第一篇：2010級(jí)英語(yǔ)師范四班第3周團(tuán)會(huì)

2010級(jí)英語(yǔ)師范四班“學(xué)典型、學(xué)先進(jìn)、講奉獻(xiàn)”

主題團(tuán)會(huì)

一、團(tuán)會(huì)主題：學(xué)典型、學(xué)先進(jìn)、講奉獻(xiàn)

二、活動(dòng)背景：奉獻(xiàn)是我國(guó)中華傳統(tǒng)美德，當(dāng)代大學(xué)生應(yīng)該通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)社會(huì)中不斷涌現(xiàn)出來(lái)的先進(jìn)人物，學(xué)習(xí)他們奉獻(xiàn)精神，加強(qiáng)對(duì)自身的思想教育。

三、活動(dòng)目的：加強(qiáng)團(tuán)員意識(shí)教育，提高全體青年的思想道德素質(zhì)。

四、活動(dòng)時(shí)間：2011年9月25日

五、活動(dòng)地點(diǎn)：三教409

六、參與對(duì)象：2010級(jí)英師四班全體同學(xué)

七、活動(dòng)流程：

1、齊唱團(tuán)歌：同學(xué)們跟著伴奏一起唱團(tuán)歌。

2、會(huì)議信息傳達(dá)及反饋：各班委傳達(dá)本周需要做的事情以及對(duì)上一周班上同學(xué)情況作總結(jié)。

3、時(shí)事回顧。

4、組織討論：由團(tuán)支書(shū)對(duì)本次團(tuán)會(huì)的主題做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的講解，并提出本次團(tuán)會(huì)最主要的討論問(wèn)題:“學(xué)典型、學(xué)先進(jìn)、講奉獻(xiàn)對(duì)當(dāng)代大學(xué)生有什么意義？”然后由同學(xué)們發(fā)表言論，各抒己見(jiàn)。同學(xué)們發(fā)言的場(chǎng)面

5、文件學(xué)習(xí)：給大家講解陳錫林走完捐獻(xiàn)之旅的故事，讓同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)身邊的故事。更近一步了解“學(xué)典型、學(xué)先進(jìn)、講奉獻(xiàn)”。

八、活動(dòng)總結(jié)：通過(guò)本次對(duì)主題的討論和對(duì)陳錫林故事的了解，讓同學(xué)們懂得了作為一名大學(xué)生也應(yīng)該具有奉獻(xiàn)精神，做一名典型、先進(jìn)的大學(xué)生。

九、策劃人：陳俐莉

外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院2010級(jí)英師四班

2011年9月25日

第二篇：幼兒園小小班英語(yǔ)活動(dòng)教案(第3周)

洪恩英語(yǔ)家庭版1 2012學(xué)年下學(xué)期英語(yǔ)活動(dòng)教案 第3周

小小班活動(dòng)——Fruit 教學(xué)目標(biāo)

1.認(rèn)知幼兒熟悉的水果：梨子pear。2.在游戲中鞏固對(duì)單詞pear的讀音。3.學(xué)習(xí)歌曲：《GOOD MORNING》 活動(dòng)準(zhǔn)備

一個(gè)梨子模型，卡片一張.手偶兩個(gè)。教學(xué)過(guò)程

一、Warm-up Time課前熱身 1． 歌曲：GOOD MORNING 2． 問(wèn)候與對(duì)話(huà)： T:Hello！

S: HELLO!(讓幼兒熟悉、了解這個(gè)詞。能回應(yīng)我說(shuō)出hello的幼兒我會(huì)與其擊掌。)

二、展示知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1．快速閃出梨子的模型，猜出水果，引出單詞pear(觸摸游戲)2.拍卡片游戲

三、玩游戲鞏固知識(shí)點(diǎn)

觸摸游戲----拿著梨子模型，讓每個(gè)小朋友摸一下并說(shuō)出單詞。拍卡片游戲----幼兒要猜出老師出示卡片的方向并先拍到卡片為贏。

四、結(jié)束

活動(dòng)反思：(小小一班)在教學(xué)單詞過(guò)程中，音標(biāo)方面可以只出示兩個(gè)，不用出示三個(gè)音標(biāo)這么多，因?yàn)閜的發(fā)音對(duì)于小朋友們來(lái)講不是難點(diǎn)。在出示小木偶 洪恩英語(yǔ)家庭版1 2012學(xué)年下學(xué)期英語(yǔ)活動(dòng)教案 第3周 的時(shí)候可以多教一個(gè)單詞panda熊貓。還有玩游戲的時(shí)候可以?xún)蓚€(gè)小朋友一起玩，如果有一個(gè)小朋友不懂我的指令時(shí)，可以帶動(dòng)另一個(gè)小朋友玩游戲。我覺(jué)得還是把單詞編成童謠或chant會(huì)更有趣味性，因?yàn)橹蛔x單詞我感覺(jué)很枯燥，可增強(qiáng)這方面的趣味性。在教學(xué)全過(guò)程當(dāng)中小朋友能跟我做動(dòng)作，玩游戲，學(xué)單詞，在教學(xué)中盡量放開(kāi)與小朋友們玩。

第三篇：202第3周班隊(duì)會(huì)---紀(jì)律是好習(xí)慣的保證

“紀(jì)律是好習(xí)慣的保證”主題班隊(duì)會(huì)

2015---2016學(xué)第一學(xué)期第3周

黃島區(qū)王家樓小學(xué)202班

紀(jì)律是成功的關(guān)鍵。家有家法，校有校規(guī)，班級(jí)也有班級(jí)的紀(jì)律。這些規(guī)定和紀(jì)律，是同學(xué)們養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣的保證，是形成良好的班風(fēng)的基石。家長(zhǎng)要教育學(xué)生明白，一個(gè)懂得規(guī)矩，并且自覺(jué)遵守規(guī)矩的人，才能時(shí)刻按照規(guī)矩辦事，才能使自己不斷進(jìn)步。風(fēng)箏要想飛得高，必須由底下的線(xiàn)牽引著，假如沒(méi)有了這根束縛它的線(xiàn)，風(fēng)箏就會(huì)掉下去。

1978年，75位諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者在巴黎聚會(huì)。有人問(wèn)其中一位：“你在哪所大學(xué)、哪所實(shí)驗(yàn)室里學(xué)到了你認(rèn)為最重要的東西呢?”出人意料，這位白發(fā)蒼蒼的學(xué)者回答說(shuō)：“是在幼兒園。”記者又問(wèn)：“在幼兒園里學(xué)到了什么呢?”學(xué)者答：“把自己的東西分一半給小伙伴們；不是自己的東西不要拿；東西要放整齊，飯前要洗手，午飯后要休息；做了錯(cuò)事要表示歉意；學(xué)習(xí)要多思考，要仔細(xì)觀察大自然。從根本上說(shuō)，我學(xué)到的全部東西就是這些。”這位學(xué)者的回答，代表了與會(huì)科學(xué)家的普遍看法。把科學(xué)家們的普遍看法概括起來(lái)，就是他們認(rèn)為終生所學(xué)到的最主要的東西，是幼兒園老師給他們培養(yǎng)了美好的品德和良好的行為習(xí)慣。

那么，對(duì)于小學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，最重要的要養(yǎng)成那些好的行為習(xí)慣呢？

1、課堂紀(jì)律：在課堂上我們是這樣要求的“鈴響進(jìn)教室，學(xué)習(xí)用品齊。端端正正坐，認(rèn)認(rèn)真真聽(tīng)。看書(shū)要仔細(xì)，提問(wèn)多動(dòng)腦。發(fā)言先舉手，回答要得當(dāng)；態(tài)度要大方，聲音要洪亮；說(shuō)話(huà)要說(shuō)完，聽(tīng)話(huà)要聽(tīng)全。讀書(shū)流暢響，正確有感情。寫(xiě)字‘三個(gè)一’，整潔又規(guī)范。天天好好學(xué)，成為棟梁材?！保▽?xiě)字姿勢(shì)非常重要，一尺一寸一拳頭三個(gè)一一定要做到。“寫(xiě)字注意‘三個(gè)一’，左手按本右手寫(xiě)”。除了要養(yǎng)成正確的寫(xiě)字姿勢(shì)，更重要的是養(yǎng)成認(rèn)真書(shū)寫(xiě)的習(xí)慣，認(rèn)真寫(xiě)不僅是為了讓學(xué)生寫(xiě)好字，更重要的是培養(yǎng)孩子認(rèn)真、專(zhuān)注的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。寧可讓孩子寫(xiě)好少寫(xiě)，哪怕暫時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)不很好，也不能讓孩子養(yǎng)成潦潦草草的壞習(xí)慣。）

2、課間紀(jì)律：在課間我們是這樣要求的：“老師下課出教室，課間不鬧不喧嘩。打架罵人要杜絕，文明游戲都喜歡。不走花壇走正路，不能爬窗不踢墻。別人的東西不能拿，自己的東西不亂丟。保持環(huán)境整潔美，決不隨地大小便。課上課下守紀(jì)律，1

養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣益終生?！?3.遵守秩序

a、每天佩戴校牌和紅領(lǐng)巾（或隊(duì)徽）。b、上下樓梯，輕聲慢步，靠右邊行。

c、上下學(xué)排路隊(duì)，紅燈停，綠燈行，不亂穿馬路，不在馬路上追跑打鬧。過(guò)路口，注意避讓車(chē)輛。

d、購(gòu)物、上車(chē)時(shí)自覺(jué)排隊(duì)，不插隊(duì)，集會(huì)時(shí)按指定位置就座。在公共場(chǎng)合遵守紀(jì)律，不大聲喧嘩。

e、愛(ài)護(hù)學(xué)校、公園花草樹(shù)木和公共設(shè)施，不亂踩綠地，不隨手折花枝，不亂涂亂劃。

另外，誠(chéng)實(shí)守信，愛(ài)護(hù)公物等好習(xí)慣不再細(xì)說(shuō)。

小學(xué)教育主要是養(yǎng)成教育，一個(gè)人能否養(yǎng)成良好的行為習(xí)慣和高尚的思想品德，關(guān)鍵在于小學(xué)階段的教育。而學(xué)生良好的思想行為不是一朝一夕形成的，而是通過(guò)每一件事，每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，每一節(jié)課，長(zhǎng)期熏陶形成的。俗話(huà)說(shuō)：“數(shù)子千過(guò)，莫如夸子一長(zhǎng)，”每個(gè)孩子都希望得到家長(zhǎng)老師的肯定和贊賞，家長(zhǎng)要善用表?yè)P(yáng)的武器為孩子的每次進(jìn)步都鼓掌喝彩，發(fā)現(xiàn)不好習(xí)慣及時(shí)指出來(lái)。好習(xí)慣養(yǎng)成了，是一輩子受用的。素質(zhì)教育實(shí)際就是行為習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成教育。

第四篇：職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ) c級(jí) 第4部分 閱讀理解

(一)Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles The Ford motor company’s abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology，analysts say．

General Motors。and Honda’ceased production of battery．powered cars in 1 999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer．Ford has now announced it will do the same．

Three years ago．the company introduced the Think City two—seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor．It hoped to sell 5，000 cars each year and 10，000 carts．But a lack of demand means only about l，000 of the cars have been produced，and less than 1。700 carts have been sold so far in 2002．

“The bottom line is we don’t believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market．”Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday．“We feel we have given electric our best shot”

The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time．General Motors’EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range。of about 100 miles．

The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives．An electric Toyot~RAV4 EV vehicle costs over$42，000 in the US, compared with just $17，000 for the petrol version．Toyota and Nissan…are now the only major automanufacturers to produce electric vehicles．

“There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance．Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program“，and that is what we will be judging them on，”Roger Higman，a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth，told the Environment News Service．

Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well．Hybrid engines Offer Greater mileage than petrol—only engines , and the batteries recharge themselves.Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines “on vehicle emissions” in the U.S.However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit．In June，General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court injunction，delaying by two years Californian legislation requiring car—makers to offer 100，000 zero-emission and other low—emission vehicles in the state by 2003．Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low--emission，rather than zero—emission，vehicles．

1．What have the Ford motor company．General Motor’s and Honda done concerning electric cars? A)They have started to produce electric cars．B)They have done extensive research on electric Cars C They have given up producing electric cars．D)They have produced thousands of electric Cars 2．According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe，battery-powered cars A)will be the main transportation vehicles in the future B)will not be the main transportation vehicles in the future． C)will be good to the environment in the future D)will replace petrol—powered vehicles in the future．

3.Which auto manufacturers are still producing electric vehicles? A)Toyota and Nissan B)General Motor’s and Honda C)Ford and Toyota D)Honda and Toyota 4．According to the eighth paragraph，hybrid cars A)offer fewer mileage than petrol driven cars B)run faster than petrol driven cars C)run more miles than petrol driven cars D)offer more batteries than petrol driven cars 5．Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph? A)Low-emission cars should be banned．

B)Only zero-emission cars are allowed to run on motorways．

C)The legislation will encourage car makers to produce more electric cars． D)The legislation will allow more 10w．emission to be produced 答案與題解 :

1.C 第一段第一個(gè)句子告訴我們福特汽車(chē)公司放棄了電動(dòng)汽年，第二段說(shuō)通運(yùn)汽年公司和本田汽車(chē)公司停止生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)。2.B 第四段第一個(gè)句子是 Tim Holmes對(duì)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)未來(lái)的評(píng)價(jià)，他認(rèn)為未來(lái)的交通運(yùn)輸?shù)拇蟊娛袌?chǎng)不可能是電動(dòng)汽車(chē)。

3.A 答案的依據(jù)是第六段昀后一句。

4.C答案的依據(jù)是倒數(shù)第二段第二句。

5.D 答案的依據(jù)是文意的昀后一句 : the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more lowemission.rather than zero-emission, vehicles。

第一篇福特放棄電動(dòng)汽車(chē)

分析人士評(píng)論，福特汽車(chē)公司放棄電動(dòng)汽年的舉動(dòng)有力地證明了這種技術(shù)是行不通的。

通用汽車(chē)公司和日本本田汽車(chē)公司早于 1999年就停止了電池動(dòng)力汽車(chē)的生產(chǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)而開(kāi)發(fā)燃料電池和電池內(nèi)燃混合機(jī)，這對(duì)消費(fèi)者更有吸引力。福特宣布它現(xiàn)在也要做同樣的嘗試。3年前，福特推出名為 Think City的雙排座汽車(chē)和 Think或 Think Neighbor系列高爾夫車(chē)，希望能銷(xiāo)售 5000輛汽車(chē)、10000高爾夫車(chē)。但由于需求不足，截至 2002年僅生產(chǎn)了大約 1000輛汽車(chē)，售出的高爾夫車(chē)還不足 1700輛?！瓣P(guān)鍵是我們認(rèn)為電動(dòng)車(chē)不能代表大眾市場(chǎng)環(huán)保交通的未來(lái)”，福特歐洲區(qū)的 Tim Holmes于周五說(shuō)，“我們感覺(jué)自己對(duì)電力車(chē)已做了昀好的嘗試?！?/p>

Think City系列的運(yùn)行里程僅 53英里，電池充電需 6小時(shí)。通用公司的 EVI電力車(chē)也僅能運(yùn)行 100英里。

昂貴的電池也意味著電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的造價(jià)比汽油動(dòng)力車(chē)高出許多。日本豐田產(chǎn)的 RAV4EV系列電動(dòng)車(chē)在美國(guó)的售價(jià)達(dá) 42000美元，而同系列的汽油動(dòng)力車(chē)僅售 17000美元。豐田和日產(chǎn)汽車(chē)公司是現(xiàn)在僅存的兩大電動(dòng)車(chē)制造商。“應(yīng)該說(shuō)電池動(dòng)力車(chē)已經(jīng)獲得了充分的機(jī)會(huì)。福特現(xiàn)已轉(zhuǎn)向電池內(nèi)燃混合機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目，我們應(yīng)據(jù)此評(píng)價(jià)他們的發(fā)展。”Roger Higman，英國(guó) Friends of the Earth組織的一位高級(jí)交通運(yùn)動(dòng)代表這樣對(duì)《環(huán)保新聞》評(píng)論說(shuō)。

日本本田和豐田公司推出的混合機(jī)汽車(chē)在過(guò)去幾年取得了良好的銷(xiāo)售業(yè)績(jī)。混合動(dòng)力車(chē)比汽油機(jī)車(chē)運(yùn)行里程更長(zhǎng)，電池又可自行充電。福特表示，他們認(rèn)為這樣的機(jī)車(chē)有助于達(dá)到美國(guó)新制訂的車(chē)輛排放規(guī)定。

不過(guò)，這些規(guī)定究竟允許怎樣的排放物現(xiàn)在還不十分清楚。六月份通用和戴姆勒克萊斯勒公司贏得一項(xiàng)法庭裁決，可推遲兩年執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)加州法令，該法令要求汽車(chē)生產(chǎn)商在2003年前向該州提供10萬(wàn)輛零排放和其他低排放汽車(chē)。制造商希望修改此法令，允許他們生產(chǎn)更多低排放而不是零排放的汽車(chē)。

（二）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’ Energy＆Fuels1．

Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting “peak oil”．“Peak oil ”is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines.Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later.One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of “Peak Oil.” The term “Peal Oil” indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline．

The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide．

However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6．They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated.The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year.The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.詞匯：Conserve v． 保護(hù)，保存 crude oil原油 spark v．閃耀；激發(fā)；鼓舞 curve n．曲線(xiàn)

irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改變的 insufficient adj.充分的，不足的

注釋?zhuān)?．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美國(guó)化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì))的縮寫(xiě)。該學(xué)會(huì)成立于l876年，現(xiàn)已成為世界最大的科技協(xié)會(huì)。多年來(lái)，ACS一直致力于為全球化學(xué)研究機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)及個(gè)人提供高品質(zhì)的文獻(xiàn)資訊及服務(wù)。ACS出版的期刊有34種，這些期刊在化學(xué)領(lǐng)域中是被引用次數(shù)最多的化學(xué)期刊，Energy＆Fuels即是其中一本。

2．the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)家M．King Hubbert于1956年創(chuàng)建的，這是一個(gè)隨時(shí)間增長(zhǎng)的模型，Hubbert將其引入油氣田開(kāi)發(fā)，經(jīng)推導(dǎo)使其成為一個(gè)可以預(yù)測(cè)油氣田累積產(chǎn)量、瞬時(shí)產(chǎn)量、年產(chǎn)量和可采儲(chǔ)量等多項(xiàng)開(kāi)發(fā)指標(biāo)的多功能預(yù)測(cè)模型。3．a(chǎn) bell shaped curve：鐘形曲線(xiàn)

4．that of peak oil：that指代concept。5．a(chǎn)ccount for：說(shuō)明，解釋

6．conventional crude oil：常規(guī)原油

7．oil reserves：石油儲(chǔ)量。通常使用復(fù)數(shù)形式reserves。

練習(xí)：1．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “sparked” appearing in paragraph 2? A．flashed B．stimulated C．changed D．ended 2．The term “a bell shaped curve” appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production will A．take the shape of a flat curve． B．keep growing． C．keep declining．

D．start to decline after global oil production peaks．

3．Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model? A．It successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U．S．in l 970． B．It has been used to predict oil production in many countries．

C．It is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countries． D．It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production．

4．What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph? A．It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014． B．It predicts oil production will decline in 47 countries．

C．It confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert model． D．It discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production． 5．Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model? A．American scientists． B．Kuwaiti scientists． C．British scientists．

D．Scientists of 47 major oil-producing countries．

答案與題解：1．B spark一詞做及物動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)有“發(fā)動(dòng)”、“激發(fā)”的意思，在此意為stimulated，即“引發(fā)”，這個(gè)句子的意思是：全球石油消費(fèi)的快速增長(zhǎng)已引發(fā)了對(duì)“石油峰值”預(yù)測(cè)的興趣。

2．D此句接下來(lái)的句子中所提到的a related concept即是與a bell shaped curve相關(guān)的概念，也就是說(shuō)，接下來(lái)的這個(gè)句子對(duì)a bell shaped curve做了解釋?zhuān)词澜缡蜕a(chǎn)達(dá)到最大峰值后將下降。

3．D 文章的第三段告訴我們，Hubbert預(yù)測(cè)模型精確地預(yù)測(cè)到美國(guó)石油生產(chǎn)于1970年將達(dá)到峰值。這一模型自受到公認(rèn)后，已用于預(yù)測(cè)世界石油生產(chǎn)。第四段說(shuō)，這一模型對(duì)于某些國(guó)家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期而言，其計(jì)算尚不充分。這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)的改變、政策和其他因素的很大影響。所以，A、B和C都是對(duì)Hubbert模型的正確說(shuō)明。4．A選項(xiàng)

8、C和D所述內(nèi)容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告訴我們，科學(xué)家使用新的模型評(píng)估了47個(gè)主要的產(chǎn)油國(guó)家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢(shì)，并預(yù)計(jì)全球常規(guī)原油生產(chǎn)到2014年將達(dá)最高峰值。所以，A是答案。5．B 短文第一段的第一個(gè)句子提供了答案。

第二篇

世界原油產(chǎn)量可能提前十年達(dá)到峰值

科威特科學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)世界常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將在2014年達(dá)到峰值，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會(huì)促進(jìn)儲(chǔ)存石油的努力。這一預(yù)測(cè)比其他預(yù)測(cè)提前了將近十年，已經(jīng)發(fā)表在美國(guó)化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)《能量與燃料》雜志上。

伊布赫姆·納夏威和同事們指出，全球石油消耗的快速增長(zhǎng)使人們對(duì)“石油峰值”預(yù)測(cè)的興趣越來(lái)越濃?！笆头逯怠敝傅氖鞘彤a(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值后開(kāi)始 下降的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。科學(xué)家已經(jīng)構(gòu)建了幾個(gè)模型來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)這一時(shí)間，有些模型認(rèn)為這一時(shí)間在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的預(yù)測(cè)模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型認(rèn) 為世界石油產(chǎn)量呈鐘形曲線(xiàn)，與此相關(guān)的概念是“石油峰值”。這一術(shù)語(yǔ)指的是世界石油產(chǎn)量達(dá)到峰值的那一刻，之后將呈現(xiàn)無(wú)法逆轉(zhuǎn)的下降趨勢(shì)。

赫伯特模型精確地預(yù)測(cè)到美國(guó)石油產(chǎn)量于1970年達(dá)到峰值。這一模型從此受到歡迎，已經(jīng)用于預(yù)測(cè)世界石油生產(chǎn)。

但是，最近研究表明，這一模型不足以解釋某些國(guó)家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期?？茖W(xué)家稱(chēng)，這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)變化、政策和其他因素的很大影響。

最近研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加實(shí)際、更加準(zhǔn)確的石油生產(chǎn)預(yù)測(cè)?？茖W(xué)家使用新模型評(píng)估了47個(gè)主要產(chǎn)油國(guó)家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢(shì)，這 47個(gè)國(guó)家是世界常規(guī)原油的主要提供者?？茖W(xué)家預(yù)計(jì)全球常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將于2014年達(dá)到峰值，比之前預(yù)計(jì)的要早很多年?？茖W(xué)家還指出，世界石油儲(chǔ)量正在以 2.1%的速度逐年減少，他們認(rèn)為新模型會(huì)幫助做出與能源相關(guān)的決定，幫助進(jìn)行國(guó)家政策辯論。

（三）Citizen Scientists Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the springbirds, trees, flowers budding, etc.which is open to everyonetwice as long as usual-and jigged around5 in bed twice as much.In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample, Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin.The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine, the researchers suggest6 that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.1.The author mentions “pick-me-up” to indicate that A melatonin levels need to be raised.B neurohormone can wake us up.C coffee is a stimulant.D decaf is a caffeinated coffee.2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? A Caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.B Caffeine interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.C Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone.D Caffeine stays in the body for many hours.3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? A Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.B Different findings of Lotan Shilo and a team about caffeine.C The fact that the subjects slept 415 minutes per night after drinking decaf.D The proof that the subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? A There are more enzymes in decaf drinkers’ urine sample.B There are more melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers’ urine sample.C Decaf drinkers produce less melatonin.D Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.5.The author of this passage probably agrees that A coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee.B we should not drink coffee after supper.C people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 am.D if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately.答案與題解 :

1.C pick-me-up指提神飲料，也就是一種剌激物，在這篇文章里具體指咖啡。所以，答案應(yīng)選 C。

2.C 第二段的第三個(gè)句子談到，“控制我們睡眠的是神經(jīng)激素”，而這一段的昀后一個(gè)句子也告訴我們“含咖啡因咖啡能使這種睡眠激素減半”。這正是咖啡因影響睡眠的原理。

3.A第三段涉及的是一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是測(cè)試含咖啡因咖啡和脫咖啡因咖啡對(duì)睡眠的影響，該段主要談?wù)摰氖沁@個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。

4.D 第四段是第三段實(shí)驗(yàn)的繼續(xù)，是該實(shí)驗(yàn)的第二個(gè)階段。研究人員通過(guò)對(duì)志愿者尿樣進(jìn)行化驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，咖啡因攝入者體內(nèi)的褪黑激素僅為非咖啡因攝入者的一半。褪黑激素就是睡眠激素，所以，答案應(yīng)該選 D。

5.B 文章的結(jié)尾談到，“Ohayon建議愛(ài)喝咖啡的人午飯后應(yīng)該換喝脫咖啡因咖啡”。另外，整個(gè)文章都在探討咖啡因影響睡眠的機(jī)理，所以，作者大概會(huì)同意“晚飯后不應(yīng)該喝咖啡”的說(shuō)法。選項(xiàng) A是一個(gè)全稱(chēng)判斷，這等于說(shuō)“所有喜歡喝咖啡的人都比不喝咖啡的人睡覺(jué)少”。這不一定，因?yàn)槿绻Х冗m量，喝咖啡的時(shí)間適當(dāng)，咖啡不會(huì)影響睡眠。所以，作者可能不會(huì)同意這種說(shuō)法。根據(jù)文章第二段第二個(gè)句子，選項(xiàng) C是錯(cuò)的。根據(jù)文章第二段的第一個(gè)句子，我們體內(nèi)褪黑激素(睡眠激素)的濃度在我們上床時(shí)間前兩個(gè)小時(shí)開(kāi)始上升，而這個(gè)時(shí)候我們會(huì)開(kāi)始有困意。反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)就是，人們并非一有困意就睡覺(jué)。所以，選項(xiàng) D不是答案。

譯文：

喜歡喝咖啡的人要小心了。晚上喝一杯快速提神的咖啡對(duì)你的睡眠造成嚴(yán)重破壞。并且咖啡因作為一種刺激物會(huì)打斷褪黑激素的流動(dòng)。褪黑激素是使人們進(jìn)入睡眠的神經(jīng)激素。

褪黑激素的濃度在睡前兩小時(shí)開(kāi)始上升。凌晨2點(diǎn)和4點(diǎn)之間達(dá)到最高植，然后再次下降。加利福尼亞斯坦福大學(xué)的斯坦福睡眠流行病學(xué)研究中心的Maurice Ohayon說(shuō)：“控制我們睡眠是神經(jīng)激素，它告訴我們的身體什么時(shí)候睡覺(jué)什么時(shí)候醒?！钡且陨械难芯空甙l(fā)現(xiàn)含咖啡因咖啡能使人體中這種睡眠激素減半。

特拉維夫大學(xué)的塞帕醫(yī)學(xué)中心的Lotan Shilo和一個(gè)小組發(fā)現(xiàn)六個(gè)志愿者在喝了一杯含咖啡因的咖啡后平均每晚睡336分鐘，而喝完脫咖啡后平均每晚睡415分鐘，他們用半個(gè)小時(shí)才能睡著——比平常長(zhǎng)一倍，而且翻來(lái)覆去的時(shí)間比平常多一倍。

在試驗(yàn)的第二階段，研究者每三個(gè)小時(shí)叫醒志愿者一次，并要他們提供一個(gè)尿樣。Shilo測(cè)量了褪黑激素分解物的濃度。結(jié)果表明飲用含咖啡因咖啡的人體內(nèi)的褪黑激素的濃度是飲用脫咖啡因咖啡的人體內(nèi)褪黑激素濃度的一半。在《睡眠知學(xué)》上發(fā)表的一篇論文中，研究者表示咖啡因阻礙促使褪黑激素產(chǎn)生的酶的形成。

Ohayon建議愛(ài)喝咖啡的人午飯后應(yīng)該換喝脫咖咖啡，因?yàn)橐懦w內(nèi)的咖啡因要用好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。

第六篇

Making Light of1 Sleep All we have a clock located inside our brains.Similar to your bedside alarm clock，your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle.This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when you wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock.The clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to.When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more.And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift4 is natural for teenagers.But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5.It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too.Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7.It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset.In fact，it automatically resets itself every day.How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks.For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems.One system allows us to see.The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.詞匯：

circadian/s3:'keidi?n/ adj.晝夜節(jié)奏的，生理節(jié)奏的 adolescent/?d?u'les?nt/ n．青少年；adj．青少年的 puberty/ 'pju:b?ti/ n．發(fā)育；青春期

sync/si?k/ n.（口語(yǔ)）同步；和諧，協(xié)調(diào) synchronize/'si?kr?naiz / V.（使）同時(shí)發(fā)生；（使）同步

注釋?zhuān)?1.make light of ：輕視，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements．我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)凸浪麄兊某删汀?/p>

2.your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock（生物鐘）。

3.stay up：不睡覺(jué)，熬夜

4.This shift：這種調(diào)整。指上文所描述的由于生理時(shí)間的變化青少年上床時(shí)間越來(lái)越晚的現(xiàn) 象。

5.get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打亂了你的生物鐘與晝夜時(shí)間循環(huán)之間的平衡 6.gray cloud ：提不起精神的狀態(tài)

7.Brown University in Providence，RI：位于美國(guó)羅得島州普羅維登斯的布朗大學(xué)。RI是Rhode Island（羅得島）的首字母縮寫(xiě)；Providence 是羅得島州的首府。布朗大學(xué)是美國(guó)一流大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1764 年，是世界聞名的美國(guó)“常春藤聯(lián)盟”（還包括哈佛大學(xué)、耶魯大學(xué)、普林斯頓大學(xué)、布朗大學(xué)、哥倫比亞大學(xué)、賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)、達(dá)特茅斯大學(xué)和康奈爾大學(xué)）中的一員。8.the signals that synchronize the body's clock：平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)

練習(xí)：.The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because A it controls when we wake，when we eat and when we sleep.B it has a cycle of 24 hours.C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm.D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.2.What is implied in the second paragraph? A Young children's biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.B People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.3.In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that A it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud.D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs? A Our biological clock resets itself automatically.B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock.C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.D Our internal clock，like the alarm clock，can be reset.5.According to the last two paragraphs，what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system? A The human eye had two light-sensing systems.B The human eye had one light-sensing system.C The human eye could sense the light of day more quickly than the dark of night.D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks.答案與題解：

1.B 第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的your internal clock 即指a clock located inside our Brains。

2.C 第二段主要內(nèi)容是告訴讀者，過(guò)了青春期（puberty），由于生物鐘節(jié)奏的變化，青少年（adolescents and teenagers）比以前要晚睡幾小時(shí)。所以C是該段所隱含的內(nèi)容。3.B 第三段的最后一句直接給出了答案。4.C 根據(jù)第四和第五段的內(nèi)容，鬧鐘和生物鐘都可以重新設(shè)定時(shí)間，但生物鐘能通過(guò)眼睛接

受的日光來(lái)自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)生理節(jié)奏。所以A、B和D都是這兩段中所述內(nèi)容，C是正確選擇，因?yàn)轸[鐘不能自動(dòng)重新設(shè)定時(shí)間。

5.B 問(wèn)題使用的是過(guò)去時(shí)，問(wèn)的是研究者在最新發(fā)現(xiàn)（recent discoveries）之前對(duì)眼睛感光系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí)，即，the signals that synchronize the body's clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see（眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)同樣作用于人類(lèi)的視覺(jué)系 統(tǒng)），也就是說(shuō)，研究者之前認(rèn)為人類(lèi)的眼睛只有一個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)。但最新發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是，人的眼睛有兩個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)。

（七）Sugar Power for Cell Phones

Using enzymes commonly found in living cells，a new type of fuel cell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar.If the technology is able to succeed in mass production，you may some day share your sweet drinks with your cell phone.In fuel cells，chemical reactions generate electrical currents.The process usually relies on precious metals，such as platinum.In living cells，enzymes perform a similar job，breaking down sugars to obtain electrons and produce energy.When researchers previously used enzymes in fuel cells，they had trouble keeping them active，says Shelley D.Minteer of St Louis University1.Whereas biological cells continually produce fresh enzymes，there’s no mechanism in fuel cells to replace enzymes as they quickly degrade.Minteer and Tamara Klotzbach，also of St Louis University，have now developed polymers that wrap around an enzyme and preserve it in a microscopic pocket.“We tailor these pockets to provide the ideal microenvironment” for the enzyme，Minteer says.The polymers keep the enzyme active for months instead of days.In the new fuel Cell，tiny polymer bags of enzyme are embedded in a membrane that coats one of the electrodes.When glucose from a sugary liquid gets into a pocket，the enzyme oxidizes it，releasing electrons and protons.The electrons cross the membrane and enter a wire through which they travel to the other electrode，where they react with.oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water.The flow of electrons through the wire constitutes an electrical current that can generate power.So far，the new fuel cells don’t produce much power，but the fact that they work at all is exciting，says Paul Kenis，a chemical engineer at the University of Illinois2 at Urhana-Champaign3.“Just getting it to work.” Kenis says，“is a major accomplishment.”

Sugar-eating fuel cells could be an efficient way to make electricity.Sugar is easy to find.And the new fuel cells that run on it are biodegradable，so the technology wouldn’t hurt the environment.The scientists are now trying to use different enzymes that will get more power from sugar.They predict that popular products may be using the new technology in as little as 3 years.詞匯：

enzyme/5enzaIm/n.酶 electrode/I5lektrEJd/n.電極platinum/5plAtinEm/n.鉑，白金 membrane/5membrein/n.膜，薄膜

electron/I5lektrRn/n.電子 oxidize/5Cksi7daiz/v.氧化degrade/di5reid/v.降解 glucose/5lu:kEus/n.葡萄糖

polymer/5pClimE/n.聚合物 biodegradable/7baiEudi5reidEbl/adj.能進(jìn)行生物降解的 microenvironment n.微環(huán)境 embed/im5bed/v.埋置，插入

proton/5prEutCn/n.質(zhì)子

試題

1.According to the first paragraph，when can we share our sweet drinks with our cell phones?

A When enzymes can be commonly found in living ceils.B When the technology of producing a new type of fuel cell appears.C When the technology of a new type of fuel cell is suitable for mass production.D When the technology of mass producing cell phones appears.2.What trouble did Minteer and Klotzhach have in their research?

A They had trouble keeping enzymes in fuel cells active.B They had trouble keeping biological cells active.C They had trouble producing fresh enzymes.D They had trouble finding mechanism for producing enzymes.3.According to Paragraph 5，electrons are released

A when bags of enzyme are embedded in the new fuel cell.B when glucose from a sugary liquid goes through the enzyme.C when the enzyme oxidizes the glucose from a sugary liquid that goes through

a pocket.D when the enzyme oxidizes the sugary liquid that goes through a pocket.4.What is exciting about the new fuel cells?

A Their limitless power generation capacity is amazing.B Their limited power generation capacity is a good beginning.C Their limited power generation capacity is the result of great efforts.D Their limitless power generation capacity is a major accomplishment，5.According to the last paragraph，what is NOT true of the new fuel cells?

A The new fuel cells run on sugar that is easy to find.B The new fuel cells are environment friendly.C The new fuel cells are biologically degradable，D It will take some time before the new fuel cells can be used in popular products.答案與題解：

1.C A和D明顯不是正確答案。B不是正確選擇，因?yàn)橹挥挟?dāng)這種新的燃料電池被大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)時(shí)，才有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)用甜飲料給手機(jī)提供電能。

2.A 文章第三段的第一句是問(wèn)題的答案。

3.C 該段第二句“When glucose from a sugary liquid penetrates a pocket，the enzyme oxidizes it，releasing electrons and proton”中的it指代glucose，而不是a sugary liquid，因 此C是正確選擇。

4.B 第六段的大意是，盡管這種新型燃料電池還不能產(chǎn)牛很多電能，但是，它能夠產(chǎn)生電能的事實(shí)就已經(jīng)是很大的成就了。因而激動(dòng)人心。所以只有B是正確答案。

5.D 文章的最后一段指出了這種新型燃料電池的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，即A、B、C所述內(nèi)容。最后一句說(shuō)，科學(xué)家預(yù)計(jì)，在不到三年的時(shí)間里這種新技術(shù)便可在大眾的流行產(chǎn)品中使用。所以D是正確選擇。

譯文：

一種新型燃料細(xì)胞通過(guò)利用活體細(xì)胞中很常見(jiàn)的酶能從糖中生產(chǎn)少量的電。如果這項(xiàng)技術(shù)能夠成功應(yīng)用于大批量生產(chǎn)，人們可以與自己的手機(jī)分享甜飲料(因?yàn)樘强梢园l(fā)電供給手機(jī))。

燃料細(xì)胞中的化學(xué)反應(yīng)能產(chǎn)生電流。這個(gè)過(guò)程通常依賴(lài)于貴金屬，比如鉑。在活體細(xì)胞中，酶發(fā)揮類(lèi)似的作用，通過(guò)分解糖得到電子進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生能量。

圣路易斯大學(xué)的Shelley D．Minteer說(shuō)，以前研究人員在燃料細(xì)胞中使用酶時(shí)，很難維持酶的活性。生物細(xì)胞能不停地產(chǎn)生新鮮的酶，但燃料細(xì)胞中沒(méi)有能替換很快降解的酶的機(jī)制。

Minteer與同樣來(lái)自圣路易斯大學(xué)的TamaraKlotzbach現(xiàn)在研制了一種聚合物，它能包裹酶并將其保存在用顯微鏡才能看見(jiàn)的袋子里。Minteer解釋說(shuō)：“我們改造袋子使其能為酶提供理想的微環(huán)境?！边@種聚合物能使酶保持幾個(gè)月而不是幾天的活性。

在新型燃料細(xì)胞中，裝有酶的微小的聚合物袋子鑲嵌在一張裹在一個(gè)電極上的薄膜里。含糖液體中的葡萄糖進(jìn)入袋子時(shí)，酶將其氧化，釋放出電子和質(zhì)子。電子穿過(guò)薄膜進(jìn)入一根導(dǎo)線(xiàn)并通過(guò)這根導(dǎo)線(xiàn)到達(dá)其他電子。導(dǎo)線(xiàn)中的電子與大氣中的氧發(fā)生反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生水。電子在導(dǎo)線(xiàn)中流動(dòng)形成電流，電流能產(chǎn)生電能。

伊利諾斯大學(xué)Urbana-Champaign校區(qū)的化學(xué)工程師Paul Kenis指出，目前這種新型燃料細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生不了多少電能，但它們確實(shí)產(chǎn)生了電，這一事實(shí)令人激動(dòng)。Kenis說(shuō)：“單是使它可以產(chǎn)生電能，就是一項(xiàng)大的成果。”

消耗糖的燃料細(xì)胞有可能成為高效的發(fā)電工具。糖容易得到，而且消耗糖的新型燃料細(xì)胞可生物降解，因此這項(xiàng)技術(shù)不會(huì)損害環(huán)境。目前，科學(xué)家們正試圖利用別的能從糖中產(chǎn)生更多電的酶。他們預(yù)計(jì)，在不到三年的時(shí)間里這種新技術(shù)便可在大眾化的產(chǎn)品中使用。

（八）Eiffel Is an Eyeful

Some2 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble3.Japanese,Brazilians, Americans — they graffiti4 their names,loves and politics on the cold iron — transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move5.With Paris laid out in miniature6 below，it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view7.But the graffiti also raises a question ： Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world, s tallest structure,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular8? The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces9 a structure some 90 stories high.But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness.Regularly maintained, it should never rust away.Graffiti is regularly painted over,but the tower lives on.“Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France.It is very symbolic”，says Hugues Richard10,a 31-year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling up to the tower's second floor 一 747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching the floor with his feet.”It's iron lady，It inspires us11 ”，he says.But to what12? After all,the tower doesn' t have a purpose.It ceased to be the world’ s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building13 went up in New York.Yes，television and radio signals are beamed from the top,and Gustave Eiffel,a frenetic builder who died on December 27，aged 91 ,used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication.But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there _ a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will14.To the technically minded15, it's an engineering triumph.For lovers, it's romantic.“The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way16”，says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.詞匯：

Eiffel /'aifel/ Tower(法國(guó)巴黎的)埃菲爾鐵塔

eyeful /'aiful/ n.引人注目的景象

scribble /'skribl/ v.亂涂，亂畫(huà)

graffiti /grs'fizti：/ n?涂寫(xiě),涂畫(huà)

iron work 鐵制品；鐵工

agelessness /'eid3lisnis/ n.永恒，永不過(guò)日寸

rust /rASt/ v.生銹（rust away 銹爛掉）

frenetic /frs'netik/ a辦極度激動(dòng)的

tinker /'tiqko/ n.白鐵匠，能做各種小修小補(bǔ)的人 aerodynamics /leorsudai'naemiks/ n?空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)

注釋?zhuān)?/p>

Eiffel Is an Eyefiil:引人注目的埃菲爾鐵塔。由于Eiffel和Eyeful讀音相似，使用Eyeful而 不是其他的詞是有其修辭效果的。埃菲爾鐵塔是古斯塔夫?埃菲爾（Gustave Eiffel，1832— 1923，法國(guó)工程師)為1889年的巴黎博覽會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)的。該塔在塞納河南岸，高300公尺（984 英尺）。埃菲爾鐵塔的法文是第二段最后一句中的“l(fā)a Tour Eiffel”。some:意為“approximately;about，（大約，將近）。如它 40 people attended the rally.大約 有40個(gè)人參加了集會(huì)。the world comes to scribble:世界各地的人們來(lái)此涂鴉。

graffiti:在此用作graffito的動(dòng)詞形式，意思是“涂鴉，在墻或其他表面上創(chuàng)作的畫(huà)或銘刻”。

transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move.使最有法蘭西 色彩的紀(jì)念碑成為動(dòng)感世界的象征。the most + adj.+ of + n.意為“在……中最為…… 的” 如：Beethoven is the greatest of musicians.貝多芬是最偉大的音樂(lè)家。on the move:在 運(yùn)動(dòng)中。in miniature:小型的，小規(guī)模的，縮影的

would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view.寧愿花時(shí)間留下到此一游的痕跡,而不去觀賞風(fēng)景。would rather…than:寧愿……而不……： He would rather stay at home watching DVD than going to the cinema.他寧愿待在家里看 DVD,而不愿到電影院去看電影。

在原句 Why is la Tour Eiffel still so popular?的 Why 與 la Tour Eiffel still so popular?之間插 AT nearly 114 years after it was completed, and decades after it ceased to be the world's tallest structure.graces:在此作動(dòng)詞，意為“to give beauty, elegance, or charm to”（使……優(yōu)美，優(yōu)雅或具有魅 力）o Hugues Richard:法國(guó)自行車(chē)運(yùn)動(dòng)員，多次打破自行車(chē)運(yùn)動(dòng)的世界紀(jì)錄，于2002年4月8日 以19分鐘零4秒的成績(jī)騎自行車(chē)登上埃菲爾鐵塔的第二層，第六次打破自行車(chē)運(yùn)動(dòng)的世 界紀(jì)錄。

“It’s iron lady,it inspires us.”：“這是鐵娘子，能讓人產(chǎn)生靈感?！盜t指埃菲爾鐵塔。But to what?這是一個(gè)省略句,接著上段Hugues Richard的話(huà)發(fā)問(wèn)，完整的句子可以是:But what does it inspire people to? the Chrysler Building:是美國(guó)紐約帝國(guó)大廈（the Empire State Building)建成之前，世界第一 高樓，共77層，設(shè)計(jì)師是William Van Alen。

a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will:—張空白的畫(huà)布，任游客自由遐想

To the technically minded:對(duì)于那些善于從技術(shù)角度考慮問(wèn)題的人來(lái)說(shuō)，從技術(shù)的角度來(lái) 說(shuō)?！癟he tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way.”：“這座塔將在我們所有的人離去后長(zhǎng) 久存在?！眔utlast：意為“ to last longer than”（比……持久）。out-：前綴，意思是“比…… 更…”。如：Women are said to outlive men.據(jù)說(shuō)女人比男人長(zhǎng)壽。

by a long way ：副詞，意思是“大大地”。練習(xí)：

1.Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move? A)Tourists from all over the world come to the Eiffel Tower by car or by plane.B)Tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.C)The Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in the world.D)The Eiffel Tower represents all the towers in the world.2.What seems strange to the author? A)Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.B)Visitors spends much time watching other people scribbling.C)Only Japanese,Brazilians and Americans like to mark their presence.D)Scribbling spread from country to country.3.Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard? A)He is a cyclist.B)He is a record holder.C)He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds.D)He cycled up to the tower's second floor.4.What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for? A)Sending radio and television signals all over the world.B)Conducting research in various fields.C)Giving people inspiration.D)Demonstrating French culture.5.Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “（The Eiffel Tower is like)a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will ______？

A)Visitors can do whatever they want on the tower.B)Visitors can paint on the tower whatever they want.C)Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.D)Visitors can draw on a blank canvas provided by the Tower management company.答案與題解：

1.B第一段提供了答案。見(jiàn)注釋3、4、5。

2.A 第二段第一句中的句型 would rather do something than doing something else,也可以用 prefer doing something to doing something else的句型來(lái)表達(dá)。所以，A是正確選項(xiàng)。句型解 釋見(jiàn)注釋7。3.C第四段i訴我們,Hugues Richard蹬車(chē)上塔，打破世界紀(jì)錄。C不是正確選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樗?cycling up to the tower's second floor,而不是 climbing up the tower.4.B A不是正確選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)镚ustave Eiffel沒(méi)有也不可能使用該塔向全世界發(fā)射電視信號(hào)。第五段的最后一句提供了答案。5.C第六段的大意是：對(duì)不同的人，埃菲爾鐵塔有不同的象征意義。見(jiàn)注釋14。

譯文：

引人注目的埃菲爾鐵塔

世箅各地的人們都來(lái)到大約300米高，接近埃菲爾鐵塔頂端的地方涂鴉。日本人、巴西人、美國(guó)人都在冰冷的鐵上涂上自己的名字、喜好和政治觀點(diǎn)，使這最具有法蘭西色彩的紀(jì)念碑成為 動(dòng)感世界的象征。

從塔上可以看到巴黎市的遠(yuǎn)景，但奇怪的是觀光者們寧愿花時(shí)間留下到此一游的痕跡，而不 去觀賞風(fēng)景。但這些涂鴉者也引起了一個(gè)問(wèn)題：為什么在建成114年后，埃菲爾鐵塔仍然這么受 歡迎?盡管它在幾十年前減已經(jīng)不是世界上最高的建筑物了。

這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案就像那構(gòu)成90層的鐵塔的工程一樣復(fù)雜。一部分的理由是，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，鐵塔 是永不過(guò)時(shí)的。周期性的維護(hù)使得它永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被腐蝕掉。埃菲爾鐵塔定期油漆，覆蓋那些涂鴉, 但是它仍將繼續(xù)存在下去。

“埃菲爾是巴黎的象征，而巴黎又代表了法國(guó)。所以，埃菲爾十分具有象征性。” Hugues Richard說(shuō)道。這位31歲的法國(guó)人保持著在19分零4秒的時(shí)間內(nèi)騎自行車(chē)經(jīng)過(guò)747級(jí)臺(tái)階登上鐵 塔二層的紀(jì)錄。“這是鐵娘子，能讓人產(chǎn)生靈感，”他說(shuō)。

但是它能使人們產(chǎn)生怎樣的靈感呢？畢竟，鐵塔并沒(méi)有任何&的。1930年紐約的克萊斯勒大 廈取代它成為世界上最高的建筑。但是電視和廣播信號(hào)仍然從塔頂發(fā)送出來(lái)，而古斯塔夫?埃菲 爾，這個(gè)狂熱的建造者利用它的高度進(jìn)行氣象學(xué)、空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)和無(wú)線(xiàn)電通訊的研究。他在12月27 日逝世，終年91歲。

本質(zhì)上來(lái)說(shuō)，鐵塔佇立在那兒本身就是一個(gè)靈感——它就像一張空白的畫(huà)布，任游客自由遐 想。對(duì)于那些善于從技術(shù)角度考慮伺題的人來(lái)說(shuō)，它是一個(gè)工程上的勝利;而對(duì)于戀人們來(lái)說(shuō)，它則象征著浪漫?！斑@座塔將在我們所有的人離去后長(zhǎng)久存在?！卑７茽栬F塔管理公司的伊莎貝爾說(shuō)。第九篇 An Essential Scientific Process All life on the earth depends upon green plants.Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food.Then animals feed upon the plants.They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored.But that’s not all.Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen.Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses.The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis.Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide.The water gets to the plant through its roots.The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata.The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants.This is where photosynthesis takes place.Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color.The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy.The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata.Water vapor also moves out of the stomata.More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata.During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open.This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis.As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed.The stomata of most plants close.Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth.Most organisms would disappear.The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen.Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.詞匯：

nutrient n.營(yíng)養(yǎng)物

organism n.生物體，有機(jī)體 carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳 chloroplast n.葉綠體 molecule n.分子 vapor n.水蒸氣 oxygen n.氧氣 photosynthesis n.光合作用 chlorophyll n.葉綠素 glucose n.葡萄糖 cease v.停止 注釋?zhuān)?/p>

1．Then animals feed upon the plants.動(dòng)物以植物為食。練習(xí)：

1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means A heavy.B extra.C green.D liquid.2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata? A Carbon dioxide.B Water vapor.C Oxygen.D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.B the formation of glucose.C global warming.D water getting to the roots of plants.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.B telling a story.C comparing and contrasting.D convincing the reader of plants’ importance.5．Another good title for this passage would be A Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.B Plants and Their Roots.C How Photosynthesis Works.D Why Our Earth Needs Water.答案與題解：

1．B 前文講到，植物產(chǎn)生的氧氣一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧氣量遠(yuǎn)小于它們產(chǎn)生的氧氣，因此可以推測(cè)這句話(huà)的意思應(yīng)該是剩余的氧氣對(duì)于動(dòng)物以及其他生物體的生存是至關(guān)重要的。excess在句中的意思是“超額的”，與extra“額外的”意思相近。

2．D 從第三段的第一、二句得知，二氧化碳、氧氣和水蒸氣都能從氣孔中通過(guò)，唯一一個(gè)沒(méi)有提到的是food“養(yǎng)分、食物”，因此該題選D項(xiàng)。3．A 文章通篇都在講Photosynthesis，即光合作頌鈉作用和重要性，文章結(jié)尾又重申了Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet，因此選A項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)是光合作用的一個(gè)部分，C、D項(xiàng)則毫不相干。4．A 文章先是介紹了進(jìn)行光合作用所需的原料和組織，又介紹了光合作用的過(guò)程，因此整個(gè)邏輯應(yīng)該是解釋過(guò)程，而不是講故事或比較對(duì)比。D項(xiàng)是“向讀者說(shuō)明植物的重要性”，這確實(shí)是文章的一個(gè)目的，但不是文章的組織方式。

5．C 文章的主題是光合作用的基本原理，因此選項(xiàng)C。A、B項(xiàng)在文中有提及，但不是主旨，D項(xiàng)與本文無(wú)關(guān)。

譯文：地球上的一切生命都依靠綠色植物。利用陽(yáng)光，植物種植自己的食物。然后在動(dòng)物飼料的植物。他們接受的養(yǎng)分的植物已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生和儲(chǔ)存。但這還不是全部。陽(yáng)光也可以幫助植物制造氧氣。一些氧氣是用植物，但植物通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生比使用更多的氧氣。過(guò)量的氧氣是動(dòng)物和其他生物的生活需要。）改變光轉(zhuǎn)化為食物和氧氣的過(guò)程叫做光合作用。除了光能量來(lái)自太陽(yáng)，植物也使用水和二氧化碳。水被植物通過(guò)根。二氧化碳進(jìn)入葉片通過(guò)細(xì)小的氣孔。旅行中葉綠體的二氧化碳，在綠色植物的體細(xì)胞。這是進(jìn)行光合作用的場(chǎng)所。葉綠體含有賦予植物綠色的葉綠素。葉綠素是陷阱的光能量的分子。被困的光能量的變化水和二氧化碳制造氧氣和簡(jiǎn)單的糖稱(chēng)為葡萄糖）

二氧化碳和氧氣進(jìn)入和出氣孔。水蒸氣也移出氣孔。超過(guò)百分之90的植物需要水在通過(guò)其根通過(guò)氣孔。在白天，大多數(shù)植物的氣孔開(kāi)放。這允許二氧化碳進(jìn)入光合作用的葉。夜幕降臨，二氧化碳是沒(méi)有必要的。大部分植物氣孔關(guān)閉。水的損失停止）如果光合作用停止，地球上就沒(méi)有食物或其他有機(jī)物。大多數(shù)生物都會(huì)消失。地球的大氣層將不再含有氧。光合作用是地球上生命的本質(zhì)）

（十）Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers Young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys.While young male chimps pass their time playing.Young female chimps carefully study their mothers.As a result, they learn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys.Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul spent four years watching how young chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania learned “cultural behavior”.The sex differences in learning behavior were “consistent and strikingly apparent”, says the team.The researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing.“A sex-based learning differences may therefore date back at least to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.” they write in the journal Nature.Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then insert them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool.The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior and found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths.Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average.Females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not.Instead of studying their mothers, the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound.Behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance become important, suggest the researchers.Lonsdorf adds that there just two main sources of animal protein for chimps — the termites or colobus monkeys.“Mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infant.This makes hunting difficult,” she says.“Adult females spend more time fishing for termites than males.” So becoming proficient at termite fishing could mean adult females eat better, “They can watch their offspring at the same time.The young of both sexes seen to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles{10} at a very young age.”

練習(xí):

1.Why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chimps at fishing for termites? A Because young female chimps don’t play with their brothers.B Because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier.C Because young male chimps never learn to fish for termites.D Because young male chimps are not interested in termites.2.What are the tools with which chimps fish for termites? A Tree branches.B Vegetation.C Fruits.D Grass.3.Which of the Following is true about chimps fishing for termites according to paragraph 6? A Males often compete with females in fishing for termites.B Males could get out more termites with every dip.C Females could get out more termites with every dip.D Males are good at mastering technique for fishing for termites.4.How did the researchers explain the fact that boy chimps spent more time on playing? A They like hunting.B They enjoy fighting.C It helps them to stay fit.D It will make them good fighters and hunters in the future.5.According to the last paragrnph, which of the following is NOT true? A Adult chimps hunt monkeys while young chimps fish for termites.B The main source of animal protein for male chimps is colobus monkeys.C The main source of animal protein for female chimps is termites.D Female chimps fish for termites while watching their children.答案與題解 :

1.B 根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容，雄性小猩猩將時(shí)間用來(lái)玩要，而雌性小猩猩則研究她們母親的行為，因此，她們比雄性小猩猩早兩年學(xué)會(huì)捕食白蟻。A、D文中沒(méi)有提到，C與問(wèn)題沒(méi)有關(guān)系。

2.B第五段的第一個(gè)句子告訴我們，猩猩用植物作成方便的工具，用來(lái)捕食白蟻。A、C和 D均是錯(cuò)誤的。

3.C 該段告訴我們，對(duì)六只小猩猩的分析表明，雌性小猩狠不但較早學(xué)會(huì)捕食白蟻.而且能比雄性小猩猩更為熟練地捕食到更多的白蟻。所以，B和 D都不是正確選項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)內(nèi)容文中沒(méi)有提到。

4.D A、B和 C都是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲闹袥](méi)有捉到雄性小猩猩喜歡獵食和打斗，也沒(méi)有提及玩耍能使他們更健康。D是正確答案。第七段昀后一句說(shuō)，他們喜歡玩耍的行為有助于他們長(zhǎng)大后的生活，因?yàn)?，到那時(shí)，他們要獵食和爭(zhēng)權(quán)奪位。

5.A 根據(jù)昀后一段的內(nèi)容，成年雄猩猩主要獵食生活在樹(shù)上的一種叫做 colobus（疣猴）的猴子，而雌性猩猩捕食白蟻。所以 A是正確選項(xiàng)。B、C和 D的內(nèi)容均可在該段中找到。

譯文：

第十篇 年輕雌猩猩學(xué)習(xí)優(yōu)于她們的弟兄

一項(xiàng)新的研究顯示，與年輕雄性相比，年輕雌黑猩猩是更快更好的學(xué)習(xí)者，這與人類(lèi)的兩性學(xué)習(xí)差異相仿。

在小雄猩猩玩樂(lè)嬉鬧時(shí)候，雌猩猩卻在悉心向母親學(xué)習(xí)。結(jié)果她們比“男孩們”提早兩年學(xué)會(huì)捕獲美味小吃——白蟻。美國(guó)芝加哥林肯公司動(dòng)物園的Elizabeth Lonsdorf 和她在圣保羅市明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)的同事們用了4年時(shí)間觀察坦桑尼亞Gombe 自然公園的年輕黑猩猩學(xué)習(xí)它們的“文化行為”。

學(xué)習(xí)行為的性別差異是“一貫和驚人顯著的”，觀察小組報(bào)告說(shuō)。研究人員指出，類(lèi)似的差別也存在于人類(lèi)兒童寫(xiě)作等技巧的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。他們?cè)凇蹲匀弧冯s志中寫(xiě)道，“基于性別的學(xué)習(xí)差異因而可以上溯到人類(lèi)和黑猩猩最近的共同始祖?！?/p>

黑猩猩用植物制造靈巧的工具，將它們插入蟻丘把白蟻驅(qū)趕出來(lái)，再津津有味地享用粘在工具上的白蟻。研究人員用攝像機(jī)記錄下這種捕食行為，發(fā)現(xiàn)每位猩猩母親在諸如怎樣使用不同長(zhǎng)度的工具等方面都有她們自己的訣竅。分析研究六只已知年齡的幼猩猩顯示，雌猩猩在平均31個(gè)月大時(shí)就能成功捕獲白蟻，而雄猩猩則需要到58個(gè)月時(shí)才能學(xué)會(huì)。雌性每次都能熟練地收獲更多的白蟻，并能采用與母親相似的技巧，而雄性卻做不到。

“男孩們”不向母親學(xué)習(xí)，卻花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間在蟻丘周?chē)覒?。研究人員認(rèn)為玩耍、搖蕩等活動(dòng)或許對(duì)公幼獸后來(lái)的諸如捕獵、爭(zhēng)奪領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)等典型的雄性活動(dòng)大有裨益。

Lonsdorf 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，黑猩猩食物中動(dòng)物蛋白的主要來(lái)源有兩個(gè)——白蟻和疣猴?！俺墒煨坌猿Ｔ跇?shù)間抓捕疣猴，而雌性則總是因?yàn)閼言谢蛏砩系踔⌒尚啥y以捕獵，”她說(shuō)，“成年雌性比雄性花更多的時(shí)間捕食白蟻?！币虼藡故斓夭东@白蟻意味著雌性比雄性吃得更好，“并且可以同時(shí)看護(hù)后代。雌雄兩性似乎都是在十分年幼的時(shí)候就開(kāi)始了與成年后性別角色有關(guān)的活動(dòng)?！?/p>

第十一篇When our Eyes Serve our Stomach Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world;they're affected by what's going on in otir heads, A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who've just eaten.Psychologists have known for decades that what's going on,inside our head affects our senses.For example,poorer cliildren think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter, Remi Radel of University of Nice Sopbia-Antipolis, France, wanted to investigate how this happens.Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain's high-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index.On the day of his or her rest,each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating.Then they were told there was a delay.Some were told to come back in 10 minutes;others were given an hour to get lunch first.So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment,the participant looked at a computer screen.One by one ,80 words flashed on the screen for about 1/300th of a second each.They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive.A quarter of the words were food-related.After each word , eachperson was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they'd seen-a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat.Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words.Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception not in thinking processes,Radel says.”This is something great to me, Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for.From the experiment,1 know that our brain can really be at the disposal of 6 our motives and needs , “ Radel says.詞匯：

threshold n.起點(diǎn)，開(kāi)端；門(mén)檻 disposal n.處理，處置：配置 neutral adj.中性的；中立的 motive n.動(dòng)機(jī)，目的 strive v.努力.力求：斗爭(zhēng) 注釋?zhuān)?/p>

1.Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of ?in our heads ：這個(gè)句子的大概意思是：我們的五官感覺(jué)不僅僅讓我們感知世界；五官感覺(jué)還受大腦活動(dòng)的影響。

2.university of Nice Sophia-Antipolis ：法國(guó)尼斯· 索菲亞· 安提波利斯大學(xué)t 簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)尼斯大學(xué)1965年經(jīng)法國(guó)政令正式宣布成立。尼斯大學(xué)在尼斯市設(shè)有7 處主校園，另外，還在縈菲亞，安提波利斯市(Sophia Antipolis)、戛納市(Cannes)和芒東市(Menton)設(shè)有校區(qū)。索菲亞 ·安提波利斯是位于尼斯市西南側(cè)的科技園區(qū)，是許多高等學(xué)府的所在地。

3.body mass index ：身體質(zhì)量指數(shù) 4.at the threshold of：當(dāng)??快要開(kāi)始時(shí) 5.in perception ：感知

6.at the disposalof：受到??的控制 練習(xí)：

1.What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find? A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people.B Hungry people are always thinking of food-related words.C Hungrypeople are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people.D Hungry people do not have lower-level of thinking process.2.Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment? A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach.B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testees,hungry and non-hungry.C Because noon was not the right time for any experiment.D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index.3.What does the writer want to tell us? A Human's senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world.B What's perceived by our senses affects onr way of thinking.C Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs.D Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses.4.What did the results of the experiment indicate? A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive.B Hungry people were better at identifying neutral words.C People who bad just eaten were better at identifying food-related words.D The participants could barely perceive what they needed or wbat they strived for.5.What can we infer from the passage? A 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation.B An experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable.C Our thinking proeesses are independent of our senses.D Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes.答案與題解：

1.C 第一段第二句是本題答案的依據(jù)。饑腸轆轆的人只是看food-related words 比較清楚.選 項(xiàng)C 的句意與上述句子的意思完全一致，是答案。選項(xiàng)A 說(shuō)的是every word.所以不是答 案。選項(xiàng)B 和D 文章中沒(méi)有提到。

2.B 答案的根據(jù)可在第三段找到。Radel為了保證42 名學(xué)生到達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)室時(shí)是空腹，所以要求他們中午到達(dá)。然后告訴一部分學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間推遲了，請(qǐng)他們10 分鐘后再來(lái)。他又請(qǐng)另外一部分學(xué)生用午餐。Radel用推遲實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法造就了兩組實(shí)驗(yàn)者，即饑餓組與飽食組。選項(xiàng)B 是答案.3.C 雖然A、B、D 選項(xiàng)均可在文中找到對(duì)應(yīng)部分，但只屬于細(xì)節(jié).而非主旨，因此不能選。本文最后一句給出了直接的答案。

4.A 第四段第三行中consciously 與A 項(xiàng)中的intentionally 是同義詞。B 項(xiàng)neutral 意思為“ 中性的” 在本文中的意思是與food-relatad 相對(duì)的，即“與食物不相關(guān)的” 因此是錯(cuò)誤選擇：C項(xiàng)不符合課文原意；D項(xiàng)barely 意為“僅僅，勉強(qiáng)，幾乎沒(méi)有” 因此也不符合句意。

5.D 選項(xiàng)A 所說(shuō)的實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本的大小與本題主旨無(wú)關(guān)，不是答案，而是干擾項(xiàng)；B、C 內(nèi)容也不能直接從短文中推斷出來(lái)。選項(xiàng)D 是答案.最后一段第二句的“Humans an really perceive what they need or what they strive for”為選擇D 項(xiàng)提供了依據(jù)。

第11篇，當(dāng)胃主宰眼睛時(shí)

我們的五官感覺(jué)不僅僅讓我們感知世界，五官感覺(jué)還受大腦活動(dòng)的影響。一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，相對(duì)于吃飽狀態(tài)，人餓的時(shí)候?qū)τ嘘P(guān)食物的詞語(yǔ)更加敏感。

近些年來(lái)，心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦活動(dòng)影響著人類(lèi)的感覺(jué)。例如：越窮的人，越覺(jué)得硬幣比它實(shí)際要大。餓的人認(rèn)為食物的圖片特別鮮明。法國(guó)尼斯.索菲亞.安提波利斯大學(xué)的若米.若戴爾想要弄清楚這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)到底是如何發(fā)生。是否就像大腦收到視覺(jué)感受到的信息，人們看到世界這個(gè)過(guò)程一樣還是更深層一些，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中有大腦高級(jí)思維過(guò)程的參與。

若戴爾找到42名身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)正常的學(xué)生，想要在他們身上進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)當(dāng)天，這42名學(xué)生要在中午趕到實(shí)驗(yàn)室，在這之前的3、4個(gè)小時(shí)之內(nèi)，他們都不能進(jìn)食。當(dāng)42名學(xué)生到達(dá)后，實(shí)驗(yàn)人員告訴他們實(shí)驗(yàn)推遲。一組是要在10分鐘之后再來(lái)，另一組給了他們一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間，讓他們吃過(guò)中飯?jiān)賮?lái)。所以當(dāng)進(jìn)行這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的時(shí)候，一半的學(xué)生是饑餓的，另一半是吃飽的。

在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，這些人看電腦屏幕，80個(gè)詞語(yǔ)以1/300秒的速度依次出現(xiàn)在電腦屏幕上。詞語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)的很快，所以被實(shí)驗(yàn)人員只能瞬間感受到這些詞語(yǔ)，其中，有1/4的詞語(yǔ)是關(guān)于食物的。詞語(yǔ)播放完后，每個(gè)人要說(shuō)出詞語(yǔ)的明顯度，然后在給出的兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)中選出他們看到過(guò)的詞語(yǔ)，比如蛋糕和船。每個(gè)詞語(yǔ)都很清晰方便參與者讀出。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示：饑餓的人感覺(jué)有關(guān)食物的詞語(yǔ)感更加明顯，在辨別時(shí)也更加清楚。由于每個(gè)詞語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)的很快，每個(gè)人只能看到，沒(méi)有時(shí)間去思考，因此，這就意味著沒(méi)有思維過(guò)程的參與，完全是因?yàn)槿说母兄a(chǎn)生不同。若戴爾說(shuō)：“這個(gè)結(jié)果對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)很重要。人類(lèi)能夠明確地抓住自己需要什么，爭(zhēng)取什么。從這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，我明白我們的大腦受到動(dòng)機(jī)和需要的控制?！?/p>

（十二）Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass In January, 2003, the eastern two-thirds of the United States was at the mercy of a bitterly cold air mass that has endangered Florida’s citrus trees, choked northern harbors with ice and left bewildered residents of North Carolina’s Outer Banks digging out of up to a foot of snow.The ice chill deepened as temperatures fell to the single digits in most of the South, with an unfamiliar dip below the freezing mark as far south as parts of interior South Florida.Temperatures in Florida plunged, with West Palm Beach dropping to a record low of 2 degrees.“We couldn’t believe how cold it was,” said Martin King, who arrived this week in Orlando from England.“we brought shorts, T-shirt, and I had to go out and buy another coat.”

The temperature plunge posed a threat to Florida’s US$9.1 billion-a-year citrus crop, more of which is still on the trees.Growers were hurrying to harvest as much of the fruit as possible before it was damaged by cold.“Time is of the essence in getting fruit to the plant,” said Tom Rogers, a citrus grower who expected to see damage to oranges and grapefruit at that time.In Florida, Governor Jeb Bush signed an emergency order to eliminate the weight limit on trucks so citrus growers could get as much fruit to market as possible.Casey Pace, a spokeswoman for Florida Citrus Mutual, said growers had sprayed trees with sprinklers, which created a layer of ice and helped maintain a temperature near freezing.Citrus trees are considered in danger of damage if the temperature drops below minus 2 degrees Celsius for four hours or more.Snow ranging from a dusting to up to 30 centimeters blanketed the Carolinas, Tennessee and parts of Virginia.1.Which of the following statements is not meant in the first two paragraphs?

A.The cold air mass was a threat to Florida’s citrus crop.B.The temperature in the United States except the South dropped below the freezing mark.C.The northern harbors were blocked with ice.D.The eastern two thirds of the United States was hit by cold air mass.2.According to the second paragraph, in which area(s)did the temperature fall below zero? A.Most of the south.B.Parts of interior South Florida.C.West Palm Beach.D.All of the above.3.King’s statement that “We brought shorts, T-shirt, and I had to go out and buy another coat,” shows that A.he was caught by the sudden cold.B.he needed formal clothes.C.fashion in Florida is tempting.D.Florida is how compared with England.4.Governor Jeb issue the emergency order because he A.thought speed limit for trucks was unreasonable.B.tried to improved the traffic condition of the express ways.C.wanted to encourage trucks to transport as much fruit to market as possible.D.wanted to stop trucks from carrying too much fruit to market.5.Which statement is NOT true according to the last paragraph? A.Sprinklers were used to protect citrus trees from being damaged.B.Citrus trees would be damaged if the temperature drops below minus 2℃for four hours.C.The Carolinas.Tennessee and parts of Virginia were covered with snow.D.Florida Citrus Mutual sprayed trees with sprinklers for citrus growers.答案與解釋?zhuān)?/p>

1.A 第二段中就有冷氣團(tuán)侵襲到 most of the South，所以，B是不符合原意的。

2.B … with an unfamiliar dip below the freezing mark as far south as parts of interior South Florida.在南至南佛羅里達(dá)州腹地的一些區(qū)域，氣溫前所未有地降至冰點(diǎn)以下這句話(huà)說(shuō)明 B是正確選項(xiàng)。在 most of the South,氣溫降至 10℃以下，在 West Palm Bench，氣溫雖然降至歷史昀低，但有 2℃。

3.A 佛羅里達(dá)位于炎熱的南方。King只帶了短褲、T恤。到了佛羅里達(dá)，寒潮來(lái)了，他只好去買(mǎi)御寒衣服。

4.C 第六段中“ Jeb Bush signed an emergency order to eliminate the weight limit on trucks so citrus growers could get as much fruit to market as possible.”這個(gè)句子提供了答案。

5.D 選項(xiàng) A、B、C文章中都提到，而且，A、B、C的內(nèi)容都符合原意，唯有 D不正確。因?yàn)?，文章中只是說(shuō) Florida Citrus Mutual(佛羅里達(dá)柑橘互助協(xié)會(huì))通報(bào)了柑橘種植人采取的防凍措施，并沒(méi)有說(shuō)這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)自己采取了防凍措施。

譯文：

第十二篇

納佛羅里達(dá)遭受冷氣團(tuán)襲擊

2003年1月，美國(guó)東部2/3的地區(qū)處于強(qiáng)冷空氣團(tuán)的控制下，強(qiáng)冷空氣團(tuán)給佛羅里達(dá)的柑橘樹(shù)造成了危脅，同時(shí)也使北部的港口被冰凍結(jié)。冷空氣團(tuán)讓北卡羅來(lái)納州沿岸地區(qū)的居民不知所措，不停地鏟著尺把深的積雪。

當(dāng)南方部分地區(qū)的氣溫降到個(gè)位數(shù)時(shí)，冰雪帶來(lái)的寒意加深了，從南方的大部分地區(qū)直到南佛羅里達(dá)的腹地地區(qū)，氣溫前所未有地驟降至冰點(diǎn)以下。氣溫在佛羅里達(dá)驟降，西棕櫚海岸的氣溫創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄地降至2度。

“我們不能相信有那么冷”，這周剛從英國(guó)來(lái)到奧蘭多的馬丁?金說(shuō)，“我們買(mǎi)了運(yùn)動(dòng)褲、T恤，但我還不得不出去買(mǎi)件大衣?！?/p>

氣溫的驟降對(duì)佛羅里達(dá)每年價(jià)值91億美元的柑橘產(chǎn)量造成了危脅，大部分的柑橘還未采摘，果農(nóng)們正趕著在柑橘被凍壞之前盡可能地多采些。

“時(shí)間對(duì)柑橘成熟是非常重要的，”果農(nóng)湯姆?羅根斯說(shuō)，他預(yù)計(jì)冷空氣會(huì)對(duì)柑橘和葡萄造成損害。

佛羅里達(dá)州州長(zhǎng)杰夫?布什簽署了一份緊急命令，這個(gè)命令取消了對(duì)卡車(chē)上貨物的重量限制，這樣，果農(nóng)們就能使盡可能多的柑橘上市。

佛羅里達(dá)州柑橘信托基金會(huì)的發(fā)言人Casey Pace女士說(shuō)，果農(nóng)們用灑水器向果樹(shù)噴水，這使果樹(shù)表面形成了一層冰，冰有助于氣溫維持在冰點(diǎn)附近。如果氣溫降到-2℃以下超過(guò)4個(gè)小時(shí)，柑橘就會(huì)被凍壞。厚度從薄薄一層到30厘米的雪覆蓋了卡羅來(lái)納、田納西和弗吉尼亞的部分地區(qū)。

（十三）Invisibility Ring

Scientists can’t yet make an invisibility cloak1 like the one that Harry Potter2 uses.But，for the first time，they’ve constructed a simple cloaking device that makes itself and somethingplaced inside it invisible to microwaves.When a person “sees” an object，his or her eye senses many different waves of visiblelight as they bounce off the object.The eye and brain then work together to organize thesesensations and reconstruct the object’s original shape.So，to make an object invisible，scientists have to keep waves from bouncing off it.And they have to make sure the objectcasts no shadow.Otherwise，the absence of reflected light on one side would give the obiectaway.Invisibility isn’t possible yet with waves of light that the human eye can see.But it is nowpossible with microwaves.Like visible light，microwaves are a form of radiant energy.Theyare part of the electromagnetic spectrum，which also includes radio waves，infrared light，ultraviolet rays，X rays，and gamma rays.The wavelengths of microwaves are shorter thanthose of radio waves but longer than those of visible light.The scientists’ new “invisibility device” is the size of a drink coaster and shaped like aring.The ring is made of a special material with unusual ability.When microwaves strike thering，very few bounce off it.Instead，they pass through the ring，which bends the waves allthe way around until they reach the opposite side.The waves then return to their originalpaths.To a detector set up to receive microwaves on the other side of the ring，it looks as if thewaves never changed their paths as if there were no object in the way!So，the ring is effectively invisible.When the researchers put a small cdpper loop inside the ring，it，too，is nearly invisible.However，the cloaking device and anything inside it do cast a pale shadow.And the deviceworks only for microwaves，not for visible light or any kind of electromagnetic radiation.So，Harry Potter’s invisibility cloak doesn’t have any real competition yet.詞匯：

invisibility/invizE5biliti/n.看不見(jiàn)，無(wú)形 spectrum/5spektrEm/n.光譜

cloak/klEuk/斗篷，披風(fēng) infrared/5infrE5red/adj.紅外線(xiàn)的

microwave/5maikrEuweiv/n.微波 ultraviolet ray 紫外線(xiàn)

reconstruct/5ri:kEn5strQkt/v.重建 gamma ray 伽馬射線(xiàn)

radiant/5reidjEnt/adj.輻射的 wavelength/5weivleNW/n.波長(zhǎng)

electromagnetic/IlektrEJ5mA^nItIk/adj.電磁的coaster/5kEustE(r)/n.托盤(pán)，墊子

練習(xí)：

1.Harry Potter is mentioned in the passage，because scientists Acan now make an invisible cloak of the same kind as he uses.Btry to make an invisible cloak of the same kind as he uses.Ctry to invent a device Similar in idea to the invisible cloak he uses.Dknow that it is possible to make an invisible cloak of the same kind.2.What is true of microwaves? ATheir wavelengths are shorter than those of visible light.BTheir wavelengths are longer than those of visible light.CThey are different from visible light as they are a kind of radiant energy.DThey are visible to the human eye.3.What is NOT true of the invisibility device? AIt is made of a special material with unusual ability.BMicrowaves bounce off it when they strike it.CMicrowaves pass through it when they strike it.DIt bends the microwaves all the way around until they reach the opposite side.4.What does the word “coaster” mean in the passage?

AA disk or plate placed under a drinking glass to protect a table top.BA vessel engaged in coastal trade.CA roller coaster.DA resident of a coastal area.5.Harry Potter’s invisibility cloak doesn’t have any real competition yet，because Ascientists have not found out how his cloak works.Bthe cloaking device is a total failure.Cthe cloaking device works only for microwaves.Dthe cloaking device works only for visible light.答案與題解：

1.C文章的第一段告訴我們，科學(xué)家還沒(méi)有發(fā)明哈里·波特使用的那種隱身衣，所以不能選 A;該段還告訴我們，科學(xué)家已制造了，一種裝置，這種裝置能使自身或置于其中的物體不被微波發(fā)現(xiàn)，所以C是正確選擇，也就是說(shuō)，科學(xué)家發(fā)明的隱形裝置和哈里波特的隱身衣僅僅在概念上相同，這同時(shí)說(shuō)明B和D是錯(cuò)誤的選擇。

2.B第三段最后一句中告訴我們，A是錯(cuò)誤選擇，B是正確選擇。該段第三句說(shuō)，微波與可見(jiàn)光一樣都是一種輻射能，所以C的說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的，不能選擇;根據(jù)該段第一句：with wavesof light that the human eye can see和第三句：Like visible light，可以得知D是錯(cuò)誤的說(shuō)法，也不能選擇。

3.B第四段第三句說(shuō)，當(dāng)微波到達(dá)裝置表面時(shí)，very few bounce off。very few是幾乎沒(méi)有的意思，所以選擇B。其他選擇所述內(nèi)容都可以很容易在該段中找到。

4.A第四段第一句告訴我們，科學(xué)家的這個(gè)隱形裝置和一個(gè)杯墊差不多大小，所以A是正確選擇。coaster是一個(gè)多義詞，其他幾個(gè)選擇是該詞的其他意思，B：從事沿海貿(mào)易的船;C：過(guò)山車(chē)，摩天輪;D：海岸地區(qū)居民。

5.CA句在短文中沒(méi)有提到;按文章的內(nèi)容B不是正確的說(shuō)法;文章最后一段說(shuō)，And thedevice works only for microwaves，not forvisible light，所以C是正確選擇。

譯文：

隱形環(huán)

到目前為止，科學(xué)家還不能造出哈利；波特使用過(guò)的隱身斗篷。但是他們率先研制出了一種與其類(lèi)似的裝置，這種裝置能使自身和置于其中的物體不受微波的探測(cè)。

當(dāng)一個(gè)人“看”某物體時(shí)，他的眼睛就會(huì)感知到從那個(gè)物體反射過(guò)來(lái)的光波。眼睛和大腦一同工作，編輯這些光感并重建其原貌。所以，如果要讓一個(gè)物體隱形，科學(xué)家們就必須阻止光波反射。并且他們得確保此物體沒(méi)有陰影。否則，反射光的缺失會(huì)使物體顯現(xiàn)。

鑒于人眼對(duì)光波的感知性，要想隱形某物體很難做到，但對(duì)微波就可以做到。如同可見(jiàn)光，微波是一種輻射能。他們是電磁波譜的一部分，其中也包括無(wú)線(xiàn)電波、紅外線(xiàn)光、紫外線(xiàn)、x射線(xiàn)和伽馬射線(xiàn)。微波的波長(zhǎng)比無(wú)線(xiàn)電波短，但比可見(jiàn)光長(zhǎng)。

科學(xué)家研制出的這種新型隱身裝置和杯墊一般大小，形狀像個(gè)環(huán)。由于它是特殊材料制成，因此具有非同尋常的功能。當(dāng)微波射向它時(shí)，僅有極少的光會(huì)反射回去，這些光會(huì)從一端穿過(guò)這個(gè)環(huán)，并在此過(guò)程中沿著彎曲的路線(xiàn)前進(jìn)，直到抵達(dá)另一端。最后光波回到原來(lái)的路線(xiàn)。

對(duì)于在環(huán)的另一端放置的探測(cè)器來(lái)說(shuō)，光波看上去就像從來(lái)沒(méi)有改變過(guò)路徑一樣，即好像沒(méi)有遇到障礙物。這樣一來(lái)，這個(gè)環(huán)就如同沒(méi)有存在過(guò)。

研究者又將一個(gè)銅線(xiàn)圈放進(jìn)環(huán)里，依然得到同樣的結(jié)果。不過(guò)，這個(gè)環(huán)和里面的東西還是會(huì)留下一點(diǎn)影子。環(huán)形隱身器只能作用于微波，而不能作用于可見(jiàn)光及電磁波。因此，哈里，波特的隱形斗篷目前還沒(méi)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。

（十四）Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers

A concept car developed by Japanese company Nissan has a breathalyzer-like detection system and other instruments that could help keep drunk or over tired drivers off the road.The car’s sensors check odors inside the car and monitor a driver’s sweat for traces of alcohol.An in-car computer system can issue an alert or even lock up the ignition system if the driver seems over-the-limit.The air odor sensors are fixed firmly and deeply in the driver

and passenger seats,while a detector in the gear-shift knob measures perspiration from the driver’s palm.Other carmakers have developed similar detection systems.For example,Sweden’s Volvo has developed a breathalyzer attached to a car’s seat belt that drivers must blow into before the engine will start.Nissan’s new concept vehicle also includes a dashboard-mounted camera that tracks a drivers alertness by monitoring their eyes.It will sound an alarm and issue a spoken warning in Japanese or English if it judges that the driver needs to pull over and rest.The car technology is still in development,but general manager Kazuhiro Doi says the combination of different detection systems should improve the overall effectiveness of the technology.”For example,if the gear-shift sensor was bypassed by a passenger using it instead of the driver,the facial recognition system would still be used,“ Doi says.Nissan has no specific timetable for marketing the system,but aims to use technology to cut the number of fatalities involving its vehicles to half 1995 levels by 2015.The car’s seat belt can also tighten if drowsiness is detected,while an external camera checks that the car is keeping to its lane properly.However,Doi admits that some of the technology,such as the alcohol odor sensor,should be improved.”If you drink one beer,it’s going to register,so we need to study what’s the appropriate level for the system to activate," he says.In the UK,some research groups are using similar advanced techniques to understand driver behavior and the effectiveness of different road designs.1.Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Japanese concept care

A It has a sensor system that could issue a warning if the driver is drunk.B It has sensors that detect traces of alcohol inside the car.C It has sensors locked up in the ignition system.D It has a breathalyzer-like detection system.2.What has Volvo developed? A The same detection system mentioned in the previous paragraph.B A breathalyzer attached to a car’s seat belt.C A smart car seat belt.D An intelligent engine.3.What is the function of the camera mentioned in Paragraph 4? A It monitors the driver’s eyes to see if he needs a rest.B It judges if the driver wants to pull over.C It judges if the driver wants to take a rest.D It issues an alarm when the driver speaks.4.According to Doi, A the overall effectiveness of the detection technology has improved.B Nissan is making a timetable to market the detection system.C it is impossible to improve the overall effectiveness of the detection system.D Nissan aims to improve the detection technology to reduce the fatality rate.5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in Paragraph 6? A An external camera checks that the car is going properly.B The car will automatically keep to its lane.C The seat belt will tighten when the driver is found drowsy.D The technology of the alcohol odor sensor should be improved.答案：

1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.B 解析：

1.C 選項(xiàng)A、B、D所述內(nèi)容都可在短文的第一、第二段中找到。第二段最后一個(gè)句子告訴我們，傳感器裝在司機(jī)和乘客的座椅里，而不是在點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)里，所以選擇C。

2.B 短文第三段告訴我們，沃爾沃公司也發(fā)明了一種相類(lèi)似的酒精檢測(cè)裝置，安裝在保險(xiǎn)帶上。所以B是正確選擇。

3.A 第四段描寫(xiě)了安裝在概念車(chē)儀表板上的照相機(jī)的功能。相機(jī)跟蹤司機(jī)的眼睛的活動(dòng)從而監(jiān)測(cè)司機(jī)是否保持清醒狀態(tài)，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)司機(jī)需要停車(chē)休息，便用英語(yǔ)或日語(yǔ)發(fā)出警告。所以除A以外，其他選擇都不正確。

4.D 短文第五段說(shuō)，這種監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)仍然在發(fā)展之中，使用不同的監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)能改進(jìn)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的整體有效性，所以A和C都不是正確選擇。該段的最后一句說(shuō)，日產(chǎn)公司并不準(zhǔn)備將這種監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)推向市場(chǎng)，但它的目標(biāo)是使用這種技術(shù)到2015年將日產(chǎn)車(chē)的事故率年減少到 1995年的一半。所以B也不是正確選擇，只有D表達(dá)了Doi的意思。

5.B 選項(xiàng)A、C、D在短文第六段都能找到，但是卻找不到選項(xiàng)B所表達(dá)的意思

譯文：

第十四篇 日本用來(lái)監(jiān)視醉酒司機(jī)的新型概念車(chē)

日本日產(chǎn)公司日前開(kāi)發(fā)了一種新型概念車(chē)，這種車(chē)含有呼氣酒精檢測(cè)器和其他一些裝置，用來(lái)防止那些醉酒和過(guò)于疲勞的司機(jī)上路駕駛。

車(chē)上的傳感器能檢測(cè)出車(chē)中的酒氣，并通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)司機(jī)身上的汗味探知酒精度。車(chē)中的電腦系統(tǒng)能報(bào)警，甚至還能在司機(jī)超速行駛時(shí)鎖住引擎。這個(gè)氣味傳感器被牢牢固定在駕駛員和乘客的座位上。另一個(gè)探測(cè)器裝在車(chē)的換檔把手上，用來(lái)測(cè)試司機(jī)的掌心的汗液。

其他的汽車(chē)制造商們也開(kāi)發(fā)了類(lèi)似的探測(cè)系統(tǒng)。比如，瑞典的沃爾沃在汽車(chē)的安全帶上安裝了很多呼氣酒精檢測(cè)器，司機(jī)在開(kāi)車(chē)前必須向里吹氣。

這種新型概念車(chē)還在儀表盤(pán)上裝有照相機(jī)，通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)駕駛員的雙眼探知其清醒程度。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)司機(jī)需要停車(chē)休息，便用英語(yǔ)或日語(yǔ)發(fā)出警告。

汽車(chē)監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)仍在發(fā)展，總裁Kazuhiro Doi指出：綜合多種探測(cè)技術(shù)將對(duì)整體技術(shù)水平的提高更為有利。例如，若是換檔裝置探測(cè)器被乘客代用，面部識(shí)別技術(shù)仍能受用。日產(chǎn)公司并沒(méi)有明確將此項(xiàng)技術(shù)推向市場(chǎng)的時(shí)間，只是試圖借助此項(xiàng)技術(shù)在2015年把死亡率降到1995年的一半。

如若探知司機(jī)昏昏欲睡，安全帶會(huì)自動(dòng)收緊，外部照相機(jī)也會(huì)檢查汽車(chē)是否偏離路線(xiàn)。盡管如此，Doi承認(rèn)有一些技術(shù)，如氣味傳感器仍有待改進(jìn)。因?yàn)閷?duì)很多人來(lái)說(shuō)，往往只喝—口都會(huì)被檢測(cè)出來(lái)。為避免這類(lèi)事件的發(fā)生，必須研究激活系統(tǒng)的最低限度。

在英國(guó)，一些組織正在運(yùn)用類(lèi)似的先進(jìn)技術(shù)來(lái)研究司機(jī)的行為和路標(biāo)設(shè)置的有效性。

（十五）Winged Robot Learns to Fly

Learning how to fly took nature millions of years of trial and error1-but a winged robot has cracked2 it in only a few hours, using the same evolutionary principles.Krister Wolff and Peter Nordin of Chalmers University of Technology(CUT)in Gothenburg , Sweden, built a winged robot and set about3 testing whether it could learn to fly by itself, without any pre-programmed data on what flapping is or how to do it.To begin with4, the robot just twitched and jerked erratically.But, gradually, it made movements that gained height.At first, it cheated-simply standing on its wing tips was one early short cut5.After three hours, however, the robot abandoned such methods in favor of6 a more effective flapping technique where it rotated its wings through 90 degrees and raised them before twisting them back to the horizontal and pushing down.“This tells us that this kind of evolution is capable of7 coming up8 with flying motion,” says Peter Bentley, who works on evolutionary computing at University College London.But while9 the robot had worked out how best to produce lift10, it was not about to take off.“There’s only so much that evolution can do,” Bentley says.“This thing is never going to fly because the motors will never have the strength to do it,” he says.The robot had metre-long wings made from balsa wood and covered with a light plastic film.Small motors on the robot let it move its wings forwards or backwards.up or down or twist them in either direction.The team attached the robot to two vertical rods, so it could slide up and down.At the start of a test, the robot was suspended by an elastic band.A movement detector measured how much lift, if any11, the robot produced for any given movement.A computer program fed the robot random instructions12, at the rate of13 20 per second, to test its flapping abilities.Each instruction told the robot either to do nothing or to move the wings slightly in the various directions.Feedback from the movement detector let the program work out which sets of instructions were best at producing lift.The most successful ones were paired up14 and “offspring” sets of instructions15 were generated by swapping instructions randomly between successful pairs.These next-generation instructions were then sent to the robot and evaluated before breeding a new generation, and the process was repeated.注釋?zhuān)?/p>

1.Learning how to fly took nature millions of years of trial and error:自然界里的飛行學(xué)習(xí)用了幾百萬(wàn)年的時(shí)間反復(fù)實(shí)踐和磨煉。

2.crack: to break through(an obstacle)in order to win acceptance or acknowledgement: 突破（障礙）

3.set about:開(kāi)始做，著手

4.To begin with: 首先

5.short cut: 捷徑

6.in favor of:原意為“贊成；支持”。這里，…… the robot abandoned such methods in favor of a more effective flapping technique意為:……這個(gè)機(jī)器人放棄了這樣的方法，而去使用一種更為有效的扇動(dòng)翅膀的技術(shù)。

7.be capable of: [指物]有可能，可以……

8.come up: to manifest itself;arise 出現(xiàn)。

9.while:雖然，盡管

10.lift:升高

11.if any:若有的話(huà)。確切意思是 :如果它能升高的話(huà)。

12....fed the robot random instructions:給機(jī)器人輸入隨意設(shè)定的指令。fed是feed的過(guò)去式。

13.at the rate of:以……的速度

14.pair up:把……配成一對(duì)

15.“offspring”sets of instructions:指的是將成功的指令配對(duì)后的結(jié)果。“ offspring”本來(lái)是后代的意思，在此修飾sets of instructions，所以加了雙引號(hào)。練習(xí):

1.Which of the following is NOT true of what is mentioned about the winged robot in the second paragraph? A The two professors of CUT built the winged robot B The two professors of CUT tested whether the winged robot could learn to fly.C The two professors of CUT programmed the data on how the robot flapped its wings.D The two professors of CUT tried to find out if the robot could fly by itself.2.How did the robot behave at the beginning of the test?

A It rotated its wings through 90 degrees.B It twitched but gradually gained height.C It was twitched and broke down.D It landed not long after the test.3.Which of the following is nearest to Peter Bentley’s view on the winged robot? A The winged robot could never really fly.B The winged robot did not have a motor.C The winged robot should go through further evolution before it could fly.D The robot could fly if it were lighter.4.What measured how much lift the robot produced? A Two vertical rods.B A movement detector.C An elastic band.D Both B and C.5.What does “the process” appearing in the last paragraph refer to? A Pairing up successful inst ructions.B Sending instructions to the robot.C Generating new sets of instructions for evaluation.D All the above.答案與題解 :

1.C A、B、D在第二段中都提到過(guò)。C是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲闹姓f(shuō)，教授們測(cè)試機(jī)器人是否會(huì)自己學(xué)會(huì)飛行，而且預(yù)先沒(méi)有對(duì)翅膀扇動(dòng)的方式進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)定。

2.B第三段描述了機(jī)器人如何學(xué)習(xí)飛行的過(guò)程。第一句和第二句是問(wèn)題的答案。

3.A第四段主要是 Peter Bentley對(duì)飛行機(jī)器人的看法。他認(rèn)為前文描述的進(jìn)化過(guò)程只能使機(jī)器人有一些飛行的動(dòng)作，而要讓其起飛則永遠(yuǎn)不可能，因?yàn)椴豢赡苡腥绱舜蠊β实陌l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。所以 A是正確選項(xiàng)

4.B答案在第六段的第三句中。

5.D文章昀后一段具體描述在機(jī)器人的進(jìn)化過(guò)程中，指令的進(jìn)化過(guò)程。成功的指令配對(duì)后產(chǎn)生新一代的指令，將指令輸入機(jī)輯人，經(jīng)篩選再進(jìn)行成功指令配對(duì)，再產(chǎn)生新一代指令，如此反復(fù)進(jìn)行。所以 D是正確選項(xiàng)。

譯文：

自然界中的飛行學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷了幾百萬(wàn)年的反復(fù)實(shí)踐和磨練，而安裝機(jī)翼的機(jī)器人僅在數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi)就成功實(shí)現(xiàn)突破，用的是同進(jìn)化原理。瑞典Gothenburg Chalmers科技大學(xué)的Krister Wolff 和PeterNordin 研制出帶翼的機(jī)器人，著手測(cè)試它能否在不預(yù)設(shè)振翅數(shù)據(jù)程序的條件下自行學(xué)會(huì)飛行。首先，機(jī)器人只是飄忽不定地振動(dòng)盤(pán)桓，不過(guò)它的運(yùn)動(dòng)逐漸獲得了上升高度，起初，它想走走捷徑，試圖僅用翅尖保持直立。然而三小時(shí)后，它放棄了這種方法，轉(zhuǎn)用更有效的振翅技術(shù)，90度角旋轉(zhuǎn)兩翼，并在它們恢復(fù)到水平位置將其拉起。“事實(shí)告訴我們，飛行裝置有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)這種進(jìn)化?！盤(pán)eter Bentley 說(shuō)。他現(xiàn)正在倫敦大學(xué)研究進(jìn)化計(jì)算技術(shù)。雖然機(jī)器人可以摸索出上升飛行的最佳方式，卻不會(huì)起飛?！斑M(jìn)化升級(jí)所做的只有這么多，”Bentley說(shuō)，“這東西不可能自行起飛，因?yàn)榘l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不能產(chǎn)生足夠動(dòng)力?！睓C(jī)器人的兩翼由輕木制成，長(zhǎng)約一米，覆有一層輕塑膠。它的小馬達(dá)使機(jī)翼可以前后上下運(yùn)動(dòng)，并能在這兩個(gè)方向上任意旋轉(zhuǎn)。研究小組將機(jī)器人附著在兩根豎直標(biāo)桿上，它便能上下滑動(dòng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)剛開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，機(jī)器人懸掛在一根彈性帶上。一旦它升高，運(yùn)動(dòng)探測(cè)器就能測(cè)量它任何運(yùn)動(dòng)的高度。每過(guò)20秒，計(jì)算機(jī)程序就給機(jī)器人輸入任意設(shè)定的指令，以檢測(cè)其振翅能力。每個(gè)指令或是讓機(jī)器人停止運(yùn)動(dòng)或是在各種方向上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)機(jī)翼。通過(guò)來(lái)自運(yùn)動(dòng)探測(cè)器的反饋，程序測(cè)算出哪幾組指令能最有效地產(chǎn)生高度。最成功的幾組進(jìn)行配對(duì)，而其“后代”指令則通過(guò)在成功組合間隨意交換指令產(chǎn)生。在產(chǎn)生下一代組合之前，這些第二代指令被發(fā)往機(jī)器人并進(jìn)行評(píng)估，然后這一過(guò)程反復(fù)進(jìn)行。

（十六）Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth

In what resembles a journey to the center of the Earth, Japanese scientists have launched the world’s first attempt to bore a hole into the red-hot core of a volcano and unlock the secrets of deadly eruption.A 50-meter-high oil-rig-like derrick perched on the scrubby slopes of Japan’s Mount Unzen will begin drilling through the volcano’s crust next week in a bid1 to sample the magma bubbling below2.The aim is to study how the liquefied rock causes menacing gas buildup, said team leader Setsuya Nakata, of the University of Tokyo’s Earthquake Research Institute.“Gassing is important because it controls the explosivity of eruptions,” Nakata said.“The results can be expanded to anti-disaster research.”

Mount Unzen , a wind-swept 1.486-meter dome on the southern island of Kyushu, is a perfect model.It erupted in 1991, showering avalanches of hot rocks over a nearby town, killing 43 people and leaving nearly 2,300 homeless.Another 11.000 people were evacuated from the area until 1995, when the volcano had stabilized.The results are particularly important to a nation like Japan, where the meteorological agency monitors 20 dangerous peaks.Perhaps Japan’s most famous volcano is snowcapped Mount Fuji, which last erupted in 1707 and sprinkled Tokyo with ash.The drilling on Mount Unzen will begin very soon from an altitude of 850 meters on its northwest slope.Scientists hope to tap a magma vent around sea level by August and extract a 200-meter-long core sample by summer 2004.3

Boring into the glowing magma at that level would normally be impossible, because of its fiery 700 degree Celsius heat.Thus, a slurry of water will be pumped into the drill shaft to cool the magma and allow the drill head to cut through.Nakata said there is no danger of triggering another eruption.4

注釋:

1.in a bid: 企圖，努力 a在 in a bid之后，可接動(dòng)詞不定式，如 : The two sides negotiated again and again in a bid to find a solution.雙方進(jìn)行一次又一次的談判，努力尋求一個(gè)解決方案。

2.below: below指的是 below the crust。3.Scientists hope to tap a magma vent around sea level by August and extract a 200-mcterlong core sample by summer 2004:到 8月底，科學(xué)家希望在約為海平面高度的地方引出一個(gè)巖漿口，到 2004年夏末，提取長(zhǎng)度為 200米的樣本。4.Nakata said there is 110 danger of triggering another eruption: Nakata說(shuō)，不存在引發(fā)火山新一輪爆發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)性。練習(xí):

1.According to the passage, Mount Unzen A erupted in 1707.B erupted in 1991.C erupted in 1995.D several times in the last century.2.According to the passage, the study of the Mount Unzen volcano may benefit Japan in all the following aspects

EXCEPT

A finding causes of volcano eruptions.B helping to launch anti-disaster research.C looking into the connection between liquified rocks and gas buildup.D predicting volcano eruptions.3.Why is this research project so important to Japan?

A.Because Japan has many living volcanos.B Because Japan wants to turn Mount Fuji to a dead volcano.C Because volcano gas could be a source of energy.D Because Japan is testing a new way of drilling into the earth.4.The drilling site on Mount Unzen is A around the sea level.B on the northeast slope of the mountain.C about half way up the mountain.D as high as 1,486 meters.5.The title of this passage Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth actually means that they A drill a hole into the core of a volcano.B bore into the rocks near the volcanic vent.C conduct an imagery journey to the core of a volcano.D regard magma as the core of Earth.答案與題解 :

1.B答案的根據(jù)在第五段。

2.D 選項(xiàng) A是這個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目的主要宗旨（見(jiàn)第一段的“ unlock the secrets of deadly eruption”），選項(xiàng) B是這個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目的后續(xù)研究項(xiàng)目（見(jiàn)第四段的“ The results can be expanded to anti-disaster research.”）。選項(xiàng) C是這個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目的具體目標(biāo)（見(jiàn)第三段的第一句）。選項(xiàng) D文中沒(méi)有提到，所以是答案。

3.A答案的根據(jù)是第六段的第一句。這一句說(shuō)到 : “? the meteorological agency monitors 20 dangerous peaks.” dangerous peaks指的是 dangerous living vocanos。

4.C Mount Unzen高 1486米，而鉆探地點(diǎn)選在海拔 850米的半山腰。

5.A關(guān)于本文標(biāo)題的確切含義在第一段的后半句能夠找到。

譯文：

日本人的地心旅行

就像進(jìn)行一次地心旅行，日本科學(xué)家進(jìn)行了世界上的首次嘗試，在炙熱的火山核心鉆孔，從而揭開(kāi)了火山致命噴發(fā)的秘密。

日本Unzen山繁茂的山坡上，佇立著一個(gè)高達(dá)50米，猶如石油鉆探平臺(tái)的鉆塔。下周，它將鉆透火山殼，試圖采集下面沸騰的火山巖漿的樣本。

研究工作小組的負(fù)責(zé)人，來(lái)自東京大學(xué)地震研究中心的Setsuya Nakata表示，這次任務(wù)的目的是要研究液化巖石如何導(dǎo)致威脅性氣體的積聚。

“氣體積聚很重要，因?yàn)樗刂浦鹕絿姲l(fā)的爆炸性?！彼f(shuō)，“研究的結(jié)果還可以用于防災(zāi)研究?！?/p>

Unzen山是一座高達(dá)1,485米的圓頂山，它位于南部的Kyushu島，是一個(gè)極佳的模型，1991年，它噴發(fā)出的熱巖漿覆蓋了附近的小城，造成了43人死亡，將近2,300人無(wú)家可歸，到1995年它恢復(fù)平靜時(shí)，又有11,000人從這五地區(qū)疏散。

研究結(jié)果對(duì)于像日本這樣擁有20座被氣象局監(jiān)控的危險(xiǎn)山峰的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，尤為重要，日本最著名的火山也許就是被冰雪覆蓋的富士山。它上一次噴發(fā)是在1707年，火山灰噴灑到東京。

鉆探工作將很快從Unzen山的西北坡上850米的高度開(kāi)始。到八月底，科學(xué)家希望在約為海平面高度的地方引出一個(gè)巖漿口，到2004年夏末，提取長(zhǎng)度為200米的樣本。

由于巖漿有將近700度的高溫，在那個(gè)高度進(jìn)行鉆探是不可能的。所以，泥漿將被抽進(jìn)鉆孔機(jī)，用來(lái)冷卻巖漿，以保證鉆頭的順利工作。Nakata說(shuō)，不存在引發(fā)火山新一輪爆發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)性。

第五篇：2014年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)理工類(lèi)A級(jí)考試第1部分 詞匯選項(xiàng)

2014年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)理工類(lèi)A級(jí)考試

第1部分 詞匯選項(xiàng)

下面每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)劃有底橫線(xiàn)，請(qǐng)為每處劃線(xiàn)部分確定一個(gè)意義最為接近的選項(xiàng)。

1.This was disaster on cosmic scale.A.modestB.commercialC.hugeD.national

2.New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.A.amazingB.depressingC.predictableD.dull

3.A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.A.equalB.certainC.largeD.opposite

4.His professional career spanned 16 years.A.startedB.changedC.lastedD.moved

5.The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.A.easedB.improvedC.relievedD.appeared

6.The group does not advocate the use of violence.A.limitB.supportC.regulateD.oppose

7.She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.A.actB.homeworkC.justiceD.model

8.Some of the larger birds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.A.motionlessB.silentC.seatedD.true

9.There was an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.A.pointB.resultC.findingD.tendency

10.His stomach felt hollow with fear.A.sincereB.respectfulC.emptyD.terrible

11.The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.A.copyB.publishC.summarizeD.furnish

12.That uniform makes the guards look absurd.A.seriousB.beautifulC.impressiveD.ridiculous

13.The department deferred the decision for six months.A.put offB.arrived atC.abided byD.protested against

14.The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicated.A.inventedB.reproducedC.designedD.reported

15.The country was torn apart by strife.A.conflictB.povertyC.warD.economy