters, we reaffirm our commitment to finalize BRICS Customs Mutual Assistance Agreement at the earliest.26.我們秉持和平利用外空原則，強調有必要加強空間活動國際合作，利用空間技術應對全球氣候變化、環(huán)境保護、防災救災以及其他人類面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。
      26.We adhere to the principle of utilizing outer space for peaceful purposes and emphasize the need to strengthen the international cooperation in space activities in order to use space technologies to respond to global climate change, environmental protection, disaster prevention and relief and other challenges faced by humankind.27.我們憶及金磚國家災害管理部長會圣彼得堡和烏代布爾宣言，以及建立金磚國家災害風險管理聯(lián)合工作組的決定，強調在金磚國家應急服務方面攜手合作非常重要。我們著眼于通過災害風險管理最佳實踐信息交流和自然、人為災害預報預警及有效應對等領域的合作，減少災害風險，構建更加安全的未來。
      27.Recalling the Saint-Petersburg and Udaipur Declarations of BRICS Ministers for Disaster Management and the decision to establish a BRICS Joint Taskforce on Disaster Risk Management, we underline the importance of consistent joint work of emergency services of BRICS countries aimed at building a safer future by reducing existing disaster risks, including exchange of information on best practices concerning disaster risk management and cooperation in the field of forecasting and early warning for effective response to natural and human induced disasters.28.我們對金磚國家在審計、統(tǒng)計、出口信貸等領域合作取得積極進展表示滿意，同意繼續(xù)推進相關合作。
      28.We note with satisfaction the progress in BRICS cooperation in such fields as audit, statistics and export credit and agree to further advance cooperation in these fields.全球經(jīng)濟治理
      Global Economic Governance
      29.我們決心構建一個更加高效、反映當前世界經(jīng)濟版圖的全球經(jīng)濟治理架構，增加新興市場和發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)言權和代表性。我們重申致力于推動國際貨幣基金組織于2019年春會、不遲于2019年年會前完成第15輪份額總檢查，包括形成一個新的份額公式。我們將繼續(xù)推動落實世界銀行股權審議。
      29.We resolve to foster a global economic governance architecture that is more effective and reflective of current global economic landscape, increasing the voice and representation of emerging markets and developing economies.We reaffirm our commitment to conclude the IMF's 15th General Review of Quotas, including a new quota formula, by the 2019 Spring Meetings and no later than the 2019 Annual Meetings.We will continue to promote the implementation of the World Bank Group Shareholding Review.30.我們強調開放、韌性的金融體系對可持續(xù)增長和發(fā)展非常重要，同意更好地利用資本流動帶來的益處，管理過度跨境資本流動與波動帶來的風險。應急儲備安排(CRA)是金磚國家金融合作和發(fā)展的一個里程碑，為全球金融穩(wěn)定作出了貢獻。我們歡迎建立CRA宏觀經(jīng)濟信息交換機制，以及進一步提高CRA研究能力、同IMF開展更緊密合作的共識。30.We emphasize the importance of an open and resilient financial system to sustainable growth and development, and agree to better leverage the benefits of capital flows and manage the risks stemming from excessive cross-border capital flows and fluctuation.The BRICS CRA represents a milestone of BRICS financial cooperation and development, which also contributes to global financial stability.We welcome the establishment of the CRA System of Exchange in Macroeconomic Information(SEMI), and the agreement to further strengthen the research capability of the CRA, and to promote closer cooperation between the IMF and the CRA.31.我們歡迎在南非設立新開發(fā)銀行(NDB)第一個區(qū)域辦公室——非洲區(qū)域中心。我們歡迎NDB設立項目準備基金以及批準第二批項目，祝賀NDB總部大樓破土動工。我們強調基礎設施互聯(lián)互通對培育更密切的經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系與伙伴關系至關重要。我們鼓勵NDB充分發(fā)揮作用，加強同世界銀行、亞洲基礎設施投資銀行等多邊開發(fā)機構以及金磚國家工商理事會的合作，以協(xié)調調動資源，促進金磚國家基礎設施建設和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
      31.We welcome the establishment of the NDB Africa Regional Center launched in South Africa, which is the first regional office of the Bank.We welcome the setting up of the Project Preparation Fund and the approval of the 2nd batch of projects.We congratulate the Bank on the ground-breaking of its permanent headquarters building.We stress the significance of infrastructure connectivity to foster closer economic ties and partnerships among countries.We encourage the NDB to fully leverage its role and enhance cooperation with multilateral development institutions including the World Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank as well as with the BRICS Business Council, to forge synergy in mobilizing resources and promote infrastructure construction and sustainable development of BRICS countries.32.我們強調，建設開放包容的世界經(jīng)濟對于讓所有國家和人民分享經(jīng)濟全球化的益處具有重要作用。我們繼續(xù)堅定維護以世貿組織為代表、以規(guī)則為基礎、透明、非歧視、開放和包容的多邊貿易體制，重申確保全面實施和執(zhí)行現(xiàn)有世貿組織規(guī)則，進一步加強世貿組織作用。我們呼吁加快落實世貿組織巴厘和內羅畢部長級會議成果，期待今年在阿根廷舉行的世貿組織部長級會議取得積極成果。我們將繼續(xù)堅決反對保護主義。我們重申不采取新的貿易保護主義措施的既有承諾，呼吁其他國家加入這一承諾。
      32.We emphasize the importance of an open and inclusive world economy enabling all countries and peoples to share in the benefits of globalization.We remain firmly committed to a rules-based, transparent, non-discriminatory, open and inclusive multilateral trading system as embodied in the WTO.We reaffirm our commitments to ensure full implementation and enforcement of existing WTO rules and are determined to work together to further strengthen the WTO.We call for the acceleration of the implementation of the Bali and Nairobi MCM outcomes and for the WTO ministerial conference to be held this year in Argentina to produce positive outcomes.We will continue to firmly oppose protectionism.We recommit to our existing pledge for both standstill and rollback of protectionist measures and we call upon other countries to join us in that commitment.33.我們重視二十國集團繼續(xù)作為國際經(jīng)濟合作主要論壇的作用，重申落實包括杭州峰會和漢堡峰會在內的歷屆峰會成果。我們呼吁二十國集團進一步加強宏觀經(jīng)濟政策協(xié)調，將對新興市場和發(fā)展中國家造成的負面外溢效應和沖擊降至最低。我們同意在2018年阿根廷擔任二十國集團主席國期間加強協(xié)調合作，使二十國集團進程與成果反映新興市場和發(fā)展中國家的利益和關切。
      33.Valuing the G20's continued role as the premier forum for international economic cooperation, we reiterate our commitments to the implementation of the outcomes of G20 summits, including the Hamburg Summit and the Hangzhou Summit.We call upon the G20 to further enhance macroeconomic policy coordination to minimize negative spillovers and external shocks to EMDEs.We agree to enhance coordination and cooperation under the Argentina Presidency in 2018, with an aim to make the G20 process and outcomes reflect the interests and priorities of EMDEs.34.我們重申努力建立公平、現(xiàn)代化的全球稅收體系，營造更加公正、有利于增長和高效的國際稅收環(huán)境，包括深化應對稅基侵蝕和利潤轉移合作，推進稅收信息交換，加強發(fā)展中國家能力建設。我們將加強金磚國家稅收合作，為國際稅收規(guī)則制定作出更大貢獻，同時向其他發(fā)展中國家提供有針對性的、有效、可持續(xù)的技術援助。
      34.We reaffirm our commitment to achieving a fair and modern global tax system and promoting a more equitable, pro-growth and efficient international tax environment, including to deepening cooperation on addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting(BEPS), promoting exchange of tax information and improving capacity-building in developing countries.We will strengthen BRICS tax cooperation to increase BRICS contribution to setting international tax rules and provide, according to each country's priorities, effective and sustainable technical assistance to other developing countries.國際和平與安全
      International Peace and Security
      35.我們注意到世界正在經(jīng)歷深刻變革，國際社會面臨全球性安全威脅和挑戰(zhàn)。我們承諾在國際場合就事關國際和平與安全的問題加強溝通與合作，重申維護世界和平與安全，捍衛(wèi)國際法基本準則及《聯(lián)合國憲章》宗旨和原則，包括堅持主權平等、不干涉別國內政。35.Cognizant of the profound changes the world is undergoing and the global security challenges and threats faced by the international community, we commit to enhance communication and cooperation in international fora on issues concerning international peace and security.We reiterate our commitment to safeguarding world peace and security and to upholding the basic norms of the international law, and the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations including sovereign equality and non-interference in other countries' internal affairs.36.我們歡迎2017年7月27日至28日在北京舉行的第七次金磚國家安全事務高級代表會議，贊賞會議就全球治理、反恐、網(wǎng)絡安全、能源安全、重大國際和地區(qū)熱點及國家安全和發(fā)展等問題進行探討并深化了共識。我們注意到巴西提議設立金磚國家情報論壇。我們歡迎中方作為安代會主席國向領導人會晤匯報會議成果，鼓勵今后主席國延續(xù)這一做法。我們期待在上述領域加強安全領域務實合作。
      36.We welcome the 7th Meeting of the BRICS High Representatives for Security Issues held on 27-28 July 2017 in Beijing, and commend the meeting for having discussion and deepening our common understanding on global governance, counter-terrorism, security in the use of ICTs, energy security, major international and regional hotspots as well as national security and development.We note Brazil's proposal to establish a BRICS Intelligence Forum.We welcome Chair's report to us on the proceedings of the Meeting and encourage the succeeding chairpersonships to continue this exercise.We look forward to enhancing practical security cooperation agreed upon in the above areas.37.我們歡迎在中國的倡議下于2017年6月18日至19日在北京舉辦金磚國家外長會晤。外長們就全球政治、安全、經(jīng)濟和金融等領域重大和共同關心的問題及加強金磚國家合作等交換意見。我們期待即將在聯(lián)合國大會期間舉辦的外長會晤，歡迎南非在2018年舉行下次金磚國家外長單獨會晤。
      37.We welcome China's hosting of the Meeting of BRICS Ministers of Foreign Affairs/International Relations in Beijing on 18-19 June 2017 at the initiative of China.Ministers exchanged views on major global political, security, economic and financial issues of common concern and on strengthening BRICS cooperation.We look forward to the upcoming meeting of Foreign Ministers on the margins of the UNGA.We welcome South Africa's offer to host the next stand-alone Foreign Ministers Meeting in 2018.38.發(fā)展和安全密切相關、相互促進，對實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)和平至關重要。我們重申在互信、互利、平等、合作的基礎上，采取共同、綜合、堅定的方式構建可持續(xù)和平，解決沖突的政治、經(jīng)濟及社會根源。我們譴責單邊軍事干預、經(jīng)濟制裁及任意采取單邊脅迫措施，這違反了國際法和公認的國際關系準則。我們強調，任何國家都不應以犧牲別國安全為代價加強自身安全。38.We recall that development and security are closely interlinked, mutually reinforcing and key to attaining sustainable peace.We reiterate our view that the establishment of sustainable peace requires a comprehensive, concerted and determined approach, based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equity and cooperation, that addresses the causes of conflicts, including their political, economic and social dimensions.We condemn unilateral military interventions, economic sanctions and arbitrary use of unilateral coercive measures in violation of international law and universally recognized norms of international relations.We emphasize that no country should enhance its security at the expense of the security of others.39.我們重申對聯(lián)合國的支持。聯(lián)合國作為具有普遍代表性的多邊組織，肩負維護國際和平與安全，推動全球發(fā)展、促進和保護人權的授權。
      39.We reaffirm our commitment to the United Nations as the universal multilateral organization entrusted with the mandate for maintaining international peace and security, advance global development and to promote and protect human rights.40.我們回顧2005年世界首腦會議成果文件，重申需要對聯(lián)合國包括其安理會進行全面改革，使之更具代表性、效力和效率，增強發(fā)展中國家代表性，以應對全球挑戰(zhàn)。中國和俄羅斯重申重視巴西、印度和南非在國際事務中的地位和作用，支持其希望在聯(lián)合國發(fā)揮更大作用的愿望。
      40.We recall the 2005 World Summit Outcome document and reaffirm the need for a comprehensive reform of the UN, including its Security Council, with a view to making it more representative, effective and efficient, and to increase the representation of the developing countries so that it can adequately respond to global challenges.China and Russia reiterate the importance they attach to the status and role of Brazil, India and South Africa in international affairs and support their aspiration to play a greater role in the UN.41.我們重申達成敘利亞問題持久解決辦法的唯一出路是推進“敘人主導、敘人所有”的包容性政治進程，根據(jù)聯(lián)合國安理會第2254(2015)號決議要求，維護敘利亞主權、獨立和領土完整，順應敘利亞人民的合理訴求。我們堅定支持日內瓦和談與阿斯塔納進程，歡迎在敘利亞設立沖突降級區(qū)，降低沖突程度，為在聯(lián)合國框架下開展和談取得有意義進展積聚積極勢頭，創(chuàng)造良好條件。我們反對任何人、在任何情況下、出于任何目的使用化學武器。41.We reiterate that the only lasting solution to the crisis in Syria is through an inclusive “Syrian-led, Syrian-owned” political process which safeguards the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Syria, in pursuance of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254(2015), and promotes the legitimate aspirations of the Syrian people.We strongly support the Geneva Peace Talks and the Astana process, and welcome the creation of the de-escalation areas in Syria, which contributed to decrease the levels of violence and generate positive momentum and conditions for meaningful progress in the peace talks under the auspices of the UN.We oppose the use of chemical weapons by anyone, for any purpose and under any circumstance.42.我們重申應在聯(lián)合國相關決議、馬德里原則、“阿拉伯和平倡議”以及此前雙方達成的協(xié)議基礎上，通過談判實現(xiàn)巴以沖突的公正、持久和全面解決，建立一個與以色列和平共處，獨立自主、經(jīng)濟上自立、領土完整的巴勒斯坦國，以實現(xiàn)中東地區(qū)和平穩(wěn)定。我們承諾為解決巴以問題做出更大貢獻，愿為實現(xiàn)中東問題的公正、持久解決做出更多貢獻，支持國際社會促進該地區(qū)和平穩(wěn)定的努力。
      42.We reiterate the urgent need for a just, lasting and comprehensive solution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in order to achieve peace and stability in the Middle East on the basis of relevant United Nations resolutions, the Madrid Principles, the Arab Peace Initiative and previous agreements between the parties through negotiations with a view to creating an independent, viable, territorially contiguous Palestinian State living side by side in peace and security with Israel.Committed to making greater contribution to such solution, we express readiness to enhance our contribution towards a just and lasting resolution of the Middle East conflict and support international efforts to promote peace and stability in the region.43.我們祝賀伊拉克人民和政府收復摩蘇爾以及在打擊恐怖主義方面取得進展，重申致力于維護伊拉克的主權、領土完整、政治獨立，支持伊拉克政府和人民。我們關注也門局勢，敦促各方停止敵對狀態(tài)，在聯(lián)合國支持下恢復談判。我們呼吁海灣地區(qū)外交危機當事方通過對話解決紛爭，歡迎科威特的斡旋努力。
      43.We congratulate the people and Government of Iraq for the recovery of Mosul and for the progress achieved in the fight against terrorism and reaffirm our commitment to Iraq's sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence and our support for Iraqi government and its people.We express our concern over the situation in Yemen and urge all parties to cease hostilities and to resume negotiations supported by the United Nations.We also call on all parties directly involved in the current diplomatic crisis in the Gulf region to overcome their dissensions through dialogue and welcome the efforts of Kuwaiti mediation in this regard.44.我們十分遺憾朝鮮進行核試驗。我們對朝鮮半島緊張局勢和長期存在的核問題深表關切，強調這個問題只能通過所有相關方直接對話，以和平方式解決。
      44.We strongly deplore the nuclear test conducted by the DPRK.We express deep concern over the ongoing tension and prolonged nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula, and emphasize that it should only be settled through peaceful means and direct dialogue of all the parties concerned.45.我們堅定支持伊朗核問題全面協(xié)議，呼吁所有相關方全面履行義務，確保協(xié)議得到完整、有效執(zhí)行，促進國際和地區(qū)和平與穩(wěn)定。
      45.We firmly support the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action(JCPOA)on the Iranian nuclear issue and call upon all relevant parties to comply fully with their obligations and ensure full and effective implementation of the JCPOA to promote international and regional peace and stability.46.我們贊賞非洲國家、非洲聯(lián)盟和次區(qū)域組織為解決地區(qū)問題和維護地區(qū)和平安全所做出的努力，強調聯(lián)合國和非盟根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國憲章》進行合作的重要性。我們支持全面解決剛果民主共和國、利比亞、南蘇丹、索馬里、中非共和國、西撒哈拉地區(qū)有關問題的努力。46.We commend the efforts of African countries, the African Union and sub-regional organizations in addressing regional issues and maintaining regional peace and security, and emphasize the importance of collaboration between the United Nations and the African Union in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.We support efforts towards comprehensively resolving the issues in Democratic Republic of Congo, Libya, South Sudan, Somalia, Central Africa Republic and Western Sahara.47.我們強烈譴責導致阿富汗無辜平民死亡的恐怖襲擊。暴力需要立即停止。我們重申支持阿富汗人民實現(xiàn)“阿人主導、阿人所有”的和平與民族和解進程的努力，支持在莫斯科舉行的阿富汗問題磋商、伊斯坦布爾進程、多式聯(lián)運項目等促進和平與穩(wěn)定的國際努力，支持打擊恐怖主義和應對毒品威脅，支持阿富汗國家重建努力。我們支持阿富汗國防和安全部隊打擊恐怖組織的努力。
      47.We strongly condemn terrorist attacks resulting in death to innocent Afghan nationals.There is a need for immediate cessation of violence.We reaffirm our support to the people of Afghanistan in their efforts to achieve “Afghan-led and Afghan-owned” peace and national reconciliation, to the ongoing international efforts, including the Moscow Format of consultations on Afghanistan and “Heart of Asia-Istanbul Process”, as well as multimodal connectivity projects to promote peace and stability, to the fight against terrorism and drug-threat, and to the national reconstruction efforts by Afghanistan.We support the efforts of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces in fighting terrorist organizations.48.為此，我們對地區(qū)安全形勢以及塔利班、“伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國/達阿什”、基地組織及其附屬的東突厥斯坦伊斯蘭運動、烏茲別克斯坦伊斯蘭運動、哈卡尼網(wǎng)絡、虔誠軍、穆罕默德軍、巴基斯坦塔利班運動、伊扎布特引發(fā)的暴力表示關切。
      48.We, in this regard, express concern on the security situation in the region and violence caused by the Taliban, ISIL/DAISH, Al-Qaida and its affiliates including Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, the Haqqani network, Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad, TTP and Hizb ut-Tahrir.49.我們譴責在金磚國家乃至世界各地發(fā)生的恐怖襲擊，無論在何地、由何人實施。我們譴責一切形式和表現(xiàn)的恐怖主義，強調任何原因都不能作為為恐怖主義正名的理由。我們重申實施、組織或支持恐怖主義行為的人都將被繩之以法。我們回顧各國在預防和打擊恐怖主義方面發(fā)揮了主導作用并承擔了相應責任，強調有必要根據(jù)主權平等、不干涉別國內政等國際法原則開展國際合作。我們重申團結一致打擊恐怖主義，重視2017年5月18日在北京舉行的反恐工作組第二次會議，同意加強合作。
      49.We deplore all terrorist attacks worldwide, including attacks in BRICS countries, and condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations wherever committed and by whomsoever and stress that there can be no justification whatsoever for any act of terrorism.We reaffirm that those responsible for committing, organizing, or supporting terrorist acts must be held accountable.Recalling the primary leading role and responsibility of states in preventing and countering terrorism, we stress the necessity to develop international cooperation, in accordance with the principles of international law, including that of sovereign equality of states and non-interference in their internal affairs.We reaffirm solidarity and resolve in the fight against terrorism, value the 2nd BRICS Counter-Terrorism Working Group Meeting held in Beijing on 18 May 2017, and agree to strengthen our cooperation.50.我們呼吁所有國家綜合施策打擊恐怖主義，包括打擊極端化以及包括外國恐怖作戰(zhàn)人員在內的恐怖分子的招募與流動；切斷恐怖主義融資渠道，例如包括通過洗錢、武器供應、販毒、刑事犯罪等方式的有組織犯罪；摧毀恐怖組織基地；打擊恐怖主義實體濫用包括社交媒體在內的最新信息通信技術。我們致力于預防和打擊日益蔓延的恐怖主義言論，打擊恐怖主義融資的一切來源、技術和渠道。我們呼吁在全球范圍內迅速、有效地執(zhí)行聯(lián)合國安理會相關決議以及金融行動特別工作組相關國際標準。我們尋求加強在金融行動特別工作組以及類似區(qū)域機制框架下加強合作，重申所有國家都有責任阻止恐怖主義網(wǎng)絡在其領土上籌措資金和從事恐怖活動。
      50.We call upon all nations to adopt a comprehensive approach in combating terrorism, which should include countering radicalization, recruitment, movement of terrorists including Foreign Terrorist Fighters, blocking sources of financing terrorism including, for instance, through organized crime by means of money-laundering, supply of weapons, drug trafficking and other criminal activities, dismantling terrorist bases, and countering misuse of the Internet including social media by terrorist entities through misuse of the latest Information and Communication Technologies(ICTs).We are committed to prevent and counter the growing spread of terrorist narratives, and to tackle all sources, techniques and channels of terrorist financing.We call for swift and effective implementation of relevant UNSC Resolutions and the FATF International Standards worldwide.We seek to intensify our cooperation in FATF and FATF-style regional bodies(FSRBs).We recall the responsibility of all States to prevent financing of terrorist networks and terrorist actions from their territories.51.我們呼吁國際社會建立一個真正廣泛的全球反恐聯(lián)盟，支持聯(lián)合國在這方面的中心協(xié)調作用。我們強調打擊恐怖主義必須依據(jù)包括《聯(lián)合國憲章》、國際難民和人道主義法在內的國際法，尊重人權和基本自由。我們重申致力于加強聯(lián)合國反恐體系的有效性，包括加強聯(lián)合國相關機構的協(xié)調合作、將恐怖分子和恐怖組織列名以及向成員國提供技術援助等。我們呼吁聯(lián)合國大會加快達成并通過《全面反恐公約》。
      51.We call upon the international community to establish a genuinely broad international counter-terrorism coalition and support the UN's central coordinating role in this regard.We stress that the fight against terrorism must be conducted in accordance with international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, international refugee and humanitarian law, human rights and fundamental freedoms.We reaffirm our commitment on increasing the effectiveness of the UN counter-terrorism framework, including in the areas of cooperation and coordination among the relevant UN entities, designation of terrorists and terrorist groups and technical assistance to Members States.We call for expeditious finalization and adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism(CCIT)by the United Nations General Assembly.52.我們認識到金磚國家對聯(lián)合國維和行動的重要貢獻，以及聯(lián)合國維和行動為維護國際和平與安全發(fā)揮的重要作用。我們強調金磚國家有必要就維和事務進一步加強溝通。52.We recognize the important contribution of BRICS countries to United Nations peacekeeping operations, and the importance of United Nations peacekeeping operations to international peace and security.We emphasize the need for BRICS countries to further enhance communication on peacekeeping matters.53.我們重申致力于按照聯(lián)合國毒品控制公約，通過整體、全面、平衡的方式制定減少毒品供需的戰(zhàn)略，解決國際毒品問題。我們強調第30屆世界毒品問題特別聯(lián)大成果文件的重要性，呼吁加強國際和地區(qū)協(xié)調合作，應對非法生產和販運毒品，特別是鴉片制劑對國際社會造成的威脅。我們深為關切地注意到，在世界有些地區(qū)，販毒、洗錢、有組織犯罪和恐怖主義之間的關聯(lián)日益緊密。
      53.We reiterate our commitment to address the world drug problem based on the United Nations drug control conventions, through an integrated, comprehensive and balanced approach to drug supply and demand reduction strategies.We stress the importance of the outcome document of the 30th Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly on the world drug problem, and call for strengthening of international and regional cooperation and coordination to counter the global threat caused by the illicit production and trafficking of drugs, especially opiates.We note with deep concern the increasing links in some regions of the world between drug trafficking, money laundering and organized crime and terrorism.54.我們重申各國應本著平等相待和相互尊重的原則開展合作，促進和保護人權與基本自由。我們同意繼續(xù)以公平、平等的方式對待包括發(fā)展權在內的各類人權，承認其相同地位及同等重要性。我們認為需要以非選擇性、非政治性和建設性方式促進、保障及實現(xiàn)各國人權，避免雙重標準。我們將在金磚國家及聯(lián)合國人權理事會等多邊框架下就共同關心的問題加強合作。
      54.We reiterate the need for all countries to cooperate in promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms under the principles of equality and mutual respect.We agree to continue to treat all human rights, including the right to development, in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing and with the same emphasis.We will strengthen cooperation on issues of common interests both within BRICS and in multilateral fora including the United Nations Human Rights Council, taking into account the necessity to promote, protect and fulfill human rights in a non-selective, non-politicized and constructive manner, and without double standards.55.我們充分意識到國際社會在國際移民領域面臨的全球性安全挑戰(zhàn)，強調有效移民管理為促進國際安全和社會發(fā)展發(fā)揮日益重要的作用。
      55.Keenly aware of the global security challenges faced by the international community in the area of international migration, we emphasize the growing role of effective migration regulation for the benefit of international security and development of the society.56.我們支持聯(lián)合國在制定各方普遍接受的網(wǎng)絡空間負責任國家行為規(guī)范方面發(fā)揮中心作用，以確保建設和平、安全、開放、合作、穩(wěn)定、有序、可獲得、公平的信息通信技術環(huán)境。我們強調《聯(lián)合國憲章》確立的國際法原則至關重要，特別是國家主權、政治獨立、領土完整和國家主權平等、不干涉別國內政、尊重人權和基本自由。我們強調應加強國際合作，打擊濫用信息通信技術的恐怖主義和犯罪活動，重申德班宣言、福塔萊薩宣言、烏法宣言和果阿宣言為此提出的建議。正如烏法宣言提及，應在聯(lián)合國主導下制定國際法律文書以打擊使用信息通信技術的犯罪行為。我們滿意地注意到金磚國家關于信息通信技術使用安全性專家工作組取得的進展。我們決定根據(jù)《金磚國家確保信息通信技術安全使用務實合作路線圖》或者任何其他達成共識的機制推進合作，注意到俄羅斯關于金磚國家達成確保信息通信技術安全使用的政府間合作協(xié)議的倡議。
      56.We consider the UN has a central role in developing universally accepted norms of responsible state behavior in the use of ICTs to ensure a peaceful, secure, open, cooperative, stable, orderly, accessible and equitable ICT environment.We emphasize the paramount importance of the principles of international law enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, particularly the state sovereignty, the political independence, territorial integrity and sovereign equality of states, non-interference in internal affairs of other states and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.We emphasize the need to enhance international cooperation against terrorist and criminal misuse of ICTs, reaffirm the general approach laid in the eThekwini, Fortaleza, Ufa and Goa declarations in this regard, and recognize the need for a universal regulatory binding instrument on combatting the criminal use of ICTs under the UN auspices as stated in the Ufa Declaration.We note with satisfaction the progress achieved by the Working Group of Experts of the BRICS States on Security in the use of ICTs.We decide to promote cooperation according to the BRICS Roadmap of Practical Cooperation on Ensuring Security in the Use of ICTs or any other mutually agreed mechanism and acknowledge the initiative of the Russian Federation on a BRICS intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in ensuring security in the use of ICTs.57.我們相信所有國家應平等參與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)及其治理的演進和運行，并考慮相關利益攸關方根據(jù)其各自作用和職責參與其中的必需性。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)核心資源的管控架構需更具代表性和包容性。我們滿意地注意到金磚國家信息通信技術合作工作組取得進展，認識到加強該領域合作的必要性。為此，金磚國家將繼續(xù)通過現(xiàn)有機制共同努力，在國際社會平等參與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)管理的基礎上，促進安全、開放、和平、合作使用信息通信技術。
      57.We believe that all states should participate on an equal footing in the evolution and functioning of the Internet and its governance, bearing in mind the need to involve relevant stakeholders in their respective roles and responsibilities.The structures that manage and regulate the critical Internet resources need to be made more representative and inclusive.We note with satisfaction the progress made by the BRICS Working Group on ICT Cooperation.We recognize the necessity to strengthen our cooperation in this area.To that end, BRICS will continue to work together through the existing mechanism to contribute to the secure, open, peaceful and cooperative use of ICTs on the basis of equal participation of the international community in its management.58.我們重申外空應由各國根據(jù)國際法并在平等基礎上，自由地進行和平開發(fā)和利用。我們重申外空不應出現(xiàn)任何武器或使用武力，強調締結一項或多項旨在防止外空軍備競賽的國際協(xié)定是聯(lián)合國裁軍談判會議的一項優(yōu)先任務，并支持以中國和俄羅斯提交的“防止在外空放置武器、對外空物體使用或威脅使用武力條約”更新草案為基礎，開始實質性工作。我們也注意到關于不首先在外空部署武器政治義務的國際倡議。
      58.We reiterate that outer space shall be free for peaceful exploration and used by all States on the basis of equality in accordance with international law.Reaffirming that outer space shall remain free from any kind of weapons or any use of force, we stress that negotiations for the conclusion of an international agreement or agreements to prevent an arms race in outer space are a priority task of the United Nations Conference on Disarmament, and support the efforts to start substantive work, inter alia, based on the updated draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force against outer space objects submitted by China and the Russian Federation.We also note an international initiative for a political obligation on the no first placement of weapons in outer space.59.我們優(yōu)先考慮確保外空活動長期可持續(xù)性，以及為子孫后代保護外空的方式方法。我們注意到這是聯(lián)合國和平利用外空委員會當前重要目標。為此，我們歡迎聯(lián)合國和平利用外空委員會科技小組委員會外空活動長期可持續(xù)性工作組決定到2018年就外空活動長期可持續(xù)性整套指南結束磋商并達成共識，以紀念首屆聯(lián)合國探索及和平利用外空大會召開50周年。
      59.Priority should be accorded to ensuring the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, as well as ways and means of preserving outer space for future generations.We note that this is an important objective on the current agenda of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space(UNCOPUOS).In this respect, we welcome the decision by the UNCOPUOS Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee Working Group on Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities to conclude negotiations and achieve consensus on the full set of guidelines for the long term sustainability of outer space activities by 2018 to coincide with the commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the first United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space(UNISPACE + 50).加強人文交流合作
      People-to-People Exchanges
      60.我們強調人文交流合作對促進發(fā)展并增進金磚國家人民相互了解、友誼與合作具有重要意義。我們同意深化文化、教育、科技、體育、衛(wèi)生、媒體機構、地方政府等領域合作，打造金磚國家合作的第三支柱，鞏固金磚國家伙伴關系的民意基礎。
      60.We emphasize the importance of people-to-people exchanges to promoting development and enhancing mutual understanding, friendship and cooperation among BRICS peoples.We agree to deepen cooperation in such fields as culture, education, science and technology, sports and health as well as among media organizations and local governments, to strengthen the third pillar of BRICS cooperation and foster a meaningful resonance of the BRICS partnership amongst its peoples.61.我們珍視文化多樣性是金磚合作的寶貴財富，強調文化和文化多樣性對促進可持續(xù)發(fā)展的作用，鼓勵金磚國家加強文明交流互鑒，在多元共享基礎上培育共同價值理念。我們歡迎金磚國家制定一份推進文化務實合作行動計劃的有關構想，歡迎成立金磚國家圖書館聯(lián)盟、博物館聯(lián)盟、美術館聯(lián)盟和青少年兒童戲劇聯(lián)盟。我們期待2017年9月中旬在廈門舉行的金磚國家文化節(jié)取得圓滿成功，將繼續(xù)為建立金磚國家文化理事會開展工作，為金磚國家加強文化合作提供必要平臺。
      61.We value cultural diversity as a precious asset of BRICS cooperation.We stress the role of culture and cultural diversity in promoting sustainable development, and encourage BRICS countries to engage in cultural exchanges and mutual learning to cultivate common values on the basis of diversity and sharing.We welcome the formulation of a BRICS action plan to advance practical cultural cooperation and the establishment of the BRICS Alliance of Libraries, Alliance of Museums, Alliance of Art Museums and National Galleries as well as Alliance of Theaters for Children and Young People.We look forward to the success of the BRICS Culture Festival to be held later in mid-September 2017 in Xiamen.We will continue our work on the establishment of a BRICS Cultural Council to provide the necessary platform to enhance cultural cooperation among BRICS countries.62.我們強調教育對促進經(jīng)濟社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展、加強金磚國家伙伴關系的重要意義，贊賞金磚國家教育合作取得的積極進展。我們支持金磚國家大學聯(lián)盟和金磚國家網(wǎng)絡大學開展教育和研究合作，歡迎推動教育智庫合作的有關努力，以及包括組織青少年夏令營、提供更多獎學金機會等方式的青年交流。我們同意就實現(xiàn)教育領域可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標分享經(jīng)驗和實踐。62.We stress the importance of education to promoting sustainable economic and social development, and to strengthening BRICS partnership, and commend the positive progress in our education cooperation.We reiterate our support for BRICS University League and BRICS Network University in conducting education and research cooperation, welcome efforts to promote cooperation among educational think tanks, and exchanges among youth including by organizing youth summer camps and offering more scholarship opportunities to BRICS students.We agree to share experience and practices in realizing education-related sustainable development goals.63.我們相信金磚國家體育合作對推廣五國傳統(tǒng)運動項目、增進人民友誼具有重要意義。我們憶及金磚國家17歲以下少年足球賽于2016年在印度果阿成功舉行，祝賀中國成功舉辦首屆金磚國家運動會并成為今年人文交流合作的一大亮點。我們鼓勵相關部門簽署體育合作諒解備忘錄，為促進五國體育合作提供更大助力。
      63.We believe in the importance of sports cooperation to popularizing traditional sports and deepening the friendship among BRICS peoples.Recalling the successful hosting of BRICS U-17 Football Tournament in Goa in 2016, we commend the success of the First BRICS Games, which was a highlight of this year's people-to-people exchanges.We encourage relevant departments to sign an MOU on sports cooperation to provide greater impetus to sports cooperation among our five countries.64.我們同意加強金磚國家在全球衛(wèi)生治理中的作用，特別是在世界衛(wèi)生組織和聯(lián)合國機構中的作用，通過研發(fā)提高創(chuàng)新型醫(yī)療產品的普及性，并通過促進衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)與衛(wèi)生融資，提高可負擔的、有質量的、有效的、安全的藥物、疫苗、診斷和其他醫(yī)藥產品和技術及醫(yī)療服務的可及性。我們同意完善應對埃博拉、艾滋病、結核病、瘧疾等傳染病以及非傳染性疾病的監(jiān)控能力和醫(yī)療服務，鼓勵更多利用信息通信技術來提高公共衛(wèi)生服務水平。我們歡迎金磚國家衛(wèi)生部長會暨傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥高級別會議取得積極成果，贊賞建立傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥交流合作長效機制，以促進傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥互學互鑒和傳承。我們歡迎建立結核病研究網(wǎng)絡的決定，并向將于2017年11月16日至17日在俄羅斯莫斯科舉辦的“在可持續(xù)發(fā)展時代開展多部門遏制結核病行動首屆世界衛(wèi)生組織全球部長級會議”提交。我們支持上述會議和2018年聯(lián)合國大會結核病高級別會議。我們承諾在二十國集團等國際論壇就衛(wèi)生事務加強合作。
      64.We agree to enhance BRICS role in global health governance, especially in the context of the World Health Organization and UN agencies, and foster the development and improve the availability of innovative medical products through promotion of research and development and access to affordable, quality, effective and safe drugs, vaccines, diagnostics and other medical products and technologies as well as to medical services through enhanced health systems and health financing.We agree to improve surveillance capacity and medical services to combat infectious diseases, including Ebola, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, as well as non-communicable diseases and encourage greater application of ICTs to improve the level of health service provision.We welcome the outcomes of the BRICS Health Ministers Meeting and High-level Meeting on Traditional Medicine, and commend the establishment of a long-term mechanism for traditional medicine exchanges and cooperation, to promote mutual learning of traditional medicines and pass them down to future generations.We welcome the decision to set up the Tuberculosis Research Network, to be presented at the First WHO Global Ministerial Conference Ending Tuberculosis in the Sustainable Development Era: A Multisectoral Response, Moscow, Russian Federation, 16-17 November 2017.We express support for the meeting as well as the First United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis in 2018.We commit ourselves to enhanced cooperation at international fora on health matters including at G20.65.我們重申促進長期、平衡的人口發(fā)展，繼續(xù)根據(jù)《2015－2020年金磚國家人口問題合作議程》開展人口合作。
      65.We reaffirm our commitment to promote a long-term and balanced demographic development and continue cooperation on population related matters in accordance with the Agenda for BRICS Cooperation on Population Matters for 2015-2020.66.我們滿意地注意到，金磚國家在治國理政、電影、媒體、智庫、青年、議會、地方、工會等各領域交流合作取得進展，同意繼續(xù)推進相關交流合作。我們贊賞金磚國家首次聯(lián)合拍攝電影，祝賀金磚國家電影節(jié)、媒體高端論壇、友好城市暨地方政府合作論壇、青年論壇、青年外交官論壇、青年科學家論壇等活動取得成功。我們贊賞中國成功舉辦金磚國家政黨、智庫和民間社會組織論壇以及治國理政研討會，將在未來繼續(xù)采取類似行動。我們注意到中方倡議建立金磚國家研究與交流基金。
      66.We note with satisfaction the progress in the exchanges and cooperation in various areas, including governance, film-making, media, think-tank, youth, parliament, local governments and trade union, and agree to further advance such exchanges and cooperation.We commend the first joint film production by BRICS countries and commend the success of the BRICS Film Festival, the Media Forum, Friendship Cities and Local Governments Cooperation Forum, Youth Forum, Young Diplomats Forum and Young Scientists Forum.We appreciate the successful hosting of the BRICS Forum of Political Parties, Think-Tanks and Civil Society Organizations as well as the Seminar on Governance, and will carry these good initiatives forward in the future.In this regard, we note the proposal to establish by China the BRICS Research and Exchange Fund.67.我們贊賞金磚合作機制建設取得的重要進展，重申將繼續(xù)加強機制建設，確保金磚合作適應形勢變化。我們贊賞中方擔任主席國期間采取積極舉措，加強協(xié)調人在金磚合作中的統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調職能。我們指示協(xié)調人繼續(xù)討論金磚合作機制建設問題。
      67.We appreciate the important progress in BRICS institutional development and reiterate our commitment to further strengthen it to make BRICS cooperation more responsive to the changing situation.We commend China for taking measures during its Chairmanship to enhance the Sherpas' coordination role in BRICS cooperation.We instruct the Sherpas to continue their discussion concerning BRICS institutional development.68.我們重申堅定支持多邊主義和聯(lián)合國在國際事務中的中心作用，致力于推動金磚國家在聯(lián)合國及其他多邊機構中就涉及彼此共同利益的領域加強協(xié)調合作，包括通過金磚國家常駐紐約、日內瓦和維也納代表定期會晤的方式，進一步增強國際舞臺上的金磚聲音。68.We recommit our strong support for multilateralism and the central role of the UN in international affairs.We commit to strengthening the coordination and cooperation among BRICS in the areas of mutual and common interests within the UN and other multilateral institutions, including through regular meetings among our permanent representatives in New York, Geneva and Vienna, and further enhance the voice of BRICS in international fora.69.我們將在廈門會晤期間，延續(xù)德班會晤以來的外圍對話做法，圍繞“深化互利合作，促進共同發(fā)展”主題舉行新興市場國家與發(fā)展中國家對話會，討論落實2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程和構建廣泛的發(fā)展伙伴關系，推進“金磚+”合作。
      69.In continuation of BRICS tradition of outreach since the Durban Summit, we will hold a Dialogue of Emerging Market and Developing Countries on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the building of broad partnerships for development under the theme of “Strengthening Mutually-Beneficial Cooperation for Common Development” in promotion of BRICS Plus cooperation.70.南非、巴西、俄羅斯和印度稱贊中國作為2017年金磚國家主席國所做工作，對中國政府和人民在廈門主辦金磚國家領導人第九次會晤致以誠摯謝意。
      70.South Africa, Brazil, Russia and India commend China's Chairmanship in 2017 and express sincere gratitude to the Government and people of China for hosting the Ninth BRICS Summit in Xiamen.71.中國、巴西、俄羅斯和印度將全力支持南非于2018年舉辦金磚國家領導人第十次會晤。71.China, Brazil, Russia and India extend full support for South Africa in hosting the Tenth BRICS Summit in 2018.（來源：新華社，編輯：馬文英）
      第五篇：QS金磚五國大學排名 前十強中國7席巴西異軍突起
      QS金磚五國大學排名 前十強中國7席巴西異軍突起
      日前，《QS University Rankings: BRICS
      2015》榜單出爐，中國有110所大學進入金磚五國(巴西、俄羅斯、印度、中國和南非)大學400強，前十名中中國大學占了8席，清華大學、北京大學以及復旦大學包攬了前三甲。
      本次排名使用的8個指標中，復旦大學、南開大學、南京大學以及中科大都在“篇均引用”中排名金磚前十。北大清華、復旦交大和浙江大學的“全球學術聲譽”入選金磚前十。但在體現(xiàn)教學質量的
      “師生比”上，中國僅有10所大學在金磚中排名前100。
      和2014年一樣，清華大學問鼎該排名，北京大學緊隨其后。由于采用不同的指標及權重，該名次與《QS亞洲大學排名》恰好相反。清華大學得益于《金磚五國排名》對擁有博士學位的教研人員這一指標的納入，同時其每個教研人員的學術文獻數(shù)量也超過其同城對手。
      這兩所被視為中國最好的大學在各項排名中從來都競爭激烈。在中華人民共和國教育部的排名中，北京大學在16項學科中名列第一，清華大學則在14項學科中居首。
      在該排名中，這兩所大學之間僅有3分的區(qū)別。北京大學在學者及雇主的聲譽調查項略領先，而清華大學則擁有更好的工作人員，更高的出版率以及更多擁有博士學位的學術人員。
      快和小編一起看看QS University Rankings: BRICS 2015最新排名吧：
      排名
      學校名稱
      學校英文名
      國家
      清華大學
      Tsinghua University
      中國
      復旦大學
      Fudan University
      中國
      印度理工學院班加羅爾分校
      Indian Institute of Science
      (IISc)Bangalore
      印度
      中國科學技術大學
      University of Science and
      Technology of China
      中國
      圣保羅大學
      Universidade de S?o
      Paulo
      巴西
      浙江大學
      Zhejiang University
      中國
      印度理工學院德里分校
      Indian Institute of Technology
      Delhi(IITD)
      印度
      圣彼得堡國立大學
      Saint-Petersburg State
      University
      俄羅斯
      武漢大學
      Wuhan University
      中國
      新西伯利亞國立大學
      Novosibirsk State
      University
      俄羅斯
      中山大學
      Sun Yat-sen
      University
      中國
      哈爾濱工業(yè)大學
      Harbin Institute of
      Technology
      中國
      里約熱內盧聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal do Rio de
      Janeiro
      巴西
      圣保羅州立大學
      UNESP
      巴西
      威特沃特斯蘭德大學
      University of the
      Witwatersrand
      南非
      南開大學
      Nankai University
      中國
      上海大學
      Shanghai University
      中國
      莫斯科國立科技大學
      Bauman Moscow State Technical
      University
      俄羅斯
      圣保羅聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal de S?o Paulo
      (UNIFESP)
      巴西
      莫斯科國立國際關系學院
      Moscow State Institute of
      International Relations(MGIMO University)
      俄羅斯
      米納斯吉拉斯州聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal de Minas
      Gerais
      巴西
      印度理工學院魯爾基分校
      Indian Institute of Technology
      Roorkee(IITR)
      印度
      莫斯科國立物理與科技大學
      Moscow
      Institute of Physics and Technology State University
      俄羅斯
      圣保羅天主政治大學
      Pontificia Universidade Católica
      de S?o Paulo(PUC-SP)
      巴西
      比勒陀利亞大學
      University of
      Pretoria
      南非
      莫斯科核子研究大學
      National
      Research Nuclear University MEPhI(Moscow Engineering Physics
      Institute)
      俄羅斯
      東南大學
      Southeast University
      中國
      圣卡洛斯聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal de S?o
      Carlos-(UFSCAR)
      巴西
      北京交通大學
      Beijing Jiaotong
      University
      中國
      吉林大學
      Jilin University
      中國
      圣卡塔琳娜州聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal de Santa
      Catarina
      巴西
      法國高等經(jīng)濟學院
      Higher
      School of Economics(HSE)
      俄羅斯
      華東師范大學
      East China Normal
      University
      中國
      約翰內斯堡大學
      University of
      Johannesburg
      南非
      華東理工大學
      East China University of Science
      and Technology
      中國
      巴拉那聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal do Paraná
      (UFPR)
      巴西
      大連理工大學
      Dalian University of
      Technology
      中國
      上海外國語大學
      Shanghai International Studies
      University
      中國
      烏拉爾聯(lián)邦大學
      Ural Federal University named
      after Boris Yeltsin
      俄羅斯
      羅德斯大學
      Rhodes University
      南非
      南部聯(lián)邦大學
      Southern Federal
      University
      俄羅斯  83
      西北工業(yè)大學
      Northwestern Polytechnical
      University
      中國
      里奧格蘭德天主大學
      Pontificia Universidade Católica
      do Rio Grande do Sul(PUCRS)
      巴西
      上海財經(jīng)大學
      Shanghai
      University of Finance and Economics
      中國
      國立科技大學
      The
      National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”
      俄羅斯
      俄羅斯經(jīng)濟大學
      Plekhanov Russian University of
      Economics
      俄羅斯
      貝拿勒斯印度教大學
      Banaras Hindu
      University
      印度
      博拉理工學院
      Birla Institute of Technology and
      Science, Pilani
      印度
      馬尼帕爾大學
      Manipal University(Manipal
      Academy of Higher Education)
      印度
      圣彼得堡國立科技大學
      Saint Petersburg National
      Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and
      Optics
      俄羅斯
      101-110
      北京中醫(yī)藥大學
      Beijing University of Chinese
      Medicine
      中國
      101-110
      湖南大學
      Hunan University
      中國
      101-110
      南京理工大學
      Nanjing University of Science and
      Technology
      中國
      101-110
      中國海洋大學
      Ocean University of
      China
      中國
      101-110
      卡利卡特大學
      University of Calicut
      印度
      111-120
      阿里格爾穆斯林大學
      Aligarh Muslim University(AMU)，Aligarh
      印度
      111-120
      國立理工學院魯爾克拉分校
      National Institute of Technology
      Rourkela
      印度
      111-120
      彼爾姆國立大學
      Perm State University
      俄羅斯
      111-120
      戈亞斯聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal de
      Goiás
      巴西
      111-120
      圣瑪麗亞聯(lián)邦大學德
      Universidade Federal de Santa
      Maria
      巴西
      121-130
      俄羅斯石油天然氣大學
      Gubkin Russian State University
      of Oil and Gas
      俄羅斯
      121-130
      俄羅斯門捷列夫化工大學
      Mendeleyev University of Chemical
      Technology of Russia
      俄羅斯
      121-130
      莫斯科國立語言大學
      Moscow State Linguistic
      University
      俄羅斯
      121-130
      莫斯科國立動力學院
      Moscow Power Engineering
      Institute
      俄羅斯
      121-130
      達巴伊亞聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal da
      Bahia
      巴西
      121-130
      自由州立大學
      University of the Free
      State
      南非
      131-140
      華中農業(yè)大學
      Huazhong Agricultural
      University
      中國
      131-140
      莫斯科建筑大學
      Moscow
      State University of Civil Engineering
      俄羅斯
      131-140
      上海師范大學
      Shanghai Normal
      University
      中國
      131-140
      馬林加州立大學
      Universidade Estadual de
      Maringà?
      巴西
      141-150
      阿爾泰州立大學
      Altai State
      University
      俄羅斯
      141-150
      中國礦業(yè)大學
      China University of Mining and
      Technology
      中國
      141-150
      喀山國立研究理工大學
      Kazan National Research
      Technological University
      俄羅斯
      141-150
      東北大學
      Northeastern University
      (China)
      中國
      141-150
      馬托格羅索聯(lián)邦大學
      UFMT
      巴西
      141-150
      西安電子科技大學
      Xidian University
      中國
      151-200
      安得拉大學
      Andhra University
      印度
      151-200
      別爾哥羅德州立科技大學
      Belgorod State Technological
      University
      俄羅斯
      151-200
      巴拉迪大學
      Bharathidasan
      University
      印度
      151-200
      中國地質大學
      China University of
      Geosciences
      中國
      151-200
      中國政法大學
      China University of Political
      Science and Law
      中國
      151-200
      俄羅斯聯(lián)邦政府財政大學
      Financial University under the
      Government of the Russian Federation
      俄羅斯
      151-200
      康德波羅的海聯(lián)邦大學
      Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal
      University
      俄羅斯
      151-200
      江南大學
      Jiangnan University
      中國
      151-200
      喀山國立科技大學
      Kazan National Research Technical
      University
      俄羅斯
      151-200
      納爾遜·曼德拉都市大學
      Nelson Mandela Metropolitan
      University
      南非
      151-200
      西北大學
      North-West University
      南非
      151-200
      旁遮普大學
      Panjab University
      印度
      151-200
      坎皮納斯天主大學
      Pontificia Universidade Catlica
      do Campinas
      巴西
      151-200
      薩馬拉國立航空航天大學
      Samara State Aerospace
      University
      俄羅斯
      151-200
      陜西師范大學
      Shaanxi Normal
      University
      中國
      151-200
      蘇州大學
      Soochow University
      中國
      151-200
      西諾斯谷大學
      Universidade do Vale do Rio Dos
      Sinos
      巴西
      151-200
      帕拉伊巴州聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal da
      Paraíba
      巴西
      151-200
      伊塔茹巴聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal de
      Itajuba
      巴西
      151-200
      歐魯普雷圖聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal de Ouro
      Preto
      巴西
      151-200
      塞阿拉州聯(lián)邦大學
      Universidade Federal do
      Cearà?-UFC
      巴西
      151-200
      里約熱內盧聯(lián)邦農業(yè)大學
      Universidade Federal Rural do Rio
      de Janeiro
      巴西
      151-200
      巴拉那州聯(lián)邦科技大學
      Universidade Tecnológica Federal
      do Paraná
      巴西
      151-200
      韋洛爾科技大學
      VIT University
      印度
      151-200
      西交利物浦大學
      Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool
      University
      中國
       
      
    
      

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