第一篇：土木工程專業(yè)英語論文翻譯

建筑材料

鋼的最嚴重缺點是它容易被氧化而需要被油漆或一些其他的適當涂料保護。當鋼被用于可能發(fā)生火災環(huán)境時, 鋼應該包圍在一些耐火的材料中, 例如石料或混凝土。通常，鋼的組合結構不易被壓碎除非是在冶金成分不好，低溫的不利組合, 或空間壓力存在的情況下。

建筑用鋁仍然不廣泛被在土木工程結構中用,雖然它的使用正在穩(wěn)定地增加。藉著鋁合金作為一個適當?shù)倪x擇和對其進行熱處理,可獲得各式各樣的強度特性。一些合金所展現(xiàn)的抗壓強度特性相似于鋼, 除線形彈性模量大約是7,000,000 牛/平方厘米，相當于剛的三分之一。質(zhì)量輕和耐氧化是鋁的兩個主要優(yōu)點。因為它的特性對熱處理是非常敏感的,當鉚接或焊接鋁的時候，一定要小心仔細。一些技術已為制造預制鋁組合配件及形成若干的美麗的設計良好的外型結構的鋁制結構而發(fā)展起來。組合房屋配件制造的一般程序藉由螺栓連接，這似乎是利用建筑用鋁的最有前途的方法。

加強和預應力混凝土是主要的建筑材料。天然的水泥混凝土已經(jīng)被使用長達數(shù)世紀之久?，F(xiàn)代的混凝土建筑興起于十九世紀中葉,盡管人造水泥被 Aspidin，一個英國人于1825年申請了專利.雖然一些建筑者和工程師在十九世紀后期用鋼筋混凝土作實驗, 但作為一種建筑材料它占統(tǒng)治地位是在二十世紀初期。后五十年鋼筋混凝土結構設計和建筑得到迅速發(fā)展, 早期在法國的 Freyssinet 和比利時的 Magnel被大量使用。

素混凝土作為建筑材料有一個非常嚴重的缺點：就是它的抗拉強度非常有限, 只是它的抗壓強度的十分之一。素混凝土不僅受拉破壞是脆性破壞，而且受壓破壞也是在沒有多大變形預兆的情況下發(fā)生的準脆性破壞。(當然,在鋼筋混凝土建筑中,可以得到適當?shù)难有?。只有進行適當?shù)酿B(yǎng)護和合理的選擇并且摻加適當?shù)幕旌咸旒觿?否則 霜凍破壞能嚴重的損害混凝土。在長期荷載作用下混凝土在選擇設計受壓情況方面要仔細考慮。在硬化的時候和它的早期養(yǎng)護下,混凝土收縮占主要地位, 因此需要添加適當?shù)乇壤奶砑觿┒矣眠m當?shù)慕ㄖ夹g來控制。

藉由所有的這些可能的嚴重缺點，工程師已經(jīng)試著為各種實際結構設計建立美麗的，持久的，和經(jīng)濟的鋼筋混凝土結構。這是藉著設計尺寸和鋼筋排列安排的謹慎選擇，和適當?shù)乃嗟陌l(fā)展已經(jīng)趨于同步, 適當添加劑混合比例, 混合配置, 而且養(yǎng)護技術和建筑方法，儀器的快速發(fā)展。

混凝土具有多種用途，其組成材料廣泛可取，并且能非常方便地澆制成滿足強度及功能要求的形狀，同時，隨著新型預應力混凝土、預制混凝土以及普通混凝土施工方法令人興奮的進一步改善和發(fā)展的潛力，這些因素綜合起來使得混凝土在絕大多數(shù)結構中有著比其他材料更大的競爭力。

在現(xiàn)代,藉由鋼和加強鋼筋的使用量在建筑結構中的增加,木材在建筑期間主要地已經(jīng)被撤離到附屬的、暫時的和次要的結構中使用,成為建筑材料的次要成員。然而, 現(xiàn)代的技術在最后六十年中已經(jīng)有使木材作為建筑材料恢復生氣的跡象,藉由大量的改良了木材的加工方法,各種不同的處理方法增加了木材的耐久性, 而且疊片木材連同使用黏結技術的革命使得木材的性能有了更好的保證。各向同性的膠合板是最廣泛使用的壓層膠合板，隨著技術的發(fā)展，壓層膠合板已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為特定的結構材料并對混凝土和鋼造成了強大的競爭力。

將來可能發(fā)展的材料是工程塑料和稀有金屬及他們的合金,如鈹，鎢，鉭，鈦，鉬，鉻，釩和鈮。有許多不同的塑料可以用，而且這些材料所展現(xiàn)的力學性能在很大的范圍內(nèi)改變。在如此許多的特性中我比較設計方案選擇適當?shù)目赡艿乃芰喜牧鲜强赡艿摹λ芰系氖褂檬芙?jīng)驗的限制。一般而言，塑料一定要與空氣隔離。設計的這一個方面要求主要是對塑料結構元素在使用中的考慮。塑料被應用的最有希望的潛能之一是嵌板和貝殼型結構。疊片或夾心嵌板已經(jīng)被用于此種結構以鼓勵未來建筑大量應用這一個類型材料。

另一種引起注意的材料由纖維或像粒子的膠結加筋的微粒組成的合成物材料正在開發(fā)。雖然一種由玻璃或塑料膠結材料組成的玻璃纖維加筋合成物已經(jīng)被用長達數(shù)年之久, 但是他們很可能退落為次要的結構材料。加筋混凝土是另一個積極地被學習而且發(fā)展的混合料。一些實驗正在工作情況下進行。實驗主要內(nèi)容為鋼和玻璃纖維，但是大部份的使用經(jīng)驗在鋼纖維方面比較先進。

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Building materials The most serious disadvantage of steel is that it oxidizes easily and must be protected by paint or some other suitable coating.When steel is used in an enclosure where a fire could occur, the steel members must be encased in a suitable fire-resistant enclosure such as masonry, concrete.Normally, steel members will not fail in a brittle manner unless an unfortunate combination of metallurgical composition, low temperature, and bi-or triaxial stress exists.Structural aluminum is still not widely used in civil engineering structures, though its use is steadily increasing.By a proper selection of the aluminum alloy and its heat treatment, a wide variety of strength characteristics may be obtained.Some of the alloys exhibit stress-strain characteristics similar those of structural steel, except that the modulus of elasticity for the initial linearly elastic portion is about 10,000,000 psi(700,000 kgf/cm*cm)or about one-third that of steel.Lightness and resistance to oxidation are, of course, two of the major advantages of aluminum.Because its properties are very sensitive to its heat treatment, care must be used when riveting or welding aluminum.Several techniques have been developed for prefabricating aluminum subassemblies that can be readily erected and bolted together in the field to form a number of beautiful and well-designed shell structures.This general procedure of prefabrication and held assembly by bolting seems to be the most promising way of utilizing structural aluminum.Reinforced and prestesses concrete share with structural material.Natural cement concretes have been used for centuries.Modern concrete construction dates from the middle of the nineteenth century, though artificial Portland cement was patented by Aspidin, an Englishman, about 1825.Although several builders and engineers experimented with the use of steel-reinforced concrete in the last half of the nineteenth century, its dominant use as a building material dates from the early decades of the twentieth century.The last fifty years have seen the rapid and vigorous development of prestressed concrete design and construction, founded largely on early work by Freyssinet in France and Magnel in Belgium.Plain(unreinforced)concrete not only is a heterogeneous material but also has one very serious defect as a structural material, namely, its very limited tensile strength, which is only of the order of one-tenth its compressive strength.Not only is tensile failure in concrete of a brittle type, but likewise compression failure occurs in a relatively brittle fashion without being preceded by the forewarning of large deformations.(Of course, in reinforced-concrete construction, ductile behavior can be obtained by proper selection and arrangement of the reinforcement.)Unless proper care is used in the selection of aggregates and in the mixing and placing of concrete, frost action can cause serious damage to concrete masonry.Concrete creeps under long-term loading to a degree that must be considered carefully in selecting the design stress conditions.During the curing process and its early life, concrete shrinks a significant amount, which to a degree can be controlled by properly proportioning the mix and utilizing suitable construction techniques.With all these potentially serious disadvantages, engineers have learned to design and build beautiful, durable, and economical reinforced-concrete structures for practically all kinds of structural requirements.This has been accomplished by careful selection of the design dimensions and the arrangement of the steel reinforcement, development of proper cements, selection of proper aggregates and mix proportions, careful control of mixing, placing, and curing techniques and imaginative development of construction methods, equipment and procedures.The versatility of concrete, the wide availability of its component materials, the unique ease of shaping its form to meet strength and functional requirements, together with the exciting potential of further improvements and development of not only the newer prestressed and precast concrete

` construction but also the conventional reinforced concrete construction, combine to make concrete a strong competitor of other materials in a very large fraction of structures.In modern times, with the increased use of steel and reinforced-concrete construction, wood has been relegated largely to accessory use during construction, to use in temporary and secondary structures, and to use for secondary members of permanent construction.Modern technology in the last sixty years has revitalized wood as a structural material, however, by developing vastly improved timber connectors, various treatments to increase the durability of wood, and laminated wood made of thin layers bonded together with synthetic glues using revolutionary gluing techniques.Plywood with essentially nondirectional strength properties is

the most widely used laminated wood, but techniques have also been developed for building

large laminated wood members that for certain structures are competitive with concrete and steel.Materials with future possibilities are the engineering plastics and the exotic metals and their alloys, such as beryllium, tungsten, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, and niobium.There are many different plastics available, and the mechanical

properties exhibited by this group of materials vary over a wide range that encompasses the range of properties available among the more commonly used structural materials.Thus in many specific design applications it is possible to select a suitable plastic material for an alternative design.Experience with the use of plastics outdoors is limited.Generally speaking, however, plastics must be protected from the weather.This aspect of design is therefore a major consideration in the use of plastics for primary structural elements.One of the most promising potential used of plastics is for panel and shell-type structures.Laminated or sandwich panels have been used in such structures with encouraging results that indicate an increased use in this type of construction in the future.Another materials development with interesting possibilities is that of composites consisting of a matrix reinforced by fibers or fiber like particles.Although glass-fiber-reinforced composites with a glass or plastic matrix have been used for years, they appear to have much broader possibilities for a large variety of secondary structural components.Fiber-reinforced concrete is another composite being actively studied and developed.Several experimental applications are being observed under service conditions.Experiments have been conducted with both steel and glass fibers, but most of the service experience has been with steel fibers.`

第二篇：專業(yè)英語論文翻譯

A Parallelization Cost Model for GPU

GPU并行成本模型 2009137127 周幼蘭

Abstract-Using GPU for general computing has become an important research direction in high performance computing technology.However, this is not a lossless optimization method.Due to the impact of device initialization cost, data transmission delay, specific characteristics of programs, and other factors, the general computing on GPU may not always achieve the desired speedup, and sometimes results in program execution performance degradation.On the basis of in-depth analysis of GPU internal processing mechanisms, the main factors affecting GPU implementation performance are pointed out, and a parallel cost model for GPU based on static program analysis is proposed to provide judgement basis for using GPU in general computing.摘要：在高性能計算技術領域，使用GPU執(zhí)行通用計算已成為一個重要的研究方向。但它并不是一種無損優(yōu)化方法。由于受設備初始化成本、數(shù)據(jù)傳輸延遲、程序本身特征和一些其他因素的影響，基于GUP的通用計算不可能總是達到預期的加速，有時還會導致程序執(zhí)行性能下降。在對GPU內(nèi)部處理機制進行深度分析的基礎上，得到影響GPU執(zhí)行性能的主要因素，且得出基于靜態(tài)程序分析的GPU并行成本模型為GPU在通用計算中的使用提供了判斷依據(jù)的結論。

I.INTRODUCTION Graphics processing Unit(GPU)has developed at a speed much faster than the Moore’s Law in recent years, not only improving image processing, virtual reality, computer simulation, and the development of related applications, but also providing a good running platform for general-purpose computing using GPU beyond graphic processing.The application of GPU in general-purpose computing makes a series of new challenges faced by the development of the high performance computing technology.Currently, in order to reduce the programming complexity of GPU in general-purpose computing, many GPU manufacturers and research institutions proposed a number of programming languages and programming models close to traditional programming methods, but different styles, such as Brook+[1], CUDA[2] and OpenCL[3], etc.However, as GPU has its own specific characteristic of hardware architecture and development, programmers must have a high level of expertise.Using GPU for general-purpose computing, the increased performance achieved in large part depends on the hardware knowledge and programming skills of programmers.At present, the most studies for the GPU’s parallelism both at home and abroad directly rewrite and transplant programs on the basis of original serial programs.Because software programmers often lack a deep understanding of the hardware platform and have no corresponding capability of programming hardware programs, program transplantation lead to the increased effects achieved of all kinds of applications accelerating general-purpose computing using GPU have obvious difference [4-6].Program performance analysis technology as a basic method of understanding program behavior, plays an important role for comparing the performance difference between different program implementation, identifying performance bottlenecks of programs, and understanding the hardware resource utilization, and is the important part of development and optimization of high

performance computing programs [7].How to take advantage of program performance analysis technology and combine the architecture characteristics of CPU and GPU to guide the planning and optimization of parallel programs so that a variety of computing resources of CPU and GPU are fully utilized is a problem worthy of study using GPU in general-purpose computing at present.簡介：

近幾年來，計算機圖形處理器（GPU）比摩爾定律發(fā)展得更迅猛，這種發(fā)展不僅體現(xiàn)在改善圖形處理、虛擬現(xiàn)實、計算機模擬以及相關運用方面，還體現(xiàn)在為使用GPU作圖形以外處理的通用計算提供了良好的運行平臺。

GPU在通用計算方面的運用面臨著高性能計算技術發(fā)展的一系列新挑戰(zhàn)。目前，為了減少通用計算中GPU編程復雜性，許多GPU制造商和研究機構提出了一系列編程語言和編程模式，這些編程模式類似于傳統(tǒng)德編程方法，但是具有不同的編程風格，例如Brook++、CUDA以及OpenCL等等。然而，當GPU擁有自己獨特的硬件結構和發(fā)展特征時，與此同時程序員必須擁有較高水平的專業(yè)技能。通用計算中使用GPU來提高性能很大程度上取決于程序員的硬件知識和編程技術。迄今為止，國內(nèi)外對于GPU的平行性研究大多數(shù)是直接寫入和將程序直接植入到原始串行程序基礎上。由于軟件程序員往往對硬件平臺缺乏深層次的了解，并且沒有相應的編寫硬件程序的能力，所以程序植入導致了各種各樣的運用程序的增加效果有著明顯的差異，這些運用程序加速了使用GPU的通用計算。作為一種理解程序行為的基本方法，程序性能分析技術在比較不同程序執(zhí)行的性能差異、找出程序的性能瓶頸和了解硬件資源的利用率方面扮演著重要角色，而且它還是高性能計算程序的重要組成部分。如何利用程序性能分析技術以及如何結合CPU和GPU的體系特征來引導平行程序的規(guī)劃和優(yōu)化以至CPU和GPU的大量計算資源得到充分利用，是目前GPU在通用計算方面一個值得探討的問題。

V.CONCLUSION There are a number of studies on the applications related to using GPU in general-purpose computing.The most researches focus on using GPU to improve the execution performance of applications.However, how to measure the costs of GPU at runtime is less discussed.From the perspective of GPU’s internal operation mechanism, analyze the key factors affecting the GPU implementation performance, and propose a cost test algorithm based on static program analysis.The results obtained by experiments show that the algorithm proposed can estimate relatively accurate GPU execution performance, and thus provide a useful reference for transplantation of traditional high performance computing to GPU.結論：

與使用GPU作通用計算相關運用的研究實例比比皆是，且大多數(shù)研究將使用GPU來提高運用程序的執(zhí)行性能為研究中心，但是至于怎樣衡量GPU運行時的成本卻很少有人提及。本論文從GPU內(nèi)部運行機制出發(fā)，分析影響GPU執(zhí)行性能的主要因素，提出基于靜態(tài)程序分析的成本測試算法。實驗所得結果說明所提算法能夠相對精確地評估GPU執(zhí)行性能從而為傳統(tǒng)的高性能計算的在GPU中的移植提供了一個實用性的參考。

Comment: Cost model has been widely used in the computer field as a way to evaluate whether a program is excellent or not.And quite a number of researchers in computer field has proposed various kinds of cost models for GPU, of which most are under certain conditions.But this paper give us a new perception of cost model for GPU in general-purpose computing.The parallelization cost model for GPU can be generally applied for many application areas.The authors attempt to estimate the cost comprehensively.Actually they take the GPU initialization cost, transmission of data cost as well as the program execution cost into consideration.Each aspect use a special algorithm to calculate the cost.And the cost is measured by the time of each aspect.In this paper ,we can get through the authors’ idea very well ,because they are well organized in form and shown clearly in graphs, charts as well as in equations.The parallelization cost model is more accurate, flexible and portable than models of the past.So we should learn the method they study a topic.That is to consider a question in a broad perspective.And if we keep thinking in this way ,our ability of doing scientific research will be greatly improved.At the same time, we should keep close watch on the field of GPU.As it is such an important processor that it is used widely used on modern computers.It is even considered the core graphics processor of computers.And it develops faster nowadays as the need rises.

第三篇：專業(yè)英語論文翻譯

嵌入式系統(tǒng)研究

專業(yè)英語期末考查

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嵌入式系統(tǒng)研究

1前言

智能軟件Agent是能夠為用戶執(zhí)行特定的任務、具有一定程度的智能、能夠自主的執(zhí)行部分任務并以一種合適的方式和環(huán)境相互作用的軟件程序。Agent 有自主性、響應性、學習能力和社會性等特性。這使得它適合在高度動態(tài)的環(huán)境下做出及時的響應。

嵌入式技術和新一代移動通訊網(wǎng)絡的發(fā)展使得嵌入式智能設備大量的涌現(xiàn)。這些設備的大都具有嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)的支持, 并運行著越來越豐富的應用程序。如何對這些應用程序進行測試，就成為一個需要研究的課題。本文將Agent技術引入嵌入式智能設備的測試中，使用目標設備Agent, 測試控制Agent, 網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境Agent分別模擬和處理測試設備，測試工程師和測試環(huán)境的復雜性，利用Agent自身具有的特點，提出了一種有效的自動化測試的方法。

2相關的研究及本文的思路

Agent 所具有的自主性、響應性、學習能力和社會性等特性，使得它很適合處理復雜測試系統(tǒng)中的問題。將Agent技術應用于測試領域已經(jīng)有一些相關的研究，下面是具體的介紹。

Jeongeun Choi 和 Byoungju Choi [1]提出了一個基于Agent技術的測試工具，它通過使用用戶接口Agent來處理和測試者的交互，使用測試用例選擇Agent來進行測試用例的選擇，并使用回歸測試Agent進行回歸測試，從而很好的實現(xiàn)了自動化的軟件測試。但是他們提出的測試用例選擇技術僅能在大量已有的測試用例中選擇最佳的用例，不能減少編寫測試用例本身的復雜性。

另外一些研究將Agent 技術應用到了某一領域的測試中。Yu Qi、David Hung 和 Eric Wong [3] 提出了一個基于Agent 技術的Web 應用程序測試方法。專業(yè)英語期末考查

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他們使用Agent技術降低了網(wǎng)絡應用測試的復雜性。他們的方法不僅僅適用于Web應用程序的測試，也適合于嵌入式智能設備的測試。

在實際測試過程中，測試人員很大的一項任務仍然是編寫各種測試用例，要真正的提高測試效率，就要提高測試腳本的通用性，減少測試腳本的變化[2] [4]。常見的嵌入式智能設備測試工具(比如TestQuest)使用圖像比對來判斷目標設備的狀態(tài), 這種方法雖然實現(xiàn)了非侵入性的測試,但是存在兩個問題,圖片的抓取和傳送消耗了大量測試資源,不同手機的用戶界面風格變化很大,這使得測試腳本在用來進行新設備的測試時需要對腳本進行維護.然而,實際的設備中,當重要的事件發(fā)生時,系統(tǒng)會產(chǎn)生敏感事件來激勵相關模塊進行處理.如果能夠在測試過程中捕獲這些敏感事件,就能更加高效的進行測試.并且,只要操作系統(tǒng)相同,敏感事件的捕獲方式也是一樣,測試用例不會因為界面的變化而變化。本文用目標設備Agent抽象和捕獲測試過程中的敏感事件，并將敏感事件發(fā)送給測試控制Agent。而測試控制Agent收到敏感事件后，根據(jù)自己的知識，采取相應的動作的機制（如異常處理，重新調(diào)度測試等）加以處理。這正好可以作為Agent的推理規(guī)則，用Agent的智能性來屏蔽測試過程的復雜性。此外，考慮到目標設備處于復雜的網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境中，我們利用網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境Agent來控制目標設備所處的網(wǎng)絡信號，從而實現(xiàn)對設備所處網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境的控制。基于Agent的測試系統(tǒng)

3.1 總體結構

測試系統(tǒng)的最終目標是實現(xiàn)一個移動數(shù)字終端的自動化測試平臺，能夠?qū)σ苿訑?shù)字終端上的系統(tǒng)軟件和應用層軟件建立模塊化、可重用的測試腳本庫，提高各種黑盒測試的效率，自動化測試結果的生成，并實現(xiàn)測試結果的回放。

如圖1所示：測試平臺分為四層，包括用戶接口層，測試控制層，通訊層和設備Agent層。其中，過程監(jiān)控模塊，測試環(huán)境控制模塊和設備Agent層采用Agent的思想進行設計，以更好的支持嵌入式設備的測試。

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用戶接口層測試管理與配置腳本編輯器虛擬手機測試控制層測試結果驗證測試資源庫測試腳步執(zhí)行測試環(huán)境控制測試過程監(jiān)控Agent通訊層設 備agent層Synblan Agent藍牙 GPRS 3G AT視窗的移動Agent定制AgentAT 接口

圖1 測試系統(tǒng)的整體架構

3.2 系統(tǒng)基本執(zhí)行流程

測試過程是對真實用戶使用手機時“輸入－反饋”模型的一個模擬。系統(tǒng)的基本的使用用例如下，首先用戶通過腳本編輯器或者虛擬手機創(chuàng)建測試腳本并進行基本的配置，然后過程監(jiān)控模塊調(diào)度腳本開始執(zhí)行，當腳本解釋器解釋執(zhí)行腳本語句時，腳本解釋器通常使用通訊模塊向手機發(fā)送模擬按鍵，然腳本解釋器進入等待狀態(tài)，目標設備Agent從通訊模塊得到按鍵，執(zhí)行按鍵動作，截取屏幕并返回給測試控制Agent，或者如果手機有敏感世事件的發(fā)生（如來電，短信，異常等）也會反饋給測試控制Agent，測試控制Agent接到數(shù)據(jù)，再次激勵腳本運行，并同時將測試結果輸入存入測試資源庫。腳本繼續(xù)運行下面的語句，直到運行結束。3.3 目標設備Agent

目標設備Agent駐留在被測試的智能設備中，實現(xiàn)對目標設備的建模。本系統(tǒng)中它接收從PC機中接收到的控制命令，然后在智能設備中進行相應的操作，包括模擬鍵盤事件，截取屏幕并返回給PC，以及根據(jù)知識庫中的配置的測試目標，通過推理，有所選擇的將必需的狀態(tài)信息主動通知測試宿主機。3.3.1設備Agent 依賴的決策規(guī)則

系統(tǒng)事件報告決策規(guī)則（SERD-RULE）這個決策規(guī)則決定設備Agent在獲取到狀態(tài)信息時，是否將狀態(tài)信息反饋給上層系統(tǒng)。

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異常處理規(guī)則（EM-RULE）

這個決策規(guī)則決定了當Agent發(fā)現(xiàn)測試中出現(xiàn)異常，要采取的處理方式。3.3.2 Agent 屬性

目標設備Agent具有下面的屬性： ⑴ 自主性

目標設備Agent使得測試用戶無需關注設備的細節(jié)，它是設備功能和狀態(tài)的一個很好的抽象，通過目標代理Agent，上層測試框架只需要執(zhí)行相應的虛擬操作，則目標設備Agent會自動將這些虛擬操作映射為對手機的實際操作，并且手機的響應和其它狀態(tài)也能夠自動的反饋給客戶，這使得上層測試和底層的設備具體操作無關。

⑵ 智能性

當目標設備Agent獲取到一個變化的被測系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)或信息時，它會根據(jù)推理規(guī)則，僅僅把和本次目標相關的信息發(fā)送給測試控制Agent。目標設備Agent還能夠根據(jù)異常處理規(guī)則，合理的處理測試中出現(xiàn)的異常。3.4

測試控制 Agent

測試控制Agent 實現(xiàn)了對測試過程的建模。它主要實現(xiàn)三個目標： ⑴ 在測試過程中，對測試人員感興趣的事件進行捕獲，當這些敏感事件發(fā)生后，系統(tǒng)立刻執(zhí)行預定義的動作，并為測試提供準確和詳盡的日志。

⑵ 通過和腳本解釋器交互，實現(xiàn)異步的事件通知和交互測試用例的執(zhí)行。⑶ 處理測試過程中的異常，使得測試過程可以自我修復，進而多個腳本能夠按照預先的調(diào)度正常運行.3.4.1測試控制Agent的決策規(guī)則

⑴ 事件－條件－行動規(guī)則（ECA－RULE）

這是測試控制Agent所依據(jù)的核心規(guī)則，它定義了某個測試所關心的事件，并根據(jù)比對條件，采取相應的動作。

⑵ 異常處理規(guī)則（EM-RULE）

測試控制Agent也遵守異常處理規(guī)則，它能夠檢測測試過程中發(fā)生的異常事件，并執(zhí)行相應的解決方案，使得測試能夠順利的進行。

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3.4.2測試控制Agent 的屬性

⑴自主性

自主性使得測試人員無需過分關注測試的細節(jié)，測試人員僅僅需要選擇測試目標，測試控制Agent就能根據(jù)知識庫中的信息，自動生成ECA規(guī)則表，并在腳本運行時，按照ECA規(guī)則，捕捉敏感的事件并執(zhí)行相應的操作。

⑵智能性

測試控制Agent能夠根據(jù)用戶選擇的測試目標，自動生成ECA規(guī)則表，并根據(jù)ECA規(guī)則，進行推理并采取相應的動作。測試控制Agent還能根據(jù)異常處理規(guī)則來處理測試過程中發(fā)身的異常，保障測試過程的自動，平穩(wěn)進行。3.5 網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境Agent 網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境Agent 實現(xiàn)了對網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境的模擬和控制。為了測試手機的射頻性能，通常使用基站模擬系統(tǒng)來提供設備所處的無線網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境，并且利用編程接口，通過軟件對設備的環(huán)境進行控制，使得復雜網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境下對目標設備的測試成為可能。系統(tǒng)評估

為了評價本系統(tǒng)的有效性，我們設計了一個比較實驗。試驗在信息產(chǎn)業(yè)部泰爾實驗室真實的測試項目中進行。我們將測試工程師分為兩組，第一組使用本文的系統(tǒng)MobileTest進行測試，第二組使用業(yè)界著名的TestQuest Pro 進行測試。測試的依據(jù)是中國通訊行業(yè)標準的數(shù)字移動臺測試部分。測試的內(nèi)容是根據(jù)這兩個系統(tǒng)各自已經(jīng)建立好的回歸測試用例對新的智能手機進行回歸測試，從而比較這兩個測試工具的測試效率和腳本的可維護性。

實驗度量了兩個工具在測試不同種類的測試用例時，自動化執(zhí)行的用例所占的百分比。從表中可見，雖然TestQuest 在功能測試上有更高的自動化率，在壓力測試，多狀態(tài)測試，多任務測試，臨界測試和總計中，MobileTest有更好的測試覆蓋率。這是因為在后四種測試中，測試用例需要不斷追蹤系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)，使用圖片比對機制的TestQuest 很難完成這些工作，而MobileTest 卻能使用Agent返回的敏感事件來進行處理。此外，MobileTest 完成測試任務的時間時15天，比TestQuest 的測試效率要高。

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5總結

本文提出了一個基于Agent技術的嵌入式智能設備的測試方法，它用Agent技術對嵌入式智能設備測試過程中的被測試設備，測試者和網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境進行模擬和控制，很好的屏蔽了嵌入式智能設備的復雜性，提高了測試的效率和腳本的可重用性。將來的研究工作中，我們會進一步拓展整個測試系統(tǒng)，使之能夠支持整個測試的生命周期。

本文作者的創(chuàng)新點：本文將軟件Agent技術引入到嵌入式智能設備的自動化測試中，利用Agent的特性，很好的屏蔽了嵌入式智能設備測試中，測試者，待測設備，網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境的復雜性，提高了自動化測試的效率。

來源于：《 Journal of Electronic Science and Technology》

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附：英文原文

Embedded system research 1 Introduction

Intelligent Software Agent is the ability to perform specific tasks for the user, with a certain degree of intelligence, able to perform some tasks and autonomy in a proper manner and environment interactions software programs.Agent has autonomy, responsiveness, learning and social and other characteristics.This makes it suitable for highly dynamic environment to make a timely response.Embedded technology and the development of new generation mobile communication networks makes the emergence of a large number of embedded intelligent devices.Most of these devices with embedded operating system support, and run an increasingly rich applications.How to test for these applications to be a need to study.This article Intelligent Agent technology into embedded devices test, using the target device Agent, test control Agent, Network Agent and treatment were simulated test equipment, test engineers and test complexity of the environment, the use of Agent has its own characteristics, proposed An effective automated testing.2 Related research and ideas of this article

Agent possess autonomy, responsiveness, learning and social and other features, makes it very suitable for handling complex problems in the test system.Agent technology in the test area will already have some relevant research, the following is a specific description.Jeongeun Choi and Byoungju Choi [1] proposed a testing tool based on Agent technology, which through the use of Agent to handle user interface and test those interactions, the use of Agent to carry out the test case test case selection choices, and use the Agent for regression testing regression testing, so a good automated software testing.But they can only be made in a large number of test selection techniques select test cases has been the best use cases, write test cases can not reduce its complexity.專業(yè)英語期末考查

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Other studies will Agent technology applied to a field test.Yu Qi, David Hung and Eric Wong [3] proposed a Web-based Agent technology application testing methods.Agent technology to reduce their use of the network application testing complexity.Their method not only for Web application testing, but also for the testing of embedded intelligent devices.In the actual testing process, testers great task is still the preparation of various test cases, to really improve test efficiency, we must improve the general test scripts, reduce test script changes [2] [4].Common test tools for embedded smart devices(such as TestQuest)using image comparison to determine the status of the target device, although this method to achieve a non-invasive test, but there are two problems, the image capture and transmission consumes a lot of test resources, the different style of phone's user interface has changed dramatically, which makes the test script used for testing new equipment required for maintenance of the script.However, the actual device, when an important event occurs, the system will generate sensitive events to encourage the relevant module for processing.If during the test capture these sensitive matters, will be able to test more efficient.And, as long as the operating system the same sensitive way to capture the same event, the interface test cases will not change.In this paper, the abstract and the Agent target device during the test capture of sensitive events and control of sensitive events are sent to test Agent.Agent receives the test control sensitive incident, according to their knowledge, take appropriate action mechanisms(such as exception handling, re-scheduling the test, etc.)to be addressed.This is precisely the inference rules as Agent, with the intelligence of Agent to shield the complexity of the testing process.In addition, given the target device is a complex network environment, we use the Internet Agent to control the target device environment in which the network signal, enabling the network environment in which the control device.3 Agent-Based Test System 3.1 The overall structure

Test system is to achieve the ultimate goal of a mobile digital terminal's automated testing platforms to the mobile digital terminal on the system software and 專業(yè)英語期末考查

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application layer software build modular, reusable test script library, to improve the efficiency of various black box testing, automation the generation of test results and test results to achieve playback.Figure 1: Test platform divided into four layers, including user interface layer, the test control layer, communication layer and the equipment Agent layer.Among them, the process monitoring module, test equipment, environmental control module and the use of Agent Agent layer design ideas to better support embedded devices testing.The user interface layerTesting management and configurationScript editorVirtual cell phone

TestControl layer Test results show Testing steps executiontestrepository Test environment control Testing process monitoring AgentCommunications layer Set for Agent layerBluetooth GPRS 3G ATSynblan Agent Windows mobile AgentCustomization AgentAT 接口Figure 1 The overall architecture test system 3.2 The basic system implementation process

Testing process is a real cell phone users "inputcondition-action rules(ECA-RULE)

Control Agent This is a test based on the core rules, which defines a test case of interest, and according to comparison conditions, take appropriate action.⑵ exception handling rules(EM-RULE)

Test Control Agent also comply with exception handling rules, which occurred during the test can detect abnormal events and to implement appropriate solutions to enable testing to proceed smoothly.3.4.2 Test Control Agent's Properties ⑴ autonomy

Autonomy to make the tester without too much attention to the details of the test, testers just need to select the test objectives, test control Agent information can be based on the knowledge base, automatically generate ECA rules table, and run the script, according to ECA rules to capture sensitive event and perform the appropriate action.⑵ intelligence

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Test Control Agent to the test objectives based on user selection, automatically generates ECA rules table, and according to ECA rules, reasoning and take appropriate action.Test Control Agent can exception handling rules based on the testing process to deal with abnormal body fat to protect the testing process automatically and smoothly.3.5 Agent Network

Network Agent implements the network environment simulation and control.In order to test the phone's RF performance, usually the base station simulator to provide a device in which the wireless network environment, and use programming interface, the software environment to control the device, making the complex network environment, the target device under test as possible.4 System Evaluation

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the system, we designed a comparative experiment.Tell testing laboratory in the Ministry of Information Industry of the test project for real.We will test engineers divided into two groups, the first group to use this system MobileTest test, the second group uses the industry's leading TestQuest Pro test.Test is based on the number of China's telecommunications industry standard part of mobile station testing.Test content is based on both systems return to their already established on the new test cases for regression testing of smart phones to compare these two test tools, test efficiency and maintainability of the script.Table 1 regression test results:

Two experimental tools to measure different types of test cases in the test, the automated implementation of the percentage of use cases.Can be seen from the table, although the functional testing TestQuest higher automation rates, the stress test, multi-state testing, multi-tasking tests, critical test, and the total, MobileTest better test coverage.This is because after the four tests, the test case need to constantly track the system state, the use of pictures than on the mechanism of TestQuest difficult to accomplish these tasks, and MobileTest able to use the Agent to return to the treatment of sensitive events.In addition, MobileTest time to complete the test task 15 days, TestQuest's test efficiency than higher.專業(yè)英語期末考查

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This paper presents a technique based on embedded intelligent devices Agent test method, which uses embedded intelligent Agent technology equipment is tested in test equipment, test and simulate and control the network environment, a good shielding of the embedded the complexity of smart devices to improve the test efficiency and reusability of the script.Future research work, we will further develop the test system so that it can support the whole testing life cycle.The innovation of the author: This article introduces the software Agent technology to automate testing of embedded intelligent devices, the use of Agent's features, nice screen test for embedded smart devices, testers, test device, the complexity of the network environment and increase the efficiency of automated testing.From:《 Journal of Electronic Science and Technology》

第四篇：專業(yè)英語論文翻譯

MET基因復制數(shù)量的增加賦予單克隆抵抗體抗MET的能力并且建立藥物依賴性

關鍵詞：MET，MV-NV30單克隆抗體，酪氨酸激酶抑制劑，抗性，藥物依賴性 【摘要】：被MEI原癌基因編碼的酪氨酸激酶受體領導了具體抑制劑的發(fā)展并在癌癥中起很重要的作用，其中現(xiàn)在一些正處于前進的臨床試驗階段就以前的經(jīng)驗表明對大多數(shù)靶向治療最主要的限制是抗性的出現(xiàn)。在對MET單克隆抗體抗性和抗體對化學抑制劑旁路抗性（反之亦然）一無所知時，酪氨酸激酶抑制劑對MET的抗性機制就已經(jīng)被提出。EBC1型肺癌細胞是MET基因擴增的結果，并且這種細胞對MET抑制劑非常敏感，包括MET單克隆抗體的單機形式在內(nèi)。我們培養(yǎng)生成抵抗抗體的細胞發(fā)現(xiàn)這種抗性是由于MET基因大量復制擴增和它的受體顯著表達而來。這種過度表達可以使單克隆抗體的“脫落”活動達到飽和，并且能夠防止表面的MET受體的有效的下調(diào)和抑制劑的活化作用。值得注意的是MV-DN30抗體的抗性細胞是MET耐受細胞對MET酪氨酸激酶抑制劑也很敏感。除此之外，抗體抗性細胞還具有藥物依賴性,MV-DN30的去處導致它們死亡是由于它們的過度信號表達。在實驗中，對MET酪氨酸激酶抑制劑存在抗性的細胞仍然對MV-DN30抗體的作用敏感。結果表明一種不連續(xù)的通過抗體和化學激酶抑制劑聯(lián)合治療可能會使靶向治療的臨床反應和對MET抗體治療旁路的抗性增加。

縮略語：MV-DN30--單價DN30，TKEs—酪氨酸激酶抑制劑，HGF—肝細胞生長因子，MAPK—有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶 1.簡介

可以抑制一個特定的目標分子化合物的靶向治療法開辟了治療癌癥的新道路。與主要殺死擴散細胞為主的傳統(tǒng)化療不同的是靶向藥物對腫瘤細胞采取一種更具體的治療方式。靶向治療依賴于“癌基因沉癮”的概念。這就意味著單個基因的抑制或死亡是由于它們的沉癮，或者至少抑制它們的生長（溫斯坦,2002）。臨床試驗中的特定抑制劑的發(fā)展給腫瘤細胞的“Achille’s heel”的識別提供支持（溫斯坦和喬，2006）。

盡管靶向治療在一部分癌癥患者中取得了較優(yōu)異的效果，還有重要的一點就是部分癌癥病人對藥物的選擇表達沒有起到治療作用（原發(fā)性），除此之外，幾乎總是一開始患者反應變成后來對治療的抵抗和復發(fā)（繼發(fā)性）。因此，最關鍵的就是要發(fā)現(xiàn)對治療抵抗的機制并且找到繞過它們的方法。

癌基因和人類癌癥密切相關，酪氨酸激酶起著決定性作用。這個觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)許多腫瘤沉溺其中使得蛋白激酶成為了治療癌癥的理想目標（巴塞爾加，2006;Gschwind等人，2004）。在臨床診斷中主要使用一種較小的激酶抑制劑和單克隆抗體來抑制酪氨酸激酶。酪氨酸激酶抑制劑是一種可以抑制靶蛋白酶活性的小分子物質(zhì)。它們能有效地瞄準膜結合位點和細胞內(nèi)的激酶并且很容易在體內(nèi)擴散。單克隆抗體已被廣泛用于臨床并取得了可觀的成果。這些分子的優(yōu)點在于它們具有很高的特異性。在癌癥治療中的可以抗癌的RTKs單克隆抗體已經(jīng)被批準在乳腺癌和結腸癌中使用(分別針對HER2和表皮生長因子受體)并可作為抗血管增生的藥物（針對血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體）。除此之外，很多針對于其他目標的單克隆抗體正處與發(fā)展和試驗階段。最近，一種作為癌癥治療目標的RTK受到關注，這種RTK是由致癌基因編碼的在肝細胞生長因子上的酪氨酸激酶受體。在和肝細胞生長因子結合后，MET活化并啟動一個復雜的生化程序，這個過程被稱作“浸潤性上長”。在腫瘤組織中，浸潤性生長的增進可以迫使腫瘤細胞從腫瘤組織中分解下來侵蝕基底膜，滲入基質(zhì)中，甚至定居于新的組織中來實現(xiàn)轉移。很多研究結果表明MET在人類的許多腫瘤中具有活性，并且它與對直接激酶療法的持續(xù)抗性密切相關。除此之外，還表明細胞顯示大量復制（超過8張）和隨之而來的過度表達和獨立配體的激活都是沉溺于這種致癌基因和抗MET藥物的應答中。在前期設置得到的基本結果，幾種特定的多目標的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑和直接針對于MET或者HGF的抗體已經(jīng)進入了臨床試驗階段。在活體和動物模型進行的研究已經(jīng)表明用TKIs長期治療會導致機體的治療耐受性。對MET TKIs的抗性可能是由于一些機制，比如MET基因擴增，過度表達，MET點突變，MET平行路徑的激活和KRAS基因的擴增機制。然而，關于對MET的單克隆抗體的再次具有抗性一無所知。

我們以前報道過主要針對細胞外的部分MET的抑制性單克隆抗體的研究進展。它的誘導、再結合、達到MET脫落閾值的能力使其有抑制活性，剩余的跨膜片段通過蛋白酶體降解途徑處理掉。因此，DN-30結合到MET后的結果是使其變成可溶性的誘餌MET并且蛋白水解酶會講解MET激酶。這促進了MET介導的生物活性的抑制作用。設計了這樣一個過程就是因為DN-30的結合使得MET激酶部分活化并且導致抗體介導的受體同源二聚體化和單價Fab片段失去競爭活性的一個過程。

在這個研究中我們表明了不斷用MV-DN30來治療沉癮癌細胞會使其具有抗性的原因是MET基因的大量復制和MET的過度表達超過了MV-DN30對其有效下調(diào)并使其失去活性的的能力。值得注意的是，MV-DN30抗性細胞還會一直對MET TKIs產(chǎn)生耐受性和敏感性。有趣的是，它們獲得了藥物耐受性，當受到MV-DN30的驅(qū)除致死它們的是過多的信號表達。我們還表明對MET TKIs 有抗性的細胞也對MV-DN30敏感，所以，MV-DN30和MET TKIs 對腫瘤細胞的作用是相互促進的。2.材料與方法 2.1.細胞和試劑

EBC1 細胞從一個患有轉移皮膚腫瘤的病人取得，這個患者還患有肺鱗狀細胞癌，病例是從日本癌癥資料庫購買得到。GTL16 是一種實驗室里的克隆胃癌細胞系。HEK-293T細胞系分離于人類胚胎時期的腎，A549細胞系來源于肺癌，都是從ATCC購買來培養(yǎng)的。對MV-DN30有抗性的EBC1細胞可以通過一個逐步的方法培養(yǎng)得到，由Sigma Tau R&D 提供的通過暴露親代細胞方法來增加抗MET單價單克隆抗體的濃度。親代細胞用10 mg/ml 的MV-DN30治療約一個月，直到生成的R10細胞開始產(chǎn)生抗性為止，R10抗性細胞又用逐步增加濃度的MV-DN30治療。所有的抗體耐受細胞培養(yǎng)在存在MV-DN30并且可以使它們產(chǎn)生耐受性的條件下。大約兩個月可以分離到R20抗體抗性細胞，四個月可以分離到R80抗體耐受細胞。EBC1 and GTL16 細胞對MET TKIs PHA-665752(EBC1 RPHA 50 nM and GTL16 RPHA 150 nM)都有耐受性，并且向描述的那樣培養(yǎng)可以一直保持PHA-665752的存在。該細胞系的遺傳身份通過一個短的串珠狀重復序列（STR）識別，這段序列在2013年7月再次重復出現(xiàn)。We 我們利用下面的小分子：ATP競爭行MET TKIs PHA-665752(Tocris Bioscience)and JNJ-38877605(John-son & Johnson)和p38MAP激酶抑制劑SB203580(Merck).2.2.mRNA和基因組DNA的分析

用Trizol 試劑提取得到的RNA被檢測到利用多文士病毒的逆轉錄酶和隨機引物合成，cDNA可以用實時的利用電源帶動的綠色PCR混合的PCR 技術來實現(xiàn)擴增，根據(jù)制造商的說明下面的MET和ACTIN特異性引物要用到： hMET ex 19 Fw: 50-AGTTTACCACCAAGTCAGATGTGT-30;hMET ex 20 Rw: 50-GGGCTCCTCTTGTCATCAGC-3;hACTIN Fw: 50-GGAGGAGCTGGAAGCAGCC-30;hACTIN Rw: 50-GCTGTGCTACGTCGCCCTG-30.根據(jù)制造商的說明用實時PCR技術來分析用純化的DNA基因組迷你試劑盒分析從細胞中提取到的基因組DNA，這種技術是用 TaqMan基因表達的主要結構和TaqMan探針MET基因和RNaseP控制基因的實時定量PCR分析。MET的mRNA的成倍增加和EBC1中MET基因的大量復制以及MV-DN30抗性細胞歸一化然后被認可。2.3.蛋白印跡分析和脈沖追蹤代謝標記

蛋白提取液(40 mg), 細胞上清液(20 ml)。在細胞裂解前2小時把MET TKI JNJ-38877605加入到指定的地方。免疫印跡法使用了以下的初級抗體：the anti-MET Intracellular domain(ICD)(zymed, #370100)from Invitrogen, anti-MET ECD(DL21)obtained as described(Prat et al., 1991), anti-phospho-Tyr1234-Tyr 1235MET(#3126), anti-AKT(#9272), anti-phospho-Ser473AKT(#4060),anti-p44/42MAPK(#9102),anti-phospho-Thr202-Tyr204p44/42MAPK#9101),anti-p38MAPK(#8690),anti-phospho-Thr180-Tyr182-p38 MAPK(#9215), from CellSignaling;anti-vinculin(#V9131)from Sigma and anti-b-actin(#I-19 sc-1616)from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.Secondary IgG HRP-Peroxidase antibodies were from Amersham.脈沖追蹤實驗的1106WT，或MV-DN30抗性的EBC1細胞(R80)都被平鋪在60mm的盤里。R80 細胞保存在有或沒有抗體（80 mg/ml）存在的條件下，而WT細胞要一直保存在有抗體的條件小16小時。然后，這些細胞在不含L-蛋氨酸但有500mmMCIL-甲硫氨酸S35(脈沖)（易標記）的DMEM培養(yǎng)基中處理20分鐘。在這之后，去處放射性標記的培養(yǎng)基，細胞用1ml磷酸鹽緩沖液鹽水洗兩次然后保存在有2mlISCOVE的培養(yǎng)基中，培養(yǎng)基中加入2%FBS，在MV-DN30(80 mg/ml)存在或不存在脈沖3.6和16小時。之后，用免疫沉淀法（IP）在1ml細胞裂解液中進行測定（裂解緩沖液：1% TritonX-100存在下，20 mM Tris-鹽酸，5毫米EDTA，10% V / v甘油，150 mM NaCl補充蛋白磷酸酶抑制劑）通過使用抗Met ICD dq13單克隆抗體，而IP法利用抗Met ECD do24單克隆抗體對細胞培養(yǎng)2毫升上清液進行。細胞裂解液和上清液都在有已知抗體的培養(yǎng)基里培養(yǎng)16個小時，抗鼠IgG抗體預包被瓊脂糖凝膠蛋白珠形成免疫復合物沉淀下來。免疫沉淀物中的蛋白就會被8% SDS-PAGE 分開，然后轉移到3mm的紙上，80度，48小時后蛋白質(zhì)的放射性就會在投影膜上留下印記。2.4.生長和可行性分析

用于細胞生長和可行性分析的這些細胞被接種在96孔的培養(yǎng)板上，根據(jù)制造商的說明用已知藥物在不同時期進行處理然后用細胞滴度發(fā)光細胞進行可行性分析。沒經(jīng)過處理的細胞控制在藥物載體存在的條件下生長。所有的數(shù)據(jù)進行歸一化到0天的藥物治療。2.5.熒光細胞分析

對結合在EBC1WT,R20,R80細胞質(zhì)膜上的MET進行免疫熒光著色，這些細胞要提前在有或沒有MV-DN30存在的條件下培養(yǎng)24小時。熒光性的強度可以通過細胞熒光性分析檢測到。用于檢測的細胞要在PBS中用2%FBS洗滌并且在室溫下用抗MET ECD DO24 mAb(100 ng/ml)著色20分鐘。然后在室溫下細胞又在PBS中用2%FBS洗滌就會逐步產(chǎn)生抗鼠IgG-RPE二抗然后用二脒基苯基吲哚作用20分鐘。作為陰性對照，將不含初級抗MET抗體的細胞進行染色。質(zhì)膜結合的蛋氨酸的熒光強度（AU為單位），通過使用GraphPad Prism軟件繪制為箱形繪圖圖表。

2.6.慢病毒載體轉導

EBC1 WT 細胞能穩(wěn)定地在兩種不同量的慢性病毒顆粒編碼的MET cDN轉導，包括1mg(METtt)和1.6mg(METttt)的p24病毒抗原，其濃度按說明確定。作為對照，WT細胞用含有空載體病毒顆粒感染。MV-DN30抗性細胞(R20 and R80)只用空載體感染。在感染48小時后接種細胞用于生物化學分析。轉導細胞的可行性分析如先前描述的一樣進行，讓細胞在存在或不存在MV-DN30的條件下上長72小時。如先前所述，MET的蛋白印跡分析和磷酸化的MET蛋白水平和對感染細胞的mRNA的表達水平實時定量PCR分析一樣子細胞感染72小時后進行評估。2.7.藥物協(xié)同作用分析

在抗MET抗體MV-DN30和MET TKI JNJ-38877605之間進行藥物協(xié)同作用分析是對WT EBC1和接種在96孔板上的GTL16細胞在用藥物治療72小時后的細胞活力的研究。如果使用一個藥品從藥物劑量來說要比混合使用的IC50約高10倍左右，雙重增加濃度可以用于單藥使用和組合使用。評估細胞活力為前面描述的增效作用的藥物效應多種分析研究，采用組合指數(shù)（CI）和Chou and Talalay 方法。使用相互排他性假設計算CI值（藥物作用機理的不同，采用compusyn.exe）軟件，可上線的網(wǎng)站：http://compusyn.software.informer.com/，和繪制功能的FA（由這兩種藥物的組合影響系統(tǒng)分數(shù)）。CI值< 1表明兩種藥物之間的協(xié)同作用。2.8.統(tǒng)計分析

同一個實驗數(shù)據(jù)用GraphPad Prism軟件進行兩尾t檢驗分析至少有三種生物學具有統(tǒng)計學顯著意義的結果。P值小于0.05被認為是有意義的。3.結果

3.1.MV-DN30耐藥細胞株的建立

EBC1 肺癌細胞是MET沉癮細胞，它能放大MET的擴增、過度表達和活化過程。MET TKIs或者MV-DN30對EBC1細胞里的MET具有強烈的破壞它們生存和上長的能力的作用（圖A~C）。

我們先前培養(yǎng)的EBC1細胞 對不同的YKIs有抗性表明了這種抗性可能是由于MET基因的進一步擴增。為了產(chǎn)生抗MV-DN30的細胞，我們采用逐步暴露EBC1原代細胞不方法來增加抗體的濃度，并且獲得抗不同劑量抗體的細胞系（圖1b；約的分步方法詳見材料和方法部分）。, 進一步的實驗中，我們使用耐20細胞（ebc1 R20）和80（ebc1 R80）毫克/毫升mv-dn30，劑量是分別是前面的約10倍和40倍，然后測這些細胞的抗體IC50（圖1a）。在有MV-DN30存在的抗性細胞的生長速度一直和WT細胞差不多（圖1C）。

正如前面提到的，MV-DN30發(fā)揮它的抑制活性是通過誘導MET的結構域蛋白反正溶蛋白裂解，隨后又通過蛋白酶體受體介導受體降解。這種反應減少了細胞表面的MET的大量表達，抑制了MET的活性和受體介導的生物學活性。如圖1D所示，事實上，MV-DN30的治療導致了再EBC1細胞中的MET通過酪氨酸酶的磷酸化消除大量減少。與抗性細胞的生化分析相反的是顯示了在相同劑量抗體存在的情況下，MET也會磷酸化并且在質(zhì)膜上的大量的MET蛋白明顯高于保存在相同條件下的WT細胞（圖1D,E）。除此，盡管激活的下游目標AKT和MAPK激酶都被保存在有抗體存在的條件下（圖1D）。

所有的數(shù)據(jù)表明，抗EBC1細胞的MV-DN30并不是通過一種足以消除它的結構的活性的方法來下調(diào)MET，而是一種允許它的信號轉導來調(diào)節(jié)它的結構磷酸化的方法.3.2.抗性細胞中缺乏MV-DN30抑制活性并不是因為它的活性不足

如圖1D,E所示，用MV-DN30處理抗性細胞致使MET大量減少這種減少比處于同等條件下觀察的WT細胞中的減少更明顯。我們想知道在抗性細胞里的抗體受損是否是由于MET的結構域IPT4發(fā)生突變引起，這個結構域是它的集合位點，但是我們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何突變（數(shù)據(jù)顯示）。

于是，我們評估了是否是抗性細胞中脫落的MET胞外結構域（ECD）對抗體的反應被抑制了。在相同劑量MV-DN30存在的條件下培養(yǎng)了24小時的抗性細胞和WT細胞的上清液中，抗性細胞上清液中含有更豐富的脫落的ECD（圖2A）。當對去處抗體24小時后的抗性細胞中MET的表達和活化進行評估時，我們觀察到MET總量強烈增加特別是結合在細胞膜上的形式（圖2B和圖1）。對抗性細胞再引入MV-DN30細胞會導致上清液中MET ECD含量更高，與在同樣劑量處理的WT細胞相比，之后細胞內(nèi)的MET同時減少了并返回到平時觀察的抗性細胞的一半水平（圖2 D）。在脈沖代謝標記實驗中也觀察到了相似的結果：比起WT細胞，抗性細胞合成更多的MET和MV-DN30來促進MET ECD 釋放并大量增加（圖2E）。最后，用更高劑量抗體20 mg/ml(R20)處理EBC1細胞來更好的證明MV-DN30在抗性細胞中是具有活性的。圖2F所示在抗性細胞中隨著MV-DN30劑量是增加減少了大量MET在細胞膜上的表達（圖2A）和磷酸化(圖2B)。

總之，所有的結果表明EBC1細胞的抗性不是因為MV-DN30活性缺乏，而是由于用它的飽和能力來促進了一種高效的MET解離。

圖1-抗MV-DN30的EBC1細胞分子表征。(A)在有MV-DN30的遞增濃度的條件下培養(yǎng)了72小時的EBC1 WT細胞的細胞活力。對未經(jīng)過處理的細胞(100%)± s.d.的歸一化結果。(B)在指定濃度抗體的條件下培養(yǎng)72小時的EBC1 WT細胞或產(chǎn)生MV-DN30抗性的細胞(R10, R20, R40, R80)。與未經(jīng)過處理的WT細胞(100%)± s.d歸一化結果。(C)在MV-DN30(20 and 80 mg/ml)存在的條件下生長的EBC1 WT細胞EBC1R20和R80細胞的生長活性。與未經(jīng)過處理的WT細胞(100%)± s.d歸一化結果(***P < 0.001)。(D)在有指定劑量MV-DN30抗體存在的條件下處理24小時的EBC1WT ,EBC1R20和R80細胞的蛋白印跡。(E)結合MET的在24小時在不存在或存在的血漿膜的熒光強度的箱圖mv-dn30 R20和R80生長EBC1 WT細胞（AU：任意單位）

圖2—細胞耐受性并不是由于失去了對MV-DN30的敏感性。(A)在存在或不存在MV-DN30的環(huán)境下培養(yǎng)24小時的EBC1 WTR20和R80細胞的上清液中MET ECD的蛋白印跡。(B)在有或沒有（24小時去除）的EBC1WTR20和R80細胞中的蛋白（頂部）和蛋氨酸的酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白印跡。紐蛋白作為控制基礎(C)在 EBC1 WT, R20 and R80 細胞中有或沒有（24小時去除）MV-DN30的條件下在質(zhì)膜上結合的MET的熒光強度的箱圖。質(zhì)膜著色如圖E。(D)在用MV-DN30處理（24h）的EBC1WT R20和R80 細胞中和抗性細胞（圖2 D）中觀察到的MET總蛋白水平和MET ECD 的蛋白印跡.(E)在有或沒有MV-DN30存在下的EBC1WT和R80細胞里的MET(來源細胞裂解液，上面)和MET ECD（來源與細胞上清液，底部）的用脈沖追蹤代謝蛋白標記法的免疫沉淀分析。(F)在遞增MV-DN30濃度的環(huán)境下的EBC1(左圖)和R20細胞（右圖）的活性檢測。未經(jīng)過處理的WT細胞（左圖）或者用20 mg/ml(100%)處理的R20（右圖）統(tǒng)計結果(***P < 0.001, *P < 0.05)。3.3.對MV-DN30的抗性是由于MET的擴增和過度表達

如上圖所示（圖2BeD），MV-DN30抗性細胞表達MET水平比原代細胞更高。我們懷疑這可能是由于增加的啟動子活性或更高的mRNA的可用性，因為你微RNA的負控制微分表達了。在EBC1WT和抗性細胞的熒光素酶檢測結果顯示排除這些可能性（數(shù)據(jù)未顯示）。

然后我們評估了基因擴增的情況是因為MET大量復制是對激酶抑制劑存在抗性的機制。如圖3所示，EBC1抗性細胞顯示了MET的大量復制（原代細胞的第24代到30代），這大約是二倍體細胞的15倍。當分析MET的mRNA水平時，我們觀察到MET的過度表達是WT細胞的2~3倍，達到了MET正常表達細胞(A549 and HEK-293T)的60~90倍。為了證明這種增加可能是為了維持對MV-DN30的抗性，我們將EBC1WT細胞放在不同量的MET cDNA條件下轉導，通過比較EBC1R20和R80細胞mRNA的表達水平來獲得（圖3）。我們觀察到，MET的mRNA以2~3倍的速度劇增，這與在存在MV-DN30的條件下細胞的活性有關（圖3D）。除此，盡管有MV-DN30的存在MET保持磷酸化，這就解釋了為什么細胞能夠存活增加（圖3E）。

所有實驗結果表明，嗜MET的EBC1細胞變得有抗性是因為MET的進一步擴增和過度表達從而來阻止有效的抗體介導的對MET活性的抑制。圖3

3.4.抗MV-DN30的細胞也是嗜MET細胞并有藥物依賴性

為了證明抗MV-DN30的細胞也是嗜MET細胞，我們用一種小分子的激酶抑制劑JNJ-38877605來處理細胞。如圖4a,b所示，抗MV-DN30的EBC1細胞在有抗體(20 mg/ml for R20 and 80 mg/ml for R80)存在的條件下生長情況顯示了當用MET激酶抑制劑JNJ-38877605(10 nM or 250 nM)處理時，細胞活性的降低和MET磷酸化作用的減弱。和親代EBC1細胞相比，抗性細胞對JNJ-38877605的敏感劑量更低，可能是由于在抗性細胞中MET的蛋白合成和轉運更高效。從抗性細胞的培養(yǎng)基中去除MV-DN30會導致MET的表達增加（圖2B），我們研究了過度表達的生化效應。抗性細胞培養(yǎng)在不存在MV-DN30的條件下，顯示了活性下降（圖4C）。這些細胞的蛋白印跡分析表明，隨著時間的推移逐漸增加了磷酸化（圖4D）。然而，24~48h后，after 24e48 h, p38 MAPK的活化清晰可見證明了通常在細胞凋亡反應之前會有一個細胞應激反應。除此之外，在沒有MV-DN30存在的條件下培養(yǎng)的抗性細胞中的p38 MAPK會受到一種小分子SB203580 的抑制使得細胞活性得以恢復（圖3）。這些數(shù)據(jù)進一步表明，p38 MAPK信號對于參與藥物依賴是至關重要的.重要的是要記住對于嗜MET細胞抗MET酪氨酸激酶抑制劑的藥物依賴條件和黑色素瘤有獲得性的藥物依賴性已經(jīng)被證明。為了證明當去除MV-DN30后過多的MET信號使細胞凋亡是正確的，我們用低劑量的MET YKI處理抗性細胞讓其充分減少但不會完全抑制MET活性（圖4）。事實上，如圖4E所示，保存在不含MV-DN30并用 10 nM JNJ-38877605（低于IC50濃度）處理的抗性細胞可以恢復它們的活性，并且這種水平類似于保存在有抗體存在的培養(yǎng)條件下的抗性細胞的活性水平。

總之，這些結果表明，MV-DN30抗性細胞都是嗜MET細胞并且它們的繁殖和生存都有藥物依賴性。圖4

3.5.在嗜MET細胞中MV-DN30和MET TKIs的協(xié)同作用

MET-TKIs 和 MV-DN30 都可以有效的抑制EBC1細胞的活性，我們想知道這兩種抗MET化合物是否表現(xiàn)增強或協(xié)同作用。單獨或在有非常低劑量的MV-DN30存在的條件下（0.15~2.5毫克/毫升，從10倍以下的IC50開始），我們用逐步增加MET抑制劑JNJ-38877605的方法來處理EBC1 WT細胞。然后我們分析細胞活力和對藥物治療的兩種藥物的組合效應的性質(zhì)，利用多藥效果分析。如圖5C所示，聯(lián)合治療導致的劑量盡可能低為1.25~20 nm jnj-38877605在0.15~2.5毫克/毫升mv-dn30存在活性降低。當在GTL16 WT 胃癌細胞上做這個實驗室會得到相似的結果（圖5D）。如圖5A、B所示，多藥效應分析表明了 EBC1 and GTL16 WT細胞的CI值都小于1，從而表明了JNJ-38877605和 MV-DN30之間有藥物協(xié)同作用.所有的這些數(shù)據(jù)表明用MET TKI和MV-DN30聯(lián)合治療可以有效地減少嗜MET細胞的活性，劑量明顯低于單獨一種藥物治療的藥量。圖5

4.討論

臨床效應甚至是最有效的靶向治療都被發(fā)展的耐藥性所限制。顯而易見，這種耐藥性機制已經(jīng)被廣泛研究。從癌細胞和抗酪氨酸激酶抑制劑表明，獲得性耐藥的最常見的機制包括在藥物目標本身的二次突變的患者獲得的數(shù)據(jù)，激活下游信號轉導或平行的信號轉導通路的激活突變。即使對關于癌癥是怎樣產(chǎn)生耐藥性抗體的了解很少，一些現(xiàn)象提示用抗EGFR 和抗HER2抗體治療的病人體內(nèi)有耐藥機制的建立。在EGER中的二次突變表明了免疫調(diào)節(jié)藥物與EGFR的結合受到破壞從而調(diào)節(jié)了抵抗力。除此之外，最近的研究還證明了EGFR或HER2的信號轉導通路的激活可以分別繞過西妥昔單抗或曲妥單抗的抑制；這些包括EGFR配體水平增加，MET RTK的擴增或過度表達，下游或平行激活信號轉導途徑。

在癌癥治療中MET受體已經(jīng)變成了最具關注的目標，因為很多研究表明，MET在多種人類腫瘤中具有組成性活性。它的失調(diào)可能是由于不同的機制包括過度表達，基因擴增，激活突變和受體介導的刺激自分泌或旁分泌的增加。生殖細胞的激活突變的識別和遺傳型腎乳頭狀癌直接證明了MET和人類腫瘤發(fā)生有關的概念。MET的酪氨酸激酶的結構域中激活突變位點已經(jīng)在散發(fā)腫瘤中確定。然而，在人類癌癥中變化頻繁的是轉錄表達的過程，這個過程是由原癌基因激活誘導抑癌基因失活和對特定的為mRNA或缺氧刺激的下調(diào)過程。在原發(fā)性腫瘤中由基因擴增引起的MET過度表達是少見的，但在肺癌和結腸癌中變得抗靶向其它RTKs治療的情況更頻繁。臨床證據(jù)表明癌細胞是沉溺在原癌基因中的細胞，在這種細胞中的MET具有組織性活性并且它們的抑制結果就是使其致瘤性被破壞。然而，用小劑量的激酶抑制劑延長對嗜MET細胞的處理會導致二倍抗性的出現(xiàn)，這種機制可以被維持比如MET擴增或突變,KRAS的擴增或EGFR家族成員的活化。在我們的研究中表明,在嗜MET細胞中對MET特定抗體MV-DN30的抗性獲得是由于MET復制數(shù)量的大量增加。這一現(xiàn)象的機理解釋依賴于染色體外的MET復制的動態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)，造成了一種癌癥對治療的適應性程序。MET上調(diào)的增加是由于MET基因擴增造成的這種現(xiàn)象并不明顯當抗性細胞培養(yǎng)在有抗體（這種抗體介導了MET的下調(diào)）存在的條件下，但是在沒有這種抗體存在的條件卻是很明顯清晰的。我們觀察到蛋白的增加平行下來是METmRNA增加的2~3倍。EBC1 原代細胞的METcDNA的轉導可以達到一個和抗性細胞一樣是表達水平，證明了事實上細胞表達更多的MET可以減少對MV-DN30抑制活性的敏感性。WT EBC1細胞和大多數(shù)嗜MET細胞一樣可以表達比正常表達細胞的約30倍多的MET；因此，在抗性細胞中2~3倍的增加可以引起MET水平比那些正常細胞中的MET水平高60~90倍。在缺氧的環(huán)境下觀察A549細胞中MET呈3倍增加才能滿足它的生化效應，在抗MV-DN30的EBC1細胞中MET增加可以解釋為什么抗體能夠有效地下調(diào)MET。除此，作為抗性細胞識別增加的脫落的MET導致了MET ECD在細胞內(nèi)的累積，并且脫落的ECD可以和細胞膜上的MV-DND30結合位點結合從而減少抗體的抑制效應?？剐约毎匀灰蕾囉贛EI的信號傳導來增殖和生存，MET可以完全被TKIR抑制從而導致它們的增殖受到抑制。有趣的是，當MET變得非?；钴S的時候，可以通過增加在MV-DN30存在下的MET 的表達在這種適宜的有利的環(huán)境下來使其對藥物的去除效果減弱。我們的結果和報告是一致的都表明了，正常細胞和腫瘤細胞不僅對信號（即該通路被激活的信號）的質(zhì)量敏感而且對數(shù)量也很敏感（這種量就是怎樣激活通路）。信號過量可導致細胞應激（在我們的情況下，通過p38 MAPK活化）導致細胞死亡。事實上，在抗體缺乏，低劑量的遇到了TKI治療耐藥細胞（抑制野生型細胞活力）增加了他們的活力，減少了信號的水平細胞持續(xù)強度的可能。Das Thakur做了一個類似的觀察，這個人證明了人類黑色素瘤移植提供的抗藥性，藥物的去除使耐藥腫瘤的腫瘤消退是由于依賴BRAT信號過量。有趣的是，他還表明不連續(xù)的藥物劑量，運用耐藥細胞在沒有藥物環(huán)境下的劣勢來防止耐藥性的發(fā)作。這在嗜MET細胞中也被證明是正確的，無論是抗MV-DN30還是抗TKIs的EBC1細胞都表現(xiàn)出藥物依賴性并且去除藥物會致死細胞。因此，可以想象，為了防止由于癌基因過量用藥而產(chǎn)生抗性，間斷性用藥的機制可能會比連續(xù)用藥更有效。

此外，我們表明，抗體治療是活躍的細胞提供的抗酪氨酸激酶抑制劑，相反，TKI治療耐mv-dn30細胞有效。這并不奇怪，因為這兩種類型的抗性細胞都是嗜MET細胞，因此，依賴MET的信號減少導致了它們的死亡。這種發(fā)現(xiàn)在臨床上受到關注，因為它表明了用抗MET的抗體治療病人可能是沒用的，病人的對TKIs的抗性是由于MET表達的增加或者是它們的毒性限制了TKI的劑量。另一個處于我們的觀察的結果是MV-DN30和MET-TKIs之間的協(xié)同作用。值得注意的是，盡管是幾個實驗，在用MET TKI和MV-DN30治療時我們并沒能過培養(yǎng)出抗性細胞。這些觀察的臨床意義提出了一點就是兩種藥物劑量的減少的可能性，結果它們又不利影響當需要保持治療效應時有可能會降低或延遲?？偟膩碚f，在事實的角度評估我們的結果就是它們表明了兩種可能會克服或防止對METmAbs抗性的治療策略:(i)一種就是用抗MET的mAb加上MET TKI的聯(lián)合治療(ii)利用抗性細胞的藥物依賴性的定期間斷性的節(jié)律治療。

第五篇：測繪專業(yè)英語論文外文翻譯

The measurement of the surveying and mapping in mine Since the seventy s, as the electronic technology and laser technology development, the type of surveying and mapping instruments with electronics(such as range finder, electronic tachometer, gyroscopes)to the traditional surveying and mapping instruments methods produced profound effect.In satellite remote sensing, global positioning system, as a representative of the space on earth observation technology in surveying and mapping application in the science of mature, computer technology, system scientifically based geographic information system and application for the emergence of surveying and mapping information source of access, analyze, management, processing and application fully provide strong technical support, automation and intelligence of surveying and mapping system is already in investigation, therefore we can say, the modern mapping technology is undergoing a profound revolution.Mining of measuring technology of an important application field, in the vast coal, metal mines, nonferrous mine production process played an important role.Mine survey of modern task is: in mine exploration, design, development and production of the different stages of the operation of the ground and underground mining area, the space, resources,(in mineral and land resources and environment are mainly)information acquisition, storage, processing, display and use for reasonable and effective development resources, protecting the resources, protecting the environment, management, industrial and environmental services for the continuous development of the station.In order to realize its modern task, mine measurement must be making full use of modern surveying and mapping instruments and techniques, put the advanced modern technology with mine surveying the actual work, specific characteristics, and the combination of broaden the living space mine survey and business scope, promote the reform and development of mine survey, adapt to the market economy system and mining system reform needs.Electronic tachometer, space information technology, the inertial measurement system and other modern surveying and mapping instruments have been in mine survey technology is used to further development and are constantly.This paper to modern surveying and mapping instruments of the development of the technology and its application in mine.1、Electronic tachometer and its application in mine survey: Electronic tachometer as the most widely used surveying and mapping instruments, is electronic technology and optical technology development of the combination of the photoelectric measuring instrument, is also set range finder, electronic advantages in a wide range of instruments, application prospects, the intelligent electronic tachometer is currently the biggest selling surveying and mapping instruments, is also the main future development direction.Intelligent electronic tachometer is with light, electricity and magnetism, machine of the latest scientific achievements, set the location, measuring Angle for the integration of advanced instrument.The international advanced electronic tachometer are on a memory card, internal memory or electronic hand book way, way of double record data transmission communication function, can receive external computer instruction by the computer input data, also can to outside the computer output data.The international advanced electronic tachometer have Japanese SOKKIA POWERSET series production of electronic tachometer and SET5F, SET6F, SET5W electronic tachometer, Swiss produces the TCA100 and TCA1800 electronic tachometer, Japan NIKON DTM-A series of electronic tachometer, etc.Our country has just south of the surveying and mapping instruments company production NTS-200 series electronic tachometer.Electronic tachometer has set up a file in the engineering survey, mine surveying, cadastral etc a wide range of applications, its development and application is in rapid developing.Electronic tachometer because and has the advantages of transit and range finder, and provide measurement results in digital form, its simple operation, stable performance, data can be through the electronic hand book and the computer to carry on the advantages of communication in the mine in the measurement of a wide range of applications.The ground control survey, topographic, engineering surveying all available is, contact measurement, the measurement work can also be used inunderground i To as a representative of the intelligent, digital instrument is minesurveying instrument one of the development direction in the future.Based on theelectronic tachometer and the modern computer technology can establish a mine 3 d data to be automatic collection, transmission,processing of mine surveying dataprocessing system, instead of traditional hand book records, manual entry, detailed calculation of repetitive work.In addition, electronic tachometer in mine surfacemovement monitoring, land reclamation project implementation, mine construction aspects also have been applied, each big ore measurement organizations are to instead of traditional instruments for routine measure the work, not only improves the efficiency, picked up speed, and reduced the development, and to ensure the accuracy

2、Space information technology and its application in the measurement of the mine.The core of spatial information technology and the subject is the “3 S” technology(Remote Sensing:RS)、(Global Positioning System GPS)、(Grographic Information System：GIS)Remote sensing including satellite remote sensing and remote sensing, remote sensing data topographic map surveying as the important means in practice has a wide range of applications, satellite remote sensing for mapping is also mine of study and has made some significant results, based on remote sensing data to build digital terrain model(DTM)and then used in surveying and mapping work has won more applications.GPS as a cause of surveying and mapping in the traditional concept of major change technology, has become a main technology of land measurement method, also is the most potential mobile technology, in mine measurement, control survey, project survey, environment monitoring, disaster prevention and reduction of the navigation transport plays a significant role.Because not only have all-weather GPS, high precision and high flexibility, and the advantages of the traditional measuring technology without strict control, compared the level measurement, don't take points between depending on the point, without the need to build standard, there is no error accumulation, the three dimensional positioning etc, and in the field measurement model, error sources and data processing to the traditional concept of surveying and mapping is a revolutionary change.The geographic information system as the geographical distribution of space of therelevant data collecting, processing, management, analysis of computer technology system, and its development and application of surveying and mapping the development of science is of great significance, is the modern mapping technology of important technical support.With “3 S” integration or integrated as the leading technology of space information system has gradually become the surveying and mapping learning or the earth informatics new technology system and the work pattern, its advanced nature, timeliness obvious.With the space information technology for technical support, modern surveying and mapping instruments, technology is in rapid development in.The measurement of the remote sensing technology in the mines application has experienced a long time, and has accumulated rich experience.For remote sensing, it can be used as remote sensing data mining on the data topographic map surveying data source, like a piece of correction, through visual interpretation, field adjustable draw the work, complete the topographic map surveying and mapping.Compared with the traditional mapping method, using remote sensing data of mapping speed, low cost, high precision, it is a kind of application very extensive mapping method.Remote sensing in mine measurement of the applications of the key theory and technology also is in the investigation.Application of remote sensing data mining area, can obtain real-time, dynamic and comprehensive information source, to the mining area environment monitoring of the mining area environment protection to provide decision support.Remote sensing data mining area for prospecting, geological conditions, roof and floor of coal seam in such aspects as research has been applied, all these, explains the application of remote sensing technique in mining measurement is mine surveying realize its modern task important guarantee.GPS technology in the measurement of the mine is mainly applied to replace traditional ground surveying and mapping work.Using GPS technology such as mining surface movement monitoring, hydrology monitoring, mining area control elevation hole net establishment or measure, reform, GPS receiver with performance to price has been rising, and its application in the measurement of mine work the ground has become a part of the modern mine survey is an important support technology.Used in mining area the geographic information system is for mine geographical information system, or called mine material source environment alinformation system(MRIES).MREIS has become the important developing direction mine survey.With mining area environment resources information system as a platform to all kinds of measurement techniques for data acquisition approach, can build a collection of data acquisition, processing, management, analysis and output in one of the automation, intelligent technology system, as the sustainable development of mining decision support system.Mine survey MREIS work is to establish the fist work, and to create a MREIS mine surveying is an inevitable trend.Therefore, the GPS in the mining area is first applied used in a mine measurement information system established measurement, and then based on this establish the mining area environment information system resources.Space information technology is mine surveying realize its modern task of important technical support and guarantee, “3 S” technology and other measuring instrument technology on the basis of the organic combination of the mining area environment information system is the spatial data information technology in mine survey of the applications of the comprehensive results.3.the inertial measurement system and its application in the measurement of the mine The inertial measurement system(Inertial ISS)is a kind of navigation and positioning technology, have all-w, autonomous, fast can flexible and advantages, the earth measurement, engineering surveying and mining measure the work of automation and versatility provided another kind of new technology.It is to use the principle of inertial navigation, and earn geodetic data(longitude and latitude, elevation, azimuth, gravity anomaly and vertical deflection, etc.)of a kind of technology system.ISS can be divided into two categories: platform utility system and type system in the field of surveying and mapping, ISS main application target includes:(1)control measure, such as the existing control point review, encryption, and aerial control, etc.;(2)pipeline monitoring, orientation, crustal deformation, the surface subsidence observation;(3)underground positioning, all kinds of engineering and construction measure;(4)earthquake, gravity survey, geophysical research;(5)shaft and cans of vertical way beam of monitoring, etc.GPS/ISS combination system is to meet high precision navigation and positioning of the development direction of the request.This combination system can make the GPS and the performance of theISS, can get a lot of complementary to the whole land measurement model dataprocessing, and make sure that 3 d coordinate and the positioning and the precision of the navigation unstable, and increased significantly.The inertial measurement system in mine to the measurement of the Lord is applied in application in themeasurement of the application, the activities of the underground measurement, and of course the ground also has been applied in many fields, such as stated above.ISS in mines in China, the application in the measurement of work is to carry out in-depth,continue to develop.With GPS + ISS combination system used in mines measurement is a promising a technologyFour other new technology in the new instrument of surveying and mapping application to the measurement of the mineOther modern surveying and mapping instruments, such as laser point to meter, the gyro th, digital levels and related technology are all mine surveying and mapping measurement is used, and with the instrument technology as the foundation, formed many mining measurement instrument, as mine survey for the application of modern instruments and techniques.Mine survey as a cross subject, the development and the progress and the mining technology and the development of the mining project, measuring instruments and equipment of science and technology and the development of other subjects like mathematical science, computer science, etc, the development are closely related.Modern mapping technology is based on the electronic technology, space technology, optical technology, computer technology based on comprehensive technology, and has the intelligence, automation and so on a series of advantages.Modern science and technology, the rapid development of surveying and mapping can surely promote the further development of mine survey.With modern technology, mining engineering surveying and mapping technology and related science and technology as the foundation, the mine survey will form and collect data acquisition, processing, management, transmission, analysis, expression, application, output for the integration of intelligence, automation technology system for mine resources, environmental information system establishment provide fundamental material, promoting mine sustainable development.測繪在礦山測量中的發(fā)展

七十年代以來，隨著電子技術和激光技術的發(fā)展，光電結合型的測繪儀器(如測距儀、全站儀、陀螺儀)對傳統(tǒng)的測繪儀器方法產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。以衛(wèi)星遙感、全球定位系統(tǒng)為代表的空間對地觀測技術在測繪科學中的應用日趨成熟，以計算機技術、系統(tǒng)科學為基礎的地理信息系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)和應用為多源測繪信息的獲取、分析、管理、處理及其充分應用提供了有力的技術支持，自動化、智能化的測繪系統(tǒng)已處于研究之中，因此可以說，現(xiàn)代測繪技術正在經(jīng)歷著一場深刻的革命。礦山測量技術的一個重要應用領域，在廣大的煤礦、金屬礦山、有色礦山等的生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。礦山測量的現(xiàn)代任務是：在礦山勘探、設計、開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)運營的各個階段，對礦區(qū)地面和地下的空間、資源、(以礦產(chǎn)和土地資源為主)和環(huán)境信息進行采集、存儲、處理、顯示、利用，為合理、有效地開發(fā)資源、保護資源、保護環(huán)境、治理環(huán)境服務，為工礦區(qū)的持續(xù)發(fā)展報務。為了實現(xiàn)其現(xiàn)代任務，礦山測量必須充分應用現(xiàn)代測繪儀器和技術，將先進的現(xiàn)代技術同礦山測量的實際工作、具體特點相結合，拓寬礦山測量的生存空間和業(yè)務范圍，促進礦山測量的改革和發(fā)展，適應市場經(jīng)濟體制和礦山體制改革的需要。全站儀、空間信息技術、慣性測量系統(tǒng)等現(xiàn)代測繪儀器技術均已在礦山測量中得到了應用并正在不斷向縱深發(fā)展。為此本文對現(xiàn)代測繪儀器技術的發(fā)展及其在礦山測量的應用進行系統(tǒng)的分析和研究，以使礦山測量更好地服務于礦山可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

現(xiàn)代測繪儀器、技術及其在礦山測量中的應用： 1 全站儀及其在礦山測量中的應用：

全站儀作為當前應用最為廣泛的測繪儀器，是電子技術與光學技術發(fā)展結合的光電測量儀器，也是集測距儀、電子經(jīng)緯儀的優(yōu)點于一體的、應用前途廣泛的儀器，智能化的全站儀是目前銷量最大的測繪儀器，也是今后發(fā)展的主要方向。智能型全站儀是集光、電、磁、機的最新科學成果，集測距、測角為一體的先進儀器。國際上先進的全站儀均以存儲卡、內(nèi)部存儲器或電子手簿的方式記錄數(shù)據(jù)，具有雙路傳輸?shù)耐ㄓ嵐δ埽芙邮胀獠坑嬎銠C的指令，由計算機輸入數(shù)據(jù)，也能向外部計算機輸出數(shù)據(jù)。目前國際上較先進的全站儀有日本SOKKIA生產(chǎn)的POWERSET系列全站儀及其SET5F、SET6F、SET5W全站儀，瑞士Leica公司生產(chǎn)的ＴCA100及TCA1800全站儀，日本NIKON的DTM-A系列全站儀等。我國目前僅有南方測繪儀器公司生產(chǎn)的NTS-200系列全站儀。全站儀已在工程測量、礦山測量、地籍測量等領域得到了廣泛的應用，其發(fā)展及應用正處在飛速發(fā)展之中。全站儀由于兼具有經(jīng)緯儀和測距儀的優(yōu)點，且以數(shù)字形式提供測量成果，其操作簡便、性能穩(wěn)定、數(shù)據(jù)可通過電子手簿與計算機進行通訊等優(yōu)點使其在礦山測量中得到了廣泛的應用。地面控制測量、地形測量、工程測量均可利用全站儀進行，聯(lián)系測量、井下測量工作也可用全站儀進行。以全站儀為代表的智能化、數(shù)字化儀器是礦山測量儀器今后的發(fā)展方向之一。基于全站儀和現(xiàn)代計算機技術可建立礦山三維數(shù)據(jù)自動采集、傳輸、處理的礦山測量數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)，取代傳統(tǒng)的手簿記錄、手工錄入、繁瑣計算等大量的重復性的工作。此外，全站儀在礦山地表移動監(jiān)測、礦區(qū)土地復墾工程實施、礦區(qū)施工等方面也都得到應用，各大礦的測量機構正在以全站儀取代傳統(tǒng)的儀器進行日常的測量工作，既提高了效益，加快了速度，又減少了開發(fā)，保證了精度?？臻g信息技術及其在礦山測量中的應用：

空間信息技術的核心和主體是“3S”技術，即遙感(Remote Sensing：RS)、全球定位系統(tǒng)(Global Positioning System: GPS)、地理信息系統(tǒng)(Grographic Information System：GIS)。遙感包括衛(wèi)星遙感和航空遙感，航空遙感作為地形圖測繪的重要手段已在實踐中得到了廣泛的應用，衛(wèi)星遙感用于測圖也正在礦究之中并已取得一些意義重大的成果，基于遙感資料建立數(shù)字地面模型(DTM)進而應用于測繪工作已獲得了較多的應用。GPS作為一項引起傳統(tǒng)測繪觀念重大變革的技術，已經(jīng)成為大地測量的主要技術手段，也是最具潛力的全能型技術，在礦山測量、控制測量、工程測量、環(huán)境監(jiān)測、防災減災以及交通運輸工具的導航方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。由于GPS不僅具有全天候、高精度和高度靈活性的優(yōu)點，而且與傳統(tǒng)的測量技術相比，無嚴格的控制測量等級之分，不必考慮測點間通視，不需造標，不存在誤差積累，可同時進行三維定位等優(yōu)點，在外業(yè)測量模式、誤差來源和數(shù)據(jù)處理方面是對傳統(tǒng)測繪觀念的革命性轉變。地理信息系統(tǒng)作為對空間地理分布有關的數(shù)據(jù)進行采集、處理、管理、分析的計算機技術系統(tǒng)，其發(fā)展和應用對測繪科學的發(fā)展意義重大，是現(xiàn)代測繪技術的重大技術支撐。以“3S”一體化或集成為主導的空間信息技術體系已逐漸成為測繪學或地球信息學(Geoinformatics或Geomatics)新的技術體系和工作模式，其先進性、時效性明顯。以空間信息技術為技術支撐，現(xiàn)代測繪儀器、技術正處于快速的發(fā)展之中。遙感技術在礦山測量中的應用已經(jīng)歷了較長的時間，并積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗。對于航空遙感來說，航空遙感資料可作為進行礦區(qū)地形圖測繪的資料源，通過象片校正、目視判讀、野外調(diào)繪等工作，完成地形圖的測繪。較之傳統(tǒng)的測圖方法，利用遙感資料進行測圖速度快、成本低、精度高，是一種應用極為廣泛的測圖方法。航天遙感在礦山測量中應用的關鍵理論與技術也正處于研究之中。應用遙感資料，可獲取礦區(qū)實時、動態(tài)、綜合的信息源，對礦區(qū)環(huán)境進行監(jiān)測，為礦區(qū)環(huán)境保護提供決策支持。遙感資料用于找礦、礦區(qū)地質(zhì)條件研究、煤層頂?shù)装逖芯康确矫娑家训玫綉?，所有這些，都說明遙感技術應用于礦山測量是礦山測量實現(xiàn)其現(xiàn)代任務的重要保證。GPS技術在礦山測量中的應用主要是取代傳統(tǒng)的地面測繪工作。如利用GPS技術進行礦區(qū)地表移動監(jiān)測、水文觀測孔高程監(jiān)測、礦區(qū)控制網(wǎng)建立或復測、改造等。隨著GPS接收機性能價格比的不斷上升，其應用于礦山測量工作的地面部分已成為現(xiàn)代礦山測量的一項重要支撐技術。應用于礦區(qū)的地理信息系統(tǒng)即為礦區(qū)地理信息系統(tǒng)，或稱為礦區(qū)資料源環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)(MRIES)。MREIS已成為礦山測量的重要發(fā)展方向。以礦區(qū)資源環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)為平臺，以各種測量技術為數(shù)據(jù)獲取的途徑，可以建立集數(shù)據(jù)采集、處理、管理、分析、輸出于一體的自動化、智能化的技術系統(tǒng)，作為礦山可持續(xù)發(fā)展的決策支持系統(tǒng)。礦山測量工作是建立MREIS的前提性工作，而建立MREIS則是礦山測量發(fā)展的必然趨勢。因此，GPS在礦區(qū)應用首先就是應用于礦山測量建立礦山測量信息系統(tǒng)，然后以此為基礎建立礦區(qū)資源環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)。空間信息技術是礦山測量實現(xiàn)其現(xiàn)代任務的重要的技術支撐和保證，以“3S”技術和其他測量儀器技術的有機結合為基礎的礦區(qū)資料環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)就是空間信息技術在礦山測量中應用的綜合性成果。慣性測量系統(tǒng)及其在礦山測量中的應用：

慣性測量系統(tǒng)(Inertial Surveying System: ISS)是一種導航定位技術，具有全天候、自主式、快速多能和機動靈活等優(yōu)點，為大地測量、工程測量和礦山測量作業(yè)的自動化和全能性提供了另一種新的技術手段。它是利用慣性導航的原理，以同時獲取多種大地測量數(shù)據(jù)(經(jīng)緯度、高程、方位角、重力異常和垂線偏差等)的一種技術系統(tǒng)。ISS可分為兩大類：平臺式系統(tǒng)和捷聯(lián)式系統(tǒng)，ISS在測繪領域的主要應用目標包括：(1)控制測量，如對已有控制點的檢核、加密、航測控制等；(2)管線監(jiān)測、定位、地殼形變、地表沉陷觀測；(3)井下定位，各種工程和建筑測量；(4)地震、重力測量，地球物理研究；(5)井筒和罐道梁的垂直性監(jiān)測等。GPS/ISS組合系統(tǒng)是滿足高精度導航和定位要求的發(fā)展方向之一。這種組合系統(tǒng)可使GPS與ISS的性能得到很多互補，能夠以整體大地測量模型進行數(shù)據(jù)處理，同時確定三維坐標和大地水準面，使定位和導航的精度穩(wěn)定，且顯著提高。慣性測量系統(tǒng)在礦山測量中的應用主是在礦山井下測量中的應用，進行井下測量的各項工作，當然其在地面也有廣泛的應用領域，如前文所述。ISS在我國礦山測量中應用的工作尚未深入開展，有待繼續(xù)發(fā)展。以GPS+ISS組合系統(tǒng)應用于礦山測量則是較有發(fā)展前途的一項技術 4 其他測繪新儀器新技術在礦山測量中的應用：

其他的現(xiàn)代測繪儀器如激光指向儀、陀螺經(jīng)緯儀、數(shù)字式水準儀及相關的測繪技術等都在礦山測量中得到了應用，并以這些儀器技術為基礎，形成了許多礦山測量的專用儀器，作為礦山測量應用的現(xiàn)代儀器和技術。結論：

礦山測量作為一門交叉性學科，其發(fā)展和進步與采礦技術和礦業(yè)工程的發(fā)展、測量科學技術與儀器設備的發(fā)展、其它學科如數(shù)理科學、計算機科學等的發(fā)展密切相關。現(xiàn)代測繪技術是建立在電子技術、空間技術、光學技術、計算機技術等基礎上的綜合性技術，并具有智能化、自動化等一系列優(yōu)點?，F(xiàn)代測繪科學技術迅猛發(fā)展，必然會促進礦山測量的進一步發(fā)展。以現(xiàn)代測繪技術、礦業(yè)工程技術和相關科學技術為基礎的礦山測量，必將會形成集數(shù)據(jù)采集、處理、管理、傳輸、分析、表達、應用、輸出為一體的智能化、自動化的技術系統(tǒng)，為礦區(qū)資源環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)的建立提供基礎性的資料，促進礦山可持續(xù)發(fā)展。