第一篇：試析藍(lán)云精神的內(nèi)容實(shí)質(zhì)及背景因素

試析藍(lán)云精神的內(nèi)容實(shí)質(zhì)及背景因素

韋朝永

藍(lán)云，男，瑤族，1968年2月出生，中共黨員，系大化瑤族自治縣板升鄉(xiāng)弄叢村村醫(yī)。從2000年起，為解決偏遠(yuǎn)山村群眾看病難的問題，藍(lán)云改行從醫(yī)，十年如一日扎根大石山區(qū)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)，走村串戶，爬山涉水，愛崗敬業(yè)，默默奉獻(xiàn)，把鄉(xiāng)親當(dāng)親人，把病人當(dāng)家人，經(jīng)他搶救的病號(hào)上千人。藍(lán)云同志以一腔熱血服務(wù)群眾，用堅(jiān)守、奉獻(xiàn)乃至生命換來百姓健康與幸福，被村民親切地稱為“生命的守護(hù)神”。2006年12月，藍(lán)云被查出患有鼻咽癌，但他仍堅(jiān)持在村里帶病行醫(yī)、治病救人。他擔(dān)心自己離去后無人接班，便動(dòng)員妻子也走上從醫(yī)之路，并負(fù)債將妻子送入衛(wèi)校學(xué)醫(yī)，學(xué)成回來繼續(xù)為山區(qū)群眾治病行醫(yī)。

藍(lán)云的先進(jìn)事跡經(jīng)各級(jí)各類新聞媒體深入報(bào)道和廣泛宣傳之后，立即感動(dòng)了社會(huì)各界，打動(dòng)了無數(shù)認(rèn)識(shí)和不認(rèn)識(shí)的人們。河池市委授予藍(lán)云同志“優(yōu)秀共產(chǎn)黨員”稱號(hào)，并決定在全市范圍內(nèi)深入開展向藍(lán)云同志學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)。區(qū)衛(wèi)生廳授予藍(lán)云同志廣西衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)“優(yōu)秀共產(chǎn)黨員”、廣西 “優(yōu)秀鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)生”榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)，并在全區(qū)衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)深入開展向藍(lán)云同志學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)。目前，在全區(qū)范圍內(nèi)，不斷掀起向藍(lán)云同志學(xué)習(xí)的熱潮。那么我們究竟要向藍(lán)云同志學(xué)習(xí)些什么呢？換言之，藍(lán)云精神到底包括哪些豐富而深刻的內(nèi)涵呢？

一、牢記宗旨、傾心為民的高尚品格。藍(lán)云同志始終牢記全心全意為人民服務(wù)的宗旨，滿懷著對(duì)黨和瑤山群眾的無限熱愛。為了改變偏遠(yuǎn)山區(qū)看病難的狀況，在當(dāng)?shù)貛熧Y有保證的情況下，他不惜棄教從醫(yī)，以滿腔熱情傾心為瑤山人民群眾的健康服務(wù)。得知自己身患癌癥，他想到的不是個(gè)人的

安危，而是擔(dān)憂今后山村群眾的健康保障問題。為傳承治病救人的事業(yè)，盡管小孩年幼、貧病交加，困難重重，他毅然說服妻子棄教外出學(xué)醫(yī)，以便將來接班為山區(qū)群眾防病治病。他用實(shí)際行動(dòng)演繹了一名基層共產(chǎn)黨員牢記宗旨，對(duì)黨無限忠誠(chéng)，傾心為民的高尚品格。

二、扎根山區(qū)，恪盡職守的職業(yè)風(fēng)范。藍(lán)云同志時(shí)刻心系群眾生命安康，十年如一日扎根大石山區(qū)為農(nóng)民群眾防病治病。為提升自身醫(yī)療知識(shí)，他勤奮好學(xué)，刻苦鉆研，埋頭苦練，練就過硬的本領(lǐng)，面對(duì)患者需求，他隨叫隨到，無論白天黑夜，不管風(fēng)吹雨打，哪怕山高路險(xiǎn)，哪里有病情報(bào)告，哪里就有他的身影。在他患病的四年里，他先后診治病人達(dá)兩萬多人次，出門救治上千人次。藍(lán)云同志用自己良好的醫(yī)術(shù)、高尚的醫(yī)德、熱情的服務(wù)在平凡的崗位上做出了不平凡的業(yè)績(jī)，他以實(shí)際行動(dòng)演繹著一名基層醫(yī)療工作者愛崗敬業(yè)，恪盡職守的職業(yè)風(fēng)范。

三、生命不息、奮斗不止的拼搏精神。藍(lán)云同志把衛(wèi)生事業(yè)看得比自己生命更重要,面對(duì)無情病痛,他坦然面對(duì)，與病魔頑強(qiáng)抗?fàn)?，用工作延續(xù)生命。面對(duì)鄉(xiāng)間鄰里的好言勸說，他卻說：“我是醫(yī)生，現(xiàn)在還能走得動(dòng)，怎能閑看別人讓病苦折磨！”面對(duì)病情逐步惡化,在病痛折磨和身體極度虛弱的情況下，他以堅(jiān)定的信念、超人的毅力,堅(jiān)持在大山里懸壺濟(jì)世、治病救人，創(chuàng)造了生命和事業(yè)的奇跡，他以實(shí)際行動(dòng)展示了一名共產(chǎn)黨員生命不息、奮斗不止的拼搏精神。

四、甘守清貧，無私奉獻(xiàn)的高尚情操。藍(lán)云同志情為民所系，利為民所謀，面對(duì)一個(gè)月700多元的收入，他不離不棄村醫(yī)崗位，扎根瑤山，甘守清貧，默默付出，盡管負(fù)債在身，依然為困難群眾墊支甚至減免醫(yī)療費(fèi)用，他把愛心傾注給了鄉(xiāng)親，把痛苦留給了自己。從醫(yī)十余年來，他把鄉(xiāng)親們當(dāng)親人，把病人當(dāng)家人，以實(shí)行行動(dòng)詮釋共產(chǎn)黨員“先進(jìn)”

和“優(yōu)秀”的時(shí)代特征，演繹著鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)生甘守清貧，無私奉獻(xiàn)的高尚情操。

五、維護(hù)團(tuán)結(jié)，促進(jìn)和諧的熾熱情懷。弄叢村方圓上百里雜居著瑤、壯、漢等民族，由于歷史變遷、民族習(xí)慣等原因，各民族間存在著一定的歧視、摩擦和糾紛現(xiàn)象。藍(lán)云同志在行醫(yī)過程中，對(duì)各民族患者一視同仁、平等相待，平時(shí)還積極參與化解鄰里之間的各種糾紛，成為山村里一名受各族群眾熱愛、擁戴的“和事佬”。藍(lán)云同志以實(shí)際行動(dòng)維護(hù)了民族團(tuán)結(jié)，促進(jìn)了各民族和睦相處。

藍(lán)云是從大化這片紅土地上孕育出來、成長(zhǎng)起來的先進(jìn)典型，是我們的驕傲，更是我們的榜樣。大凡榜樣，都是一定的具體社會(huì)生活條件的產(chǎn)物，是歷史性與現(xiàn)實(shí)性的統(tǒng)一。榜樣的成長(zhǎng)歷程以及榜樣的行為表現(xiàn)都具有一定的背景因素，分析這些因素有沒有實(shí)際意義呢？答案是肯定的。首先能使榜樣不脫離具體情境，避免普遍化、概念化、臉譜化；其次，能使人們更好更深入地理解、學(xué)習(xí)榜樣的精神實(shí)質(zhì)；再次，還榜樣一個(gè)本真面貌，增強(qiáng)榜樣的感染力、示范性和可學(xué)度；最后，使人們更清晰地認(rèn)識(shí)榜樣的成長(zhǎng)規(guī)律，更恰當(dāng)?shù)貍鬟f榜樣的各種信息，從而更好地發(fā)揮榜樣自身應(yīng)起的作用。

綜合分析，藍(lán)云精神產(chǎn)生的背景因素大致有如下幾點(diǎn)。

一、時(shí)代背景。俗話說，時(shí)勢(shì)造英雄。時(shí)代需要榜樣，時(shí)代呼喚英雄。在全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)、加快推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化的今天，我們面臨著諸多嚴(yán)峻考驗(yàn)，既要應(yīng)對(duì)各種要素制約和形勢(shì)變化帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，又要不斷創(chuàng)新，努力克服前進(jìn)道路中遇到的各種矛盾與困難。因此，時(shí)代期盼更多的榜樣出現(xiàn)，時(shí)代呼喚更多英雄的誕生。新時(shí)代的榜樣，可以是像神舟六號(hào)航天員費(fèi)俊龍、聶海勝那樣叱咤全球的風(fēng)云人物，更多時(shí)候則應(yīng)該是像藍(lán)云這樣的默默奉獻(xiàn)的草根平民。作為

新時(shí)代的榜樣，藍(lán)云正是以實(shí)際行動(dòng)，引領(lǐng)著時(shí)代發(fā)展的方向，影響著一代又一代后來人，他的先進(jìn)事跡為家鄉(xiāng)為祖國(guó)乃至全人類留下了一份不可多得的寶貴的精神財(cái)富，他所展現(xiàn)出來的精神同樣是這個(gè)時(shí)代的最強(qiáng)音。

二、綜合背景。時(shí)代造就英雄，環(huán)境鑄成典型。任何一個(gè)先進(jìn)集體或者榜樣模范無不深深打上地域的烙印，無不是一個(gè)地區(qū)發(fā)展變化特點(diǎn)的凝聚和人文精神的折射。

（一）紅色熏陶。大化是一片紅色的土地，有著光榮的革命歷史和優(yōu)良的革命傳統(tǒng)，誕生過像覃國(guó)翰這樣的共和國(guó)上將。藍(lán)云正是頭頂紅太陽、心系紅水河、腳踏紅土地成長(zhǎng)起來的社會(huì)主義建設(shè)事業(yè)接班人。學(xué)生時(shí)代的藍(lán)云，在這片火熱的紅色土地熏陶下，立志要做一名心系祖國(guó)、報(bào)效家鄉(xiāng)的好學(xué)生；參加工作以后，他拒絕各方誘惑、潛心投入全心全意為群眾服務(wù)的事業(yè)中去。詩人艾青的經(jīng)典詩句“為什么我的眼里常含淚水？因?yàn)槲覍?duì)這土地愛得深沉”正是對(duì)藍(lán)云同志繼承紅色遺志、踐行革命理想的真實(shí)寫照。

（二）民族情愫。板升弄叢是一個(gè)民族雜居之地，這里生活著瑤、壯、漢等民族。自小，父親就告訴藍(lán)云，不管是哪個(gè)民族，大家生活在一起就像兄弟姐妹一樣，要相互尊重，相幫互助，攜起手來共同建設(shè)美好家園。這種樸素的民族大義和民族情懷，使藍(lán)云在二十多年的村醫(yī)生涯中，真正做到不分彼此、同等看待不同民族，視異族病人如同親人，視同族病人如同家人。可以這么說，藍(lán)云的從醫(yī)生涯同時(shí)也是一部增進(jìn)民族情誼、促進(jìn)民族團(tuán)結(jié)、維護(hù)民族穩(wěn)定的民族大戲。

（三）家庭影響。藍(lán)云的祖父生前是當(dāng)?shù)赜忻拿耖g雜家，父親則是一名對(duì)中草藥頗有研究的“土醫(yī)”。深受父

親影響，藍(lán)云自小就跟隨父親在大山深處識(shí)別、采集、配制中草藥，為那些苦于沒錢買藥、看病的父老鄉(xiāng)親們無償治病、驅(qū)逐病魔。父親的言行舉止、坦蕩胸懷以及鄉(xiāng)親們對(duì)父親的愛戴和敬仰深深地影響著少年時(shí)期的藍(lán)云。他立志長(zhǎng)大后也要做一個(gè)受人擁戴的凡人。二十歲時(shí)他開始投身基層，無論是短暫的教書育人，還是相對(duì)漫長(zhǎng)的治病救人，家庭因素的影響都是不可忽視的。

（四）環(huán)境因素。身處大山深處，藍(lán)云像他的父老鄉(xiāng)親一樣，有著大山一般堅(jiān)忍不拔的意志和吃苦耐勞的秉性。他能吃常人吃不了的苦，能忍常人忍不了的痛，他敢做常人不敢做的夢(mèng)，敢干常人干不了的事。我們?cè)谒{(lán)云身上，看到了大山兒女的樸實(shí)、執(zhí)著、堅(jiān)韌和堅(jiān)守。大山深處的落后、閉塞和愚昧，讓藍(lán)云一次又一次親睹父老鄉(xiāng)親飽受病魔摧殘、吞噬的慘劇，每一次他都有一種撕心裂肺的感覺。他內(nèi)心深知，奢望外面的醫(yī)生進(jìn)入弄叢長(zhǎng)期做村醫(yī)，安心地為父老鄉(xiāng)親救死扶傷是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的，這項(xiàng)使命只能靠自己用不懈的努力和畢生的精力去探索、踐行、完成。藍(lán)云這樣想了，也這樣做了，而且一做就是數(shù)十年。大山里的鷹是山里人不變的圖騰，藍(lán)天上的云是山里人不朽的希望，是環(huán)境鍛造了藍(lán)云治病救人的本領(lǐng)，是環(huán)境成就了藍(lán)云志存高遠(yuǎn)的理想。

三、思想背景。有句話這樣說：“真正的榜樣不是教我們?nèi)绾稳プ龅墓そ?，而是引領(lǐng)我們?nèi)绾稳ニ伎嫉木耦I(lǐng)袖。時(shí)代在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)候需要的是工匠的技巧，而時(shí)代在發(fā)展的時(shí)候需要的是精神領(lǐng)袖的思想?！边@句話用在藍(lán)云身上再合適不過了?；蛟S，在眾多醫(yī)務(wù)工作者當(dāng)中，藍(lán)云的醫(yī)術(shù)算不上拔尖水平，然而藍(lán)云的醫(yī)德絕對(duì)是出類拔萃的。他的高尚的醫(yī)德又源于他深邃而豐贍的思想，那么他的超出常人的思想又從何而來呢？綜上所述，歸結(jié)如下：一是紅色土地的熏染；二是民族情懷的感召；三是少年志向的激勵(lì)；四是家

庭因素的萌生；五是環(huán)境條件的鞭策；六是政治認(rèn)識(shí)的升華。尤其是成為一名光榮的共產(chǎn)黨員之后，藍(lán)云在政治素質(zhì)上、思想認(rèn)識(shí)上都上了一個(gè)新層面，他謹(jǐn)記胡錦濤總書記在十七大報(bào)告中所指出的：“全黨同志特別是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部都要講黨性、重品行、作表率。”深知黨員干部必須自覺加強(qiáng)黨性及品行修養(yǎng)，才能永葆共產(chǎn)黨員的先進(jìn)性和純潔性。黨員干部必須不斷錘煉、不斷約束、不斷改造、不斷完善自己，以一個(gè)新時(shí)期黨員的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來要求自己，帶頭加強(qiáng)黨性及品行修養(yǎng)，這既是個(gè)人健康成長(zhǎng)的重要保證，也是自己救死扶傷的職業(yè)道德的有力保障，更是胡錦濤總書記關(guān)于全面鞏固和發(fā)展黨員先進(jìn)性教育活動(dòng)成果的要求。不講黨性、不重品行，必將給群眾利益帶來損失，也會(huì)給我們黨的形象抹黑。藍(lán)云就這樣實(shí)現(xiàn)了在思想上由量變到質(zhì)變、由感性到理性、再由理性到踐行的飛躍，他的無數(shù)感人的事跡正是得益于這樣高出常人的見解和認(rèn)識(shí)。

剖析藍(lán)云精神內(nèi)涵，為的是讓我們更好地學(xué)習(xí)、提高、效仿；探索藍(lán)云精神形成的背景因素，為的是盡可能的提升這片土地上民眾的精、氣、神，讓我們的英雄得到更好地保護(hù)，讓大山深處的云朵越聚越多、越變?cè)矫溃尲t土地上的雄鷹越唱越響，越飛越高?。ㄗ髡呦抵泄泊蠡幾遄灾慰h委員會(huì)書記）

第二篇：學(xué)習(xí)藍(lán)云先進(jìn)事跡心得體會(huì)

學(xué)習(xí)藍(lán)云先進(jìn)事跡心得體會(huì)

近期我黨支部組織開展了以“學(xué)藍(lán)云，找差距、創(chuàng)佳績(jī)”為主題的大討論活動(dòng)。藍(lán)云同志的感人事跡深深地觸動(dòng)和震撼我們每個(gè)黨員的心靈，也激發(fā)了我們要成為一名優(yōu)秀中共黨員的決心。

醫(yī)生本來不是他的職業(yè)，卻因?yàn)榇迕竦募鼻行枰?，而放棄本來穩(wěn)定和喜愛的工作，依然背負(fù)起五鄉(xiāng)五弄人民健康的責(zé)任，從一個(gè)職業(yè)跨入另一個(gè)職業(yè)，在常人看來都是那么難以理解，而于他卻是哪里需要去哪里，回鄉(xiāng)教書剛開始亦非他本愿。只因那時(shí)候缺師少教，村里的知識(shí)無人普及，他才選擇的教師工作。后又因山里村民們生命健康沒有保障，才棄“文”從醫(yī)。從始至終，他心中都是以人民需要為目標(biāo)，努力踏實(shí)地為人民做實(shí)事。堅(jiān)守著一顆為民服務(wù)的赤子之心。一種習(xí)慣，一種堅(jiān)守，一種堅(jiān)守，一種信念，一種信念，一種人生。藍(lán)云的一生是短暫的，卻是無悔的，他真正做到了像保爾·柯察金所說的那樣：“當(dāng)他回首往事時(shí)，不因虛度年華而悔恨，也不因碌碌無為而羞恥?！?/p>

在人們感嘆“人心難測(cè)，世事艱難”，人們?yōu)楦鞣N利益奔波勞碌，爾虞我詐傾瀉而下，清澈歡快而義無反顧地展示了世間最原始的美好和對(duì)美好的追求?，幧嚼镉肋h(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記那背藥箱奔波的背影那夕陽下燦爛的光輝，那朝陽升起的希望。哪里需要他，他就會(huì)在哪里出現(xiàn)，多么唯美善良的本性啊。只是英雄離世得太早，我們還來不及唏噓，他已飛往天堂，也許他真的是天使，上面召喚他了，他該回家了，該好好休息了，他真的太累了。

他走了，但他的事業(yè)，他的精神卻將永遠(yuǎn)影響和指導(dǎo)著我們，他是我們每個(gè)黨員，每個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)的楷模。尤其是即將邁向工作崗位的我們，藍(lán)云的精神對(duì)我們的指導(dǎo)意義真的很大。我們不用再削平腦袋要進(jìn)大醫(yī)院，腳踏實(shí)地地學(xué)習(xí)，將來到人民群眾需要的地方去，真正為人民做實(shí)事、辦好事，哪里需要我們哪里就是我們的最佳去處。拭去心中那些為名利的塵埃，以藍(lán)云同志為明鏡，人生又怎能會(huì)失去意義呢？

藍(lán)云同志的精神處處閃著平凡而執(zhí)著的光輝，然而平凡的生活早就他非凡的人生。魯迅先生曾經(jīng)說過：“有些人死了，打他卻還活著。”是的，藍(lán)云就是其中一個(gè)這樣的人。讓我們永遠(yuǎn)都記住吧！

第三篇：奧古斯丁雙城理論的內(nèi)容和實(shí)質(zhì)是什么

奧古斯丁（Saint Aurlius Augustine,350--430）, 公元 354 年 11 月 13 日 , 誕生于羅馬在北非的領(lǐng)地薩加斯特附近的小鎮(zhèn)勞克赫拉斯（Thagaste），一個(gè)不太寬裕的羅馬化的柏柏爾人家庭中..奧古斯丁一生著作頗豐，主要有：《駁學(xué)園派》、《論意志的自由選擇》、《論教師》、《懺悔錄》、《論三位一體》、《上帝之城》等。

奧古斯丁認(rèn)為，自從亞當(dāng)和夏娃被上帝逐出天堂之后，塵世間就出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)世界，即“上帝之城”和“地上之城”。世俗之城是撒旦的王國(guó)，是被放逐的凡人集合而成的共同體。由于人的自私的愛，這里充滿了邪惡與暴力，充滿了不平等和奴役。而上帝之城是基督教的“千年王國(guó)”，高于世俗之城。

奧古斯丁雙城理論的內(nèi)容和實(shí)質(zhì)是什么？

雙城理論是奧古斯丁政治理論中最具影響的內(nèi)容。奧古斯丁區(qū)分了所謂“上帝之城”(天上之城)和世人之城”(地上之城)。根據(jù)他的解釋，兩個(gè)城的分野源于天使的反叛，直接起因則是亞當(dāng)?shù)膲櫬?。人類始祖犯罪，?dǎo)致兩座城的劃分。在奧古斯丁的筆下，它們分別是圣者與不義者之城，是預(yù)定要得救者與注定會(huì)受懲罰者之城。

奧古斯丁提出，兩種不同的愛創(chuàng)造了兩座城，由只愛自己甚至連上帝也輕蔑的愛，造成了地上之城，由愛上帝發(fā)展到連自己也輕蔑的愛，造成了上帝之城。實(shí)質(zhì)上，兩個(gè)城的區(qū)分是依據(jù)基督教倫理對(duì)人進(jìn)行的區(qū)分。所有的人都不會(huì)脫離兩個(gè)城，一個(gè)城的人選擇肉欲的生活，另一個(gè)城的人選擇精神

會(huì)是混合在一起的。到末日審判的時(shí)候，兩座城才徹底分開。上帝之城是最高的善，是永久和完美的和平，人們?cè)谄渲邢硎苡郎男腋！Ｊ廊酥堑娜藗儫o論多么富足，他們?nèi)允潜瘧K的，注定被上帝所擯棄，永遠(yuǎn)遭受魔鬼統(tǒng)治的痛苦。

在區(qū)分“上帝之城”與“世人之城”的基礎(chǔ)上，奧古斯丁闡述了他關(guān)于國(guó)家與教會(huì)的思想。他認(rèn)為，在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，兩個(gè)城是混合在一起的。兩個(gè)城的成員在最高的愛上相互對(duì)立，但對(duì)于許多較低等級(jí)和中介的善，他們的愛是共同的。這使兩個(gè)城的公民在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的廣泛領(lǐng)域以達(dá)成一致。這樣就構(gòu)成了共同體的一套價(jià)值體系，社會(huì)正是這個(gè)共享的中間價(jià)值領(lǐng)域。

依據(jù)雙城理論，奧古斯丁指出，世俗國(guó)家是上帝實(shí)現(xiàn)自己拯救計(jì)劃的工具。國(guó)家負(fù)責(zé)滿足人們的物質(zhì)需要，保證人們的安全和有秩序的社會(huì)交往。這是為地上之城和天上之城的公民共同希求的。它是“地上的和平”，每個(gè)人都希望得到它。這也是國(guó)家的職能所在。

與世俗國(guó)家相比，奧古斯丁賦予教會(huì)以更高地位。他指出，教會(huì)本身是神圣正確的，人們必須皈依這個(gè)惟一神圣的教會(huì)才能得救。否則，即使言行沒有缺陷的人，靈魂也不能得救。

然而，奧古斯丁所生活的時(shí)代，是皇帝統(tǒng)治國(guó)家，王權(quán)高于教權(quán)的時(shí)代。皇帝是國(guó)家的最高領(lǐng)袖，基督教會(huì)只是國(guó)家的一個(gè)組成部分，皇帝可以直接干預(yù)和控制教會(huì)的內(nèi)部事務(wù)。奧古斯丁的主張，一方面是力圖使教會(huì)從國(guó)家的控制下獲得獨(dú)立，免受世俗權(quán)威的侵害；另一方面，他也要求世俗政府為教會(huì)的神圣使命提供諸如鎮(zhèn)壓異端、維持秩序的保護(hù)和服務(wù)。

羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)代神學(xué)家奧古斯丁政治思想中最具影響的內(nèi)容，他把世界區(qū)分為“上帝之城

”（天上之城）和“世人之城”（地上之城），他認(rèn)為兩個(gè)城的分野源于天使的反叛，直接起因則是亞當(dāng) 的墮落。地上之城為自己自豪，天上之城為主自豪。實(shí)質(zhì)上，兩個(gè)城的區(qū)分是依據(jù)基督教倫理對(duì)人的區(qū)分

雙城理論是奧古斯丁政治理論中最具影響的內(nèi)容。奧古斯丁依據(jù)人類原罪說“恩典”理論（原罪救贖說），區(qū)分了所謂“上帝之城”(天上之城)和世人之城”(地上之城)。它們分別是圣者與不義者之城，是注定要得救者與注定會(huì)受懲罰者之城。

依照奧古斯丁的理論，兩個(gè)城在現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)是混合在一起的。上帝之城是由注定得救的基督徒組成的，其余的人則構(gòu)成世人之城。到末日審判的時(shí)候，兩座城才徹底分開。上帝之城是最高的善，是永久和完美的和平，人們?cè)谄渲邢硎苡郎男腋?。要想被上帝選中，進(jìn)入上帝之城，就要盡力行善。而世人之城的人們無論多么富足，他們?nèi)允潜瘧K的，注定被上帝所擯棄，永遠(yuǎn)遭受魔鬼統(tǒng)治的痛苦。

在區(qū)分“上帝之城”與“世人之城”的基礎(chǔ)上，奧古斯丁闡述了他關(guān)于國(guó)家與教會(huì)的思想。他并不認(rèn)為“上帝之城”和“世人之城”可以等同于人間任何一種社會(huì)組織。不過，上帝之城至少可以由教會(huì)來代表，世人之城可以由異教國(guó)家來代表。兩個(gè)城的成員在最高的愛上相互對(duì)立，但對(duì)于許多較低等級(jí)和中介的善，他們的愛是共同的。這使兩個(gè)城的公民在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的廣泛領(lǐng)域可以達(dá)成一致。這樣就構(gòu)成了共同體的一套價(jià)值體系，社會(huì)正是這個(gè)共享的中間價(jià)值領(lǐng)域。與世俗國(guó)家相比，奧古斯丁賦予教會(huì)以更高的地位。

奧古斯丁依據(jù)雙城論所提出的教會(huì)與國(guó)家關(guān)系的主張，成為中世紀(jì)教會(huì)的基本信條，對(duì)中世紀(jì)的政教關(guān)系產(chǎn)生了深刻影響。奧古斯丁本人也因此在基督教會(huì)內(nèi)享有巨大的聲望。

第四篇：馬云_斯坦福大學(xué)演講內(nèi)容（共）

It’s my great honor and the, I was invited about months ago.I did not expect,people said this is very sensitive time for me to talk,because about yahoo ,about alibaba about this ,that, so I promise promise,I come,Today any question you have,I will answer any question you have.All right,so I?ve been here for fifteen day and I planed to spend one year here.Nobody know,my company did not know that,I am gonna spend one year here.Cause people asked why you are here?Are you here for getting yahoo? “NO”

Everybody was very sensitive when I said “,I am gonna spend one year here” ,and the I just come here I am tired ,too tired in the past sixteen year,I start my business ,when I started 1994 internet ,I got crazy about the internet，gave up my job in the teaching, I called myself like blind man riding on the back of a blind tiger, jumping around,and still KIKI ,still surviving，and then join the govement organization for sixteen months, not successful ,started alibaba 1999.and we built up the alibaba,we are luck enough,we have the taobao ,we have the alipay we have ali cloud computing,and the so many things,after 12years,I say:”I need some time to rest” , especially,this year,so difficult for me , I did not expect.Per 12 years was china call the “本命年“.This is our 12 year for alibaba.At the beginning of the year，we have the,you know ,moving for alibaba b2b CEO,because the customer cheating thing,and then we have the alipay about the VIE.I still don?t know what the VIE is,”right”, and then we have the ,taobao separate into 4 parts,so many things ,It really make me fell tired,and I said:”well, why not give up 1 year ,because next year is my personal “本命年”,which could be much more difficult ,so this year is very tough and difficult，I believe,next year,it?s gonna be tough ,more difficult, more “聽不清“，So I got ready for that, and I need think,need rest,so in order to for any another 3，4year hard work,because this 3year,it?s not my job,if something wrong,criticize the president of taobao,CEO of the alibaba and alicloud,it?s their fault,3 year later ,something wrong,my fault.so I come here and I will spend most of time in United States,and then thingking relaxing.2 days ago,I picked up my golf,just relax ,nothing about ,the things people think about.So we are very luck company,and there is no chance that we survive, I don?t have any sort of the background ,richfather,strong uncle, and the,I remember 1999,I came to Silicon Valley ,loking for venture capital.I talked to lots of venture capital,and I remember a few days ,I drop by Menlo park,I was rejected by so many venture capital, when talked about alibaba startup,they looked at the stranger,”what” ,”what are you talking about?I went back to china,with nothing,no money, nobody invested me,but I?m full of confident,I saw America dream.At that time ,1999,I walked on the high “沒聽清”，every evening full of cars in the park of company,Sunday full of car,people work day and night,This is something ,I believe it?s gonna happen in china,without getting any venture capital,but I think ,I went back china with America dream and we started the business there,and after 12 years,you know, a lot of things happen,we built up the B2B,nobody believed the B2B will work ,because the B2B at that time with aliba ,I don?t know still there.“ariba.com”,”broadvision”,”commerce one” this is very famous B2B company.People said :”how can you do B2B in china.Because B2B in USA focus on big company ,they focus on buyer,and we believe that three is no big company in china,and I don?t see, in the short term, china will have lots of big company,because big company is only SOE,SOE ,they do not the ecommerce, they need govement policy.so we focus on small business,we believe china,the small business ,the private sector are the future.so we focus on that, and the B2B in usa ,they focus.They want to help the buyer save the cost ,save the time.we believe:”don?t don?t teach the SME,don?t teach the small business how to save the cost.because know much better than you do.You shound help them how to make money.so we focus on helping small business,we focus on helping them make money ,sell things abroad.Very difficult to do business,at that time,but after 12 years,we got more than 58 millions small business around the world using our service.that model is not very successful,compare to “tencent “”baidu”,.we did not make that much money,like online gaming,but we can sleep well in the evening, because the money we made not online gaming, the money we made is helping small business survive, get business opportunity which I fell very proud of that, and today , as always,I never fell proud of how much money we made,I fell proud of how much impact we can help others,especially small business,before the history of internet,no company can help over 50 millions SME,today we are trying.andf I fell proud of that this is the first company,and people said :”jack,if you make alibaba successful,that means :”you are pulling a million ton sheep on the top of the Himalayas and I said :”yes,we will carry that thing down” and we did.The second company call taobao ,and everybody said :”oh my god ,you are competing with ebay.I said :”why not,”, china need ecommerce site and building up china market take effort ,take time and take great “沒聽清“ really want to build up something, so at that time people said :”there is no chance “ well!, if you never try ,how do you know that there is no chance.So we try.And I said :” if ebay is the sharp in the ocean, we are crocodile in the yangzi river.Never fight in the ocean, let?s fight in the Yangzi river.it was difficult, it was lots of fun,and we survive.they got 90%market share at that time, today for C2C,we own 90%market share.And luck ,just luck,thre are lots of can be disscuss in the future.Today ,people always write about the successful story about alibaba.And I really don?t think we are so smart.we made so many mistake.we were so stupid at that time.so I think someday the book I personnally really want to write about is alibaba 1001 mistakes.That?s the things people should remember ,should learn.If you want to learn “how the other people succeed,it?svery difficult.thre arelots of luck things at there.But if you want to learn “ how people fail “,you will benefit a lot,and I always like to read those book talking about “how people fail”,because,if you look into it any company theiy fail,the reason why they fail almost the same,and that really matters, so taobao succeed,and then we have the alipay,because everybody said:”china oh ,no credit system, banking is terrible, logistics is terrible.How can you do ecommerce.I never tell, just like today I come here without PPT without my business,I not come here sell you business ,sell my business.Because I don?t stock to sell to you guys.But I think because china is not good at logistics,not good at credit system,not goog at banking system, that?s why we need entrepreneurship, that?s why we go ,we should go, build them up.So I believe ,if there is no, you build it up,later that?s become the standard of china and I believe china need that.I remember ,6 years ago,I came to the states,I told the USA audience.I believe 5 years later, china will have more internet users than USA.people said “No” , I said :”well ,you have 300 millions population,china 1.3 billions ,right!If you guys have 400 millions internet users,without any people die, keep on having baby ， it take 50 years , we need 5 years.it?s just time issue, right!.let?s wait and see, today we have more users ,today people say :”why your buy capability is low, let?s see about 5 years later.5 year later,today,people only spend 200 RMB per month,5 years later,this guy will spend 2000.and we have patients, we are young,you know, my people only 26 average age, they are young.let?s wait for the future.So ,alipay,was just like very ,at that time people said :”it?s stupid “沒聽清“ service.John wants to buy things from Stevens, John just not want to “沒聽清”the money.Stevens don?t want to send the poducts.So we open account, “沒聽清“，ifyou happy ,” “沒聽清“the money ,not happy,return poduct,return money.People said :” how stupid the model is”, well!We don?t care whether stupid or not stupid.we care whether the customer wanted or not,whether really meet the need of customer， if it?s stupid, but after 7years ,we have more than 600 millions users, registered users in china using that.So stupid thing , if you improve it every day,it ?s gonna be very smart.And we believe that,and today , it ?s good ,and it?s growing, just like paypal,we are bigger than paypal right now , on transaction volume.And the last , most important is alicloud computing,and not like the other company ,they talk about cloud computing,they want to sell you the,hardware, software.We have nothing to sell you.we just want to compute our own datas.Because the datas we have from the SME,because the datas we have from consumer of taobao，datas from alipay.We believe in the future the world is going to data process in the world.How can we share the datas with others in a great way.Right!That?s the business about, it?s not that good yet, but it?s very profitable,the whole com pany look health,we are very appreciate, we are the company from “沒聽清“，there is no chances we can win ,now we survive.I think we always ask our own question:” why we are still working so hard.I talked to my colleague one day ,and he said :” I never know that in my life, I can do that much”, second” I never know that the thing I doing that meaningful to the society, third ,I never know that life is that “沒聽清”hard。We worked day and night,even now.I guess so thiner ,so stranger.I understand life is not easy.We fell proud because we are changing china.It ?s not how much money you made.10 years ago,when I walked on the street, people thank me because alibaba B2B helped them get orders across ocean.Today ,when I walk on the steet ,the young people said:”thank you very much,my wife and I opened a small shop on taobao,we made the surviving, we had grear incoming.I know ,this is meaningful thing.We made the credit means money.Years ago , if you have a great record,or credit trust,you are not rich.Today if you have a good record on taobao, you get rich, because people do business with those people who have good record.We are teaching consumer to be smart.People said :?”jack ,I bought something so cheap from taobao ,is that a fake product.Yes we do.Fake product at everywhere.We spent most of effort in china, 50% people on taobao, they focus on checking the internet property issue, but there is bottle of wine, the cost is only 9 dollars, the people buy on the street is 300dollars,why is that? the channel, the advertisement, the TV show, why consumer should pay that much.So we cut that, and we made things change,so tell the consumer ,say :”this T-shirt , you buy on taobao,maybe 15 dollars, you buy on the shop,150 dollars.Not because taobao sell too cheap,because the shop sell too expensive.we should teach the consumer to be smart.And the third.very important, we saw so many factory in china ,especially in Canton,they are not company,they are not even a factory,they just OEM, they just manufacture,they don?t know who ar selling for them,they don?t know who are their customer,so anything come ,they all in trouble.So we just tell that manufacturing, you have to contact consumer youself, you have to sell youself, serve youself, then this real business,otherwise, you just a workshop.We are changing that, and I feel proud, we are honor, it?s not about money.We believe ,if you have 1 million dollars , you are the richman,when you have 10 million dollars,you are in trouble,you worry about the inflation,you start to invest, you get into trouble, when you have 1 billion, that ?s not you money,it?s the society?s trust,the shareholder ,the people believe you can spend this money smart than the government,you can spend the money better than others, so they give you the trust, how can you do this trust? How can you treat ,you know ,creat this trusr well.And I think we facing this challenge.And the product of alibaba, it?s not the service，it?s the people,employee,the colleague,the average age of our company is 26 years old,we are facing so many challenge,I never realize that on of the key government official

馬云斯坦福演講看后備注的文章，含演講稿中部分經(jīng)典句子：

Alibaba?s Jack Ma at Stanford: “We Are Very Interested” in Buying the “Whole” of Yahoo In answer to a direct question about whether his company was going to buy Yahoo at a forum at Stanford University in Silicon Valley this afternoon, Alibaba Chairman and CEO Jack Ma said: “We are very interested.”

Said Ma: “We are very interested in Yahoo.Our Alibaba group is important to Yahoo and Yahoo is important to us…All the serious buyers interested in Yahoo have talked to us.” Finally, at least one crystal clear answer in the confusion at Yahoo and the first time Ma has indicated that he wanted to be a principal player in any deal around Yahoo rather than an element of a buying group.Later, in answer to a question about how he was going to do that, Ma said he wanted the “whole” company, but that the effort was complicated and included a number of players.Again, he said: “We are very, very interested.”

I also asked him is he had visited Yahoo in his trip to California, which Ma said he has not in 15 days here.Apparently, he said he has mostly been sleeping and eating, as part of a longer term visit to the U.S.Ma?s declaration came as part of a lively closing keynote at Stanford University?s Graduate School of Business, where he talked about the Chinese Internet company?s growth, focusing on how China is the next great Web economy.Talking about competitors such as eBay, which have tried to enter the huge Asia market, he joked that “eBay might be sharks in the ocean, but Alibaba is a crocodile in the Yangtze.”

Of course, given his presence in Silicon Valley, the main topic that was of interest in whether Ma was heading over to visit nearby Yahoo and what role he will play in the current internal debate over the company?s future in the wake of the ousting of its CEO Carol Bartz.The disposition on Yahoo?s Asian assets, which includes 40 percent of Alibaba and a large stake in Yahoo!Japan, are critical to the current strategic review of the company, since they make up a large part of its market valuation.In comparison, the value of its U.S.and other global assets are small.When later asked about his experience of being involved with Yahoo, which made a very canny investment in Alibaba many years ago, Ma also said that he would do it again, but not in the same way.The same way has to do with the level of foreign ownership, which Ma has been trying to reduce in a number of ways and which Yahoo has thus far resisted.To answer question about the fight between Ma and Yahoo over its Alipay fight, when Ma spun it out of Alibaba, he said the situation was tense, but that today “the problem is solved and I am half-burnt.”

He was referring to a settlement, which will require a lot of growth from the still-nascent payments business.Ma was asked later about the biggest misunderstanding between the U.S.about China and vice versa.“Our job is not to solve the misunderstanding,” he said.“Our job is to change ourselves to solve the problem.”

In another query about his relationship with Yahoo?s co-founder Jerry Yang, who made the initial investment in Alibaba in its early days, Ma said he appreciated how much that meant to his company?s beginnings and how much he valued Yang?s friendship.“But this is business and not personal,” Ma said about the current situation.“While we appreciate yesterday, but we are looking for a better tomorrow.”

The first line, for those not mad fans of the classic movie like me, is from “The Godfather.” The question is, though, will Ma make Yang an offer he can?t refuse.Alibaba?s Jack Ma at Stanford: “We Are Very Interested” in Buying the “Whole” of Yahoo In answer to a direct question about whether his company was going to buy Yahoo at a forum at Stanford University in Silicon Valley this afternoon, Alibaba Chairman and CEO Jack Ma said: “We are very interested.”

Said Ma: “We are very interested in Yahoo.Our Alibaba group is important to Yahoo and Yahoo is important to us…All the serious buyers interested in Yahoo have talked to us.” Finally, at least one crystal clear answer in the confusion at Yahoo and the first time Ma has indicated that he wanted to be a principal player in any deal around Yahoo rather than an element of a buying group.Later, in answer to a question about how he was going to do that, Ma said he wanted the “whole” company, but that the effort was complicated and included a number of players.Again, he said: “We are very, very interested.”

I also asked him is he had visited Yahoo in his trip to California, which Ma said he has not in 15 days here.Apparently, he said he has mostly been sleeping and eating, as part of a longer term visit to the U.S.Ma?s declaration came as part of a lively closing keynote at Stanford University?s Graduate School of Business, where he talked about the Chinese Internet company?s growth, focusing on how China is the next great Web economy.Talking about competitors such as eBay, which have tried to enter the huge Asia market, he joked that “eBay might be sharks in the ocean, but Alibaba is a crocodile in the Yangtze.”

Of course, given his presence in Silicon Valley, the main topic that was of interest in whether Ma was heading over to visit nearby Yahoo and what role he will play in the current internal debate over the company?s future in the wake of the ousting of its CEO Carol Bartz.The disposition on Yahoo?s Asian assets, which includes 40 percent of Alibaba and a large stake in Yahoo!Japan, are critical to the current strategic review of the company, since they make up a large part of its market valuation.In comparison, the value of its U.S.and other global assets are small.When later asked about his experience of being involved with Yahoo, which made a very canny investment in Alibaba many years ago, Ma also said that he would do it again, but not in the same way.The same way has to do with the level of foreign ownership, which Ma has been trying to reduce in a number of ways and which Yahoo has thus far resisted.To answer question about the fight between Ma and Yahoo over its Alipay fight, when Ma spun it out of Alibaba, he said the situation was tense, but that today “the problem is solved and I am half-burnt.”

He was referring to a settlement, which will require a lot of growth from the still-nascent payments business.Ma was asked later about the biggest misunderstanding between the U.S.about China and vice versa.“Our job is not to solve the misunderstanding,” he said.“Our job is to change ourselves to solve the problem.”

In another query about his relationship with Yahoo?s co-founder Jerry Yang, who made the initial investment in Alibaba in its early days, Ma said he appreciated how much that meant to his company?s beginnings and how much he valued Yang?s friendship.“But this is business and not personal,” Ma said about the current situation.“While we appreciate yesterday, but we are looking for a better tomorrow.”

The first line, for those not mad fans of the classic movie like me, is from “The Godfather.” The question is, though, will Ma make Yang an offer he can?t refuse.

第五篇：2012-03-05 萬網(wǎng)云計(jì)算應(yīng)用跨界研討會(huì)內(nèi)容

以用為先 廣東掀云計(jì)算跨行業(yè)融合浪潮

當(dāng)前，除了IT行業(yè)正經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)前所未有的云計(jì)算浪潮外，很多看似與云計(jì)算不沾邊的傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)也正通過云計(jì)算，加速自身的創(chuàng)新與轉(zhuǎn)型。近日，由廣東省科技廳、廣東省經(jīng)信委指導(dǎo)，廣東省軟件協(xié)會(huì)、廣州市軟件協(xié)會(huì)、廣州市現(xiàn)代信息服務(wù)協(xié)會(huì)、深圳云計(jì)算產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)、華南師范大學(xué)、廣東工大等聯(lián)合參與，中國(guó)萬網(wǎng)主辦的 “2012云計(jì)算應(yīng)用跨界研討會(huì)” 在穗召開，掀起了一股云計(jì)算跨行業(yè)融合的新浪潮。

據(jù)了解，本次大會(huì)共吸引了近200家企業(yè)參與。其中，除了傳統(tǒng)的IT企業(yè)外，廣告、家電、教育、培訓(xùn)、電子商務(wù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳媒等各行各業(yè)的企業(yè)代表均有出席，他們有的已經(jīng)是云計(jì)算的使用者，有的則對(duì)云計(jì)算表現(xiàn)出了濃厚的興趣。從中我們也不難看出，隨著云計(jì)算產(chǎn)業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展，已經(jīng)有越來越多的企業(yè)認(rèn)識(shí)到，云計(jì)算不僅可以幫助他們減少IT投入，還將帶來更多創(chuàng)新應(yīng)用的可能。

以創(chuàng)維為例，他們通過云計(jì)算平臺(tái)以“云電視”為突破口，提前打響了全球彩電業(yè)的“云時(shí)代”競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。而電視的“騰云駕霧”，帶來的不只是彩電企業(yè)傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)模式的巨大變革，還包括對(duì)家庭傳統(tǒng)休閑娛樂方式的沖擊。據(jù)創(chuàng)維酷開網(wǎng)絡(luò)丁宏經(jīng)理描述，也許就在不久后的將來，你的電視會(huì)用悅耳的音樂叫你起床；你只要對(duì)著云電視揮一下手，電視就開始語音播報(bào)當(dāng)天的新聞資訊。

彩電與云計(jì)算的融合創(chuàng)新只揭開了云應(yīng)用的冰山一角。來自中國(guó)萬網(wǎng)的資料顯示，其作為中國(guó)商用云計(jì)算的設(shè)計(jì)者和推動(dòng)者，目前已經(jīng)為包括教育、廣告、零售、家電、IT、電子商務(wù)、移動(dòng)互聯(lián)、開發(fā)者等多個(gè)行業(yè)的眾多企業(yè)提供了整體的云計(jì)算解決方案服務(wù)。據(jù)透露，創(chuàng)維“云電視”的應(yīng)用開發(fā)，TCL通訊都借助了萬網(wǎng)云主機(jī)等基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)的支持。而國(guó)內(nèi)著名的幾家4A廣告公司，包括奧美(O&M)、李?yuàn)W貝納(Leo Burnett)、麥肯.光明廣告(McCann)、廣東英揚(yáng)傳奇、陽獅等傳統(tǒng)廣告業(yè)界的翹楚，也都不約而同的通過萬網(wǎng)云計(jì)算服務(wù)來應(yīng)對(duì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的數(shù)字化營(yíng)銷浪潮。

會(huì)上，中國(guó)萬網(wǎng)云計(jì)算解決方案事業(yè)部總經(jīng)理范春瑩就用戶如何借道云計(jì)算，實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)的升級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)型與業(yè)務(wù)創(chuàng)新，做出了詳細(xì)闡述。他表示，中國(guó)萬網(wǎng)基于云計(jì)算提供模塊化、可伸縮互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)平臺(tái)，提供從產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃、系統(tǒng)實(shí)施、系統(tǒng)擴(kuò)容和運(yùn)營(yíng)維護(hù)等全方位的解決方案服務(wù)?！皩?duì)于那些傳統(tǒng)企業(yè)來說，云計(jì)算讓他們從復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)站運(yùn)營(yíng)中解脫出來，專注自身業(yè)務(wù)的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用創(chuàng)新，無需再去考慮IT基礎(chǔ)平臺(tái)搭建的問題?！蓖瑫r(shí)，華南師范大學(xué)趙淦森教授描繪了云計(jì)算的務(wù)實(shí)之路，讓與會(huì)者感受到云其實(shí)就在身邊。

“云享未來 以用立業(yè)”是本次研討會(huì)的主題，也道出了云計(jì)算正從基礎(chǔ)資源提供向服務(wù)應(yīng)用延伸的趨勢(shì)。來自廣東省信息工程公司的總工程師鐘東江在會(huì)上不無幽默地表示，那些認(rèn)為云計(jì)算就是數(shù)據(jù)中心的企業(yè)已經(jīng)死了。是的，云應(yīng)用帶給人們更多的想象空間，也帶來了更多的機(jī)遇與創(chuàng)新。

華南師范大學(xué)教授趙淦森：

萬網(wǎng)副總裁范春瑩：

創(chuàng)維、途樂、廣東省信息工程公司等企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)人：