第一篇：【GRE寫作】GRE作文issue精華段落——法律、道德、教育、競爭合作

【GRE寫作】GRE作文issue精華段落——法律、道德、教

育、競爭合作

法律的制定

Laws are legislated by the majority of the society after they have made a final compromise between their interests and are carried out as basic principles to prescribe both government’s right and people’s behaviors in the society，thus maintaining a peaceful, orderly, and relatively stable society.法律不能自動調(diào)整以適應(yīng)時代

Laws cannot automatically adjust themselves to the contemporary society as rapid advancement in society and technology is always leading to new problems and challenges and social awareness of emending laws is not always easily aroused among many people.Therefore, it is always observed that certain laws fail to keep pace with modernization in some angles.法律沒有注意到一些人的需求

In this way, some traditional weak groups in society may not express their desire for interest strongly enough to arouse public attention.It has taken a long journey for the whole society to recognize and acknowledge the equal rights of women, the civil rights of the blacks, the reasonable right of gay, and so forth.法律的作用

Laws have solved a great number of problems and served a variety of functions.Laws, against crimes, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, and relatively stable society.Property and contract laws ensure common rules in business activities and financial planning.Laws limiting the powers of government reconcile conflicts between citizens and the government.DS工作室整理上傳，轉(zhuǎn)載請標(biāo)明出處 |

道德

Morality is formed in social life and handed down from generation to generation through conversations, behaviors and instructions, which means morality is difficult to be described and written exactly and accurately.As principles concerning with distinction between good and bad, right and wrong behaviors, morality varies form person to person as they have different customs, values, religions and living environment.Therefore, debates on morality are always hot issues and consensus can hardly be reached in certain problems.教育的作用

Granted it is essential to lay a firm foundation for potential of personal achievements in a variety of fields through education, education serves to far more than providing knowledge, it also embraces delivering values, beliefs, self-confidence, humanity and morality.Form my perspective, the authentic purpose of education is rooted in not only introducing knowledge but also eliciting the talents of students aimed at helping them to realize their own richness and interests and providing opportunities to further their progress.競爭的好處

（由自然過渡到社會，理證+例證（電腦+中國））

In this era of rapid advancement in society and technology leading to improvement of living standard, competition is inevitable in nearly all aspects of life.As is known to all, competition serves as the driving force of adaptation and evolution in nature.Animals are struggling for the adequate food and living space in order to cultivate the next generation and ensure the continuity of the species.And the same goes to the human society.In the competition environment of market economy, individuals and companies, for the sake of survival, are bound to improve their services and products, and as a consequence, the entire society prospers.In the past decade, market has witnessed personal computers shrinking in size, increasing in power and declining in price.And the reducing price of telecommunication network has led to the rapid expansion of its usage, which contributes a lot to our convenience of searching information and expressing emotion.Simultaneously, competition is of vital importance to national economy.China has experienced the benefits of competition in the past three decades since her adoption of opening up and reform policy.DS工作室整理上傳，轉(zhuǎn)載請標(biāo)明出處 |

競爭的負(fù)面影響

Over competition will lead to serious problems at both individual level and national level.In business competition, people have motivation to steal information or make rumors in order to survive or surpass other competitors if the environment is too sever.In the realm of arms race among powers, continuous competition has wasted a great amount of resources that could be used better in other positive ways.A typical example of is the Star War Program which eventually led to the budget deficiency of America.合作的好處

One of the purposes of competition is to separate winners from losers, however, the cooperation provides the opportunity to make every participant a winner.Development in almost all fields calls for cooperation as no one can accomplish such complicated tasks in modern society.For example, a CEO can hardly run a company well without many specialists in aspects such as marketing, finance, human resource, and technology.In a team work, in terms of designing an airport, building a road and even playing basketball, one can not win unless the team wins with discussions, understanding, compromise and tolerance between its members.DS工作室整理上傳，轉(zhuǎn)載請標(biāo)明出處 |

第二篇：GRE issue題庫大綱2 教育及大學(xué)

分類二

大學(xué)和教育 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任勸阻學(xué)生不要從事不太可能成功的科學(xué)研究。觀點(diǎn)：偏否定

1、隨著教育不斷發(fā)展，教育機(jī)構(gòu)具有越來越全面的手段去培養(yǎng)一個學(xué)生。有一個正在時興的觀點(diǎn)是教育機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任勸阻學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)他們不太可能成功的領(lǐng)域。

2、我們必須承認(rèn)這一觀點(diǎn)有一定意義：a、通過勸阻學(xué)生，可以使學(xué)生避免在自己弱勢的領(lǐng)域耗費(fèi)精力；b、進(jìn)一步說，由于教育機(jī)構(gòu)要培養(yǎng)對于社會有用的人才，這樣的勸阻有助于學(xué)生在擅長的領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮才智（talent）

3、a、然而，這樣的推論（inference）存在巨大的漏洞（flaws）b、首先，盡管教育學(xué)（pedagogy）、心理學(xué)（psychology）和其它學(xué)科在不斷發(fā)展，教育機(jī)構(gòu)對于學(xué)生能否成功的判斷仍然無法保證準(zhǔn)確（Thomas Alva Edison、Albert Einstein）；c、進(jìn)一步說，對學(xué)生的勸阻可能不僅不會使學(xué)生服從，反而產(chǎn)生抵觸心理，在看上去（seemingly）會成功的領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)消極；d、在基礎(chǔ)教育階段，學(xué)生有全面學(xué)習(xí)的權(quán)利（right），而在高等教育階段，學(xué)生有自由選擇專業(yè)的權(quán)利。這兩種權(quán)利皆為受教育權(quán)的一部分，教育機(jī)構(gòu)無權(quán)剝奪。

結(jié)論：總體來說，教育機(jī)構(gòu)可以有針對性的對不同人才進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)，但沒有義務(wù)也沒有權(quán)利阻止學(xué)生從事他們選擇的專業(yè)。A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在進(jìn)行大學(xué)教育以前，國家應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)一的國家課程。觀點(diǎn)：中立偏否定

1、在接受高等教育（tertiary education）之前，學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)一的課程有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)：a、由于全國學(xué)習(xí)同樣課程，有利于保證教育公平，避免不同教育水平地區(qū)差距拉大（widen the disparity between）；b、維護(hù)統(tǒng)一，利于開展一致的國民教育，普遍地提高國民素質(zhì)；c、避免各個地區(qū)重復(fù)開發(fā)課程，極大降低財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)

2、然而，這樣也有很大的弊端（serious drawbacks）：a、從個體差異來看，不同學(xué)生有不同特長，要求全國統(tǒng)一課程顯然謀殺了學(xué)生的個性，不利于個人發(fā)展；b、不同地區(qū)有獨(dú)特文化，尤其在許多文化多樣（diverse culture）的國家，不同地區(qū)學(xué)生接受同樣課程可能造成地區(qū)文化的流失（gradually fade away）

3、事實(shí)上，這個問題不可一概而論（We should not make sweeping generalizations）：a、對于文化差異不大的國家，可以在要求全國統(tǒng)一部分compulsory curriculums，同時根據(jù)不同學(xué)生的需求開設(shè)elective courses，與大學(xué)課程設(shè)置制度類似，但必修部分較多，選修較少；b、對于文化差異大的國家，則不宜要求統(tǒng)一課程，可設(shè)置教學(xué)大綱（minimum syllabus），由各個地區(qū)按照大綱設(shè)置符合地區(qū)文化和發(fā)展需求的課程。

結(jié)論：盡管設(shè)置統(tǒng)一課程的影響仍需要繼續(xù)討論，我們已經(jīng)知道了部分利弊，明白簡單的決定設(shè)置統(tǒng)一課程是不明智的。通過適當(dāng)?shù)牟捎?，在某些地區(qū)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以outweigh缺點(diǎn)的。12 Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.對任何被大學(xué)錄取但無法承擔(dān)學(xué)費(fèi)的學(xué)生，政府應(yīng)該為他們提供免費(fèi)大學(xué)教育。觀點(diǎn)：偏肯定

1、反：對能負(fù)擔(dān)學(xué)費(fèi)者不平等；

2、教育資源不足，不可行；

3、財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)

2、正：a、提供均等機(jī)會；

2、提高整體素質(zhì)；

3、促進(jìn)競爭

3、交匯：a、依國情決定；b、依不同學(xué)生經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況決定免費(fèi)或部分免費(fèi)

結(jié)論：政策的弊端還需研究，但只要合理采用，優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能outweigh缺點(diǎn)的。Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。觀點(diǎn)：偏肯定

1、反：a、加重課業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)；b、不利于特殊人才（Special Talent）；c、學(xué)校開課負(fù)擔(dān)

2、正：a、有助全面發(fā)展 綜合素質(zhì)；c、學(xué)生不一定從事所學(xué)專業(yè)，增加就業(yè)機(jī)會；c、培養(yǎng)克服困難精神

3、交匯：a、學(xué)?？紤]情況，減少自身負(fù)擔(dān)；b、開設(shè)多種課程，興趣和要求相結(jié)合結(jié)論：盡管弊端還需要討論，但優(yōu)點(diǎn)是顯而易見的。只要學(xué)校合理開設(shè)課程，優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能outweigh缺點(diǎn)的 Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該積極鼓勵學(xué)生選擇那些為將來高收入工作鋪路的研究領(lǐng)域。觀點(diǎn)：中立偏否定

1、正：a、提高學(xué)生競爭力，促進(jìn)就業(yè)；b、對學(xué)生日后事業(yè)有幫助；c、使學(xué)生理智選擇

2、反：a、有利專業(yè)有限，學(xué)校無力支持；b、熱門專業(yè)學(xué)生扎堆，競爭激烈；c、無法預(yù)測專業(yè)是否一直有利可圖；c、不能單純以錢衡量事業(yè)成就

結(jié)論：盡管學(xué)校鼓勵和學(xué)生事業(yè)的關(guān)系還需討論，學(xué)校鼓勵仍不是一個明智的政策?？梢葬槍Σ煌瑢W(xué)生給建議，但簡單鼓勵可能造成得不償失（get more kicks than half pennies）17 Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.正規(guī)教育往往遏制學(xué)生的思維和精神，而不是解放思維和精神。觀點(diǎn)：偏否定

1、正：a、教育模式僵化（stiff）；b、教育目的功利（qualified people，not creative individuals）

2、反：a、創(chuàng)造性建立在一定基礎(chǔ)上，需要正規(guī)教育；b、有改變趨勢，引導(dǎo)思維解放（emancipate minds）

3、交匯：a、盡管有天才需要獨(dú)特模式，大多數(shù)人仍依賴正規(guī)教育拓展思維；b、創(chuàng)造性主要取決于學(xué)生思維方法，不能全部歸咎于（ascribe）接受教育

結(jié)論：盡管正式教育對學(xué)生思想的影響還需討論，我相信教育目的和手段改良仍會有利于解放學(xué)生思想而非限制 The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.教育的最佳方式是贊揚(yáng)積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。

觀點(diǎn)：中立

1、正：a、表揚(yáng)積極行為促進(jìn)個體發(fā)展；b、樹立榜樣；c、忽視消極行為減少壓力；d、給予機(jī)會自主改正

2、反：a、造成被表揚(yáng)者驕傲；b、表揚(yáng)可能有爭議，理由不充分；c、忽視錯誤造成忽視個體，產(chǎn)生孤僻（solitary）d、錯誤不被糾正，越錯越遠(yuǎn)

3、交匯：很復(fù)雜：a、對于積極行為要表揚(yáng)，但適度；b、對于消極行為不能簡單忽視，小錯可忽視或提醒，大錯必須糾正

結(jié)論：盡管評價（evaluation）對學(xué)生發(fā)展的影響尚需討論，各自的（respective）利弊已經(jīng)被部分知道。只要合適的手段被采用，gains would outweigh costs 30 Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.教師的薪水應(yīng)該基于學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)成績。

觀點(diǎn)：偏否定 It seems groundless to support this view

1、正：a、學(xué)生成績較之教師學(xué)歷（academic career）、從業(yè)時間等現(xiàn)存標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更能反映其對學(xué)生的貢獻(xiàn)；b、學(xué)術(shù)成就是學(xué)生的根本，作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)能體現(xiàn)教學(xué)的意義（significance on the view of curriculum and teaching）

2、反：a、學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)不一，用成績衡量，對基礎(chǔ)較差班級的教師不公平； b、某些課沒有考試，或部分同學(xué)未參加考試，這些特例難以衡量c、學(xué)生對學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度不同，課內(nèi)成績不代表教學(xué)成敗d、各學(xué)生接受能力不同，與教師關(guān)系不大

結(jié)論：盡管教師薪水和學(xué)生成績聯(lián)系復(fù)雜,討論還遠(yuǎn)非充分，已知簡單決定用成績衡量薪水是不妥當(dāng)?shù)摹Ｐ枰婧饬?，采用多樣化的?biāo)準(zhǔn)。

Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students.Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.結(jié)論：在編制教學(xué)課程時，教育工作者應(yīng)該考慮學(xué)生的興趣和建議。原因：當(dāng)學(xué)生對所學(xué)的內(nèi)容感興趣時，他們學(xué)習(xí)的動力更強(qiáng)。觀點(diǎn)：中立

1、正：causal inference具有積極意義：a、興趣指導(dǎo)克服困難；b、以人為本，尊重個體；c、學(xué)生不是知識容器，而是主動獲取，如圖書館對書籍的編碼

2、反：有一些漏洞（flaws）：a、社會學(xué)上不能對選擇負(fù)責(zé)；b、心理學(xué)上興趣多且不斷改變，避繁就簡c、知識固有的結(jié)構(gòu)不能破壞

3、交匯：并不矛盾a、尊重知識結(jié)構(gòu)，部分課程必修（compulsory courses）部分選修（elective courses）；b、與學(xué)生家長商議；c、不同年齡自由度不同

結(jié)論：盡管考慮學(xué)生興趣設(shè)置課程的影響很復(fù)雜，Simply agree or disagree with this issue would be of equal inappropriateness.應(yīng)該根據(jù)情況全面考慮，才能利大于弊。42 Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.學(xué)生應(yīng)該質(zhì)疑所學(xué)的知識，而不是被動的接受。觀點(diǎn)：偏肯定

1、正：a、激發(fā)興趣，the spirit of research；b、求知是本性；c、主動學(xué)習(xí)揭示（announce）學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)律，人不是只是容器而是主動獲取，如圖書館書籍編號

2、反：a、理解力有限；b、大量質(zhì)疑打斷學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)程

3、交匯：并不矛盾，可以共存：a、某些基礎(chǔ)知識要被動接受，如1+1；b、保證教學(xué)連續(xù)性前提下調(diào)動質(zhì)疑精神；c、掌握質(zhì)疑方法

結(jié)論：盡管主動質(zhì)疑和被動接受的關(guān)系仍需討論，質(zhì)疑基本上是有利于學(xué)習(xí)的。如果兩者結(jié)合，正確方法被采用，獲得更好學(xué)習(xí)效果。

Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.追求高分?jǐn)?shù)嚴(yán)重地限制各階段的學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量。觀點(diǎn)：中立

1、正：a、成績難以完全反應(yīng)academic performance，如學(xué)得好不善考試；b、以成績?yōu)闃?biāo)準(zhǔn)使學(xué)生單純追求成績，如中國學(xué)生

2、反：a、成績是客觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，便于作比較；b、激烈競爭促進(jìn)發(fā)展；c、機(jī)會有限，必須競爭

3、交匯：傳統(tǒng)問題，存在已久：a、不同教育階段情況不同；b、尋找多重手段發(fā)現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀人才

結(jié)論：盡管對高分激烈競爭的影響仍需討論，成績對學(xué)習(xí)提高的意義recognizable。應(yīng)該采用合理手段引導(dǎo)良性競爭（benign competition），獲得更大利益。

Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.學(xué)生應(yīng)該先學(xué)習(xí)有助于解釋知識的理念、趨勢和概念后，教育工作者再教學(xué)生知識。觀點(diǎn)：偏肯定

1、正：a、學(xué)生認(rèn)知不健全無法理解真相；b、掌握方法是獲取知識的前提

2、反：a、學(xué)生有知道真相的權(quán)利；b、教師對學(xué)生能力的判斷主觀

3、交匯：盡管有弊端，我傾向相信學(xué)生應(yīng)該被告知真相：a、真相作為提高能力的分析范例；b、輿論（public opinion）復(fù)雜有誤導(dǎo)性，不如教師告知

結(jié)論：盡管較早告知的影響still remains largely unknown，其利弊已經(jīng)被部分知道。如果采取正確，利大于弊。54 In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.為了成為全面發(fā)展的個體，應(yīng)該要求所有的大學(xué)生選擇可以閱讀詩歌、小說、神話等想象力文學(xué)的課程。觀點(diǎn)：中立

1、正：a、詩、文章和神話鍛煉思想和創(chuàng)造性；b、思想對于健全人格（personality）很重要；c、學(xué)習(xí)枯燥，需要放松

2、反：a、時間有限，專業(yè)優(yōu)先；b、教學(xué)資源有限；c、學(xué)生有自主選擇的權(quán)利，尊重興趣 交匯：依情況而定：a、僅靠詩文神話無法健全個人；b、難度較大，視不同學(xué)生接受能力選擇

結(jié)論：盡管學(xué)習(xí)詩文神話的影響尚需討論，簡單要求所有學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)是不明智的。但是在尊重選擇情況下加以指導(dǎo)，則可實(shí)現(xiàn)利大于弊。

Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline;students cannot be motivated by school or college alone.從根本上講，教育是個人的事情。學(xué)校不可能單方面激勵學(xué)生。觀點(diǎn)：偏肯定

1、正：a、人不是知識容器，要主動獲取才能掌握，如圖書編碼存放；b、psychology上，需要學(xué)生有意愿才會被激勵

2、反：a、學(xué)校激勵可能比個人更重要，如小學(xué)生；b、學(xué)生不掌握科學(xué)方法，需要學(xué)校指導(dǎo)和激勵

3、交匯：并不矛盾，可以共存：a、學(xué)習(xí)與學(xué)校和學(xué)生都密切相關(guān)；b、積極性來源復(fù)雜，外界因素多

結(jié)論：盡管學(xué)生還是學(xué)校更激勵學(xué)習(xí)還需討論，我仍傾向動機(jī)更多來自于學(xué)生。如果正確方式被采用，兩者會互相影響并共同推動學(xué)習(xí)。There would be a reciprocal influence of two sides which may jointly facilitate learning.73 Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.學(xué)院和大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求所有的教員拿出時間，參與學(xué)術(shù)界以外與教學(xué)科目相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域工作。觀點(diǎn)：中立

1、正：a、教學(xué)是學(xué)校重要任務(wù)；b、從教學(xué)中獲取靈感；c、緩解科研人員壓力

2、反：a、研究任務(wù)重要不能中斷；b、專業(yè)力量有限不能分散

3、交匯：因情況而異：a、對于研究為主院系要不放松研究；b、學(xué)校增加教師；c、吸引學(xué)生加入科研

結(jié)論：盡管科研和教學(xué)的關(guān)系還需討論，簡單說學(xué)校要求都從事教學(xué)是不明智的。要合理分析和采取措施，并不矛盾可以共存互惠。

All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.所有的家長都必須無償?shù)貫樽优膶W(xué)校花費(fèi)時間。

1、正：a、了解子女校園生活；b、了解教學(xué)方法；c、促進(jìn)學(xué)校發(fā)展

2、反：a、家長工作繁忙；b、過多干涉教學(xué)活動

3、交匯：總體上要肯定，但方法靈活：a、尊重家長選擇；b、加強(qiáng)三方溝通

結(jié)論：盡管強(qiáng)迫家長參加并不明智，這樣做的利弊已經(jīng)被部分知道的。只要方法合理，可以削弱弊端并從優(yōu)點(diǎn)中獲利。

Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.學(xué)院或大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生在國外至少留學(xué)一個學(xué)期。觀點(diǎn)：中立

1、正：a、了解子女校園生活；b、了解教學(xué)方法；c、促進(jìn)學(xué)校發(fā)展

2、反：a、家長工作繁忙；b、過多干涉教學(xué)活動

3、交匯：總體上要肯定，但方法靈活：a、尊重家長選擇；b、加強(qiáng)三方溝通

結(jié)論：盡管強(qiáng)迫家長參加并不明智，這樣做的利弊已經(jīng)被部分知道的。只要方法合理，可以削弱弊端并從優(yōu)點(diǎn)中獲利。

Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.結(jié)論：為了給學(xué)生提供一個明確的方向，學(xué)院和大學(xué)應(yīng)該指定所有的必修課程，移除選修課程。原因：和大眾一樣，大學(xué)生更喜歡按部就班，不喜歡自己做決定。觀點(diǎn)：偏否定

1、正：a、課程體系要確保；b、學(xué)校比學(xué)生認(rèn)識更清楚；c、學(xué)生以興趣為導(dǎo)向不理智

2、反：causal inference有巨大漏洞：a、很難說學(xué)生喜歡follow directions；b、強(qiáng)制要求產(chǎn)生抵觸；c、禁止選修限制興趣發(fā)展

3、交互：不矛盾，可以結(jié)合：a、尊重學(xué)生選擇；b、保證專業(yè)基本知識；c、鼓勵發(fā)展興趣的選修

結(jié)論：盡管學(xué)校如何規(guī)劃教學(xué)還需討論，強(qiáng)制所有課不明智。如果合理相結(jié)合，則弊端可以削弱，是學(xué)生最大受益。

第三篇：新GRE寫作Issue題庫中英文對照及分類整理完全版

新GRE考試Issue題庫 中英文對照及分類整理完全版

一、政治

28/113/120/121/127/145國家偉大的判斷 The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.一個國家的偉大體現(xiàn)在國民的安樂上，而不是體現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就上。

Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people.結(jié)論：一個國家的偉大不是體現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就上。原因：一個國家的偉大體現(xiàn)在國民的安樂上。

Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people.結(jié)論：一個國家的偉大體現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就上。原因：統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就保證了大部分國民的生活安樂。

Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people.有些人認(rèn)為，一個國家的偉大不是體現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就上。也有人認(rèn)為，一個國家的偉大體現(xiàn)在國民的安樂上。

The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general well-being of all its people.一個國家的偉大體現(xiàn)在國民的安樂上，而不是體現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就上。

The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of that nation's greatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.相比統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就上，國民的安樂更能體現(xiàn)一個國家的偉大。

85/94/147 國民安樂作衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens.Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people.有些人認(rèn)為，為了保證社會繁榮，相比個體民眾的安樂，社會整體的成功更為重要。也有人認(rèn)為，一個社會的繁榮，只能通過社會民眾的安樂來衡量。

The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens.國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作效能最好通過國民的安樂來評判。

The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens.國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作效能最好通過國民的安樂來評判。16/50/86/114/115/139 個意與民意 Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise.Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.有些人認(rèn)為，為了保證效力，政治領(lǐng)袖一定要屈從民眾意見，為妥協(xié)而放棄原則。也有人認(rèn)為，有效力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者一定具備持續(xù)堅(jiān)定自己原則和目標(biāo)的能力。50 Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.政府官員應(yīng)該依靠自己的判斷做決定，而不是不假思索地遵從大眾的意愿。86 Some people believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people they serve.Others believe that officials should base their decisions on their own judgment.有些人認(rèn)為政府官員應(yīng)該遵從大眾的意愿。也有人認(rèn)為政府官員依靠自己的判斷做決定。

Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.若是短期地、輕易地被民眾的意見所左右，任何領(lǐng)導(dǎo)必定一事無成。115 Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people whom they serve.政府官員應(yīng)該依靠自己的判斷做決定，而不是不假思索地遵從大眾的意愿。139 Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.結(jié)論：主要的政策問題應(yīng)該交給政治家和其他政府專家決策。原因：政治家和其他政府專家比普通百姓見多識廣，而且有更好的判斷力和洞察力。

8/111/149領(lǐng)導(dǎo)5年后讓位 Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years.Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.結(jié)論：如商業(yè)、政治、教育、政府，在任何領(lǐng)域中的掌權(quán)者應(yīng)該在五年后就讓位。原因：對于任何機(jī)構(gòu)，最可靠的成功途徑是通過新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層帶來革新。111 In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years.如商業(yè)、政治、教育、政府，在任何領(lǐng)域中的掌權(quán)者應(yīng)該在五年后就讓位。149 In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should be required to step down after five years.如商業(yè)、政治、教育、政府，在任何領(lǐng)域中的掌權(quán)者應(yīng)該在五年后就讓位。

/ 107領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必須高倫理道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.想成為一名有效力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，政府官員必須堅(jiān)守最高的倫理和道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。107 To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.想成為一名有效力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，政府官員必須堅(jiān)守最高的倫理和道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。零散主題 Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.政府應(yīng)該把更多的精力放在解決當(dāng)務(wù)之急上，而不是試圖解決未來預(yù)期問題上。60 Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.政治家應(yīng)該尋求共同點(diǎn)和理性的一致，而不是深奧的理想。62 Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者主要是由身負(fù)的責(zé)任所造就的。

Some people believe it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public.Others believe that the public has a right to be fully informed.有些人認(rèn)為政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)向大眾隱瞞信息是有必要的，甚至是有益的。也有人認(rèn)為公眾有知情權(quán)利。

The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.社會培養(yǎng)年輕一代勝任政府、工業(yè)等領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職位，最佳途徑是灌輸合作精神，而不是競爭精神。

Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or other fields must be highly competitive.Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others.有些人認(rèn)為，政府、工業(yè)或其他領(lǐng)域的成功領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者一定是具有極強(qiáng)的競爭精神的。也有人認(rèn)為，為了成功，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必須情愿并且有能力和他人合作。130 Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate.Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible.有人認(rèn)為，公司有責(zé)任促進(jìn)所在社會的福祉和環(huán)境。也有人認(rèn)為，公司唯一的責(zé)任就是，在不違反法律的前提下多賺錢。

二、科技 As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.當(dāng)人們越來越依賴技術(shù)去解決問題，人類獨(dú)立思考能力卻退化。

The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.人類智慧終將優(yōu)于機(jī)器，因?yàn)闄C(jī)器只是人類智慧的工具。

The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time.技術(shù)進(jìn)步的首要目的是增加人們的效率，以便大家有更多閑暇的時間。101 Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.盡管諸如電視、電腦和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等發(fā)明似乎給學(xué)校教育提供改良的手段，但是這些技術(shù)往往是在偏離真正的學(xué)習(xí)。

Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us.Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.有些人認(rèn)為，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)讓人們更清楚地認(rèn)識周圍的世界。也有人認(rèn)為，科學(xué)展現(xiàn)給人們一個比我們想象的復(fù)雜的多的世界。

Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction.Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.有些人認(rèn)為，推陳出新的技術(shù)應(yīng)用減少了人們相互交流的機(jī)會。也有人認(rèn)為，技術(shù)給人們帶來全新的、更好的交流方式。

三、社會

2/5/117 社會與城市 To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.要想了解一個社會最重要的特征，人們必須研究這個社會主要的城市。Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive.Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.結(jié)論：政府需要給社會主要城市提供財(cái)政支持，來保證其繁榮發(fā)展。原因：一個國家的文化傳統(tǒng)主要是在城市中得以傳承和發(fā)展。

It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated and preserved.一個國家的文化傳統(tǒng)主要是在城市中得以傳承和發(fā)展。22/122通過英雄或模范了解社會 Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.結(jié)論：了解一個社會特點(diǎn)的最好方法是，考察這個社會標(biāo)榜的英雄人物和模范榜樣的特點(diǎn)。

原因：英雄人物和模范榜樣揭示了一個社會的最高理念。

The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.了解一個社會特點(diǎn)的最好方法是，考察這個社會標(biāo)榜的英雄人物和模范榜樣的特點(diǎn)。

零散主題 The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.當(dāng)很多人都質(zhì)疑權(quán)威時，社會才會繁榮昌盛。The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.現(xiàn)代生活的奢華和便利，讓人們無法成為真正強(qiáng)大、獨(dú)立的個體。

It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.我們主要通過認(rèn)同社會群體來定位自己。

The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.如今節(jié)奏日益加快的生活解決的問題，遠(yuǎn)不及帶來的麻煩。

The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.了解當(dāng)代文化最有效的方式是分析當(dāng)代年輕人的潮流。78 People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole.人們的態(tài)度更多是由即時環(huán)境決定，而不是社會整體環(huán)境。

Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.很不幸，在當(dāng)代社會，打造一個引人入勝的外表已經(jīng)變得比外表下的內(nèi)容更加重要。

四、法律 Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.法律應(yīng)該根據(jù)不同的環(huán)境、時期和地點(diǎn)而足夠靈活。

Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey and resist unjust laws.每個社會成員都有責(zé)任遵守公正的法律，違抗不公平的法律。

Claim: Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system.Reason: Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts or minds.結(jié)論：現(xiàn)代社會的很多問題不能通過司法途徑解決。原因：法律無法改變?nèi)藗兊母星楹退枷搿?/p>

五、保護(hù)

10/125/148保留原生態(tài)地區(qū) Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.國家應(yīng)該通過法令保護(hù)任何存留的原生態(tài)地區(qū)保持原狀，即便這些地區(qū)可以用作商業(yè)開發(fā)。

Some people claim that a nation's government should preserve its wilderness areas in their natural state.Others argue that these areas should be developed for potential economic gain.有些人認(rèn)為，國家應(yīng)該通過法令保護(hù)任何存留的原生態(tài)地區(qū)保持原狀。也有人認(rèn)為，這些地區(qū)應(yīng)該用作商業(yè)開發(fā)。

Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state.國家應(yīng)該通過法令保護(hù)任何存留的原生態(tài)地區(qū)保持原狀。

63/67 瀕危動植物保護(hù)

Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.社會應(yīng)該努力拯救瀕危物種，只要這些物種的滅絕是人類活動的結(jié)果。63 There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts—especially at a great cost in money and jobs—to save endangered animal or plant species.特別是考慮到花費(fèi)代價和精力，對于任何社會，投入巨大的努力拯救瀕危的動植物是不合理的。

Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being.Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.有些人認(rèn)為，社會應(yīng)該拯救所有瀕危的動植物，盡管花費(fèi)人類的精力、時間和資金。也有人認(rèn)為，社會沒有必要拯救瀕危物種，特別是需要花費(fèi)大量的資金和精力。

零散主題

When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings.當(dāng)現(xiàn)代規(guī)劃者認(rèn)為歷史建筑物所在地可以用作現(xiàn)代開發(fā)時，相比歷史建筑的保護(hù)，現(xiàn)代開發(fā)應(yīng)該放在首位。

六、輿論

11/99 人的行為是外界勝過內(nèi)在的 People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.人們的行為多是被外界力量所左右，難以被自己控制。

People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.人們的行為多是被外界力量所左右，難以被自己控制。

41/144 衡量偉大或成功

The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.個人的偉大是由后來人評判，不是由同時代的人來評判。

True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself.真正的成功只能通過自己設(shè)定的目標(biāo)來衡量。44/75/84媒體與英雄塑造

Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.結(jié)論：當(dāng)今任何社會已經(jīng)不再可能將任何在世的人標(biāo)榜為英雄人物。原因：任何人遭受媒體的監(jiān)察，必定會聲名掃地。

In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.在這個媒體無孔不入的時代，當(dāng)今任何社會已經(jīng)不再可能將任何在世的人標(biāo)榜為英雄人物。

It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.當(dāng)今任何社會已經(jīng)不再可能將任何在世的人標(biāo)榜為英雄人物。

49/76/118 同道者受益更多

Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.結(jié)論：相比意見不同的人來說，通常，我們從意見相同的人那里學(xué)的更多。原因：意見不統(tǒng)一會導(dǎo)致壓力，阻礙學(xué)習(xí)。

We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.相比意見不同的人來說，通常，我們從意見相同的人那里學(xué)的更多。118 We can learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.相比意見不同的人來說，我們從意見相同的人那里學(xué)的更多。

51/71 長期目標(biāo)與短期聲名

Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.應(yīng)該鼓勵年輕人追尋長期的、現(xiàn)實(shí)的目標(biāo)，而不是尋求短期的聲名。

Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.應(yīng)該鼓勵年輕人追尋長期的、現(xiàn)實(shí)的目標(biāo)，而不是尋求短期的聲名。

74/133/134歷史經(jīng)歷與當(dāng)前決定

Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.了解過去不能幫助人們在現(xiàn)在做重要的決定。

Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the relatively recent past.結(jié)論：了解過去不能幫助人們在現(xiàn)在做重要的決定。原因：相比剛剛發(fā)生的過去，今天的世界已經(jīng)變得更加復(fù)雜。

Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both.結(jié)論：了解過去不能幫助人們在現(xiàn)在做重要的決定。

原因：人們尚且不能聯(lián)系過去和現(xiàn)在的事情，除非兩者都以成為歷史。

79/146說服異見者最能說明辯論效果

Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.結(jié)論：最能說明辯論效果的是，讓持有相反觀點(diǎn)的人信服。

原因：面對疑問和他人相反的觀點(diǎn)，只有一個人為某觀點(diǎn)辯護(hù)時，他才能發(fā)現(xiàn)某觀點(diǎn)的價值所在。

The best test of an argument is the argument's ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.最能說明辯論效果的是，讓持有相反觀點(diǎn)的人信服。

108/110 批判性判斷的用處

Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.批判性的判斷在任何領(lǐng)域當(dāng)中都是沒什么用處的，除非判斷來自于該領(lǐng)域?qū)＜摇?10 Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.批判性的判斷在任何領(lǐng)域當(dāng)中都是沒什么用處的，除非判斷來自于該領(lǐng)域?qū)＜摇?/p>

零散主題 Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.丑聞是有裨益的，因?yàn)樗鼈冏屓藗冏⒁獾揭恍﹩栴}，任何演說家和改革家都無法做到的。

In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.在任何情況下，持有不同意見的人討論過程中才會有進(jìn)步。53 If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.只要值得，不擇手段達(dá)到目的是合理的。

People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences.人們在從事危險活動之前應(yīng)該認(rèn)真地考慮一下后果。

People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are also the most critical of it.對于一種想法或者政策最忠實(shí)的人往往是那些對其最嚴(yán)厲的人。

Claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it may well be proven false in the future.Reason: Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate.結(jié)論：任何被稱作事實(shí)的信息都應(yīng)該被懷疑，因?yàn)樗鼈兒芸赡茉趯肀蛔C明是錯誤的。

原因：很多被人們稱作是事實(shí)的信息結(jié)果是錯誤的。141 It is more harmful to compromise one's own beliefs than to adhere to them.折衷自己的信仰比堅(jiān)持信仰要有害。

七、藝術(shù)

80/88 饑餓失業(yè)與藝術(shù)資助

Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.當(dāng)有公民為饑餓和失業(yè)所困時，政府需要中止對藝術(shù)的資助。

Claim: Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.Reason: It is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—to use public resources to fund the arts when people's basic needs are not being met.結(jié)論：當(dāng)有公民為饑餓和失業(yè)所困時，政府需要中止對藝術(shù)的資助。

原因：當(dāng)人們的基本需求得不到保障時，使用公共資源扶持藝術(shù)是不合適的，甚至是殘忍的。

零散主題 Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people.Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.有些人認(rèn)為政府對藝術(shù)的資助是有必要的，資助能夠保證藝術(shù)繁榮發(fā)展，并且讓所有人享受藝術(shù)。也有人認(rèn)為政府對藝術(shù)的資助會威脅到藝術(shù)的完整性。

In order for any work of art—for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.若是任何藝術(shù)作品（例如，電影、文學(xué)、雕塑或者歌曲）存在價值，都必須易于大多數(shù)人理解。

八、教育

3/35/37/137阻止學(xué)生不太可能成功的研究 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任勸阻學(xué)生不要從事不太可能成功的科學(xué)研究。

Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任勸阻學(xué)生不要從事不太可能成功的科學(xué)研究。

Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.社會應(yīng)該甄別那些天資聰穎的孩子，并且年幼的時候就開始提供訓(xùn)練培養(yǎng)它們的才能。

Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任勸阻學(xué)生不要從事不太可能成功的科學(xué)研究。

6/14/96/116大學(xué)前的統(tǒng)一學(xué)習(xí)課程 A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在進(jìn)行大學(xué)教育以前，國家應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)一的國家課程。A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在進(jìn)行大學(xué)教育以前，國家應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)一的國家課程。96 A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在進(jìn)行大學(xué)教育以前，國家應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)一的國家課程。116 A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在進(jìn)行大學(xué)教育以前，國家應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)一的國家課程。

12/25免費(fèi)大學(xué)教育 Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.對任何被大學(xué)錄取但無法承擔(dān)學(xué)費(fèi)的學(xué)生，政府應(yīng)該為他們提供免費(fèi)大學(xué)教育。25 Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students.政府應(yīng)該為所有的學(xué)生提供免費(fèi)的大學(xué)教育。

13/46/70/102/112/140 選修外專業(yè)學(xué)科 Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。

Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。

Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's major field of study.Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.結(jié)論：大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。原因：接受真正的教育的最佳途徑是獲得各種學(xué)科知識。

Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。

Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.讓每個大學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科，是接受真正的教育的最佳途徑。140 Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields.有些人認(rèn)為大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。也有人認(rèn)為大學(xué)不應(yīng)該強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)任何課程，除非這些課程有利于學(xué)生在所選的領(lǐng)域就業(yè)。

15/32/98/129/135/136學(xué)習(xí)與就業(yè) Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該積極鼓勵學(xué)生選擇那些為將來高收入工作鋪路的研究領(lǐng)域。32 College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.大學(xué)生應(yīng)該選擇那些就業(yè)前景好的研究領(lǐng)域。98 Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該鼓勵大學(xué)生選擇那些就業(yè)前景好的研究領(lǐng)域。

College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.大學(xué)生應(yīng)該選擇那些容易找到工作的研究領(lǐng)域。

Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該積極鼓勵學(xué)生選擇那些為將來高收入工作鋪路的研究領(lǐng)域。136 Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該積極鼓勵學(xué)生選擇那些就業(yè)前景好的研究領(lǐng)域。

17/68遏制學(xué)生思維和精神而非解放 Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.正規(guī)教育往往遏制學(xué)生的思維和精神，而不是解放思維和精神。

Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit.Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.有些人認(rèn)為教育的目的是解放思維和精神。也有人認(rèn)為正規(guī)教育往往遏制學(xué)生的思維和精神，而不是解放它們。20/39依興趣或就業(yè)選擇研究領(lǐng)域 Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study.Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.有些人認(rèn)為大學(xué)生應(yīng)該根據(jù)自己的才能和興趣選擇研究領(lǐng)域。也有人認(rèn)為大學(xué)生應(yīng)該選擇那些容易找到工作的研究領(lǐng)域。

College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.應(yīng)該鼓勵大學(xué)生選擇自己感興趣的課程，而不是那些容易找到工作的課程。

24/29/52通過表揚(yáng)實(shí)現(xiàn)教育 The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.教育的最佳方式是贊揚(yáng)積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.無論是教育工作者、雇主，還是父母，教育的最佳方法是是贊揚(yáng)積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。

The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.教育的最佳方式是贊揚(yáng)積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。

30/83 教師薪水與學(xué)生成績掛鉤 Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.教師的薪水應(yīng)該基于學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)成績。

Teachers' salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students.教師的薪水應(yīng)該基于學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)成績。

40/90 課程編制與學(xué)生興趣

Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students.Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.結(jié)論：在編制教學(xué)課程時，教育工作者應(yīng)該考慮學(xué)生的興趣和建議。原因：當(dāng)學(xué)生對所學(xué)的內(nèi)容感興趣時，他們學(xué)習(xí)的動力更強(qiáng)。

Educators should take students' interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach.在編制教學(xué)內(nèi)容時，教育工作者應(yīng)該考慮學(xué)生的興趣。

45/138 高分?jǐn)?shù)與學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量

Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.追求高分?jǐn)?shù)嚴(yán)重地限制各階段的學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量。

Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in the classroom.Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.有些人認(rèn)為，追求高分?jǐn)?shù)促進(jìn)學(xué)生在課堂表現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀。也有人認(rèn)為，這樣的競爭只會限制學(xué)習(xí)的質(zhì)量。

81/95 家長義務(wù)服務(wù)學(xué)校

All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.所有的家長都必須無償?shù)貫樽优膶W(xué)校花費(fèi)時間。

All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.所有的家長都必須無償?shù)貫樽优膶W(xué)校花費(fèi)時間。

82/97/100/124留學(xué)海外一學(xué)期

Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.學(xué)院或大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生在國外至少留學(xué)一個學(xué)期。

Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.學(xué)院或大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生在國外至少學(xué)習(xí)一個學(xué)期。

Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.學(xué)院或大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生在國外至少學(xué)習(xí)一個學(xué)期。

All college and university students would benefit from spending at least one semester studying in a foreign country.學(xué)院或大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生在國外至少學(xué)習(xí)一個學(xué)期。

零散主題

Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.學(xué)生應(yīng)該質(zhì)疑所學(xué)的知識，而不是被動的接受。

Educators should find out what students want included in the curriculum and then offer it to them.教育工作者應(yīng)該發(fā)掘?qū)W生對課程的需求，并滿足他們。

Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.學(xué)生應(yīng)該先學(xué)習(xí)有助于解釋知識的理念、趨勢和概念后，教育工作者再教學(xué)生知識。54 In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.為了成為全面發(fā)展的個體，應(yīng)該要求所有的大學(xué)生選擇可以閱讀詩歌、小說、神話等想象力文學(xué)的課程。

Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline;students cannot be motivated by school or college alone.從根本上講，教育是個人的事情。學(xué)校不可能單方面激勵學(xué)生。

Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit.Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.有些人認(rèn)為教育的目的是解放思維和精神。也有人認(rèn)為正規(guī)教育往往遏制學(xué)生的思維和精神，而不是解放它們。

Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.學(xué)院和大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求所有的教員拿出時間，參與學(xué)術(shù)界以外與教學(xué)科目相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域工作。

Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.在評估學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)情況時，教育工作者應(yīng)該關(guān)注學(xué)生是否能夠解釋所學(xué)知識闡明的思想、趨勢和概念，而不是是否牢記知識。

Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.結(jié)論：為了給學(xué)生提供一個明確的方向，學(xué)院和大學(xué)應(yīng)該指定所有的必修課程，移除選修課程。

原因：和大眾一樣，大學(xué)生更喜歡按部就班，不喜歡自己做決定。

九、科研

23/36/72政府限制科研 Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development.政府應(yīng)該盡量不去限制科學(xué)研究和發(fā)展。

Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.政府不應(yīng)該資助任何后果不明的科學(xué)研究。

Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.政府不應(yīng)該資助任何后果不明的科學(xué)研究。

105/106/126 想象力>經(jīng)驗(yàn) or 知識

Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.結(jié)論：相比經(jīng)驗(yàn)，想象力是更重要的財(cái)富。

原因：缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人更容易放飛想象，而不受既定的習(xí)慣和態(tài)度所禁錮。106 In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.在任何職業(yè)或?qū)W術(shù)領(lǐng)域，想象力比知識重要。

In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.在任何職業(yè)或?qū)W術(shù)領(lǐng)域，想象力比知識重要。

零散主題 In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.任何研究領(lǐng)域，如果不首先接受該領(lǐng)域中過去成就的影響，就不可能會有意義重大的成功。In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.在所有的研究領(lǐng)域中，新手要比專家更有可能獲得重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.當(dāng)人們獲得越來越多的知識時，事情非但沒有變得更加透徹，反而更加復(fù)雜神秘。56 Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.很多重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)或創(chuàng)造都是偶然的：通常，人們?yōu)橐粋€問題尋求答案時，通常獲得其他問題的答案。

The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times.研究歷史的最大益處在于打破這樣的幻想：現(xiàn)代人和歷史上的人有很大不同。59 Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people.科學(xué)家和科研人員應(yīng)該研究更容易造福大眾的領(lǐng)域。

The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.帶著炙熱的興趣，最好的主意往往來自平凡的事情。

Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.結(jié)論：科研人員不應(yīng)該僅僅將研究工作限制在容易在短期內(nèi)有實(shí)際應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域。原因：不可能肯定地預(yù)測一系列研究帶來的結(jié)果。

No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field.在任何研究領(lǐng)域，除非有該領(lǐng)域之外的人引進(jìn)他們的知識和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，否則該領(lǐng)域就很難獲得巨大的發(fā)展。

第四篇：GRE issue寫作之自己總結(jié)的萬能例子

Renaissance

For example, the helpless fate can be felt from the tragedy works, written by Shakespeare.Mona Lisa, created by Beethoven, revealed the mysterious and implicit smile.Although works completed by different artists and writers revealed slight variations in the access, performing form, and social aspect focusing on, as far as common theme and hidden ideas were concerned, the obvious similries to each other seemed much more than any of the minute differences, namely, resisting the feudalization and corrupt institution and enlightening freedom of human being.This is called “Renaissance” in the history.Genetic engineering

迄今為止，基因工程還沒有用于人體，但已在從細(xì)菌到家畜的幾乎所有非人生命物體上做了實(shí)驗(yàn)，并取得了成功。事實(shí)上，所有用于治療糖尿病的胰島素都來自一種細(xì)菌，其ＤＮＡ中被插入人類可產(chǎn)生胰島素的基因，細(xì)菌便可自行復(fù)制胰島素?；蚬こ碳夹g(shù)使得許多植物具有了抗病蟲害和抗除草劑的能力；在美國，大約有一半的大豆和四分之一的玉米都是轉(zhuǎn)基因的。目前，是否該在農(nóng)業(yè)中采用轉(zhuǎn)基因動植物已成為人們爭論的焦點(diǎn)：支持者認(rèn)為，轉(zhuǎn)基因的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品更容易生長，也含有更多的營養(yǎng)（甚至藥物），有助于減緩世界范圍內(nèi)的饑荒和疾??；而反對者則認(rèn)為，在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中引入新的基因會產(chǎn)生副作用，尤其是會破壞環(huán)境。

誠然，仍有許多基因的功能及其協(xié)同工作的方式不為人類所知，但想到利用基因工程可使番茄具有抗癌作用、使鮭魚長得比自然界中的大幾倍、使寵物不再會引起過敏，許多人便希望也可以對人類基因做類似的修改。畢竟，胚胎遺傳病篩查、基因修復(fù)和基因工程等技術(shù)不僅可用于治療疾病，也為改變諸如眼睛的顏色、智力等其他人類特性提供了可能。比如，運(yùn)用此技術(shù)，可使患兒的父母生一個和患兒骨髓匹配的孩子，然后再通過骨髓移植來治愈患兒。

So far, genetic engineering has not been used in human, but it has achieved successful experiment in almost all the objects on non-human life--from bacteria to livestock already.In fact, all the insulin treatment for diabetes come from a kind of bacteria which can be inserted into a human genes to make copies of insulin by bacteria oneself.Genetic engineering technology makes many plants have the disease-resistant ability and herbicide, In the USA, about half of soybean and a quarter of corn is genetically modified.At present, whether the transgenic plants used in agriculture has become the focus of debate, transgenic supporters think: the agricultural is faster to growth, and easier to contain more nutrition(even medicine), to help slow down worldwide famine and disease, But opponents argued, introducing new genes into agricultural will occur side effects, especially destroy the environment.Advantage: Admittedly, ethicist rejected the innovative development of genetic engineering because, although it resolved some problems, it also produced new complications.Nevertheless，there are still many genes function and work principle beyond human knowledge, but using genetic engineering can make the tomatoes have anti-cancer effects, make the salmon bigger than in nature, and also make pet no longer allergy, many people are expect to do similar human genetic modification.After all, gene engineering technology can not only cure the disease, also make most possibility for change human characteristics, such as eye color, intelligence and others.For example, by using this technology, it is possible to make the parents pregnant to born a baby whose bone matches one needs homogenous bone, and then through the bone marrow transplants to cure patients.We said the advantages and disadvantages of biological technology, is mainly refers to the genetic engineering.弊:1)克隆將減少遺傳變異，通過克隆產(chǎn)生的個體具有同樣的遺傳基因，同樣的疾病敏感性，一種疾病就可以毀滅整個由克隆產(chǎn)生的群體?？梢栽O(shè)想，如果一個國家的牛群都是同一個克隆產(chǎn)物，一種并不嚴(yán)重的病毒就可能毀滅全國的畜牧業(yè)。

2)克隆技術(shù)的使用將使人們傾向于大量繁殖現(xiàn)有種群中最有利用價值的個體，而不是按自然規(guī)律促進(jìn)整個種群的優(yōu)勝劣汰。從這個意義上說，克隆技術(shù)干擾了自然進(jìn)化過程.7)克隆技術(shù)對家庭關(guān)系帶來的影響也將是巨大的。一個由父親的DNA克隆生成的孩子可以看作父親的雙胞胎兄弟，只不過延遲了幾十年出生而已。很難設(shè)想，當(dāng)一個人發(fā)現(xiàn)自己只不過是另外一個人的完全復(fù)制品，他（或她）會有什么感受？

所以說,科學(xué)技術(shù)有時就是一把雙刃劍,有利也有沒弊,沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案!就看人們這樣利用了!Disadvantages:

1)genetic engineering would reduce the genetic variation of individuals and own the same diseases sensitivity , as a result, a disease can destroy whole colony by cloning.So we can imagine that, if a nation is the same cloned cattle, a kind of the virus could destroy the animal husbandry.2)The use of genetic engineering will make people tend to propagate the most value individual within existing colony, rather than the natural law of survival.In this sense, the cloning technology will interrupt the procession of natural evolution.Interference

7)genetic engineering will lead a great influence on family relationships.A father of the DNA can be seen as twin brothers, but only delayed for decades.It is hard to imagine that, when a man found himself was just another man's fully reproductions, what feelings will he or she have?

So, science and technology is a double-edged sword, sometimes, there are no harm and no standard answer!Just look like people to use!

Galileo

Galileo, Italian astronomer and physicist, discovered law of uniform acceleration of falling bodies.For example, Galileo, the great astronomer and physicist in X century, overthrowed the famous theory ,established over 2000 years ago by great people—Aritle, through the experience and thus led to discover law of uniform acceleration of falling bodies.Therefore, the question on the science might usually contribute the unexpected devotion to the progress of science, not obstacle one.Bearing generation “垮掉的一代”是美國戰(zhàn)后的一代，他們成長在一個循環(huán)發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭的世界上，他們中的一些成為了一種新的文化的杰出代表，即“垮掉”哲學(xué)。他們的思想在絕對自由的軀體里得以升華，在美國戰(zhàn)后憂傷失望讓人窒息的精神“荒原”時代拔地騰空而起，劃破了迷茫的天空，給人們以極大震撼的同時也給了人們面對現(xiàn)實(shí)的勇氣，在很程度上決定當(dāng)時社會的發(fā)展趨勢。

“Beat generation is indicated that American who grew up in a cycle of world war, but some of them became a outstanding representatives of tendency of new culture, named ” the collapse “philosophy.Their thought is updated in absolute freedom body, skyrocketed in the ”wasteland" era which make the people feel disappointed during the world war two, ripped out of the sky and over to people with great shock also gives people the courage of facing reality, certainly, they determined the social development trend at that time..Thatcherism 撒切爾主義

Thatcherism inferred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979.the main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions and the strengthening of the role of markets forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.To some extant their her program was successful and she led to one of the most remarkable period in the British economy.Measures taken by Mrs.Thatcher’s government to improve the economy 撒切爾政府為改善經(jīng)濟(jì)為采取的措施。

Mrs.Thatcher’s government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.(1)Macroeconomic measures were directed toward bringing down the rate of inflation and achieve price stability.(2)Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the gain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility.geophysics地球物理

1.想象與現(xiàn)實(shí)（理論指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐）

大陸漂移學(xué)說----由魏格納提出，的提出深化了人們對地球板塊構(gòu)造的認(rèn)識，同時也對地球的板塊構(gòu)造做出了一個合理的解釋，并進(jìn)一步在達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化學(xué)說中得到了驗(yàn)證。這一理論至今指導(dǎo)了地質(zhì)學(xué)家，地球物理學(xué)家，以及有關(guān)地質(zhì)方面的專家對地球進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的分析和研究。

Continental drift assumption，proposed by Wagner, put forward to deepen the understanding of plate construction, and also made a reasonable explanation for it, and also verified further by the theory of revolution.Nowadays, this theory has guided geologists, geophysicists, and relevant geological experts for further analysis and research.從上面這個生動的例子可以看出，一種合理的想象----建立在一定的事實(shí)基礎(chǔ)之上，不但會對已有的事實(shí)進(jìn)行合理的解釋，而且還可以指導(dǎo)人們進(jìn)一步對現(xiàn)有事實(shí)進(jìn)行歸納，整理和分析，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)其共同規(guī)律，協(xié)調(diào)著他們相互之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系。

From vivid example mentioned above, we can infer that a reasonable imaginationpeople's umbrella, which insulate almost harmful radiation from outer space.3.知識在懷疑和證實(shí)中積累和進(jìn)步

當(dāng)大陸漂移學(xué)說—由魏格納提出，剛剛被提出來的時候，人們對這個新的理論充滿了熱情和好奇，紛紛支持和贊揚(yáng)它的偉大和新穎，但是后來隨著一些歷史事實(shí)的發(fā)掘，卻不但被無情的批判，而且最終遭到了地質(zhì)學(xué)家和地球物理學(xué)家的拋棄---隨著另一種假說的提出，地幔熱柱學(xué)說?，F(xiàn)在，隨著人們對更多地質(zhì)事實(shí)的綜合和分析，又重新對大陸漂移學(xué)說燃?xì)饬思で?，認(rèn)為它是最好能解釋那些難以理解的地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象的理論。

When the continental drift assumption, proposed by Wagner, firstly comes, the mostly people, who are full of enthusiasm and curiosity, completely support and praise.But later, with some relatively historical facts occurring, continental drift assumption is not only criticized ruthless, but discarded ultimately by the geologists and geophysicists as another hypothesis of plume appears.Now, by analysis more new historical evidence and summarizing geological phenomenon, the continental drift assumption is accepted again, they view that it can explain more difficult geological phenomena comparing with other assumption.從大陸漂移學(xué)說的提出到最終被人們所接受的過程中可以看出，一個學(xué)說，總是不斷的在人們的懷疑和證實(shí)中進(jìn)步，而不是一開始就完全正確或者完全錯誤，最終成為可以為人類服務(wù)的科學(xué)理論。

From the continental drift assumption mentioned above, we can infer that knowledge, especially occurred firstly, is always doubted and verified as the development of relative course, but not completely right or wrong at begin, eventually becoming authentically scientific theory.Leonardo Da Vinci 1.達(dá)芬奇懷疑權(quán)威：

Leonardo Da Vinci question authority

在天文學(xué)上，達(dá).芬奇對傳統(tǒng)的“地球中心說”持否定的觀點(diǎn)．他認(rèn)為地球不是太陽系的中心，更不是宇宙的中心，而只是一顆繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的行星，太陽本身是不運(yùn)動的．達(dá).芬奇還認(rèn)為月亮自身并不發(fā)光，他只是反射太陽的光輝．他的這些觀點(diǎn)的提出早于哥白尼“太陽中心說” For example, rather than asserting the traditional view—the central of earth, Leonardo Da Vinci argues that the earth is not the central of solar galaxy, only a planet orbiting the sun.The sun itself is still quiescent.And also, he argue that the moon itself only reflect the light coming from the sun, not lighting itself.2.知識經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累（歷史對現(xiàn)在的作用）

他提出的知識起源于實(shí)踐的這種方法，后來得到了伽利略的發(fā)展，并由英國哲學(xué)家弗蘭西斯．培根從理論上加以總結(jié)，成為近代自然科學(xué)的最基本方法． Truth coming from practice, mentioned firstly by Leonardo Da Vinci, is developed by Galileo latter, and then summarized theoretically by Francis Bacon, and at last, it becomes the most fundamental access of current science disciplines.3.全才 通才

達(dá).芬奇在物理學(xué)方面，重新發(fā)現(xiàn)了液體壓力的概念，提出了連通器原理．在解剖學(xué)和生理學(xué)上也取得了巨大的成就，被認(rèn)為是近代生理解剖學(xué)的始祖．他的研究和發(fā)明還涉及到軍事和機(jī)械方面.可以說，達(dá).芬奇的研究涉及到自然科學(xué)的每一部門，他的思想和才能深入到人類知識的各個領(lǐng)域．他是世界上少有的全面發(fā)展的學(xué)者．

Leonardo Da Vinci discovered the conception of liquid pressure on physics;he also attained a great achievement on anatomy and physiology, is thought the originator of physiological anatomy.Also, his innovations and creations involve in military an mechanics.In one words, his study arrange almost involve in every section of natural science.His thought and talents penetrated into every realm of knowledge of human being.His is a less fewer one who developed comprehensively.4，學(xué)科交叉

達(dá).芬奇把藝術(shù)和科學(xué)、理智和情感、形體和精神熔于一爐，繼承和發(fā)揚(yáng)了前人的人文主義思想和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義表現(xiàn)手法，把藝術(shù)推進(jìn)到一個前所未有的高度，為自然科學(xué)的發(fā)展作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)，是當(dāng)之無愧的“文藝復(fù)興時代最完美的代表人物”．

Leonardo Da Vinci fused art and science, intelligence and emotion, form and spirit together.And at the same time, he inherited performance of realism and developed ideas of humanism of the past.Which pushed the art to a unprecedented height, making a great contribution to the development of natural science.In one words, he is the most perfectly incontrovertible delegation in Renaissance.5.達(dá)芬奇畫雞蛋 從基礎(chǔ)做起 1467年，達(dá)·芬奇到佛羅倫薩的委羅基俄藝術(shù)工場學(xué)藝，當(dāng)時他十四歲。他的老師委羅基俄對學(xué)生要求很嚴(yán)，他對達(dá)·芬奇說：“字畫要有個好的開端，我不要你首先臨摹古人名畫，也不給你講解繪畫理論。你每天照著雞蛋寫生，這是畫畫的一個部分，而且是重要的組成部分?！?In 1467, Leonardo Da Vinci, aged fourteen, was sent to study in artistic workshop, located in Florence.His mentor instructed him as follows(and I paragraph): it is very important to have a well beginning for painting, I do not ask you imitate famous art firstly and instruct any theory of painting.For you, painting egg from different angles is your necessary and indispensable task everyday.And you should know it is a vital part of painting.Even more important than others.6.想象與課本獲取知識

他具有超越當(dāng)時的廣泛構(gòu)思與想象力，著名的概念性發(fā)明比方直升機(jī)、坦克車、太陽能聚焦使用、計(jì)算機(jī)、板塊構(gòu)造論基本原理、雙層殼等許多構(gòu)想。

Sometimes, the imagination is more important than knowledge acquiring from the books.One compelling argument can favor this.Leonardo Da Vinci, great painter in Renaissance periods, owns a extensive idea and imagination that has suppressed contemporary society.Such as the innovation such as helicopter, tank, utilization of energy of concentrated sun, the principle of.computer, and fundamental principle of constituent construction is far suppressed temporal society.7.交叉學(xué)科（學(xué)科之間的關(guān)系）

文藝復(fù)興人文主義(Renaissance humanism)在科學(xué)與藝術(shù)之間并無相互排斥的極端現(xiàn)象。達(dá)芬奇鉆研科學(xué)、工程領(lǐng)域就像他的藝術(shù)作品般令人難忘與突出。手稿中約13,000頁的筆記與繪畫全是混合藝術(shù)與科學(xué)所組成的紀(jì)錄。

There is no vital discrimination between science and art in the Renaissance humanism periods.The achievement of science and engineering by Leonardo Da Vinci is impressed groups of people just like art domain he did.The manuscript records associated with art and science takes a large amount of total number, about 13000pages.8.知識來源于實(shí)踐與正式教育的相互關(guān)系(教育的重要性)達(dá)芬奇的手稿紀(jì)錄是在歐陸行程中透過觀察周遭并不斷的創(chuàng)作而來，在科學(xué)上，達(dá)芬奇是一個巨細(xì)靡遺的觀察家，能以極精細(xì)的描述手法表示一個現(xiàn)象。因?yàn)槿狈εc科學(xué)相關(guān)的正式教育，所以不是透過理論與實(shí)驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證，他打算發(fā)表一系列包含各種主題的論文，也因?yàn)槿狈ο到y(tǒng)的理論基礎(chǔ)終未實(shí)現(xiàn)。

The manuscript, drafted by Leonardo Da Vinci, is created on the way of Europe by observing around.On science, Leonardo Da Vinci is an very careful observer, describing a phenomenon by vital careful describing access.Due to lack of formal education with relative science, so the phenomenon is not tested by the theory and experience.And also, he failed to public a series papers including kinds of themes.9.不遵循傳統(tǒng)或者懷疑權(quán)威/ 理論和實(shí)踐的關(guān)系

在文藝復(fù)興早期，人們盲目地接受傳統(tǒng)觀念，達(dá).芬奇反對經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家們把過去的教義和言論作為知識基礎(chǔ)，他鼓勵人們向大自然學(xué)習(xí)，到自然界中尋求知識和真理．他認(rèn)為知識起源于實(shí)踐，只有從實(shí)踐出發(fā)，通過實(shí)踐去探索科學(xué)的奧秘．達(dá).芬奇提出并掌握了這種先進(jìn)的科學(xué)方法，采用這種科學(xué)方法去進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究，在自然科學(xué)方面作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)．

In the early periods of Renaissance, groups of people accepted blindly the traditional ideas.But Leonardo Da Vinci encouraged people to embrace the nature and seek the truth rather than accepting the past doctrine and assertion as a foundation of knowledge.In his point of view, knowledge is derived from the practice.Only beginning from the practice, it is possible to achieve the truth.Leonardo Da Vinci made a significant contribution to the science by this advanced access.葉紅郵箱：albble1988@126.com

第五篇：新GRE Issue作文復(fù)習(xí)側(cè)重點(diǎn)：列提綱

官方網(wǎng)站：

新GRE Issue作文復(fù)習(xí)側(cè)重點(diǎn)：列提綱

新GRE Issue備考側(cè)重點(diǎn)：準(zhǔn)備提綱

新GRE Issue要求考生根據(jù)所給的題目，完成一篇表明立場的邏輯立論文。Issue題庫涉及社會、文化、科技、歷史、政治、藝術(shù)等諸多方面。不同類型的題目有較大差別，但在同一類型的題目中卻包含了許多命題方向非常接近的題目。

Issue寫作對于論據(jù)的要求是非常高的，因此你的名人事例的儲備，相關(guān)知識量的積累是非常重要的。這一環(huán)節(jié)也正是GRE考生最為頭疼的一部分，舉不出支持自己的觀點(diǎn)的例子，因此讓自己的文章顯得只有蒼白的論證，缺乏說服力。因此要多讀歷史，積累例子，尤其關(guān)注那些重要的哲學(xué)家、科學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家、政治領(lǐng)袖等人的生平事跡、主要貢獻(xiàn)。例如Issue里的這樣一道真題：“Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society?！?真正影響深遠(yuǎn)的思想家和具有高度創(chuàng)造力的藝術(shù)家總是與他們的時代和社會步伐不一致)。這個題目如果沒有必備的那些思想家和藝術(shù)家的例子，文章必然缺乏說服力。因此讀歷史積累寫作素材，具體說就是論據(jù)素材是拿高分的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)。

另外，寫GRE作文提綱對于Issue部分的備考是至關(guān)重要的，也是最占用時間、最核心的一個環(huán)節(jié)。每一個題目的提綱力求詳細(xì)，不用去寫開頭段和結(jié)尾段，就寫正文各段你的各個分支觀點(diǎn)，也就是正文部分的論證過程。除了論證以外，寫完后想想可以用些什么論據(jù)，把支持論證的論據(jù)也寫上。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，一定要較為詳細(xì)地寫Issue提綱，否則，在考場如果遇到?jīng)]有思考過的題目，很容易自亂陣腳，導(dǎo)致失敗。此外，題目必須考前按題材分類去寫提綱，看懂，知道對立面和大致寫作思路。論據(jù)往往在同類的很多題目中通用。寫完提綱后，再寫20-40篇完整的文章(語言能力弱的話，盡量多寫)。