第一篇:北京植物園導(dǎo)游詞——中英文版
北京植物園導(dǎo)游詞
各位團(tuán)友: 大家好!
我是今天的導(dǎo)游員小A,很榮幸?guī)ьI(lǐng)大家來(lái)度過(guò)一段愉快的時(shí)光。今天我們要參觀的是美麗的北京植物園。它是一個(gè)集科普、科研、游覽等功能于一體的綜合性植物園,是國(guó)家重點(diǎn)建設(shè)的植物園之一。
首先,我來(lái)向大家介紹一下我們今天的行程安排及注意事項(xiàng)。我們的游覽路線是:首先參觀植物展覽區(qū)的大溫室,然后前往臥佛寺,最后去曹雪芹紀(jì)念館。在參觀的過(guò)程中,請(qǐng)大家不要采摘植物園中的植物,不要隨便碰、摸植物,有的植物具有劇毒,千萬(wàn)不要品嘗植物的花、果等。整個(gè)參觀過(guò)程中,請(qǐng)大家緊跟隊(duì)伍,不要走丟,而且要保管好自己的隨身物品。
在開(kāi)始游覽之前呢,我先就北京植物園的基本情況向大家做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的介紹。北京植物園位于海淀區(qū)香山公園和玉泉山之間,1956年經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)建立。規(guī)劃面積400公頃,現(xiàn)已建成開(kāi)放游覽區(qū)200公頃,由植物展覽區(qū)、名勝古跡區(qū),科研區(qū)和自然保護(hù)區(qū)組成。園內(nèi)引種栽培植物10000余種近150萬(wàn)株。收集栽種植物3000余種,是目前我國(guó)北方最大的植物園。
北京植物園由植物展覽區(qū)、名勝古跡人文景觀、自然保護(hù)區(qū)和科研區(qū)組成。植物展覽區(qū)包括觀賞植物區(qū)(專(zhuān)類(lèi)園)、樹(shù)木園、盆景園、溫室花卉區(qū)。名勝古跡游覽區(qū)由臥佛寺、櫻桃溝、隆教寺遺址、“一二·九”紀(jì)念亭、梁?jiǎn)⒊?、等組成。
在2000年1月,北京植物園被評(píng)為首批國(guó)家AAAA級(jí)旅游景區(qū),以其優(yōu)美的環(huán)境、優(yōu)良的秩序、優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務(wù)和優(yōu)秀的文化迎接著國(guó)內(nèi)外賓客。
好了,現(xiàn)在咱們到達(dá)了我們的第一個(gè)目的地——植物展覽溫室。
植物展覽溫室是北京植物園的一個(gè)中心展室,動(dòng)工興建始于1998年3月28日,2000年1月1日開(kāi)始接待游人,它的建筑面積9800平方米,占地5.5公頃,是目前亞洲最大,世界單體溫室面積最大的展覽溫室。
它劃分為四個(gè)主要展區(qū):熱帶雨林區(qū)、沙漠植物區(qū)、四季花園和專(zhuān)類(lèi)植物展室。展示植物3100種60000余株,為群眾提供觀賞豐富多彩的植物景觀、學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)知識(shí)、具有較高品位的游覽點(diǎn)。
下面大家有半個(gè)小時(shí)的自由參觀時(shí)間,里面有導(dǎo)游會(huì)對(duì)其中的植物進(jìn)行講解,咱們半個(gè)小時(shí)后出口見(jiàn)。
除了展覽溫室以外,植物展覽區(qū)還有很多其他的園,如:觀賞植物區(qū)有牡丹園、月季園、碧桃園、丁香院、海棠園、盆景園、木蘭園、集秀園(竹園)、宿根花卉園、芍藥園和正在籌建中的梅園等11各專(zhuān)類(lèi)園;樹(shù)木園有銀杏松柏區(qū)、槭樹(shù)薔薇區(qū)、椴樹(shù)楊柳區(qū)、木蘭小檗區(qū)和懸鈴木麻櫟區(qū)、泡桐白蠟區(qū)等。
現(xiàn)在咱們達(dá)到臥佛寺了。
臥佛寺是一座唐代保存至今的古剎,全寺倚山而立,主要建筑有天王殿、三世佛殿和臥佛殿。臥佛殿是全寺的精華,殿內(nèi)有一尊巨大的銅臥佛。佛身長(zhǎng)5米多,重約54噸,作臥睡狀,側(cè)身躺在高榻上,相傳這是釋迦牟尼在印度涅盤(pán)時(shí)的姿勢(shì)。旁邊站著十二尊泥塑小佛像,表現(xiàn)釋迦牟尼向他的弟子囑咐后事的情景。在三世佛殿的前面,有一株古老的娑羅樹(shù),據(jù)說(shuō)是從印度移植來(lái)的,是佛國(guó)三寶樹(shù)之一,象征釋迦牟尼涅盤(pán)于娑羅樹(shù)下。由于佛寺內(nèi)部不允許講解,那么下面大家自由參觀吧!30分鐘后后我們?cè)陂T(mén)口集合,去往下一個(gè)景點(diǎn)。
現(xiàn)在,我們到達(dá)今天的最后一站,也就是曹雪芹紀(jì)念館了。大家都知道曹雪芹是我國(guó)偉大的文壇巨匠,而這一組低矮院墻環(huán)繞的長(zhǎng)方形院落則被部分專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為是他撰寫(xiě)不朽著作《紅樓夢(mèng)》的地方,后以此為基礎(chǔ)建成了紀(jì)念館。紀(jì)念館前后兩排共18間房舍,仿清代建筑,前排展室陳列有清代旗人的生活環(huán)境、曹雪芹在西山生活創(chuàng)作環(huán)境的模型等。后排6間展室內(nèi)容為曹雪芹的生平家世、《紅樓夢(mèng)》的影響兩部分。此外,紀(jì)念館還另辟專(zhuān)室展出對(duì)曹雪芹研究的成果及各種版本的《紅樓夢(mèng)》。感興趣的游客朋友可以自由進(jìn)去參觀,我們半小時(shí)后在門(mén)口集合。
好了,咱們今天的旅行就到這了,感謝大家的配合和支持,如有什么做的不好的地方還請(qǐng)多多包涵,希望大家旅途愉快,并且期待我還能成為您下一次旅行的導(dǎo)游。謝謝!
Beijing Botanical Garden
Ladies and gentlemen, It is a pleasure foe me to be your guide.Today we'll visit the beautiful Beijing Botanical Garden.I'm sure you can get closer to nature and appreciate nature's wonders at here.First of all, I've come to tell you something about today's arrangement and some announcements.Our route is to visit to the Plant Exhibition Greenhouse firstly, then we'll go to the Reclining Buddha Temple, and finally to Memorial Hall of Cao Xueqin.During the visit, please don't touch or pick the plants in the Botanical Garden.More importantly, some plants are highly toxic, please don't taste any of them.In addition, during the visit, please closely follow the team , don't get lost, and take care of your own belongings.Please pay attention to the time and do not be late.Before reaching our destination, I'd like to give a brief introduction of the Beijing Botanical Garden.It is located between the Xiangshan Park and the Jade Spring Mountain in Haidian District in Beijing.It is first built after the approval of the State Council in 1956.The garden.has a planning area of 400 hectares, half of which has been opened to the public.It consists of four parts, the exhibition area of plants, places of interest areas, research areas and nature reserves.It is the largest botanical garden in northern China with more than 10,000 species of introduction and cultivation.Beijing Botanical Garden consistes with four parts: the exhibition area of plants, historical sites, cultural landscapes, nature reserves and research zone.The exhibition area of plants includes the ornamental plants exhibition area(special garden)、arboretum、bonsai garden and greenhouse flower district.While the touristic places are composed of the Reclining Buddha Temple、Cherry Vale, Education Temple、a pavilion for “The movement on December Ninth” , Liang Qichao tomb, and so on.In January 2000, the Beijing Botanical Garden was named as the first national AAAA grade scenic spot.It attracts a large number of domestic and foreign guests with its beautiful environment, graceful order, high-quality service and excellent culture.Well, now we have reached our first destination-the Plant Exhibition Greenhouse.It is the center of the Beijing Botanical Garden and was first built on March 28th, 1998.On January 1st, 2000, it began to receive visitors.The Plant Exhibition Greenhouse covers a floor space of 9,800 square meters and is the largest one in Asia and the largest single exhibition of greenhouse in the world.It is divided into four main area: the tropical rain forest、the desert flora、the seasonal gardens and the special plants galleries, which show more than 60,000 strains of 3100 kinds of plants, to provide people with a variety of ornamental plants.It's also a high-grade tourist attraction for people to learn scientific knowledge.Ok,now you can visit freely , the special guide in the Plant Exhibition Greenhouse will give excellent introduction about every plant there, I'll see you half an hour later at the gate.In addition to the Plant Exhibition Greenhouse, there are many other parks.For example there are Rose park、China rose park、Peach park、Begonia park、Bonsai park、Magnolia park、Perennial flower park、Peony park and the 11 special park which are under-construction;
The arboretum can be divided into the Arboretum ginkgo Area、the maple Rosa area、the willow area、Platanus Quercus Berberis area、Paulownia Ash area and so on.Now we have reached the Reclining Buddha Temple, which is a well-preserved ancient temples from the Tang Dynasty.In the whole standing temple , the main building are the King Hall, the Three Generation Buddha Hall, and the Reclining Buddha Hall.The Reclining Buddha Hall is the essence of the whole temple, which is a huge hall with a copper reclining Buddha.The copper reclining Buddha body is more than 5 meters in length and weights about 54 tons.It is lying as if he is sleeping, according to legend this is the posture of Buddha Nirvana in India.Twelve little clay statues stand by, this performance tells the story about the Buddha enjoin on his disciples about the funeral.In front of the Three Generation Buddha Hall there is a tree, which is said to be transplanted from India.It is one of three holy Buddhist three and also the symbol of Buddha Nirvana.As it is not allowed to give introduction in the internal Buddhist temples, you can visit freely in the next thirty minutes ,and we'll meet again here and go down the next spot.OK, we arrive at our last stop, which is the Memorial Hall of Cao Xueqin.We all know that Cao Xueqin is one of China's greatest literary masters, and this group building of rectangular courtyard surrounded by low walls were part of house which are believed by some experts as the place where he wrote the immortal book “Dream of Red Mansions”.There are a total of 18 houses in this Memorial Hall , as imitation of the Qing Dynasty architecture.The front exhibition room displays the living environment of the Qing Dynasty, it is also the model of Cao's creative living environment in the Western Hills.The 6 back galleries content the life of Cao Xueqin's family and the effect of the “Dream of Red Mansions”.In addition, the museum also set up a gallery show the research results of Cao Xueqin and various versions of the “Dream of Red Mansions.” Tourists interested are free to visit inside, and we will assemble at this door after half an hour's visit.Well, so much for my explanation today, I hope it can help you to have a better understanding of this place and those plants.Thanks for your attention and I am looking forward to your next visit.Thank you!
第二篇:北京天安門(mén) 中英文導(dǎo)游詞
北京天安門(mén) 中英文導(dǎo)游詞
Tian’anmen(the Gate of Heavenly Peace), is located in the center of Beijing.It was first built in 1417 and named Chengtianmen(the Gate of Heavenly Succession).At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was seriously damaged by war.When it was rebuilt under the Qing in 1651, it was renamed Tian’anmen, and served as the main entrance to the Imperial City, the administrative and residential quarters for court officials and retainers.The southern sections of the Imperial City wall still stand on both sides of the Gate.The tower at the top of the gate is nine-room wide and five –room deep.According to the Book of Changes, the two numbers nine and five, when combined, symbolize the supreme status of a sovereign.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tian’anmen was the place where state ceremonies took place.The most important one of them was the issuing of imperial edicts, which followed these steps:
1)The Minister of Rites would receive the edict in Taihedian(Hall of Supreme Harmony), where the Emperor was holding his court.The minister would then carry the decree on a yunpan(tray of cloud), and withdraw from the hall via Taihemen(Gate of supreme Harmony)
2)The Minister would put the tray in a miniature longting(dragon pavilion).Beneath a yellow umbrella and carry it via Wumen(Meridian Gate), to Tian’anmen Gate tower.3)A courtier would be invested to proclaim the edict.The civil and military officials lining both sides of the gateway beneath the tower would prostrate themselves in the direction of the emperor in waiting for the decree to the proclaimed.4)The courtier would then put the edict in a phoenix-shaped wooden box and lower it from the tower by means of a silk cord.The document would finally be carried in a similar tray of cloud under a yellow umbrella to the Ministry of Rites.5)The edict, copied on yellow paper, would be made known to the whole country.Such a process was historically recorded as “ Imperial Edict Issued by Golden Phoenix”.During the Ming and Qing dynasties Tian’anmen was the most important passage.It was this gate that the Emperor and his retinue would go through on their way to the altars for ritual and religious activities.On the Westside of Tian’anmen stands ZhongshanPark(Dr.Sun Yat-sen’s Park), and on the east side, the Working People’s Cultural Palave.The Park was formerly called Shejitan(Altar of Land and Grain), built in 1420 for offering sacrificial items to the God of Land.It was opened to the public as a park in 1914 and its name was changed in 1928 to the present one in memory of the great pioneer of the Chinese Democratic Revolution.The Working People’s Cultural Palace used to be Taimiao(the Supreme Ancestral Temple), where tablets of the deceased dynastic rulers were kept.The stream in front of Tian’anmen is called Waijinshuihe(Outer Golden River),with seven marble bridges spanning over it.Of these seven bridges,historical records say the middle one was for the exclusive use of the emperor and was accordingly called Yuluqiao(Imperial Bridge).The bridges flanking it on either side were meant for the members of the royal family and were therefore called Wanggongqiao(Royal’s Bridges).Farther away on each side of the two were bridges for officials ranking above the third order and were named Pinjiqiao(ministerial Bridges).The remaining two bridges were for the use by the retinue below the third order and wre called Gongshengqiao(common Bridges).They anr the one in front of the Supreme Ancestral Temple to the east and the one in front of the Altar of land and Grain to the west.The two stone lions by the Gate of Tian’anmen, one on each side were meant as sentries.They gaze toward the middle axis, guarding the emperor’s walkway.In front of the gate stands a pair of marble columns called Huabiao.They are elaborately cut in bas-relief following the pattern of a legendary dragon.Behind the gate stands another pair of similar columns.The story of Huabiao may be traced to a couple of sources.One of the versions accredits its invention to one of the Chinese sage kings named Yao, who was said to have set up a wooden pillar in order to allow the ordinary people to expose evil-doers, hence it was originally called a slander pillar.Later it ws reduced to a signpost, and now it serves as an ornament.The beast sitting on the top of the column is called” hou”, a legendary animal, which is said to have been a watcher of an emperor’s behaviour.He was doing such duties as warning the emperor against staying too long outside the palace or indulging in pleasure and urging him to go to the people for their complaints or return in due time.Therefore, the two pairs of beasts were given the names” Wangjunhui”(Expecting the emperor’s coming back)and “ wangjunchu”(Expecting the emperor’s going out)respectinvely.In the old days, Tian’anmen, as a part of the Imperial City, was meant for important occasions.The two rows of chaofang(antechamber), on the sides behind the main gate, wre reserved for civil and military members of the government waiting for imperial audience and in front of the gate, were offices of imperial administration.On October 1, 1949, chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed on Tian’anmen Rostrum the founding of the People’s Republic of China.Since then Tian’anmen has been the symbol of New Chinea.Chairman Mao’s portrait is hung above the central entrance, flanked by two slogans:” Long Live the Great Unity of the Peoples of the World”.Today , the splendour of Tian’anmen attracts million of visitors from all over the world.The Rostrum on its top was opened in 1988 to the public for the first time in its history.It offers a panoramic view of the Square and the city proper.Tian’anmen Square
Situated due south of Tian’anmen, the Square has an area of 44 hectares(109 acres)that can accommodate as many as one million people for public gatherings.It has witnessed may historical events in China’s modern history and is a place for celebrations on such festive days as international Labour Day on May 1st and national Day on October 1st.Around the Square are several famous buildings:
The Great Hall of the People
This is one of the largest congressional buildings in the world.Built in 1959, the hall consists of three parts: a 10,000-seat auditorium in the center, a banquet hall in the north wing facing Chang’an Street, with a seating capacity of 5,000, and offices for the Standing Committee of the National Peoples’ Congress of China in the south.In addition, thirty-four reception chambers are named after various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly unde the Central Government, plus Hong Kong and Macao.Each is different from the other in decoration and furnishings to stress their local features.2 The Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of the Chinese Revolution These two museums were also built in 1959.the museum of Chinese History houses a permanent exhibition in four parts, covering the entire process of Chinese history spanning from 1.7 million years ago to 1919:
1)The Primitive Society(1.7 million years ago to the 21st century BC);
2)The Slave Society(21st century BC to 476 BC.);
3)The Feudal Society(475 BC.To 1840 AD.);
4)The Semi-Colonial and Semi-Fedual Society(1840 to 1919.)
The Museum of the Chinese Revolution covers the period from 1919 to 1949.3 The Monument to the People’s Heroes
the monument was built in memory of thousands of martyrs who died for the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people.Its construction began on August 1, 1952 and was not completed until 1958.in the form of an obelisk, the Monument as made of more than 17,000 pieces of tranite and white marble.The purple piece inlaid in the front of the Monument was brought from Qingdao, Shandong Province.It is 38 meters(124ft 8 in)high, the loftiest of its kind ever seen in the country.Not only is it an historic memorial for immortal heroes, but also it is an artistic work of excellent architectural value.On the front side of the Monument is an engraved inscription in Chinese characters written by Chairman Mao Zedong, which reads” Eternal Glory to the People’s Heroes!”.On the back of the Monument is an article written by Chairman Mao, but in Chinese calligraphy by the late Premier Zhou Enlai.At the top of the Monument are eight gigantic carved wreathes of such flowers as peony, lotus and chrysanthemum, symbolizing nobility, purity, and fortitude.At the base of the monument are eight marble reliefs depicting the Chinese historic events since 1840.They are:
1)The Burning of Opium in 1840: 2)The uprising of 1851 in Jintian, Guangxi;3)The Revolution of 1911;4)The May Fourth Movement of 1919;5)The May 30th Movement of 1925;6)The Uprising of 1927 in Nanchang, Jiangxi;7)The War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1937 to 1945;8)The Victorious Crossing over the Yangtze River by the Peoples’s Liberation Army in 1949.This relief is flanked by two smaller ones—“ Supplying the Front” and “ Greeting the P.L.A.”.4 Chairman Mao’s Mausoleum
Chairman Mao Zedong, the founder of the People’s Pepublic of China, passed away on Sepember 9, 1976.In commemoration of this great man, a mausoleum began to be constructed in November 1976, and was completes in August the following year.The Mausoleum was officially opened on September 9, 1977.The mausoleum is surrounded by four groups of sculpture.East of the northern entrance is the sculpture depicting the period of the New Democratic Revolution(1919-1949), and west of it is the one signifying the great achievements of the Chinese people during the period of slcialist revolution and construction since 1949.The sculptures in front of the southern gate are figures of workers, peasants soldiers, intellectuals, technicians and children.Inside the Mausoleum are three main sections: A white marble statue of Chairman Mao is mounted on a platform in the front lobby.On the wall behind the statue is a 24-metre-long(79-foot-long)tapestry, a fine needlepoint work with beautiful landscapes of the country.In the main hall there is a crystal coffin, in which Chairman Mao’s body lies stately with the Communist Party’s flag covering over him.On the wall of the southern lobby, a poem by Chairman Mao and in his own calligraphy is inscribed in gold inlay.It expresses his full great expectations for the country.Tian’ anmen Square has now completed its renovation after eight months’ hard work to welcome the 50th anniversary of the People’s Republic in 1999.各位游客朋友:
我們我們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)來(lái)到了天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)。大家可以看一下,我們現(xiàn)在的位置是在天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)南北方向的中軸線上,距我們南面的人民英雄紀(jì)念碑大約有100米左右的距離。我們今天在天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)游覽的時(shí)間是30分鐘。
大家向我這里聚一下,我先給大家簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)的主要景觀。(手勢(shì),向北指)大家先向這邊看。(稍停頓,待游客目光集中于手指方向)我愛(ài)北京--天-安-門(mén)。一會(huì)兒,我會(huì)向大家詳細(xì)介紹天安門(mén)的的滄桑歷史。除了天安門(mén)城樓外,我還要向您介紹天安門(mén)前的金水橋、以及橋前的華表和石獅。大家回一下頭,您看到了,這就是莊嚴(yán)挺拔的人民英雄紀(jì)念碑了,隨后我也將向您講一講她的故事。紀(jì)念碑南邊的建筑就是“毛主席紀(jì)念堂”,我們今天的行程沒(méi)有安排大家瞻仰毛主席遺容,如果您有意去的話,可以告訴我,我會(huì)盡量滿足您的愿望。天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)東側(cè)的建筑是中國(guó)革命歷史博物館,這里陳列了大量珍貴的革命歷史文物。和她相對(duì)著的,(手勢(shì),向西指)西邊的這座建筑,就是非常著名的“人民大會(huì)堂”。關(guān)于她,一會(huì)兒我也會(huì)向您做詳細(xì)介紹。
好好好,大家現(xiàn)在可以在廣場(chǎng)上拍照留念。拍照前我給大家提個(gè)醒,大家盡量避免站在這條中軸線上拍照,旗桿可能會(huì)影響您的拍攝效果。另外,大家如果在紀(jì)念碑前拍照的話,建議您到紀(jì)念碑的那一側(cè)去拍,在這邊是逆光,會(huì)影響照片的效果。給大家10分鐘時(shí)間,拍完照請(qǐng)到這里集合,我在這里等大家.下面我首先為大家介紹一下天安門(mén)城樓。天安門(mén)原為明清兩代皇城的正門(mén),始建于明永樂(lè)十五年(1417),最初叫做承天門(mén),取“承天啟運(yùn),受命于天”之意。清順治八年(1651年)重修而改名天安門(mén),含“受命于天”和“安邦治民”的意思。至今已有580多年的歷史了,是全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。天安門(mén)城樓,建筑在巨大條石砌成的須彌座式城臺(tái)上,造型莊重渾厚,宏偉典雅,是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)建筑藝術(shù)的典型代表作之一。城樓通高34.7米。城臺(tái)上的大殿寬九楹(62.77米),進(jìn)深五楹(27.25米),象征封建帝王的“九五”至尊。大殿為重檐歇山式,朱墻黃琉璃瓦頂。南面設(shè)有菱花隔扇門(mén)、窗36扇,殿內(nèi)外立有直徑2米的巨柱60根,天花、斗拱、梁枋等處、均繪滿了最高等級(jí)的金龍和璽彩畫(huà),金碧輝煌,極為雄偉壯觀。
1988年的元旦,天安門(mén)城樓正式對(duì)外向游客開(kāi)放。在天安門(mén)高大的暗紅城墻中辟有五個(gè)券洞門(mén),明清時(shí)代,這里的門(mén)、橋行走規(guī)制森嚴(yán),中門(mén)為皇帝進(jìn)出專(zhuān)用?;实勖磕甓镣靿捞?,夏至去地壇祭地,孟春赴先農(nóng)壇耕籍田,都要出入天安門(mén)。那么,在當(dāng)時(shí),是不是只有皇帝一人才能進(jìn)出中門(mén)呢?這位朋友答的對(duì),不是。大家知道還有什么人可以走這里嗎?(稍做停頓)讓我來(lái)告訴大家。此外,皇帝的父母可從中門(mén)入宮;皇帝大婚,皇后可從中門(mén)進(jìn)入一次;新科狀元等“金殿傳臚”后,可從中門(mén)出宮一回。除此之外,嚴(yán)禁任何人進(jìn)出,否則是要治重罪的。中門(mén)左右的兩座旁門(mén),供宗室王公和三品以上文武百官通行。過(guò)去天安門(mén)是座只進(jìn)喜,不出喪的吉祥之門(mén)
好好天安門(mén)的設(shè)計(jì)者是蒯(kuǎi)祥。蒯祥是江蘇吳縣人,明初洪武年間生于木匠家庭,他的父親是一位有名望的木工師傅,能主建大型工程。蒯祥受父親影響,從小學(xué)藝,勤奮好學(xué),聰慧過(guò)人,三十來(lái)歲時(shí),已成為才華出眾的木工匠師了。燕王朱棣,也就是后來(lái)的永樂(lè)皇帝,經(jīng)“靖難之役”取得帝位后,決定從南京遷都北京。永樂(lè)四年至十八年(1406-1420),明成祖朱棣調(diào)集全國(guó)各地的能工巧匠前來(lái)北京營(yíng)建工程巨大、難度極高的天安門(mén)(初名承天門(mén))等宏偉建筑。蒯祥以高超的設(shè)計(jì)方案和精湛的建筑技藝,被推選為皇宮工程的建筑設(shè)計(jì)師。當(dāng)時(shí)人們尊稱(chēng)他為“蒯魯班”。蒯祥曾擔(dān)任建筑皇家宮殿的官吏,直至工部左侍郎等官職,為中國(guó)的民族建筑藝術(shù)創(chuàng)下了光輝的業(yè)績(jī)。天安門(mén)是明清兩朝歷代帝王“金鳳頒詔”的重地,凡遇國(guó)家慶典、新帝即位、皇帝結(jié)婚、冊(cè)立皇后,都需要在此舉行“頒詔”儀式。屆時(shí)于城樓大殿前正中設(shè)立宣詔臺(tái)。由禮部尚書(shū)在紫禁城太和殿奉接皇帝詔書(shū),蓋上御寶,把詔書(shū)敬放在云盤(pán)內(nèi),捧出太和門(mén),置于抬著的龍亭內(nèi),再出午門(mén),登上天安門(mén)城樓。然后將詔書(shū)恭放于宣詔臺(tái)上,由宣詔官進(jìn)行宣讀。文武百官按等級(jí)依次排列于金水橋南,面北而跪恭聽(tīng)。宣詔完畢,就把皇帝詔書(shū)銜放在一只木雕金鳳的嘴里,再用黃絨繩從上系下,禮部官員托著朵云盤(pán)在下跪接,接著用龍亭將詔書(shū)抬到禮部,經(jīng)黃紙謄寫(xiě),分送各地,布告天下。這種頒發(fā)封建帝王圣旨禮儀的全過(guò)程,就叫做“金鳳頒詔”。
好好我國(guó)古代有“人生四喜”的說(shuō)法,也就是“久旱逢甘霖,他鄉(xiāng)遇故知,洞房花燭夜,金榜題名時(shí)?,F(xiàn)在,問(wèn)大家一個(gè)有意思的問(wèn)題,哪位朋友知道,金榜題名的金榜張貼在什么地方?(稍停,待游客猜測(cè))到底在哪里呢?請(qǐng)聽(tīng)我下文分解。明清時(shí)代盛行科舉制度,每逢殿試后的第三天,新考中的進(jìn)士們恭立于天安門(mén)金水橋南,等候傳呼他們進(jìn)太和殿朝拜皇帝的禮儀,名叫”金殿傳臚“。當(dāng)在太和殿傳臚唱名后,禮部官員捧著皇帝欽定的”黃榜“,帶領(lǐng)新科狀元、榜眼、探花們出午門(mén),再將黃榜放在龍亭內(nèi),在鼓樂(lè)儀仗的簇?fù)硐绿С鎏彀查T(mén),將黃榜張貼于”龍門(mén)“,也就是當(dāng)時(shí)的長(zhǎng)安左門(mén)外的”龍棚“里,公布天下,這里就是張貼金榜的地方,長(zhǎng)安左門(mén)的位置大致是現(xiàn)在的勞動(dòng)人民文化宮門(mén)前東南側(cè)。天安門(mén)歷經(jīng)滄桑,在新中國(guó)成立后,更煥發(fā)出了耀人的光彩。1949年的10月1日,毛澤東主席在天安門(mén)城樓上向全世界宣布了社會(huì)主義新中國(guó)的誕生,天安門(mén)不再是至高無(wú)上的封建皇權(quán)的象征,而成為了一個(gè)新生的人民民主國(guó)家的標(biāo)志,在國(guó)徽?qǐng)D案的中央,我們可以看到這座莊嚴(yán)雄偉的建筑。建國(guó)以后,這里成為國(guó)家舉行重大慶典活動(dòng)的場(chǎng)所,特別是每逢國(guó)慶,黨和國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都要登上天安門(mén)城樓主持慶典并和各界群眾聯(lián)歡。
天安門(mén)前的金水河又稱(chēng)御河、外金水河。河上橫跨七座石橋,中橋正對(duì)天安門(mén)的中門(mén),叫御路橋,最寬大,雕龍修飾,供帝、后專(zhuān)用。兩旁橋名”王公橋“,為宗室王公行走。外側(cè)的兩橋稱(chēng)”品級(jí)橋“,供三品以上官員通行。以上五橋均為三孔。位于太廟(今勞動(dòng)人民文化宮)和社稷壇(今中山公園)門(mén)前的單孔石橋,叫”公生橋“,為四品以下官員過(guò)往。那時(shí)門(mén)、橋行走等級(jí)森嚴(yán),不得有絲毫觸犯。
天安門(mén)前,也是明清兩代進(jìn)行”秋審“和”朝審“的地方。封建王朝的最高執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)--刑部衙門(mén),每年五月要把全國(guó)各省被判死刑的囚犯名單匯集起來(lái),敬呈皇帝過(guò)目。八月中旬,皇帝詔令有關(guān)官員在天安門(mén)前進(jìn)行最后判決,這叫秋審。朝審則在霜降后舉行,主要終審在北京刑部監(jiān)獄里關(guān)押的死刑犯。這就是為什么以前被判處死刑的人要”秋后問(wèn)斬“。凡經(jīng)”秋審“、”朝審“判處死刑的人,立即推出”虎門(mén)“--長(zhǎng)安右門(mén),押赴宣武門(mén)外的菜市口等刑場(chǎng)處決。因此人們對(duì)長(zhǎng)安左、右門(mén),有”龍門(mén)“與虎門(mén)之稱(chēng)。即凡出”'龍門(mén)“者,榮登金榜,前程似錦;而押出”虎門(mén)“者,則被終判死罪,毫無(wú)生還之望。長(zhǎng)安右門(mén)的位置大致是在現(xiàn)中山公園門(mén)前西南側(cè)。
在天安門(mén)南北門(mén)外,分別聳立有一對(duì)雕刻精美、挺拔秀麗的云龍華表。據(jù)《淮南子·主術(shù)訓(xùn)》記載,遠(yuǎn)在堯舜時(shí)代就有街頭設(shè)”表木“的做法,用以王者”納諫“,征求民眾意見(jiàn)以治天下。到秦漢時(shí)期,表木被改為指路標(biāo),叫華表。后來(lái)華表經(jīng)不斷美化,便逐漸演變成為中國(guó)獨(dú)具民族建筑特色的藝術(shù)裝飾品,深為世人所青睞?!?“系神話傳說(shuō)中的神異物,用漢白玉石雕成蹲于每支華表頂端的承露盤(pán)中,雙目炯炯有神,密切注視前方。于天安門(mén)里的” “臉朝北,雙目緊盯皇宮,名”望君出“,它提醒皇帝不要迷戀深宮生活,而應(yīng)及時(shí)出宮巡視,以利治理天下。在天安門(mén)外一對(duì)華表的” “則臉朝南,雙目向遠(yuǎn)方眺望,名”望君歸“。它時(shí)時(shí)關(guān)注皇帝外巡中的行為舉止,如不檢點(diǎn)或時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了,”望君歸“就呼喚帝王不得沉米山水、野趣、而應(yīng)早日回宮,料理國(guó)家大事。
好好天安門(mén)金水橋前的這一對(duì)大石獅,雕工精絕,造型逼真,威武異常。它們的雙目都緊緊注視著天安門(mén)前正中的御道(中軸線),以體現(xiàn)它們是封建帝王忠實(shí)的衛(wèi)士身份。朋友們來(lái)看西邊的這一只石獅,它的肚皮上有一個(gè)深深的洞,這是怎么回事呢?這里有一個(gè)很有傳奇色彩的故事,據(jù)說(shuō)明代崇禎十七年(1644年)四月,農(nóng)民起義軍首領(lǐng)闖王李自成攻打北京時(shí),當(dāng)他率軍沖進(jìn)天安門(mén)前的”T“形廣場(chǎng)后,只見(jiàn)皇城的大門(mén)--”承天門(mén)“就在眼前。對(duì)此,他憤怒地拈弓搭箭,只聽(tīng)”嗖….“的一聲,正射中承天門(mén)匾額的”天“字,頓時(shí)眾軍喝彩,歡聲雷動(dòng),隨后李闖王收起硬弓,挺槍躍馬一直奔金水橋沖殺過(guò)去。突然,橋頭的兩只大石獅張牙舞爪,兇猛阻擋去路。闖王見(jiàn)此怒不可遏,挺槍刺去,即刻火花四濺,長(zhǎng)槍戳向了一只獅子的腹部。雙獅見(jiàn)勢(shì)不妙,拖著悲慘的哀鳴聲,各自退回了原位?,F(xiàn)在的這個(gè)洞,就是槍傷疤了。
朋友們,我們面前的這條街就是有”神州第一街“美譽(yù)的長(zhǎng)安街。長(zhǎng)安街,當(dāng)年從長(zhǎng)安左門(mén)至東單牌樓,名東長(zhǎng)安街;從長(zhǎng)安右門(mén)至西單牌樓,叫西長(zhǎng)安街。古時(shí)東西長(zhǎng)安街僅3.7公里,有十里長(zhǎng)街之稱(chēng),這是京城歷史上有名的”天街“,其名取自盛唐時(shí)代的大都城--”長(zhǎng)安“,含長(zhǎng)治久安的之意。長(zhǎng)安街修筑于明朝永樂(lè)四年至十八年(1406-1420),與皇城同時(shí)建造,是明代興建北京城總體規(guī)劃的重要組成部分之一。東西平行走向的長(zhǎng)安街,與縱橫南北八公里長(zhǎng)的御道中軸線,在天安門(mén)前正好垂直相交成準(zhǔn)確的”十“字型經(jīng)緯座標(biāo)中心點(diǎn),從而構(gòu)成了北京城座北朝南,街巷縱橫的總體布局。原東、西長(zhǎng)安左、右門(mén)前分別均豎有巨型下馬碑,上刻”官員人等,到此下馬。“古代皇宮內(nèi)是嚴(yán)禁騎馬的,除非是”金殿傳臚“時(shí)的新科狀元,可騎皇帝御賜的高頭大馬,在長(zhǎng)安街上走過(guò),以示”皇恩浩蕩“。清王朝滅亡后,內(nèi)城墻中東西兩側(cè)的建國(guó)門(mén)與復(fù)興門(mén)在民國(guó)二十九年(1940)被打開(kāi)的。新中國(guó)成立以后,街面被展寬為50-100米,東西長(zhǎng)安街的延伸線東達(dá)通州,西抵石景山,總長(zhǎng)50公里,有百里長(zhǎng)街的美稱(chēng)。大家現(xiàn)在隨我通過(guò)地下通道去天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng),上下臺(tái)階時(shí)請(qǐng)您注意安全。(天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng))我們現(xiàn)在處的這個(gè)位置是天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng),位于北京城的中心。其南北長(zhǎng)880米,東西寬500米,占地面積44萬(wàn)平方米??扇菁{100萬(wàn)人舉行盛大的集會(huì)、游行,是當(dāng)今世界上最宏大的城市中心廣場(chǎng)和最著名的旅游勝地之一。在明清時(shí)代,天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)是一處皇家禁地,由宮墻圍護(hù),僅設(shè)三門(mén)。即南有大明門(mén)(清朝改稱(chēng)大清門(mén),辛亥革命后叫中華門(mén))、東有長(zhǎng)安左門(mén)、西有長(zhǎng)安右門(mén)。三門(mén)之間形成一個(gè)封閉式的”T“字形宮廷廣場(chǎng),原是天安門(mén)前舉行皇家活動(dòng)的重要場(chǎng)所。在”T“形廣場(chǎng)的東、西、南三面,當(dāng)時(shí)建有通脊聯(lián)檐的朝房144間,名叫”千步廊“,以供場(chǎng)內(nèi)活動(dòng)之用。清代乾隆年間,又在東、西長(zhǎng)安左、右門(mén)外加筑”三座門(mén)“,嚴(yán)禁行人過(guò)往。那時(shí)人們來(lái)往于東城和西城之間,需要繞行于大清門(mén)以南或地安門(mén)以北,極為不便。在天安門(mén)”T“形廣場(chǎng)東、西千步廊外的大片地帶,原是明清兩代皇家最高官署衙門(mén)的集結(jié)之地。如:東側(cè)(今歷史博物館一帶)有禮部、戶部、吏部、工部、兵部、宗人府、鴻臚寺、欽天監(jiān)和太醫(yī)院等中央文職機(jī)關(guān)。西側(cè)(人民大會(huì)堂一帶)設(shè)有鑾儀衛(wèi)(御林軍)太常寺、通政司和前、中、后、左、右五軍都督府等武職機(jī)構(gòu)。過(guò)去有”文東武西“和”東掌生、西掌死“之說(shuō),指的就是這些關(guān)系到人們生死榮辱的封建王朝的最高權(quán)力衙門(mén)而言。明清兩朝,從天安門(mén)”T“形廣場(chǎng)南端的大明門(mén)(清時(shí)叫大清門(mén),今毛主席紀(jì)念堂一帶)至正陽(yáng)門(mén)之間,有一塊方形場(chǎng)地,宛如棋盤(pán),故有”棋盤(pán)街"之名。當(dāng)年人們喜愛(ài)在此販賣(mài)風(fēng)味小吃、小百貨,以及表演戲曲、雜耍等,情似廟會(huì),非常熱鬧。由于
第三篇:北京天壇中英文導(dǎo)游詞
北京天壇是明朝永樂(lè)皇帝建成的祭天圣壇,也是我國(guó)現(xiàn)存最大的一處壇廟建筑。下面就是小編跟大家分享北京天壇中英文導(dǎo)游詞,歡迎大家閱讀!
The temple of heaven in Beijing is located in the southeast of Beijing outer urban, the imperial palace south by east, outside the qianmen east, the Ming dynasty in the eighteenth year of yongle(1420), is the ancient Chinese emperors of the Ming and qing dynasties all previous dynasties.The building complex is a place where emperors worship heaven, creating a symbolic link to strengthen the hierarchy of Confucius' society.The total area of 273 hectares is the building of the emperors of the Ming and qing dynasties used to “pray for heaven”.Temple of Heaven in 1961, the state council promulgated the Temple of Heaven as “the national key cultural relic protection unit”;Recognized by UNESCO as a “world heritage site” in 1998;In 2009, the temple of heaven in Beijing was selected by the China world records association, China's largest living emperor.The main attractions
Circular mound altar altar
Circular mound altar altar, also known as worship, worship the tiantai, altar, is an open-air three-layer circular stone altar, as the emperor worship place on the winter solstice, built during Ming jiajing nine years(in 1530), the qing emperor qianlong(1749)the expansion of fourteen years.The circumference of the altar is 534 meters, the altar is 5.2 meters high, and the number of columns and steps of each floor of the top and middle and lower levels are all in Yang(also known as “number of days”, which is a multiple of nine), and the symbol “jiu5”.The jars were lined with aiye.The surface of the jars is round and round, and all the surrounding circles are fans, and the number is also Yang.Each layer has a han-white marble column, which is a multiple of 9.The circular SLATE of the top center is called the solarite or the tianxin stone, and the sound wave will be reflected by the nearby panels to form a significant echo.In ancient China, the number of the singular is called the Yang number, and the double number is called the Yin number.In the number of Yang, the number 9 is “the pole of Yang number”, which indicates that the height of the celestial body is called “the number of days”.The ancients believed that nine is the pole of the Yang number, which indicates that the emperor is the son of heaven and the height of the emperor.Therefore, the whole circular mound altar USES the nine multiple to represent the authority of the heavenly son.The column of the circular mound and the number of steps, etc., are multiples of 9 or 9.The outer layer of the top round SLATE is a fanburning stove, a kiln, an oven, and a platform.North of the altar, there is a royal dry temple, with a width of five, originally placed the ancestor god card, later the card displacement to the temple.The altar also has a prayer gate, the god library, the god cook, the slaughter house, the walk and the corridor and other ancillary buildings.On the south side of the corridor there are seven stars stone, which is the stone of the jiajing period.The main building of the temple of heaven is the hall of prayer, which was built in the eighteenth year of Ming dynasty(1420).Every year, the emperor held a memorial service here, praying for good weather and good harvest.QiNianDian assumes the circular, diameter of 32 meters, QiNianDian 38 meters high, is a three double-hipped roof on the top of the gold treasure of a circular hall, temple eaves color deep blue, is blue glazed tile paving, because the day is blue, the symbol to day.The hall of prayer is excellent in architecture, and the hall of prayer, with 28 nanmu pillars and 36 links, is supported by the eaves of the three layers.The pillars have different symbolic meanings: the four pillars of the center are called the stud, representing the four seasons.The middle twelve pillars representing twelve months;The outer 12 eaves, representing the twelfth hour;The outer layers add up to 24 solar terms.The three layers add up to 28, representing 28 stars.The eight children's pillars on the top of the pillars represent 36 days gang;Baoding the thunder pillar, on behalf of the emperor.Its ancillary buildings include the imperial hall of the emperor, the year of the Lord, the god library, the kitchen of god, the slaughter house, the burnt wood stove, the garden, the table, the walk, and the 72 corridors.The square on the south side of the corridor has seven stars stone with carved mountain cloud pattern, which is the town stone laid in the Ming jiajing.This hall is located in the area of 5900 square meters of the round white jade platform, the platform is divided into 3 layers, the height is 6 meters, each layer has the hanbai jade baluster of carved flowers.This base and hall are inseparable art.When visitors across a front door of QiNianDian, to look and see the straight tube, extended to the south, along the porch of the gate, the smaller the farther, the distant end, have a feeling that came down from heaven.No wonder that a French architectural experts said after a visit to the temple of heaven: skyscrapers than QiNianDian much higher, but not QiNianDian that tall and profound artistic conception, reach QiNianDian height of art.The hall was burned and burned by lightning in 1889(15 years after the qing dynasty).It was said that the main columns of the temple were made of aloes wood, and when burned, the scent of the fragrance could be smelled outside of it.The next year, the emperor summoned the princes to discuss the restoration of the hall of prayer.Because can't find the pattern, in charge of the national construction affairs ministry kept once participated in the temple praying to the repair of the craftsmen were summoned, according to memory, oral, let them produce pattern, construction again.Therefore, the present prayer hall is the building of the qing dynasty guangxu period, but the basic building form, structure and the appearance of the Ming dynasty.Kowloon sunk panel
In the hall of prayer, the ceiling is a delicate “Kowloon caisson”, and longjing column is painted with gold.There is a plane inside the central circular marble, the decorative pattern on the end, is naturally formed longfeng pattern, a row dragon holding a phoenix, this is the “l(fā)ongfeng stone”, namely “in extremely good fortune”.Legend has it that the stone was originally only the phoenix pattern, but the top of the temple only had carved dragons, the older days, the dragon, the phoenix had the inspiration, the golden dragon often flies down to the phoenix to seek the phoenix.Only found one day to worship the emperor jiajing, bow to bow down on the stone, jinlong to fly back, together with the stone of the phoenix was emperor jiajing press it into a boulder, can no longer, since then became a deep shallow longfeng stone.When the house of prayer was burned in 1889, the dragon and phoenix stone was burned by the fire for a day and night.Although the stones were not burnt, the dragon grain was burnt to a light black, and the phoenix lines were blurred.In front of the hall, there are nine rooms of the east and west, which are called the east and west sides.God worship in Ming dynasty, in addition to offering prayers to god, but also with the royal family their ancestors, as well as day, month, five star, east, west, south, north, the big five yue, five township, five small yue, all four blaspheme(lakes), of the thunderstorm, mountains and rivers, tai sui, Taoism and so on various gods and every emperor, etc.Borrow from QiNianDian manner running, the sixth Beijing park festival will be opened in the temple of heaven QiNianDian on August 18, “ten interactive fitness competition”, “ten red movie retrospective”, “top ten brand” of the people's livelihood service hundreds of events such as weaving, give citizens rich cultural feast.The hall of abstinence
The palace is located in the west altar, covering an area of about 40,000 square meters and a double wall.There are 167 corridors around the inner wall.It is the guards' shelter.The main hall is one of the five famous buildings in Beijing.The top is covered with a blue glazed tile, indicating that you dare not call it before heaven.The front patio of the temple is equipped with a pavilion of inscriptions and a bronze pavilion of fasting, a bronze height of 1.5 ruler, wearing the ancient style of official clothes, holding a moment of “fasting” in the bronze medal, the legend of the tang dynasty prime minister wei zheng system(wei zheng is known for daring to admonish).After the main hall is five bedtimes, for the emperor to worship the place of the fast.Dan pursuit bridge
The danba bridge is also known as hai stud road, which is a broad path through the north-south and series central axis.It is built with white stone.Dani bridge north of the valley of prayer, south of circular mound altar, 360 meters long and 29 wide.Four meters, south is low north.In the road, the “Shinto road”, left “the imperial road”, right “wang dao”(accompany the courson road).Avenue, a east-west coupons hole under the call into the shape of the door, every time a sacrifice, all the “sacrifice” tied up with yellow wool, with wooden bowl sheng live fish, drums and through the door “, so the hole is also called the gate of hell.Seven star stone
Seven stars in the square on the east end of the corridor, there are eight large stones.It was said that when the Ming dynasty was founded in Beijing, it wanted to find a place to worship.One night, the gate of heaven was open, and the big dipper fell here, so it was built in heaven.In fact, these stones are very ordinary.In the nine years of Ming jiajing(1530), a Taoist priest said that the place was too empty for the emperor and huang shou.The qing dynasty added a stone to the northeast, indicating that it did not forget its ancestral home.The long corridor
The long corridor is also called the 72nd corridor, which is the link between god's kitchen and the god's kitchen, and also the main road to the hall of prayer.There were seventy-two in the gallery, and seventy in a second.The old legend was the place where the evil spirits gathered, and the shadows were whirling outside the window.Now the long corridor window can all be dismantled, become a beautiful and bright corridor, it is the good place for the tourist to rest the cool
well,that is all for this tour.thank you for your attention.i look forward to your next visit.good luck and bon voyage.北京天壇
北京天壇地處原北京外城的東南部,故宮正南偏東,正陽(yáng)門(mén)外東側(cè),始建于明朝永樂(lè)十八年(1420年),是中國(guó)古代明、清兩朝歷代皇帝祭天之地。這個(gè)建筑綜合體是帝王祭天的場(chǎng)所,它創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)象征性的聯(lián)系,來(lái)加強(qiáng)孔子的社會(huì)的等級(jí)制度。總面積為273公頃,是明清兩代帝王用以“祭天”“祈谷”的建筑。天壇(Temple of Heaven)1961年,國(guó)務(wù)院公布天壇為“全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位”;1998年被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織確認(rèn)為“世界文化遺產(chǎn)”;2009年,北京天壇入選中國(guó)世界紀(jì)錄協(xié)會(huì)中國(guó)現(xiàn)存最大的皇帝祭天建筑。
主要景點(diǎn)
圜丘壇
圜丘壇又稱(chēng)祭天臺(tái)、拜天臺(tái)、祭臺(tái),是一座露天的三層圓形石壇,為皇帝冬至祭天的地方,始建于明嘉靖九年(1530年),清乾隆十四年(1749年)擴(kuò)建。壇周長(zhǎng)534米,壇高5.2米,分上、中、下三層,各層欄板望柱及臺(tái)階數(shù)目均用陽(yáng)數(shù)(又稱(chēng)“天數(shù)”,即九的倍數(shù)),符”九五"之尊。壇面用艾葉青石砌就。壇面除中心石是圓形外,外圍各圈均為扇面形,數(shù)目也是陽(yáng)數(shù)。每層都有漢白玉欄板望柱,均為9的倍數(shù)。頂層中心的圓形石板叫做太陽(yáng)石或者天心石,站在其上呼喊或敲擊,聲波會(huì)被近旁的欄板反射,形成顯著的回音。
古代中國(guó)將單數(shù)稱(chēng)作陽(yáng)數(shù),雙數(shù)稱(chēng)作陰數(shù)。在陽(yáng)數(shù)中,數(shù)字9是“陽(yáng)數(shù)之極”,表示天體的至高至大,叫作“天數(shù)”。古人認(rèn)為九是陽(yáng)數(shù)之極,表示至高至大,皇帝是天子,也至高至大,所以整個(gè)圜丘壇都采用九的倍數(shù)來(lái)表示天子的權(quán)威。圜丘壇的欄板望柱和臺(tái)階數(shù)等,處處是9或者9的倍數(shù)。頂層圓形石板的外層是扇面形石塊,共有9層。最內(nèi)一層有9塊石塊,而每往外一層就遞增9塊,中下層亦是如此。三層欄板的數(shù)量分別是上屋欄板72塊,中層108塊,下層180塊,合360周天度數(shù)。三層壇面的直徑總和為45丈,除了是9的倍數(shù)外,還暗含“九五之尊”的寓意。
圜丘壇外有兩重圍墻,內(nèi)圓外方,四面各辟欞星門(mén)一座。西南角有望燈臺(tái)三座(南北二座只余遺跡),東南角有燔柴爐、瘞坎、燎爐和具服臺(tái)。壇東還有神庫(kù)、神廚、宰牲亭、祭器庫(kù)、樂(lè)器庫(kù)和棕建庫(kù)等附屬建筑。
皇穹宇
圜丘壇以北是皇穹宇,皇穹宇院落位于圜丘壇外壝北側(cè),坐北朝南,圓形圍墻,南面設(shè)三座琉璃門(mén),主要建筑有皇穹宇和東西配殿,是供奉圜丘壇祭祀神位的場(chǎng)所。祭天時(shí)使用的祭祀神牌都存放在這里。它始建于嘉靖九年(1530年),初名泰神殿,十七年(1538年)起改稱(chēng)皇穹宇。乾隆十七年(1752年)重修后為鎏金寶頂單檐攢尖頂建筑,用藍(lán)色琉璃瓦鋪設(shè)屋頂,象征青天。大殿直徑15.6米,高19.02米,由八根金柱和八根檐柱共同支撐起巨大的殿頂,三層天花藻井層層收進(jìn),構(gòu)造精巧。殿正中有漢白玉雕花的圓形石座,供奉“皇天上帝”牌位,左右配享皇帝祖先的神牌。正殿東西各有配殿,分別供奉日月星辰和云雨雷電等諸神牌位。整個(gè)殿宇的外觀狀似圓亭,坐落在2米多高的漢白玉須彌座臺(tái)基上,周?chē)O(shè)石護(hù)欄。另外,在皇穹宇殿前到大門(mén)中間的石板路上,由北向南的三塊石板叫做三音石。在皇穹宇門(mén)窗關(guān)閉而且附近沒(méi)有障礙的情況下,站立于第一塊石板上擊掌,可聽(tīng)到回音一聲;于第二塊石板上擊掌,可聽(tīng)到回音兩聲;于第三塊石板上擊掌,可聽(tīng)到回音三聲。
回音壁是皇穹宇的圍墻。墻高3.72米,厚0.9米,直徑61.5米,周長(zhǎng)193.2米。墻壁是用磨磚對(duì)縫砌成的,墻頭覆著藍(lán)色琉璃瓦。圍墻的弧度十分規(guī)則,墻面極其光滑整齊,對(duì)聲波的折射是十分規(guī)則的。只要兩個(gè)人分別站在東、西配殿后,貼墻而立,一個(gè)人靠墻向北說(shuō)話,聲波就會(huì)沿著墻壁連續(xù)折射前進(jìn),傳到一、二百米的另一端,無(wú)論說(shuō)話聲音多小,也可以使對(duì)方聽(tīng)得清清楚楚,而且聲音悠長(zhǎng),堪稱(chēng)奇趣,給人造成一種“天人感應(yīng)”的神秘氣氛。所以稱(chēng)之為“回音壁”。
祈年殿
祈年殿在天壇的北部,也稱(chēng)為祈谷壇,原名大祈殿、大享殿,始建于明永樂(lè)十八年(1420年),是天壇最早的建筑物。乾隆十六年(1751年)修繕后,改名為祈年殿。光緒十五年(1889年)毀于雷火,數(shù)年后按原樣重建。目前的祈年殿是一座直徑32.72米的圓形建筑,鎏金寶頂藍(lán)瓦三重檐攢尖頂,層層收進(jìn),總高38米。
祈年殿的殿座就是圓形的祈谷壇,三層6米高,氣勢(shì)巍峨。壇周有矮墻一重,東南角設(shè)燔柴爐、瘞坎、燎爐和具服臺(tái)。壇北有皇干殿,面闊五間,原先放置祖先神牌,后來(lái)牌位移至太廟。壇邊還有祈年門(mén)、神庫(kù)、神廚、宰牲亭、走牲路和長(zhǎng)廊等附屬建筑。長(zhǎng)廊南面的廣場(chǎng)上有七星石,是嘉靖年間放置的鎮(zhèn)石。
天壇的主體建筑是祈年殿,始建于明永樂(lè)十八年(1420年)?;实勖磕甓荚谶@里舉行祭天儀式,祈禱風(fēng)調(diào)雨順、五谷豐登。祈年殿呈圓形,直徑32米,祈年殿高38米,是一座有鎏金寶頂?shù)娜亻艿膱A形大殿,殿檐顏色深藍(lán),是用藍(lán)色琉璃瓦鋪砌的,因?yàn)樘焓撬{(lán)色的,以此來(lái)象征天。
祈年殿在建筑上出色之處是,祈年殿用28根楠木大柱和36塊互相銜接的榜、桷,支撐著三層連體的殿檐。這些大柱有不同的象征意義:中央四柱叫通天柱,代表四季;中層十二根金柱,代表十二個(gè)月;外層十二根檐柱,代表十二時(shí)辰;中外層相加二十四根代表二十四節(jié)氣;三層相加二十八根,代表二十八星宿;加柱頂八根童柱,代表三十六天罡;寶頂下雷公柱,代表皇帝一統(tǒng)天下。其附屬建筑有皇乾殿、祈年門(mén)、神庫(kù)、神廚、宰牲亭、燔柴爐、瘞坎、具服臺(tái)、走牲路及72間長(zhǎng)廊等。長(zhǎng)廊南面的廣場(chǎng)上有七星石,石上鏤刻山形云紋圖案,是明嘉靖時(shí)放置的鎮(zhèn)石。
這座大殿坐落在面積達(dá)5900多平方米的圓形漢白玉臺(tái)基上,臺(tái)基分3層,高6米,每層都有雕花的漢白玉欄桿。這個(gè)臺(tái)基與大殿是不可分的藝術(shù)整體。當(dāng)游人跨出祈年殿的大門(mén),往南望去,只見(jiàn)那條筆直的甬道,往南伸去,一路上門(mén)廊重重,越遠(yuǎn)越小,極目無(wú)盡,有一種從天上下來(lái)的感覺(jué)。難怪一位法國(guó)的建筑專(zhuān)家在游覽了天壇之后說(shuō):摩天大廈比祈年殿高得多,但卻沒(méi)有祈年殿那種高大與深邃的意境,達(dá)不到祈年殿的藝術(shù)高度。這座大殿在1889年(清光緒十五年)被雷擊起火焚毀,據(jù)說(shuō),當(dāng)時(shí)殿的大柱是用沉香木做的,燃燒時(shí),清香的氣味,數(shù)里之外都可以聞到。翌年,皇帝召集群臣商量重建祈年殿。因找不到圖樣,掌管?chē)?guó)家建筑事務(wù)的工部便把曾經(jīng)參加過(guò)祈所殿修繕事務(wù)的工匠們召集來(lái),讓他們根據(jù)記憶、口述制成圖樣,再施工建造。因此,現(xiàn)在的祈年殿是清代光緒年間的建筑,但是,基本建筑形式、結(jié)構(gòu),還保留著明代的樣子。
九龍?jiān)寰?/p>
祈年殿內(nèi),天花板處是精致的“九龍?jiān)寰?,龍井柱則是描金彩繪。殿內(nèi)中央有一塊平面圓形大理石,石面上的花紋,是自然形成的龍鳳花紋,一條行龍抱著一只鳳凰,這便是“龍鳳石”,即“龍鳳呈祥”。相傳,這塊石頭上原來(lái)只有鳳紋,而殿頂藻井內(nèi)只有雕龍,年長(zhǎng)日久,龍、鳳有了靈感,金龍常常飛下來(lái)找鳳石上的鳳凰尋歡。不料有一天正遇見(jiàn)嘉靖皇帝來(lái)祭天,在石上跪拜行禮,金龍來(lái)不及飛回去,和石上的鳳凰一起被嘉靖皇帝壓進(jìn)圓石里面,再也無(wú)法出來(lái),從此才變成一深一淺的龍鳳石。1889年祈年殿被焚燒時(shí),這塊龍鳳石被烈火熏燒了一個(gè)晝夜,石塊雖未被燒碎,但龍紋被燒成淺黑色,鳳紋被燒得模糊不清。祈年殿前有東、西配殿各九間,稱(chēng)東廡和西廡,是收藏配神牌位的庫(kù)房。明代祭天時(shí),除祭禱皇天上帝外,還要配祭皇族朱氏祖先,以及日、月五星,東、西、南、北、中的五大岳,五小岳的五鎮(zhèn),四海四瀆(河湖)、風(fēng)云雷雨、山川、太歲、道教等各神祗和歷代帝王等。
借于祈年殿的氣勢(shì)巍峨,第六屆北京公園節(jié)將于8月18日在天壇祈年殿開(kāi)幕,“十項(xiàng)互動(dòng)健身競(jìng)賽”、“十部紅色電影回顧展”、“十大服務(wù)民生品牌”等百余項(xiàng)活動(dòng)交織登場(chǎng),為市民獻(xiàn)上豐富的文化盛宴。
齋宮
齋宮位于西壇門(mén)內(nèi),占地約四萬(wàn)平方米,雙重圍墻,內(nèi)墻四周有廊167間,是衛(wèi)士們避風(fēng)雨處,正殿為五間無(wú)梁殿,是京城著名建筑之一。頂部用藍(lán)色琉璃瓦覆蓋,表示在天之前不敢稱(chēng)尊。殿前露臺(tái)上設(shè)有時(shí)辰碑亭和齋戒銅人亭,銅人高1.5尺,身穿古代文官服,手持一刻有“齋戒”二字的銅牌,相傳是仿唐朝宰相魏征而制(魏征以敢諫著稱(chēng))。正殿后是五間寢宮,為皇帝祭祀前齋戒的地方。
丹陛橋
丹陛橋又叫海墁大道,是一條貫通南北、串聯(lián)中軸線上建筑的寬廣甬路,以白石筑成。丹陛橋北連祈谷壇,南接圜丘壇,長(zhǎng)360米,寬29.4米,南低北高。路面中為“神道”,左為“御道”,右為“王道”(陪臣走的路)。大道下有一東西走向的券洞,叫進(jìn)牲門(mén),每次祭祀,都用黃絨線將“牲”捆好,用木盆盛活魚(yú),擊鼓奏樂(lè)穿門(mén)而過(guò),因此此洞也叫鬼門(mén)關(guān)。
七星石
七星石在長(zhǎng)廊東端的廣場(chǎng)上,有八塊巨石。傳 說(shuō)明代建都北京時(shí)想尋找一祭天場(chǎng)所,一天夜里,天門(mén)大開(kāi),北斗七星落于此地,于是在此建天壇祀 天。其實(shí)這些石頭極為普通,明嘉靖九年(1530 年),有一道士說(shuō)這里太空曠,不利于皇位和皇壽,就設(shè)七石鎮(zhèn)在這里。清朝又在東北方加一石頭,表示不忘祖籍。
長(zhǎng)廊
長(zhǎng)廊也叫七十二廊,既是聯(lián)接神庫(kù)、神廚等處的紐帶,也是通往祈年殿的主道。該廊有七十二間,又叫七十二連房。舊時(shí)傳說(shuō)是七十二地煞鬼聚集的地方,窗外松影婆娑,陰森可怖?,F(xiàn)在長(zhǎng)廊窗坎全部被拆除,成了一條美麗豁亮的通廊,是游人休息納涼的好去處
第四篇:武漢植物園導(dǎo)游詞
溫室共分為三大展區(qū):熱帶雨林展區(qū),沙漠植物展區(qū),蘭花展區(qū)。首先大家來(lái)到的是熱帶雨林展區(qū)??偯娣e達(dá)1845平方米,是整個(gè)溫室面積最大的一個(gè)主展區(qū)。栽培物種1500余種,包括棕櫚科、??啤ⅧP梨科、天南星科、百合科、姜科、芭蕉科、竹芋科、五加科、大戟科、秋海棠科以及各種蕨類(lèi)。該室模擬熱帶雨林風(fēng)光,也以熱帶亞熱帶植物為主,按照其地勢(shì)高低和功能不同,分別配植,形成獨(dú)特的熱帶雨林生態(tài)景觀。突出原始叢林氛圍,棕櫚科有大王椰子、老人葵(老人葵又叫華盛頓葵,棕櫚科華盛頓科屬,原產(chǎn)印度、馬來(lái)西亞等地。木本植物,常綠喬木類(lèi),觀葉類(lèi),常綠椰子樹(shù)。)、糖棕(對(duì)于產(chǎn)糖植物而言,人們最熟悉的莫過(guò)于南方的甘蔗和北方的甜菜,其實(shí),棕櫚科里的糖棕也是一位產(chǎn)糖“能手”。糖棕產(chǎn)于熱帶亞洲和非洲,樹(shù)型高大,羽狀葉片巨大而稠密,其花蜜含糖分。花序被割開(kāi)之后能流出大量的糖汁,雌株的汁液量比雄株約多50%,汁液可作飲料、發(fā)酵制酒或濃縮熬煮5小時(shí)成糖。)熱帶水果有人心果(人心果屬山欖科人心果屬。原產(chǎn)墨西哥及中美洲,以及東南亞。中國(guó)主要分布在海南、廣東、福建、臺(tái)灣、廣西、云南等地。常綠喬木。人心果,因果實(shí)的縱切面形像人的心臟而得名。采收后放置5~7天再吃,滋味最佳。樹(shù)皮的乳汁為制口香糖的膠料;種仁含油達(dá)20%,根、皮、葉均可供藥用。)、芒果(芒果是漆樹(shù)科芒果屬,享有“熱帶果王”的美稱(chēng)。芒果樹(shù)是常綠喬木。芒果的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值很高,維生素A含量高達(dá)3.8%,比杏子還要多出1倍。維生素C的含量也超過(guò)桔子、草莓。芒果含有糖、蛋白質(zhì)及鈣、磷、鐵等營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分,均為人體所必需。食之不暈船惡心。)、楊桃(又因橫切面如五角星,故國(guó)外又稱(chēng)之為“星梨”。是久負(fù)盛名的嶺南佳果之一。酢漿草科,常綠或半常綠喬木。能生津止渴。葉有利尿,散熱毒、止痛、止血作用。除含糖10%外,還含有豐富的維生素A和C。)。其中飛瀑迎客、碧水賞珠、洞天福地、茅亭小徑。
進(jìn)門(mén)大家就看到的這棵是龍血樹(shù),一種熱帶常綠喬木,為龍舌蘭科,龍血樹(shù)屬。它的樹(shù)皮一旦被割破,便會(huì)流出殷紅的汁液,象人體的鮮血一樣,因此而得名。它大多分布于海拔較高的石灰?guī)r地區(qū),高可達(dá)20米,屬?lài)?guó)家二類(lèi)保護(hù)植物。龍血樹(shù)的汁液有極高的藥用價(jià)值,可提煉名貴的云南紅藥——血竭,又名麒麟竭,與云南白藥齊名,又是著名藥品“七厘散”的主要成份,李時(shí)珍在《本草綱目》中譽(yù)之為“活血圣藥”,有活血化瘀,消腫止痛,收斂止血的良好功效,既可內(nèi)服,又可外用,是治療跌打損傷、活血、止血的特效藥。1972年我國(guó)著名植物學(xué)家、西雙版納熱帶植物園創(chuàng)始人蔡希陶教授首次在云南省思茅地區(qū)孟連縣境內(nèi)的石灰山上發(fā)現(xiàn)大片龍血樹(shù)。龍血樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)很緩慢,一年之內(nèi)樹(shù)干增粗還不到1厘米,但在植物界中它的生命期最長(zhǎng),可達(dá)八千年,因此被植物學(xué)家們譽(yù)之為“植物壽星”。
大家看到的這棵是木棉樹(shù),木棉科落葉大喬木,因它長(zhǎng)的很筆直偉岸,花開(kāi)的火紅,象鮮血一樣,所以又叫英雄樹(shù)。樹(shù)身高大概l0米左右,樹(shù)和枝長(zhǎng)有扎人的硬刺。主要生長(zhǎng)在我國(guó)的南方地區(qū)。每年的三四月份開(kāi)花,其花稱(chēng)木棉花可當(dāng)藥材,有清熱祛濕的作用,是廣州市的市花。這里它主要展示的是熱帶雨
林特有的板根現(xiàn)象。
植物一般是根系扎進(jìn)土壤,執(zhí)行吸收水分、養(yǎng)分,供應(yīng)地上部分莖干、枝葉生長(zhǎng)的功能,也起著承受地上部分重力的支撐作用。為了更好地執(zhí)行上述的功能,根系總向深度和廣度兩個(gè)方面發(fā)展,熱帶雨林中、上層喬木,一般三四十米粉,并且它們的樹(shù)冠也很寬大。如果沒(méi)有強(qiáng)有力的根系做基礎(chǔ),這些樹(shù)木便會(huì)頭重腳輕站不穩(wěn),會(huì)下陷或因熱帶的暴風(fēng)雨而被摧倒。由于熱帶雨林處在多雨、潮濕的氣候條件,土壤中的水分在很長(zhǎng)的雨季總是處于飽和或近于飽和的狀況,樹(shù)木的根系因“呼吸”所需,它們很難深入到空氣缺乏深土層中。既然難以進(jìn)入深層土壤又要執(zhí)行對(duì)地上部分的支撐作用,它們便采取向地面空間發(fā)展的策略。象這棵木棉樹(shù),選擇的是把樹(shù)干的莖部如翅膀狀向四周延伸,形成板狀的根,稱(chēng)為“板根”,并沿著地面逶迤延伸,加以解決“頭重腳輕根底淺”的難題。自然界生物的奇妙就在于它們與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系,適者生存。
在木棉樹(shù)下的是金苞花,又名金苞蝦衣花,爵床科厚穗爵床屬常綠亞灌木。苞片心形,金黃色,長(zhǎng)約3cm;花乳白色,唇形,長(zhǎng)5cm左右,從苞片中伸出。原產(chǎn)秘魯和墨西哥。金苞花養(yǎng)護(hù)管理一是溫度要合適。它的生長(zhǎng)適溫為20℃至28℃,二是光照要適宜。三是水分要充足。四是土壤要通透良好。五是肥料要對(duì)路。
走在美麗的熱帶雨林里,不經(jīng)意間,你可能會(huì)突然發(fā)現(xiàn):某株高大喬木的樹(shù)干上生長(zhǎng)著一叢奇怪的翠綠色葉片,既有向上叢生的,也有向下懸垂的,每張葉片的頂端都分裂成兩瓣,每一瓣又接著分裂成兩瓣,依此類(lèi)推數(shù)層,看起來(lái)酷似馬鹿的角。這就是著名的野生觀賞植物、國(guó)家二級(jí)重點(diǎn)保護(hù)植物——鹿角蕨。就是大家看到的這棵,它為鹿角蕨科鹿角蕨屬多年生常綠附生草本觀葉植物,雖然鹿角蕨以高大喬木的樹(shù)身為家園,但對(duì)喬木卻沒(méi)有什么傷害,因?yàn)樗歉缴参铮皇羌纳参?,它僅靠空氣和雨水賜予的食物即可養(yǎng)活自己,而不需要再吸取喬木的營(yíng)養(yǎng)。國(guó)內(nèi)首次發(fā)現(xiàn)野生鹿角蕨是在云南省大盈江的原始森林里,因?yàn)槁菇寝С38缴跇?shù)干的節(jié)疤上或樹(shù)椏處,所以當(dāng)?shù)厝艘卜Q(chēng)它為“樹(shù)衣衫”。
大家再抬頭向上看這棵植物,它有多片闊大的葉子環(huán)生于短莖周?chē)?,中央成一盆狀,因此得名鳥(niǎo)巢蕨。為鐵角蕨科巢蕨屬多年生陰生草本觀葉植物,如果你也想種植鳥(niǎo)巢蕨,要知道它也是附生型蕨類(lèi),所以栽培時(shí)一般不能用普通的培養(yǎng)土,而要用蕨根、樹(shù)皮塊、苔蘚、碎磚塊拌和碎木屑、椰子糠等用為盆栽基質(zhì),同時(shí)用透氣性較好的栽培容器,并在容器底部填充碎磚塊等較大顆粒材料,以利通氣排小。亦可將鳥(niǎo)巢蕨直接種于假樹(shù)或木段上,但須經(jīng)常噴水,以保持較高的空氣濕度。鳥(niǎo)巢蕨喜溫暖、潮濕和較強(qiáng)散射光的半陰條件。在高溫多濕條件下終年可以生長(zhǎng),其生長(zhǎng)最適溫度為20-22。不耐寒,冬季越冬溫度為5。春季和夏季的生長(zhǎng)盛期需多澆水,并經(jīng)常向葉面噴水,以保持葉面光潔。一般空氣濕度以保持70%-80較適宜。
但澆水時(shí)也要注意盆中可積水,否則容易爛根致死。生長(zhǎng)季每?jī)芍苁└煲悍室淮危员WC植株生長(zhǎng)及葉色濃綠。
在這里他們主要展示的是熱帶雨林的空中花園現(xiàn)象,陰暗潮濕的熱帶雨林中密生著眾多的附生植物,它們能巧妙地利用樹(shù)權(quán)及樹(shù)枝上殘留的鳥(niǎo)糞、枯枝落葉或塵土中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)。現(xiàn)在鳥(niǎo)巢蕨和鹿角蕨就是附生在橡皮樹(shù)上,高懸在空中,當(dāng)花開(kāi)之際,它們的花就像開(kāi)在空中一樣,所以就形成了奇妙的空中花園。
龍吐珠為馬鞭草科赪桐屬木質(zhì)藤本植物。龍吐珠原產(chǎn)非洲熱帶地區(qū),其生長(zhǎng)適溫為18℃至24℃,冬季溫度不低于8℃。龍吐珠葉色濃綠,花形奇特,白里吐紅,宛如游龍吐珠,是極好的盆栽花卉。
棕竹又稱(chēng)觀音竹,是棕櫚科棕竹屬,原產(chǎn)我國(guó)廣東、云南等地。它葉頂生掌狀分裂,稈有苞毛覆被,苞毛脫落處,有節(jié)如竹。
紅背桂,又叫紅背桂花,大戟科,土沉香屬。原產(chǎn)我國(guó)廣東、廣西及越南,我國(guó)南方廣為栽培。是常綠灌木,表面綠色,背后紫紅色?;▎涡?,雌雄異株,初開(kāi)時(shí)黃色,后漸變?yōu)辄S白色。夏、秋兩季為開(kāi)花期。
虎耳草又稱(chēng)金錢(qián)吊芙蓉。為虎耳草科虎耳草屬多年生草本觀葉植物。產(chǎn)我國(guó)與日本。近年來(lái),隨著多年生草本的推廣種植,可在老綠地大喬木下種植,作地被使用,也可在建筑或巖石旁栽植,更顯效果。它又是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中草藥。
在綠色植物王國(guó)里,蕨類(lèi)植物是高等植物中較為低級(jí)的一個(gè)類(lèi)群。在遠(yuǎn)古的地質(zhì)時(shí)期,蕨類(lèi)植物大都為高大的樹(shù)木,后來(lái)由于大陸的變遷,多數(shù)被深埋地下變?yōu)槊禾俊,F(xiàn)今生存在地球上的大部分是較矮小的草本植物,只有極少數(shù)一些木本種類(lèi)幸免于難,生活至今,桫欏便是其中的一種。桫欏又名樹(shù)蕨,高可達(dá)8米。蕨類(lèi)植物門(mén)桫欏科。由于它是現(xiàn)今僅存的木本蕨類(lèi)植物,極其珍貴,所以被國(guó)家列為一類(lèi)重點(diǎn)保護(hù)植物。這種巨大的蕨類(lèi)在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代曾遍布全球,是當(dāng)時(shí)恐龍的食物之一,如今的孑遺樹(shù)種則成了“活化石”。在物種進(jìn)化、氣候變遷、地理運(yùn)動(dòng)等方面,有極高的科研價(jià)值。從外觀上看,桫欏有些像椰子樹(shù),其樹(shù)干為圓柱形,直立而挺拔,樹(shù)頂上叢生著許多大而長(zhǎng)的羽狀復(fù)葉,向四方飄垂,如果把它的葉片反轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)來(lái),背面可以看到許多星星點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的孢子囊群。孢子囊中長(zhǎng)著許多孢子。桫欏是沒(méi)有花的,當(dāng)然也就不結(jié)果實(shí),沒(méi)有種子,它就是靠這些孢子來(lái)繁衍后代的。桫欏性喜溫暖濕潤(rùn)的氣候,分布在我國(guó)云南、貴州、四川、西藏、廣西、廣東、臺(tái)灣等地,常常生長(zhǎng)在林下或河邊、溪谷兩旁的陰濕之地。桫欏也有不少用途。其莖
富含淀粉,可供食用,又可制花瓶等器物。而且入藥,中藥里稱(chēng)之為飛天蠄蟧、龍骨風(fēng)。有小毒,可驅(qū)風(fēng)濕、強(qiáng)筋骨,清熱止咳。桫欏體態(tài)優(yōu)美,是很好的庭園觀賞樹(shù)木。
睡蓮為睡蓮科睡蓮屬多年生水生草本,又名子午蓮、水浮蓮、水芹花等,花葉都浮于水面,葉圓盾形,葉面綠色,葉背紫色,花有白、紅、粉、黃、藍(lán)、紫等色及其中間色,花期6—8月,每朵花可連續(xù)開(kāi)放4—7天,凋謝后才逐漸卷縮沉入水中結(jié)果。由于其花葉俱美,花色豐富,花期較長(zhǎng),所以向來(lái)深為人們所喜愛(ài)。由于睡蓮根能吸收水中的汞、鉛、苯酚等有毒物質(zhì),是難得的水體凈化的植物材料,所以在城市水體凈化、綠化、美化建設(shè)中倍受重視。睡蓮大多近午時(shí)開(kāi)放,傍晚閉合,因而得名。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)各省區(qū)均有栽培。睡蓮根狀莖可食用或釀酒,又可入藥,治小兒慢驚風(fēng)。睡蓮分為熱帶睡蓮,寒帶睡蓮兩種,耐寒,不耐寒。熱帶睡蓮,原產(chǎn)于亞馬遜河流域,如果四季溫度保持在18,可以花開(kāi)不斷。它們的區(qū)分:
“獨(dú)木不成林”,是名很富哲理的古語(yǔ)。但世間的事卻并不像人們想象的那么單調(diào),獨(dú)樹(shù)雖然不是茫茫林海,但某些樹(shù)木卻會(huì)塑造出“成林”奇觀。一棵獨(dú)樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)許多“樹(shù)士”,形成一片林景。塑造“獨(dú)樹(shù)成林”的樹(shù)木,主要是??茊棠鹃艠?shù)。就是大家現(xiàn)在看到的這種,它生長(zhǎng)迅速,植株粗壯,對(duì)冠開(kāi)闊,枝葉四季常青,俗稱(chēng)大青樹(shù)。大家可能看到它長(zhǎng)了很多胡須似的,其實(shí)它們叫做“氣生根”屬于不定根的一種,是榕樹(shù)的一種特殊形態(tài)的根。榕樹(shù)的壽命長(zhǎng),生長(zhǎng)快,側(cè)枝和側(cè)根非常發(fā)達(dá)。枝條上有很多皮孔,到處可以長(zhǎng)出許多氣生根,向下懸垂,像一把把胡子。這些氣生根向下生長(zhǎng)入土后不斷增粗而成支柱根,支柱根不分枝不長(zhǎng)葉。榕樹(shù)氣生根的功能和其他根系一樣,具有吸收水分和養(yǎng)料的作用,同時(shí)還支撐著不斷往外擴(kuò)展的樹(shù)枝,使樹(shù)冠不斷擴(kuò)大。它像樹(shù)干般立于土地和主枝之間當(dāng)老樹(shù)周?chē)紳M業(yè)細(xì)不等的支柱根以后,獨(dú)樹(shù)盤(pán)踞的地面上,使出現(xiàn)了“成林”景致。一棵巨大的老榕樹(shù)支柱可多達(dá)千條以上。它的樹(shù)冠可覆蓋6000多平方米,被人們稱(chēng)為“獨(dú)木成林”。
露兜樹(shù)為露兜樹(shù)科小喬木,其纖維可編制多種工藝品,鮮花含芳香油,根、葉、花、果藥用,治腎炎水腫等炎痰。國(guó)內(nèi)多見(jiàn)于廣東、廣西、福建、云南、臺(tái)灣等省區(qū),亞洲熱帶其它地區(qū)和澳大利亞南部也有分布,但多生于海岸沙地。在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí),西雙版納是古地中海的一部分,由于地質(zhì)史上的喜馬拉雅造山運(yùn)動(dòng),使古地中海西退,經(jīng)歷了“滄海桑田”的變遷。但誰(shuí)能見(jiàn)證?地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)、古生物的研究結(jié)果見(jiàn)證,這對(duì)于科學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)是證據(jù)確鑿的。但這些證據(jù)都是“死的”東西,這在人類(lèi)有時(shí)會(huì)因“死無(wú)對(duì)證”而說(shuō)不清的。還好,自然界因“怕”說(shuō)不清而在西雙版納留下了數(shù)十種植物作為活見(jiàn)證,露兜樹(shù)就是其中很有說(shuō)服力的一種。古地中海消失后,它“認(rèn)為”西雙版納這塊土地好而沒(méi)有跟它的家族一起遷移到有海的地方去,經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的磨練、演化,成為了后來(lái)發(fā)育起來(lái)的熱帶雨林的成員,并逐步適應(yīng)了熱帶雨林酸性的土壤、潮濕而較陰暗的林內(nèi)環(huán)境,而且還改變了非海邊不能生長(zhǎng)的習(xí)性。然而,也許是“江山易改而習(xí)性難移”的某些
遺傳基因還在起作用吧,它在樹(shù)干的下部還要長(zhǎng)出很多氣生根并發(fā)展成為支柱根,保持它原來(lái)生長(zhǎng)在海濱灘涂上為了“呼吸”和支撐地上植株的習(xí)性。
現(xiàn)在大家進(jìn)入的是沙漠展區(qū)多肉植物因?yàn)橐淌苌衬锔珊?、炎熱的惡劣環(huán)境,身體的某些部分演化成了肥胖的貯水器,有的連葉子也退化成了刺或完全消失了,與別的植物不同,這類(lèi)植物多在晚上涼爽時(shí)才打開(kāi)氣孔,釋放氧氣,同時(shí)吸收二氧化碳,若把這類(lèi)植物擺放在家里,簡(jiǎn)直就是天然的“空氣清新器”,非常有益于健康。
首先大家看到的這個(gè)是雞蛋花,又名蛋黃花,屬夾竹桃科雞蛋花屬的常綠植物。原產(chǎn)熱帶美洲,現(xiàn)廣植于各熱帶地區(qū),花朵外面白色略帶淡紅,內(nèi)面基部黃色,通常稱(chēng)為“冠白,心黃”,形似雞蛋白色著蛋黃,故名。每年8、9月開(kāi)花時(shí)節(jié),散發(fā)著沁人心脾的雞蛋花香的氣味。用雞蛋花的干花可熏制沖泡茶水名為雞蛋花茶。雞蛋花的花朵和樹(shù)皮均可入藥,具有清熱、解毒、治痢、潤(rùn)肺、止咳、平喘之功;鮮花可提取芳香油,用作調(diào)制化妝品和高級(jí)香皂。
龍舌蘭:龍舌蘭因葉片呈劍形,葉緣有波狀硬齒,形態(tài)很像傳說(shuō)中龍的舌頭而得名,又因其壽命長(zhǎng),生長(zhǎng)緩慢,開(kāi)花不易,而在英文中被稱(chēng)為“century plant”,意思是“世紀(jì)植物”?!褒埳嗵m”為龍舌蘭科、龍舌蘭屬多肉植物的總稱(chēng)。大多數(shù)品種的龍舌蘭一生只開(kāi)一次花,通常在生長(zhǎng)8年至25年后才能開(kāi)花,花后植株逐漸枯萎死亡。金邊龍舌蘭,植株具短莖,葉基生,匙形,排列緊密,肉質(zhì)葉肥厚,劍狀,灰綠至藍(lán)綠色,葉緣有金黃色鑲邊,邊緣有黃色銳刺。
虎尾蘭,龍舌蘭科,虎尾蘭屬。為多年生肉質(zhì)草本植物。葉色淺綠色,正反兩面具白色和深綠色的橫向如云層狀條紋,狀似虎皮,表面有很厚的蠟質(zhì)層。在吸收二氧碳的同時(shí)能釋放出氧氣,使室內(nèi)空氣中的負(fù)離子濃度增加。負(fù)離子可使大腦皮層功能及腦力活動(dòng)加強(qiáng),精神振奮,工作效率提高,能使睡眠質(zhì)量得到改善,使腦組織的氧化過(guò)程力度加強(qiáng),侃腦組織獲得更多的氧。
武倫柱:原產(chǎn)於北美洲墨西哥的「武倫柱」,為仙人掌科;青綠色的主干上,密生奶油色的長(zhǎng)硬刺,刺的基部被有白粉,於夏天的夜晚,會(huì)開(kāi)出漏斗狀的白花,它是巨型柱狀仙人掌的代表。
在植物的豐富多彩的世界里你總會(huì)遇到以前沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)的東西,就象你現(xiàn)在看到的這棵樹(shù),它竟然整個(gè)樹(shù)身不見(jiàn)一片葉子,滿樹(shù)盡是光溜溜的碧綠的枝條。光棍樹(shù)屬大戟科灌木,高可達(dá)4-9米,原產(chǎn)東非和南非的熱帶沙漠地區(qū)。因它的枝條碧綠,光滑,有光澤,所以人們又稱(chēng)它為綠玉樹(shù)或綠珊瑚。光棍樹(shù)的白色乳汁有劇毒,觀賞或栽培時(shí)需特別小心,千萬(wàn)不能讓乳汁進(jìn)入人的口、耳、眼、鼻或傷口中,但這種有毒的
乳汁卻能抵抗病毒和害蟲(chóng)的侵襲,從而起到保護(hù)樹(shù)體的作用。另?yè)?jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,光棍樹(shù)乳汁中碳?xì)浠衔锏暮亢芨?,是很有希望的石油植物。那為什么光棍?shù)僅有綠色的枝條而沒(méi)有葉片呢?原來(lái),在漫長(zhǎng)的歲月中,植物為適應(yīng)環(huán)境,都會(huì)發(fā)生變異,光棍樹(shù)的故鄉(xiāng)--非洲沙漠地區(qū)長(zhǎng)年赤日炎炎,雨量極其稀少,由于嚴(yán)重缺水,許多動(dòng)植物大量死亡,甚至滅絕。適者生存,為適應(yīng)惡劣的自然環(huán)境,保水抗旱,原來(lái)枝繁葉茂的光棍樹(shù)為減少水分蒸發(fā),葉片就慢慢退化了,消失了,而枝干變成了綠色,用綠色密集的枝干代替葉子進(jìn)行光合作用。植物不進(jìn)行光合作用,是不能成活生長(zhǎng)的,而綠色是進(jìn)行光合作用的重要條件。這樣,光棍樹(shù)就得以生存了。但是,如果把光棍樹(shù)種植在溫暖潮濕的地方,它不僅會(huì)很容易地繁殖生長(zhǎng),而且還可能會(huì)長(zhǎng)出一些小葉片呢!這也是為適應(yīng)濕潤(rùn)環(huán)境而發(fā)生的,生長(zhǎng)出一些小葉片,可以增加水分的蒸發(fā)量,從而達(dá)到保持體內(nèi)的水分平衡。
酒瓶蘭為百合科酒瓶蘭屬觀葉植物。酒瓶蘭為常綠小喬木,在原產(chǎn)地可高達(dá)2—3米。其地下根肉質(zhì),莖基部膨大狀如酒瓶。酒瓶蘭原產(chǎn)熱帶雨林地區(qū)。其性喜溫暖濕潤(rùn)及日光充足環(huán)境,較耐早、耐寒。
大家都知道沙漠地區(qū)長(zhǎng)期炎熱缺水,所以生活在這種干旱環(huán)境中的植物,其形態(tài)等方面會(huì)出現(xiàn)一系列適應(yīng)性特征,A.有非常發(fā)達(dá)的根 B.具有肥厚多汁的肉質(zhì)莖 C.在葉表面有厚的角質(zhì)層 D.有較小的葉面積。仙人掌科是沙漠中最典型的植物。仙人掌是仙人掌科,多年生多肉植物,原產(chǎn)墨西哥。需要溫暖高溫,充足的陽(yáng)光。仙人掌中亦蘊(yùn)含了大量的鈣和磷,可提供讓骨骼、關(guān)節(jié)和結(jié)締組織更為強(qiáng)壯的豐富礦物質(zhì)。
多漿多肉類(lèi)室實(shí)際使用面積256平方米,依地勢(shì)高低將其劃分為八個(gè)小區(qū)域,共展示了400余種來(lái)自世界各地的奇型異株,有高如擎天的“武倫柱”,形似燈籠的“燈籠”,一覽眾山小的“帝冠“等等,展示沙漠風(fēng)情。兩大部分仙人掌科植物(莖多肉型)和多肉類(lèi)植物(肥大器官用來(lái)儲(chǔ)水),仙人掌科(福祿龍神木、山影拳)有毛柱型仙人掌(白麗翁)、葉狀仙人掌(令箭荷花、曇花、蟹爪蘭等。)、綴花與斑紋仙人掌、扇狀仙人掌、球型仙人掌(球形仙人掌,顧名思義它的植株外型均為圓球形。代表種類(lèi)有金琥,別名黃刺金琥,是仙人掌科、金琥屬中最具魅力的仙人球種類(lèi)。金琥原產(chǎn)墨西哥沙漠地區(qū),現(xiàn)我國(guó)南方、北方均有引種栽培。金琥性喜陽(yáng)光充足,多喜肥沃、透水性好的沙壤土。夏季高溫炎熱期應(yīng)適當(dāng)蔽蔭,以防球體被強(qiáng)光灼傷。金琥壽命很長(zhǎng),栽培容易,成年大金琥花繁球壯,金碧輝煌,觀賞價(jià)值很高。而且體積小,占據(jù)空間少,是城市家庭綠化十分理想的一種觀賞植物。);多肉類(lèi)有龍舌蘭科、百合科(筒葉虎尾蘭)等50多科的部分植物。有葉多肉:景天科(長(zhǎng)壽花)、番杏科。莖多肉:大戟科(珊瑚油桐)、蘿摩科、莖干多肉:夾竹桃科(亞阿相界、霸王樹(shù)、霸王樹(shù)綴化)。
第五篇:濟(jì)南植物園導(dǎo)游詞
濟(jì)南植物園導(dǎo)游詞
濟(jì)南植物園科普館位于植物園東北處,占地350平方米,展覽面積1000平方米,一樓主要展示瀕危植物、市樹(shù)、市花與中國(guó)十大名花科普知識(shí),下面是濟(jì)南植物園導(dǎo)游詞,歡迎大家閱讀。
篇一:濟(jì)南植物園導(dǎo)游詞
歡迎大家來(lái)到這!我是你們的導(dǎo)游,我姓x,大家可以叫我小x。為了便于大家參觀游玩,下面我首先大家介紹一下。
濟(jì)南植物園位于濟(jì)南市西南部,占地面積1500畝(2015年數(shù)據(jù))。2004年3月由濟(jì)南市園林局籌資建設(shè),2006年9月26日正式開(kāi)園。
濟(jì)南植物園是國(guó)家AAAA級(jí)旅游景區(qū)、齊魯山水新十景、濟(jì)南市優(yōu)秀旅游景區(qū)。濟(jì)南植物園內(nèi)分為科普館、銀杏園、牡丹園等十余個(gè)園區(qū),具有植物科學(xué)研究、種質(zhì)資源保存、植物知識(shí)普及、新優(yōu)植物推廣、游覽觀賞休憩、生態(tài)示范展示等功能,是山東濟(jì)南新一代綜合植物園。濟(jì)南植物園位于濟(jì)南市區(qū)東郊35公里處,地理位置東經(jīng)117°27'24″,北緯36°36'47″,平均海拔159米。距濟(jì)南市區(qū)35公里,東鄰省道244線,北距309國(guó)道4公里,南與第二條濟(jì)青高速公路毗鄰,距濟(jì)南國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)26公里,交通較為便利。植物園西倚西山,南連錦屏山,東眺胡山,北望危山,引南部山區(qū)水庫(kù)。
濟(jì)南植物園地處中緯度地帶,屬于暖溫帶半濕潤(rùn)季風(fēng)型氣候。其特點(diǎn)是季風(fēng)明顯,四季分明,春季干旱少雨,夏季溫?zé)岫嘤?,秋季涼爽干燥,冬季寒冷少雪。年平均氣?3.8℃,無(wú)霜期178天,最高月均溫27.2℃(7月),最低月均溫-3.2℃(1月)。年平均降水量685毫米。年日照時(shí)數(shù)1870.9小時(shí)(2009年)。
濟(jì)南植物園的前身--神洲生態(tài)樂(lè)園始建于2003年,上半年由濟(jì)南城市園林綠化局黨委決定籌建。2006年初濟(jì)南市政府將神洲生態(tài)樂(lè)園項(xiàng)目建設(shè)納入“十一五”規(guī)劃。2005年,濟(jì)南城市園林綠化局開(kāi)始著手研究將神洲生態(tài)樂(lè)園逐步改建為植物園,同時(shí)期濟(jì)南新植物園建設(shè)項(xiàng)目列入2006年濟(jì)南市重點(diǎn)工程。
濟(jì)南植物園根據(jù)其植物不同的生態(tài)要求,按照植物分類(lèi)系統(tǒng)排列順序?yàn)橹骶€,環(huán)狀布置,栽培具有可以收集到的、能在本地區(qū)健康生長(zhǎng)的植物種類(lèi)。以科、屬為基本單元栽培植物,以植物專(zhuān)類(lèi)園的形式展示植物造景藝術(shù),形成各具特色的園林景觀。建成木蘭園、櫻花園、海棠園、薔薇園、紫薇石榴園、牡丹園、木犀園、菊?qǐng)@、竹園、松柏銀杏園、藥用芳香園、彩色植物區(qū)等12個(gè)植物專(zhuān)類(lèi)園及植物科普館,還建成盲人植物園、婚慶園、童樂(lè)園以及游樂(lè)園等滿足觀光游覽游樂(lè)的特色園區(qū)。
今天我的講解就到此結(jié)束了,下面是大家自由參觀的時(shí)間,我們大概在30分鐘后在門(mén)口集合,希望這次參觀能給大家留下一個(gè)深刻的印象,預(yù)祝大家能玩的開(kāi)心,謝謝!
篇二:濟(jì)南植物園導(dǎo)游詞
公園門(mén)口人山人海,警察叔叔在忙忙碌碌地指揮交通。我想今天是國(guó)慶節(jié),人們都在休息,然而警察叔叔還要在這兒指揮交通,非常辛苦。我們更應(yīng)該遵守交通規(guī)則,聽(tīng)從指揮,不要違章,讓警察叔叔少辛苦點(diǎn)。
我們一家人走進(jìn)植物園,迎面映入眼簾的是用大理石刻成的一本書(shū),上面刻著:“保護(hù)植物就是保護(hù)人類(lèi)自己?,F(xiàn)在,每年都有一——二萬(wàn)個(gè)物種滅絕。每個(gè)物種的喪失都惡化著人類(lèi)的生存環(huán)境,減少著人類(lèi)適應(yīng)變化條件的選擇余地?!?/p>
看完以后我覺(jué)得要多植樹(shù),好好保護(hù)植物,才能使我們的環(huán)境更加美好。我們沿著石板鋪成的小路走到一處旅游景點(diǎn),那里有海盜船、碰碰船。我也想去劃船,可是售票的阿姨說(shuō):“人太多了,不賣(mài)票了?!蔽抑缓勉仉x開(kāi)。一轉(zhuǎn)臉我就高興地拉著弟弟的手,跑到了小木馬的旁邊,我和弟弟一起坐了坐小木馬,就下來(lái)了。
我和弟弟東瞧瞧西望望,一會(huì)兒走到上美人船的地方要排隊(duì),一會(huì)兒又走到上飛船的售票口要等著,爸爸說(shuō):“看來(lái)今天是坐不成了。人太多了。我們改天再來(lái)玩吧。”我和弟弟極不情愿地說(shuō):“那好吧?!?/p>
我和弟弟邊走邊看,我倆走在前面,看到了清淺、鮮潔的水,水中有荷花,荷花的顏色可多了。有粉紅的、黃的、白的,各種各樣非??蓯?ài)。荷葉大的就像一把巨傘,高大、活潑。
今年的國(guó)慶節(jié),我過(guò)得非常高興。
評(píng)注:童心、童趣。少年的心像一只脫籠的雛鷹,什么都想嘗試,什么都很好玩,即使,遇到了很多不如意的事;即使,有那么多不情愿。老師最大的驚喜,是認(rèn)識(shí)了一位懂事、豁達(dá)、知足、樂(lè)觀的男子漢——張國(guó)泰。
篇三:濟(jì)南植物園導(dǎo)游詞
“萬(wàn)紫千紅總是春”是婦孺皆知的名句,恐怕“萬(wàn)紫千紅”的美景在鬧市里很難見(jiàn)到,所以老師帶我們來(lái)到了濟(jì)南市的“世外桃源”-------濟(jì)南植物園。
蔚藍(lán)的天空,碧綠的草地,一望無(wú)垠的花海,連綿起伏的山丘······像一幅完美無(wú)缺的畫(huà)。我此時(shí)才驚嘆:喧囂熱鬧的都市背后竟有這么一片凈土!
植物園極大!清澈透明的小溪好像網(wǎng)絡(luò)一樣把植物園連接起來(lái)。順著小溪散玩耍,我忽然發(fā)現(xiàn)水里有一些游動(dòng)的墨點(diǎn)。湊前瞧瞧,原來(lái)是一隊(duì)大頭小身子的蝌蚪在快樂(lè)地嬉戲,像一群孩子似地四處游蕩,十分淘氣。我輕輕地捧起一只小蝌蚪,它用大腦袋拱拱我的手心,好像在說(shuō):“你看,我在這里多快活!因?yàn)檫@里不是鋼筋水泥的都市,而是隨時(shí)散發(fā)著泥土芳香的伊甸園!”說(shuō)完,便一抖身子扎進(jìn)了水里,與同伴們一起游戲了。
我和同學(xué)們跑到小溪對(duì)岸,一陣甜香撲鼻而來(lái)。原來(lái)是草地上的小精靈-----野花的香。野花雖然沒(méi)有牡丹、菊花碩大名貴,但是它們成群結(jié)隊(duì)地開(kāi)放,就組成了壯觀的抽象畫(huà)。這幅畫(huà),五顏六色,一眼望不到頭。清風(fēng)拂過(guò),泛起一道道漣漪,像大明湖的波浪,我和同學(xué)們成了一朵朵小浪花,簡(jiǎn)直像在夢(mèng)幻世界里。隨著呼吸,花香像小蟲(chóng)子一樣往鼻子里鉆,像蜜一樣甜。這些野花,沒(méi)有名字,無(wú)人管理,遍地開(kāi)放,卻擁有震撼人心的力量!女同學(xué)用野花編了花環(huán)戴在頭上,不比玫瑰遜色。老師打趣:“你們看看,咱們的女生把野花映襯得更漂亮了!”我們大笑。原來(lái)小生命也是值得人們稱(chēng)頌的啊!
順著花香走,一抬頭就看見(jiàn)一座樹(shù)木叢生的小山丘。山丘上的樹(shù)木像一個(gè)個(gè)綠色的小屋?!靶∥荨钡奈蓓斒亲仙?,原來(lái)是爬滿了紫藤?!靶∥荨钡膲κ悄劬G的,原來(lái)是長(zhǎng)滿了小草。顏色是那么和諧統(tǒng)一,大自然是多么神奇的裝飾大師啊!
大自然是多么美!城市能變得像大自然一樣該多好呀!如果我們每天生活在植物園該多好啊!可是時(shí)間到了,該回家了。我們坐上車(chē),不一會(huì)兒,又像到了植物園,因?yàn)槲覀兊纳砩隙冀噶嘶ㄏ?,整個(gè)車(chē)廂散發(fā)著甜甜的味道,就像濟(jì)南植物園一樣。