第一篇：黑體字教學(xué)設(shè)計

黑體字教學(xué)設(shè)計

一、教材分析

本課是全套小學(xué)教材中第一次接觸的美術(shù)字書寫練習(xí)，所以內(nèi)容選定的是大方、易學(xué)的黑體美術(shù)字。黑體美術(shù)字是以漢字的正楷體為基礎(chǔ)，經(jīng)過加工美化而成，它不像宋體美術(shù)字那樣有華麗的裝飾角和粗細(xì)變化，黑體字的筆劃橫豎粗細(xì)一致，方正飽滿，粗壯有力，醒目大方，具有強(qiáng)烈的現(xiàn)代工業(yè)氣息，因此是標(biāo)語、廣告裝璜、路標(biāo)等方面的常用字體。本課第一面先展示“振興中華”的黑體美術(shù)字，給學(xué)生以鮮明的視覺效果。中間對黑體美術(shù)字的點(diǎn)、橫、豎、撇、折、捺、挑、勾八種基本筆劃進(jìn)行了舉例。下面分別從左右結(jié)構(gòu)、上下結(jié)構(gòu)、上中下結(jié)構(gòu)，左中右結(jié)構(gòu)，里外結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)體字六個方面對漢字的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了分析，目的是進(jìn)一步幫助學(xué)生認(rèn)識黑體美術(shù)字，掌握筆劃和結(jié)構(gòu)，為這課的作業(yè)作鋪墊。本課教材的第二面上半部分仍以“振興中華”為例，較詳細(xì)地介紹了黑體美術(shù)字的書寫步驟。最后，教材上安排了一組黑體美術(shù)字的運(yùn)用實例，其中選用了部分黑體美術(shù)字，借以開闊學(xué)生視野，并為下節(jié)課的教學(xué)內(nèi)容作準(zhǔn)備。

二、教學(xué)目的

通過本課教學(xué)，讓學(xué)生初步了解黑體美術(shù)字的基本筆劃和結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，并學(xué)習(xí)掌握黑體美術(shù)字的正確書寫方法。

三、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)

黑體美術(shù)字的基本筆劃和書寫步驟。

四、教學(xué)難點(diǎn)

黑體美術(shù)字的間架結(jié)構(gòu)。

五、學(xué)具準(zhǔn)備

直尺、鉛筆、橡皮、單色顏料或墨水。

六、教具準(zhǔn)備

印有黑體美術(shù)字的印刷品若干件，三角板、彩色粉筆。

七、教學(xué)過程：

第一節(jié)

一、組織教學(xué)

檢查學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)用具準(zhǔn)備情況，安定情緒。

二、導(dǎo)入新課

啟發(fā)談話：同學(xué)們在上學(xué)放學(xué)的路上，一定會看到路邊的路標(biāo)、商店的廣告牌上有許多美術(shù)字，日常看的報刊上，也有許多美術(shù)字，今天老師要告訴你們注意其中比較醒目的一種美術(shù)字（出示黑體美術(shù)字的若干件范品），我們稱這種美術(shù)字叫作黑體美術(shù)字。

板書課題——黑體美術(shù)字

三、講授新課

1.講述黑體美術(shù)字的筆劃特點(diǎn)。

黑體美術(shù)字是以漢字的正楷體為基礎(chǔ)，經(jīng)過加工美化，逐步演變而成的規(guī)范化的字體，它各種筆劃的基本特點(diǎn)就是橫筆、豎筆的粗細(xì)始終是一致的，方正飽滿，所以顯得特別醒目，是路標(biāo)、廣告、報刊、環(huán)境布置上的常用字體之一。

2.講析黑體美術(shù)字的字體結(jié)構(gòu)。

這一部分的內(nèi)容實際上是重溫學(xué)生在小學(xué)低年級語文課的識字教學(xué)內(nèi)容，在適當(dāng)引導(dǎo)后，教師可側(cè)重從字體的穿插與避讓來進(jìn)行簡要講析——

①字體的結(jié)構(gòu)是一種基本的劃分，在實際書寫中不能截然劃割開來，否則，整個字就顯得脫節(jié)、松散。如左右結(jié)構(gòu)的林、振、地等字。②筆劃多的字要相應(yīng)的寫得細(xì)一些，較簡單的字要寫得粗一點(diǎn)，以求得視覺上的統(tǒng)一。

③帶邊框的字要適當(dāng)小一些，如口、回、區(qū)等字；帶有撇捺筆劃的字可略微寫得出格一點(diǎn)。這些都是為達(dá)到統(tǒng)一的視覺效果。

3.教師以“振興中華”為例進(jìn)行黑體美術(shù)字的書寫示范。

①在分析了“振興中華”四字的字體結(jié)構(gòu)后，用鉛筆畫好方框，用淺淡的虛線定出結(jié)構(gòu)部位。

②用鉛筆勾寫單線字，注意占滿整個方框。

③用鉛筆勾畫雙線。注意“振”字第五筆撇的終點(diǎn)要穿插到左邊勾劃的旁邊，最后一筆捺的終點(diǎn)可略微出格一點(diǎn)；“中”字的兩側(cè)略微收縮一點(diǎn)。

④擦去方框線后填上顏色。為節(jié)省時間可以直接用黑色顏料或者用墨來填滿雙勾線的黑體美術(shù)字。

教師在基礎(chǔ)好的班級上課時，只需以“振”為例，用彩色粉筆在黑板上示范即可。對基礎(chǔ)較差的學(xué)生，可采用一字一劃的方法帶著學(xué)生書寫，以降低難度，收到較好的效果。

四、課堂小結(jié)

小結(jié)本節(jié)課教學(xué)情況，布置第二課時的學(xué)習(xí)要求。

第二節(jié)

一、組織教學(xué)

檢查學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)用具準(zhǔn)備情況，穩(wěn)定情緒。

二、講授新課

在上一節(jié)課中，我們分析了黑體美術(shù)字的基本筆劃和字體結(jié)構(gòu)，同時老師進(jìn)行了示范。這一節(jié)課就要同學(xué)們按步驟臨摹“振興中華”四個黑體美術(shù)字。

教師可以再次分析“振興中華”四個黑體美術(shù)字的筆劃特點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)：寫黑體美術(shù)字要求方正飽滿，統(tǒng)一而又有變化。除了注意基本筆劃和字形的統(tǒng)一，字體結(jié)構(gòu)的合理外，還要注意主要筆劃與次要筆劃的妥善處理。

三、學(xué)生臨摹，教師輔導(dǎo)

作業(yè)要求：按步驟臨摹“振興中華”四個黑體美術(shù)字。

輔導(dǎo)要點(diǎn)：

①對學(xué)生強(qiáng)調(diào)：每個字的方框不小于5×5㎝，四個方框的間距不小于1㎝。

②要求學(xué)生字要寫滿格，筆劃粗細(xì)要一致，避免過粗過細(xì)。

③為使字體粗壯有力，可提示學(xué)生注意：“振”字的撇、捺和“興”字的最后兩劃的終端可以略微粗一點(diǎn)。這與“筆劃粗細(xì)一致”并不矛盾，而是一種特殊處理手法。

四、課堂小結(jié)

表揚(yáng)書寫較為規(guī)范的作業(yè)，指出存在的問題。

指出下一節(jié)課將進(jìn)行美化課本的學(xué)習(xí)，請同學(xué)們作好準(zhǔn)備。

第二篇：黑體字教學(xué)設(shè)計修改

黑體字教學(xué)設(shè)計

一、教材分析

本課是全國中職教材字體設(shè)計中的黑體字書寫練習(xí)，黑體美術(shù)字是以漢字的正楷體為基礎(chǔ)，經(jīng)過加工美化而成，它不像宋體美術(shù)字那樣有華麗的裝飾角和粗細(xì)變化，黑體字的筆劃橫豎粗細(xì)一致，方正飽滿，粗壯有力，醒目大方，具有強(qiáng)烈的現(xiàn)代工業(yè)氣息，因此是標(biāo)語、廣告裝璜、路標(biāo)等方面的常用字體。本課先展示“振興中華”的黑體美術(shù)字，給學(xué)生以鮮明的視覺效果。中間對黑體美術(shù)字的點(diǎn)、橫、豎、撇、折、捺、挑、勾八種基本筆劃進(jìn)行了舉例。下面分別從左右結(jié)構(gòu)、上下結(jié)構(gòu)、上中下結(jié)構(gòu)，左中右結(jié)構(gòu)，里外結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)體字六個方面對漢字的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了分析，目的是進(jìn)一步幫助學(xué)生認(rèn)識黑體美術(shù)字，掌握筆劃和結(jié)構(gòu),介紹黑體美術(shù)字的書寫步驟。最后，讓學(xué)生根據(jù)所學(xué)進(jìn)行練習(xí)。

二、教學(xué)目的

通過本課教學(xué)，讓學(xué)生初步了解黑體美術(shù)字的基本筆劃和結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，并學(xué)習(xí)掌握黑體美術(shù)字的正確書寫方法。

三、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)

黑體美術(shù)字的基本筆劃和書寫步驟。

四、教學(xué)難點(diǎn)

黑體美術(shù)字的間架結(jié)構(gòu)。

五、學(xué)具準(zhǔn)備

直尺、鉛筆、橡皮、單色顏料或墨水。

六、教具準(zhǔn)備

印有黑體美術(shù)字的印刷品若干件，三角板、彩色粉筆。

七、教學(xué)過程：

一）、組織教學(xué)

檢查學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)用具準(zhǔn)備情況，安定情緒。

二）、導(dǎo)入新課

啟發(fā)談話：同學(xué)們在上學(xué)放學(xué)的路上，一定會看到路邊的路標(biāo)、商店的廣告牌上有許多美術(shù)字，日?？吹膱罂?，也有許多美術(shù)字，今天老師要告訴你們注意其中比較醒目的一種美術(shù)字（出示黑體美術(shù)字的若干件范品），我們稱這種美術(shù)字叫作黑體美術(shù)字。

板書課題——黑體美術(shù)字

三）、講授新課

1.講述黑體美術(shù)字的筆劃特點(diǎn)。

黑體美術(shù)字是以漢字的正楷體為基礎(chǔ)，經(jīng)過加工美化，逐步演變而成的規(guī)范化的字體，它各種筆劃的基本特點(diǎn)就是橫筆、豎筆的粗細(xì)始終是一致的，方正飽滿，所以顯得特別醒目，是路標(biāo)、廣告、報刊、環(huán)境布置上的常用字體之一。

2、講解黑體字的具體筆畫寫法

點(diǎn)、橫、豎、撇、折、捺、挑、勾八種基本筆劃的寫法

學(xué)完了筆畫，我們就開始筆畫組合成字的練習(xí)了，我們首先再分析一下字體的結(jié)構(gòu)。

3、講析黑體美術(shù)字的字體結(jié)構(gòu)。

①字體的結(jié)構(gòu)是一種基本的劃分，在實際書寫中不能截然劃割開來，否則，整個字就顯得脫節(jié)、松散。如左右結(jié)構(gòu)的林、振、地等字。

②筆劃多的字要相應(yīng)的寫得細(xì)一些，較簡單的字要寫得粗一點(diǎn)，以求得視覺上的統(tǒng)一。

③帶邊框的字要適當(dāng)小一些，如口、回、區(qū)等字；帶有撇捺筆劃的字可略微寫得出格一點(diǎn)。這些都是為達(dá)到統(tǒng)一的視覺效果。

4、教師示范寫黑體字

我們學(xué)習(xí)了筆畫和結(jié)構(gòu)，下面開始學(xué)習(xí)黑體字的具體寫法

先找學(xué)生上臺試寫“永”。對學(xué)生所寫的做一下評價。

教師示范：永

教師一邊寫，一邊講解分析

①用鉛筆畫好方框（根據(jù)空間和要求定方格的大?。脺\淡的虛線定出結(jié)構(gòu)部位。

②用鉛筆勾寫單線字，注意占滿整個方框。

③用鉛筆勾畫雙線。

④擦去方框線后填上顏色。為節(jié)省時間可以直接用黑色顏料或者用墨來填滿雙勾線的黑體美術(shù)字。

教師在基礎(chǔ)好的班級上課時，只需以“永”為例，用粉筆在黑板上示范即可。對基礎(chǔ)較差的學(xué)生，可采用一字一劃的方法帶著學(xué)生書寫，以降低難度，收到較好的效果。

四）、學(xué)生臨摹，教師輔導(dǎo)

作業(yè)要求：按步驟臨摹寫“永”字?；A(chǔ)好的學(xué)生寫完后可再寫其它字 輔導(dǎo)要點(diǎn)：

①對學(xué)生強(qiáng)調(diào)：每個字的方框統(tǒng)一5×8㎝.②要求學(xué)生字要寫滿格，筆劃粗細(xì)要一致，避免過粗過細(xì)。

五）、課堂小結(jié)

表揚(yáng)書寫較為規(guī)范的作業(yè)，指出存在的問題。

第三篇：思想道德修養(yǎng)黑體字總結(jié)

愛國主義的基本要求

1愛祖國的大好河山2自己的骨頭同胞3愛祖國的燦爛文化4自己的國家 愛國優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)；

1熱愛祖國矢志不渝

2天下興亡匹夫有責(zé)

3維護(hù)統(tǒng)一反對分裂

4同仇敵愾抗御外敵

愛國主義的時代價值

1愛國主義是中華民族繼往開來的精神支柱，2愛國主義是維護(hù)祖國統(tǒng)一和民族團(tuán)結(jié)的紐帶，3愛國主義是實現(xiàn)中華民族實現(xiàn)偉大復(fù)興的動力，4愛國主義是個人實現(xiàn)人生價值的力量源泉

愛國主義與愛社會主義的一致性愛國主義和與擁護(hù)祖國統(tǒng)一的一致性 愛國主義與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化

1經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化形式下要弘揚(yáng)愛國主義

2經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化與當(dāng)代大學(xué)生的愛國主義

（1）人有地域和信仰的不同，單報效祖國之心不應(yīng)有差別

（2）科學(xué)沒有國界，但科學(xué)家有祖國

（3）經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化過程中要始終維護(hù)國家的主權(quán)和尊嚴(yán)

愛國主義與弘揚(yáng)民族精神的內(nèi)涵

1中華民族精神的內(nèi)涵

（1愛國主義是中華民族精神的核心

(2團(tuán)結(jié)統(tǒng)一3愛好和平4勤勞勇敢5自強(qiáng)不息

2要大力弘揚(yáng)和培育民族精神

愛國主義與弘揚(yáng)時代精神

1時代精神的內(nèi)涵

（1）改革創(chuàng)新是時代精神核心

（2）改革創(chuàng)新是進(jìn)一步解放和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力的必然要求

（3）改革創(chuàng)新是建設(shè)社會主義創(chuàng)新型國家的迫切需要

（4）改革創(chuàng)新是落實科學(xué)發(fā)展觀

（5）改革創(chuàng)新構(gòu)建社會主義和諧社會的重要條件

2弘揚(yáng)以改革創(chuàng)新為核心的時代精神

（1）必須大力推進(jìn)理論創(chuàng)新、制度創(chuàng)新科技創(chuàng)新文化創(chuàng)新以及其他各方面的創(chuàng)新

（2）要自覺投身于改革創(chuàng)新的偉大實踐

自覺維護(hù)國家利益

1自覺維護(hù)國家利益就要承擔(dān)起對國家應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)

2自覺維護(hù)國家的利益就要維護(hù)改革發(fā)展穩(wěn)定的大局

3自覺為火炬國家利益就要樹立民族自尊心和自豪感

增強(qiáng)國防觀念

1增強(qiáng)國防觀念是大學(xué)生報效祖國，弘揚(yáng)愛國主義精神的重要體現(xiàn)

2增強(qiáng)國防觀念是大學(xué)生履行國防義務(wù)，關(guān)心支持國防和軍隊建設(shè)的必然要求 3增強(qiáng)國防觀念是大學(xué)生提高綜合素質(zhì)，促進(jìn)自身全面發(fā)展的迫切需要

追求高尚的人生目的1人生目的決定走什么樣的人生道路

2人生目的決定堅持什么樣的人生態(tài)度

3人生目的決定選擇什么樣的人生價值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

樹立積極進(jìn)取的人生態(tài)度

1人生態(tài)度和人生觀

（1）人生態(tài)度是人生觀的重要內(nèi)容

（2）人生態(tài)度是人生觀的表現(xiàn)和反應(yīng)

2端正人生態(tài)度

人生須認(rèn)真、務(wù)實、樂觀、進(jìn)取

科學(xué)高尚人生觀指引人生

反對拜金主義人生觀、反對享樂主義人生觀、反對個人主義人生觀

人生價值的評價

1堅持能力有大小與貢獻(xiàn)與盡力相統(tǒng)一

2堅持物質(zhì)貢獻(xiàn)與精神貢獻(xiàn)統(tǒng)一

3堅持完善自身與貢獻(xiàn)社會相統(tǒng)一

4堅持動機(jī)與效果相統(tǒng)一

人生價值的實現(xiàn)條件

1從社會客觀條件出發(fā)、與社會主義核心價值體系相一致

2從個體條件出發(fā)、不斷提高自己的能力，增強(qiáng)實現(xiàn)人生價值的本領(lǐng)；立足現(xiàn)實，堅守崗位做貢獻(xiàn)；實現(xiàn)人生價值要有自強(qiáng)不息的精神

在實踐中創(chuàng)造價值人生

1走與人民群眾相結(jié)合的道路

2走與社會實踐相結(jié)合的道路

促進(jìn)自我身心的和諧

1樹立正確的人生觀，世界觀，價值觀

2掌握應(yīng)對心里問題的科學(xué)方法

3合理調(diào)控情緒

4積極參加集體活動，增進(jìn)人際交往

促進(jìn)個人與他人的和諧

1促進(jìn)個人與他人的和諧應(yīng)堅持的原則

平等原則、誠信原則、寬容原則、互助原則

2正確認(rèn)識和處理競爭與合作的關(guān)系

正確認(rèn)識競爭、正確認(rèn)識合作，正確認(rèn)識處理好兩者關(guān)系

促進(jìn)個人與社會和諧

1正確認(rèn)識個體性與社會性的統(tǒng)一關(guān)系

2正確認(rèn)識個人需要與社會需要的統(tǒng)一關(guān)系

3正確認(rèn)識個人利益與社會利益的統(tǒng)一關(guān)系

4正確認(rèn)識享受個人權(quán)利與承擔(dān)社會責(zé)任的統(tǒng)一關(guān)系

促進(jìn)人與自然地和諧

1正確認(rèn)識人對自然地依存關(guān)系

2科學(xué)把握人對自然地改造活動

3深入理解人與自然地關(guān)系

道德：道德作為社會意識的特殊形式對于社會發(fā)展所具有的功效與能力

道德功能：認(rèn)識和調(diào)節(jié)

繼承和弘揚(yáng)中華民族優(yōu)良道德傳統(tǒng)的重大意義

1是社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的客觀需要

2加強(qiáng)社會主義道德建設(shè)的內(nèi)在要求

3個人健康成長的重要條件

中華民族優(yōu)良道德傳統(tǒng)主要內(nèi)容

1注重整體利益、國家利益和民族利益，強(qiáng)調(diào)對社會、民族、國家的責(zé)任意識和奉獻(xiàn)精神。2推崇仁愛原則，追求人際和諧。

3講求謙敬禮讓，提倡言行一致，強(qiáng)調(diào)恪守誠信。

4追求精神境界，把道德理想的實現(xiàn)堪稱是一種高層次的需要。

5重視道德實踐，強(qiáng)調(diào)修養(yǎng)的重要性，倡導(dǎo)道德主體在玩完善自身中發(fā)揮自己的能動作用 社會主義道德建設(shè)的核心和原則

1要以為人民服務(wù)為核心

（1）為人民服務(wù)是社會主義經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)和人際關(guān)系的客觀需要

（2）為人民服務(wù)是社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)健康發(fā)展的要求。

2要以集體主義為原則

（1）社會主義集體主義強(qiáng)調(diào)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體利益和個人利益的辯證統(tǒng)一

（2）社會主義集體主義強(qiáng)調(diào)集體利益高于個人利益

（3）社會主義集體主義強(qiáng)調(diào)重視和保障個人的正當(dāng)利益

3宣傳和弘揚(yáng)共產(chǎn)主義道德

大學(xué)生與誠信道德

1誠信是大學(xué)生樹立理想信念的基礎(chǔ)

2誠信是大學(xué)生全面發(fā)展的前提

3誠信是大學(xué)生進(jìn)入社會的通行證

公共生活特點(diǎn)

1活動范圍廣泛性，內(nèi)容公開性

2交往對象復(fù)雜性

3活動方式多樣性

公共生活需要公共公共秩序

1有序的公共生活是構(gòu)建和諧社會的重要條件

2有序的公共生活是經(jīng)濟(jì)社會健康發(fā)展的必要前提

3有序的公共生活是提高社會成員生活質(zhì)量的基本保證

4有序的公共生活是國家現(xiàn)代化和文明程度的重要標(biāo)志

社會公德特點(diǎn)：繼承性，基礎(chǔ)性，廣泛性，簡明性

社會公德主要內(nèi)容

（1）文明禮貌（2）助人為樂（3）愛護(hù)公物（4）保護(hù)環(huán)境（5）遵紀(jì)守法

網(wǎng)絡(luò)生活中的道德要求

1正確使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)工具

2健康進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)交往

3自覺避免沉迷網(wǎng)絡(luò)

4養(yǎng)成網(wǎng)絡(luò)自律精神

公共生活與法律規(guī)范作用指引作用 2預(yù)測作用 3評價作用 4強(qiáng)制作用 5教育作用

職業(yè)道德的基本要求

愛崗敬業(yè)，誠實守信，辦事公道，服務(wù)群眾，奉獻(xiàn)社會

職業(yè)活動中法律的基本要求

1了解職業(yè)活動中的主要法律

2堅持職業(yè)活動中的法律的基本原則

3明確職業(yè)活動中的法定權(quán)利和義務(wù)

4依法處理職業(yè)活動中的糾紛

大學(xué)生職業(yè)道德素質(zhì)與法律素質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)

1努力學(xué)習(xí)職業(yè)道德和職業(yè)活動中的法律知識

2努力提高職業(yè)道德意識和法律意識

3努力鍛煉實際履行職業(yè)道德規(guī)范和法律規(guī)范的法律規(guī)范的能力 樹立正確擇業(yè)觀和創(chuàng)業(yè)觀

1樹立崇高職業(yè)理想，重視人生價值實現(xiàn)。

2服務(wù)社會需要，追求長遠(yuǎn)距離。

3打下堅實基礎(chǔ)，做好充分準(zhǔn)備。

4要有積極創(chuàng)業(yè)的思想準(zhǔn)備

5有敢于創(chuàng)業(yè)的勇氣

6要提高創(chuàng)業(yè)能力

在艱苦中鍛煉，在實踐中成才

1在艱苦中鍛煉時成才的必要條件

2社會實踐是鍛造人才的熔爐

戀愛中的道德

1尊重人格平等 2自覺承擔(dān)責(zé)任 3文明相親相愛

大學(xué)生的戀愛

1不能把友情當(dāng)愛情

2不能措置愛情地位

3不能片面地或功利化的對待戀愛

4不能只重過程不顧后果

家庭美德

尊老愛幼，夫妻和睦，勤奮持家，鄰里團(tuán)結(jié)

法律的一般含義

1法律是有國家創(chuàng)制并保證實施的行為規(guī)范

2法律是同志階級意志的體現(xiàn)

3法律是社會物質(zhì)生活條件決定

我國法律的運(yùn)行

法律制定遵守執(zhí)行實用

建設(shè)社會主義法治國家

1完善中國特色社會主義法律體系

2提高黨依法執(zhí)政的水平

3加快建設(shè)法治政府4完善司法體制機(jī)制

5加強(qiáng)對權(quán)力運(yùn)行的制約和監(jiān)督

6培植社會主義新型法律文化

社會主義民主與法治觀念

1社會主義民主與法治是社會主義的重要特質(zhì)

2黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是社會主義民主與法制建設(shè)的根本保證3社會主義民主與法制相互依存相互促進(jìn)

法律權(quán)力與法律義務(wù)的關(guān)系

1結(jié)構(gòu)上的相關(guān)關(guān)系

2總量上的等值關(guān)系

3功能上的互補(bǔ)關(guān)系

履行維護(hù)國家安全的義務(wù)

1依照法律服兵役和參加民兵組織的義務(wù)2保守國家秘密的義務(wù)

3提供便利條件或其他協(xié)助的義務(wù)

4如實提供證據(jù)的義務(wù)

5及時報告危害國家安全行為的義務(wù)

6不得違法持有使用專用間諜器材的義務(wù)

法律思維方式的特征

講證據(jù)講程序講法理

培養(yǎng)法律思維方式的途徑

學(xué)習(xí)法律知識掌握法律方法參與法律實踐 憲法的特征和原則

特征

1憲法給定國家生活中最根本最重要的方面2憲法法律效力最高

3憲法比其他法律更為嚴(yán)格

原則

1堅持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)原則

2人民主權(quán)原則

3保障公民權(quán)利原則

4法治原則

5民主集中制原則

我國的國家制度

1人民民主專政制度

2人民代表大會制度

3中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度4民族區(qū)域自治制度

5基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度

我國公民的基本權(quán)利和義務(wù)

基本權(quán)利：平等權(quán)

2政治權(quán)利和自由宗教信仰自由

4人身自由權(quán)

5批評建議申訴控告減去全和取得國家賠償權(quán) 6社會經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)

7文化教育權(quán)

8特定主體權(quán)

基本義務(wù)

1維護(hù)國家統(tǒng)一和全國各民族團(tuán)結(jié)

2遵守憲法和法律

3維護(hù)祖國的安全榮譽(yù)和利益

4保衛(wèi)祖國依法服兵役和參加民兵組織

5依法納稅

6其他義務(wù) 以熱愛祖國為榮，以危害祖國為恥；以服務(wù)人民為榮，以背離人民為恥；以崇尚科學(xué)為榮，以愚昧無知為恥；以辛勤勞動為榮，以好逸惡勞為恥；以團(tuán)結(jié)互助為榮，以損人利己為恥；以誠實守信為榮，以見利忘義為恥；以遵紀(jì)守法為榮，以違法亂紀(jì)為恥；以艱苦奮斗為榮，以驕奢淫逸為恥。

第四篇：GMAT邏輯“ 黑體字” 題型的總結(jié)

Bold Face Practice 1.Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes.(Fact)During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway.(Principle)

Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer.(Evidence)Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.(Conclusion)

2.A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug.(Principle)But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo.(Anti-Consideration)

3.The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats.(Fact)A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats.(Evidence)

Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X,(Consideration that can be drawn from the first one)but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.(Fact)4.More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.(Conclusion)Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.(Conclusion)

5.Gasoline-powered boat engines manufactured in the a North American country prior to 1990 contribute significantly to the pollution found in the world’s oceans.(Fact)

In 1990, however, the government imposed stricter pollution controls on gasoline engines manufactured for boats, and beginning in 1995, the government imposed a program of inspections for pre-1990 boat engines with increasingly rigorous pollution standards.(Fact)

As the older boat engines fail to pass inspection, boat owners are increasingly retiring their old engines in favor of newer, less-polluting boat engines.(The evidence showed in the patten of cause and effect)As a result, the amount of pollution these older boat engines emit into the world’s oceans will steadily decrease over the next ten years.(Conclusion)

6.Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue.(Fact or Background)Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases.(The second evidence found by the author of passage)Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus.(Conclusion)7.To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to the entertainment industry.Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net worth of 5 billion dollars and Chase has not financed any Hollywood movies，(The part of evidence in support of this argument)so he must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club.(The conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidences that the argument contains)

8.The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines.(Premise)Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials.(Fact)

As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials.(The author’s evidence)So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.(The author’s conclusion)

9.Something must be done to ease traffic congestion.(Conclusion)In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived(Evidence);

but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day.(Evidence)Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed averages only 35 miles per hour.(Evidence)

So new businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live.(Author’s method or strategy)

10.(OG-205)Consumer advocate:

it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise.(Concession)It is also true that each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence.(Second concession / A pattern of cause and effect that the advocates argues will not hold in the case at issue)However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer’s legal costs.(A certain position advocate hold)Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees.(A consideration in support of that prediction)

GWD-1-Q3: A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.(a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy)

appeal: 呼籲,請求

But large profits on the new product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product’s capabilities.(a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy)Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.(Author’s method or strategy)GWD-1-Q22&8-Q31: City Official:

At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have.Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are more receiving proper medical care.(the position that the city official’s argument opposes)

However, this conclusion is almost certainly false.(the conclusion of the city official’s argument)

Careful investigation has recently shown two things: insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.(Evidence)

GWD-3-Q2 Hunter:

Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.(the main conclusion of the argument)

In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.(Evidence)

GWD-3-Q16: Economist:

Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.(supports the environmentalists’ conclusion)

Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.(states that environmentalists’ conclusion)

However, these environmentalists are probably wrong.The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.GWD-5-Q19: Historian:

In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village.Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete.(provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish)

This very completeness makes one point stand out;in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines.Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax.This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures.Tellingly: 有效地;顯著地

Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded;and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy.Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.(that position)

GWD-5-Q20: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)

However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual.(a finding on which that challenge is based)

Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.天山Q25: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs.Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.(evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.)GWD-6-Q16: Historian:

Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.(evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes)

A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.(evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position)

GWD-7-Q18&8-Q21: Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.(the position that the argument seeks to establish)

Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right.(Evidence in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish)Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.(presents an assumption on which that argument relies.)Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C.it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.GWD-9-Q30: Criminologist:

Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted 21 of a third serious crime.These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently.(a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute)

What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime.Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.(the main conclusion of the argument)

GWD-10-Q17: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest.Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient.A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce.The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted.(a proposal against which the editorial is directed)This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.(a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.)GWD-12-Q33: Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.(describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses)

This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse.Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated.However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition.On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.(states the main conclusion of the argument.)天山Q3: Business Consultant:

Some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy.(consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy)Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses.(a reason against adopting that strategy)The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.天山Q32: Ecologist:

The Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs.The common view is that the Highlands’ deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture.However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago.(evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position.)Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1,000 years and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depths great than four feet.(the evidence)Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.8月JJ真題

A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company’s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products.(the position that the argument as a whole opposes)

It is doubtful whether an investor’s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified.(the conclusion of the argument as a whole)It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton’s case it indicates no such thing.Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.

第五篇：八上生物書上黑體字(人教版)

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.腔腸動物的主要特征：身體呈輻射對稱；體表有刺細(xì)胞；有口無肛門。扁形動物的主要特征：身體呈兩側(cè)對稱；背腹扁平；有口無肛門。線形動物的主要特征：身體細(xì)長，呈圓柱形；體表有角質(zhì)層；有口有肛門。環(huán)節(jié)動物的主要特征：身體呈圓筒形，由許多彼此相似的體節(jié)組成；靠剛毛或疣足輔助運(yùn)動。軟體動物的主要特征：柔軟的身體表面有外套膜，大多具有貝殼；運(yùn)動器官是足。節(jié)肢動物的主要特征：體表有堅韌的外骨骼；身體和附肢都分節(jié)。腔腸動物、扁形動物、線形動物、環(huán)節(jié)動物、軟體動物和節(jié)肢動物，它們的體內(nèi)沒有由脊椎骨

組成的脊柱，統(tǒng)稱為無脊椎動物。

8.魚、兩棲動物、爬行動物、鳥和哺乳動物，它們的共同特點(diǎn)是身體內(nèi)都有由脊椎骨組成的脊柱，統(tǒng)稱為脊椎動物。

9.魚的主要特征：生活在水中；體表常有鱗片覆蓋；用腮呼吸；通過尾部和軀干部的擺動以及鰭的協(xié)調(diào)作用游泳。

10.兩棲動物的主要特征：幼體生活在水中，用腮呼吸；成體大多生活在陸地上，也可在水中游泳，用肺呼吸，皮膚可輔助呼吸。

11.爬行動物的主要特征：體表覆蓋角質(zhì)的鱗片或甲；用肺呼吸；在陸地上產(chǎn)卵，卵表面有堅硬的卵殼。

12.鳥的體溫不會隨著環(huán)境溫度的變化而改變，是恒溫動物。魚、兩棲動物和爬行動物，體溫隨環(huán)

境溫度的變化而改變，是變溫動物。

13.魚的主要特征：體表覆羽；前肢變成翼；有喙無齒；有氣囊輔助肺呼吸。

14.哺乳動物的主要特征：體表被毛；胎生，哺乳；牙齒有門齒、犬齒和臼齒的分化。

15.運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)主要是由骨、關(guān)節(jié)和肌肉組成的。

16.骨骼肌受神經(jīng)傳來的刺激收縮時，就會牽動骨繞關(guān)節(jié)活動，于是軀體的相應(yīng)部位就會產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動。

17.運(yùn)動并不是僅靠運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)來完成的，還需要其他系統(tǒng)如神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié)。運(yùn)動所

需的能量，有賴于消化系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)等系統(tǒng)的配合。

18.動物生來就有的，由動物體內(nèi)的遺傳物質(zhì)所決定的行為，稱為先天性行為。

19.在遺傳因素的基礎(chǔ)上，通過環(huán)境因素的作用，由生活經(jīng)驗和學(xué)習(xí)而獲得的行為，成為學(xué)習(xí)行為。

20.具有社會行為的動物，群體內(nèi)部往往形成一定的組織，成員之間有明確的分工，有的群體中還

形成等級。

21.由一個細(xì)菌或真菌繁殖后形成的肉眼可見的集合體稱為菌落。

22.細(xì)菌雖有DNA集中的區(qū)域，卻沒有成型的細(xì)胞核。

23.細(xì)菌是靠分裂進(jìn)行生殖的。

24.霉菌、蘑菇等真菌的細(xì)胞里都有細(xì)胞核。

25.真菌可以通過產(chǎn)生大量的孢子來繁殖后代。

26.防止食品腐敗所依據(jù)的主要原理是把食品內(nèi)的細(xì)菌和真菌殺死或抑制它們的生長和繁殖。

27.病毒不能獨(dú)立生活，必須寄生在其他生物的細(xì)胞內(nèi)。

28.病毒的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，由蛋白質(zhì)外殼和內(nèi)部的遺傳物質(zhì)組成，沒有細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)。病毒只能寄生在活細(xì)

胞里，靠自己的遺傳物質(zhì)中的遺傳信息，利用細(xì)胞內(nèi)的物質(zhì)，制造出新的病毒，這是它的繁殖方式。

29.生物分類從大到小的等級依次是：界、門、綱、目、科、屬、種。

30.“種”是最基本的分類單位，同種生物的親緣關(guān)系是最密切的。

31.生物種類的多樣性實質(zhì)上是基因的多樣性。

32.保護(hù)生物的棲息環(huán)境，保護(hù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的多樣性，是保護(hù)生物多樣性的根本措施。

33.建立自然保護(hù)區(qū)是保護(hù)生物多樣性最為有效的措施。