第一篇:美國(guó)浪漫主義時(shí)期詩(shī)歌欣賞
Choose one romantic poet and make your comment on one of his/her poem.Song of Myself
Walt Whitman
Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse.He spoke highly of individualism and self-affirmation.“Song of Myself” is one of the most popular of all Walt Whitman’s poems and is included in Whitman’s spectacular poetry collection Leaves of Grass.Throughout his poetry, Whitman praised the individual.He imagined a democratic nation as a unified whole composed of unique but equal individuals.“Song of Myself” opens in a triumphant paean to the individual: “I celebrate myself, and sing myself”.But strictly speaking, in “Song of Myself”, Whitman is not writing about himself.Many of the experiences recorded in the poem are purely imaginary.His aim is to embrace the whole human experience by means of imaginative sympathy, which Whitman possessed to an extraordinary degree, and enables him to identify himself with all sorts and conditions of men.He fraternizes with all;their interests are his.All men and women, moreover, are potentially equal in the sight of Whitman.“Song of Myself” is perhaps the most thoroughly democratic poem in American literature.His style is simple and natural, without such nonterminating as conventional rime or meter, hence it must have an organic growth like a perfect animal or tree, in which each part is propositional and harmonious with the whole.To sum it up, by reading this long poem I have a overall understanding about Song of Myself.In this poem, he taught us how to treat people equally, how to respect nature and ourselves, and that we should always be optimistic about life, both current and future, no matter what the outside world is, just believe in ourselves.專業(yè):英語(yǔ)專業(yè)
學(xué)號(hào):B12123104
姓名:王利瑩
第二篇:美國(guó)浪漫主義時(shí)期文學(xué)家及其作品
美國(guó)浪漫主義時(shí)期文學(xué)家及其作品
華盛頓·歐文(Washington Irving,1783年-1859年),19世紀(jì)美國(guó)最著名的作家,號(hào)稱美國(guó)文學(xué)之父。出生在紐約一個(gè)富商家庭,從少年時(shí)代起就喜愛(ài)閱讀英國(guó)作家司各特、拜侖和彭斯等人的作品。第一部重要作品是《紐約外史》。1820年,歐文的《見(jiàn)聞札記》出版,引起歐洲和美國(guó)文學(xué)界的重視,這部作品奠定了歐文在美國(guó)文學(xué)史上的地位。此外還有作品《瑞普·凡·溫克爾》《睡谷的傳說(shuō)》等。
詹姆斯·庫(kù)珀(James Cooper,l789年-1851年)美國(guó)小說(shuō)家,早期寫有《間諜》《拓荒者》《舵手》,還寫了反映歐洲生活的三部曲:《刺客》《黑衣教士》和《劊子手》,表現(xiàn)教權(quán)和封建勢(shì)力在資本主義興起之前已日趨腐朽和衰落。在《歸途》和《家鄉(xiāng)面貌》中不僅諷刺了美國(guó)社會(huì),還諷刺了家鄉(xiāng)庫(kù)珀斯敦的一些人物的偽善和愚意,因此而受到輿論攻擊。他最有成就的作品,如《皮襪子故事集》五部曲,對(duì)美國(guó)的西部小說(shuō)產(chǎn)生很大影響,至今仍擁有不少讀者。
威廉·卡倫·布萊恩特(William Cullen Bryant,1794年-1878年),美國(guó)詩(shī)人和新聞?dòng)浾?。美?guó)最早期的自然主義詩(shī)人之一。他的作品包括:《詩(shī)集》《泉水與其他》《白足鹿及其他詩(shī)》《詩(shī)三十首》《自然之聲》《似水流年》《游歷者的信札》等。
納撒尼爾·霍桑(Nathaniel Hawthorne,1804年-1864年),19世紀(jì)前半期美國(guó)偉大的小說(shuō)家。其代表作品有:短篇小說(shuō)集《古宅青苔》、《重講一遍的故事》等,長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《紅字》、《帶七個(gè)尖頂?shù)拈w樓》、《福谷傳奇》、《玉石人像》等。這些都是世界文學(xué)史上不可多得的經(jīng)典名著。
埃德加·愛(ài)倫·坡(Edgar Allan Poe,1809年-1849年),十九世紀(jì)美國(guó)詩(shī)人、小說(shuō)家和文學(xué)評(píng)論家,在世時(shí)長(zhǎng)期擔(dān)任報(bào)刊編輯工作。其作品語(yǔ)言和形式精致、優(yōu)美,內(nèi)容多樣。偵探小說(shuō)鼻祖、科幻小說(shuō)先驅(qū)之
一、恐怖小說(shuō)大師、短篇哥特小說(shuō)巔峰、象征主義先驅(qū)之一,唯美主義者。作品如下---哥特小說(shuō):
梅岑格施泰因Metzengerstein:孤僻暴戾的貴族寵愛(ài)壁毯中走下的紅色魔馬,縱容其生吃人肉的故事。
德洛梅勒特公爵 The Duc De L'Omelette:已經(jīng)死去的貴族與魔王賭命還陽(yáng)的故事。瘟疫王 King Pest:黑死病隔離區(qū)等死的人們?cè)谶M(jìn)行最后的狂歡。
厄舍府的倒塌 The Fall of the House of Usher:被活埋的病女破土而出的復(fù)仇故事。麗姬婭 Ligeia:亡妻占據(jù)新娘的肉體重生。莫雷娜Morella:亡妻占據(jù)女兒的肉體重生。
貝蕾妮絲 Berenice:活潑的表妹婚后變成黃臉婆,男人拔下她兩排仍然潔白的整齊牙齒的故事。
埃萊奧諾拉 Eleonora:早戀的表妹死后,男人背井離鄉(xiāng)棄誓另娶,表妹托夢(mèng)祝福。幽會(huì) The Assignation:辭藻華麗內(nèi)容空洞的殉情故事。鐘樓魔影 The Devil in the Belfry:小鎮(zhèn)的鐘故障,一切秩序因此陷入混亂。奇怪天使 The Angel of the Odd:酗酒男在自宅與自稱天使的妖怪辯論并遭其戲弄?dú)虻墓适隆?/p>
被用光的人 The Man That Was Used Up:殖民地侵略者大將軍戰(zhàn)績(jī)累累,在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上失去的四肢,眼睛,頭發(fā),牙齒。全都換成了人造替代品。
橢圓形畫像 The Oval Portrait:一位畫家為美麗的未婚妻創(chuàng)作肖像,長(zhǎng)期在閣樓上當(dāng)模特嚴(yán)重磨損了她的健康,終于她在肖像完成之際猝然香消玉殞。
紅死病的假面具 The Masque of the Red Death:貴族們?yōu)槎惚苈又械暮谒啦?,在棲身的城堡中肆意狂歡。而戴著紅死魔的假面的紅死魔滲入城堡的舞會(huì),開(kāi)始收割四散逃竄的亡靈。犯罪沖動(dòng)型小說(shuō):
一桶蒙特亞白葡萄酒 The Cask of Amontillado:筵席上男人將喝醉的死對(duì)頭哄騙至地窖并砌墻活埋的故事。
泄密的心 The Tell-tale Heart:男人因反感老頭的眼睛(類似《圓臉男人》)而潛入對(duì)方臥室將其殺害,埋藏尸體的地板下傳來(lái)心跳的幻聽(tīng),迫使男人在警察面前招供出尸體的位置。(類似 地穴傳說(shuō)S02E08)
反常之魔 The Imp of the Perverse:男人為遺產(chǎn)用毒蠟燭殺害親長(zhǎng),因家族遺傳中的反常失控基因,而走街串巷高聲呼喊自己的罪行。(類似 地穴傳說(shuō)S02E08)
威廉·威爾遜 William Wilson:學(xué)生干掉和自己同名同貌同日生的假想敵,隨即為失去競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手感到失落的故事。
黑貓 The Black Cat:男人虐貓后的心路歷程。
跳蛙 Hop-Frog:侏儒設(shè)計(jì)殺害領(lǐng)主為愛(ài)人報(bào)仇的童話故事。偵探小說(shuō):
“你就是兇手” “Thou Art the Man” 被竊之信 The Purloined Letter 瑪麗·羅杰疑案 The Mystery of Marie Roget 莫格街謀殺案 The Murders in the Rue Morgue 金甲蟲 The Gold-Bug 塔爾博士和費(fèi)瑟爾教授的療法 The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether:精神病人殺死主治醫(yī)生,冒充管理人員統(tǒng)治醫(yī)院,并戲弄前來(lái)交流學(xué)術(shù)的訪客的故事。(類似 地穴傳說(shuō)S03E05)
長(zhǎng)方形箱子 The Oblong Box:蜜月旅行期間,男人和漂亮小姨偷情,并殺害發(fā)現(xiàn)真相的妻子滅口,尸體裝進(jìn)長(zhǎng)方形箱子。為掩人耳目,女仆奉命戴上面紗假扮成姐姐的樣子。輪船上,一位偶遇的故友起了疑心,于是男人和小姨一起捏造了妻子意外身亡,可當(dāng)局不讓運(yùn)尸回國(guó),故藏尸于箱中的拙劣謊言,友人相信了。喜劇小說(shuō):
生意人 The Business Man 欺騙是一門精密的科學(xué) Diddling 千萬(wàn)別和魔鬼賭你的腦袋 Never Bet the Devil Your Head 為什么那小個(gè)子法國(guó)佬的手懸在吊腕帶里 Why the Little Frenchman Wears His Hand in a Sling:自戀的愛(ài)爾蘭男爵和法國(guó)佬爭(zhēng)相追求一個(gè)漂亮的寡婦,并始終堅(jiān)持相信寡婦愛(ài)他的鬧劇。
眼鏡 The Spectacles:近視男誤將時(shí)髦的老姑媽錯(cuò)看作美女,因此遭對(duì)方戲弄的故事。絕境 A Predicament:女人將頭從教堂鐘樓的墻洞里探出欣賞美景,結(jié)果脖子被落下的指針卡住,一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)鋸斷的悲慘故事。
捧為名流 Lionizing:一個(gè)不學(xué)無(wú)術(shù)的傻子靠鼻子而成為社交名流的荒謬故事。甭甭 Bon-Bon 人群中的人 The Man of the Crowd:一個(gè)無(wú)聊的人每天跟蹤另一個(gè)無(wú)聊的人,然后感嘆對(duì)方生活很無(wú)聊的故事。
森格姆·鮑勃先生的文學(xué)生涯 The Literary Life of Thingum Bob,Esq.失去呼吸 Loss of Breath 用X代替O的時(shí)候 X-ing a Paragrab 四不象 Four Beasts in One-The Homo-Cameleopard 故弄玄虛 Mystification 歷史題材:
與一具木乃伊的談話 Some Words with a Mummy 斯芬克斯The Sphinx 山魯佐德的第一千零二個(gè)故事 The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade 耶路撒冷的故事 A Tale of Jerusalem 陷坑與鐘擺The Pit and the Pendulum 催眠題材:
瓦爾德馬先生病例之真相 The Facts in the Case of M.Valdemar 催眠啟示錄 Mesmeric Revelation 凹凸山的故事 A Tale of the Ragged Mountains 地球探索題材:
氣球騙局 The Balloon-Hoax 未來(lái)之事 Mellonta Tauta 瓶中手稿 MS.Found in a Bottle 莫斯肯漩渦沉浮記 A Descent into the Maelstrom 一星期中的三個(gè)星期天 Three Sundays in a Week:吝嗇的舅舅輕率許諾只要一周內(nèi)有3個(gè)星期天,就應(yīng)允女兒的婚事,賓客中的航海士因地球自轉(zhuǎn)造成的時(shí)差,引發(fā)對(duì)日期的爭(zhēng)議,經(jīng)討論大家得到共識(shí)一周內(nèi)有3個(gè)星期天,于是男人娶到表妹的故事。對(duì)白式辯論:
言語(yǔ)的力量 The Power of Words 莫諾斯與尤拉的對(duì)話 The Colloquy of Monos and Una 埃洛斯與沙米翁的對(duì)話 The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion 長(zhǎng)篇冒險(xiǎn)小說(shuō):
漢斯·普法爾歷險(xiǎn)記(長(zhǎng)篇)The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall 阿·戈·皮姆的故事(長(zhǎng)篇)The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket 羅德曼日記(長(zhǎng)篇未完)The Journal of Julius Rodman(unfinished serialized novel.)隨筆與評(píng)論:
阿恩海姆樂(lè)園 The Domain of Arnheim 蘭多的小屋 Landor's Cottage 燈塔(殘稿)The Light-House 巨人舞石柱林一瞥 Some Account of Stonehenge 仙女島 The Island of the Fay 維薩西孔河之晨 Morning on the Wissahiccon 拜倫與查沃思小姐 Byron and Miss Chaworth 梅澤爾的象棋手 Maelzel's Chess-Player 評(píng)霍桑的《故事重述》Review of Hawthorne's 'Twice-Told Tales' 馮·肯佩倫和他的發(fā)現(xiàn) Von Kempelen and His Discovery 郎費(fèi)羅及其它公抄 Long Fellow and the other plagiarist 如何寫布萊克伍德式文章 How to Write a Blackwood Article 過(guò)早埋葬 The Premature Burial 裝飾的哲學(xué) The Philosophy of Furniture 寫作的哲學(xué) The Philosophy of Composition 詩(shī)歌原理 The Poetic Principle 本能與理性——一只黑貓 Instinct vs Reason — A Black Cat
赫爾曼·梅爾維爾(Herman Melville,1819年-1891年),美國(guó)小說(shuō)家、散文家和詩(shī)人。由于家境不好,做過(guò)農(nóng)夫、職員、教師、水手、海軍等職務(wù),后來(lái)成為小說(shuō)家,他以其海上經(jīng)歷為事實(shí)依據(jù)寫成其寓言杰作《白鯨記》,這部小說(shuō)被認(rèn)為是美國(guó)最偉大的小說(shuō)之一。梅爾維爾的小說(shuō)作品還有《皮埃爾》《水手比利·巴德》等。
第三篇:浪漫主義時(shí)期的詩(shī)歌和散文英國(guó)
浪漫主義時(shí)期的詩(shī)歌和散文Poetry and Essays in the Romantic Age The literary movement called Romanticism represented a renewal of progressive thought and emotion(liberal, free and open-handed), which had existed before the 1700s and which had never totally died out.While Romanticism in the1800s signaled a new mood(a feeling or emotion held by a large number of people at a time當(dāng)時(shí)許多人的一種共同的情緒), the world had witnessed earlier cultural movements that also merit the name Romanticism.Specifically, the ancient Greek epics(古代希臘史詩(shī))can be called Romantic, as can much literature of the Medieval Period and of the Renaissance, or Elizabethan Age.All these writings---and the writings of
the English Romantic Age under study here---emphasize human adventure, passion, delight, love of splendor, of extravagance, and of the supernatural.The Romantic tradition in all these periods can be viewed in contrast to another main literary tradition---Classicism or neoclassicism.The pendulum of literary taste seems to swing between the two traditions.Now let’s have a look and examine the following lists, which contrast elements, outlooks, and concerns associated with the neoclassicism of the 1700s and the Romanticism of the early 1800s.Keep in mind also that although earlier literary periods can indeed be seen as typically Romantic, the period discussed here(1798-1837)is considered the Romantic Age.Neoclassical Romantic
Tradition society Urban Artificial
Intellect, reason Public Logical, solid aristocratic
Cultivated
Conformist
constraint
Formal diction
Three notable poets of the 1700s---Thomas Gray, William Blake, and Robert Burns---were in many respects as “romantic” as any poets of the Romantic Age, but the work of these three was isolated.Why did
experiment Individual
rural Nature loving
Imagination, emotion Private, subjective Mysterious, supernatural common primitive independent spontaneity Natural diction
English literature change its views and philosophies, its aims and subject matter, so decisively at just the turn of the century? Certainly, the historical issues and developments of the time played a major role in provoking and shaping the new literary movement of Romanticism(誘發(fā)并造就): One critic has said, “The French Revolution and Napoleon made a clean sweep(大獲全勝);after them it was no longer possible to think, act, or write as if the old forms still had life.” Also, the Industrial Revolution, its urbanization of English life, and its abuses against the working class called for a change in literary concerns and style.The Romantic poets in England also owed much to the Swiss-born French
philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau(1712-1778).In his philosophies Rousseau rebelled against the cold logic of the 1700s and championed freedom and experimentation.He believed that man was most perfect in a state of nature, free from artificial societal restrains.The romantic Age in English literature begins in 1798 with the publication of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth enunciated his aims, among which was his belief that poetry should reflect spontaneity and emotion rather than the more sedate ordered tones of the previous generation(穩(wěn)重嚴(yán)肅的,四平八穩(wěn)的).Wordsworth also stressed a desire to depict commonplace situations involving common people living in natural settings.Coleridge chose to concentrate
his efforts on the supernatural.But both poets intended that their work---whether a treatment of the ordinary or of the mysterious---would stimulate an awareness of the workings of the human mind and personality(激發(fā)對(duì)于人的大腦的工作機(jī)制和個(gè)性的自覺(jué)).With respect to poetic form, they advocated using natural, ordinary speech over the formal, stylized diction of the 1700s.So we may summarize that it is in their view of nature and natural phenomena and in their treatment of the supernatural and mysterious that the Romantics differed most profoundly from the neoclassicists.Partly as a reaction against the urbanizing, dehumanizing effects of the Industrial Revolution, the Romantic
poets regarded nature in a fresh light and abandoned the well-tended gardens of the 1700s for the wilderness.Though Romanticism shared with neoclassicism an interest in the past, Romanticism emphasized Ancient Greece over ancient Rome.Furthermore, the Romantic concern with the past encompassed a renewed interest in the Middle Ages.Finally, the Romantics paid greater attention to the works of Shakespeare, Spenser, and Milton than had literary critics of the neoclassical era.The essence of the English Romantic Ages contained in the works of five poets---Wordsworth and Coleridge constituting the so-called first generation of Romantic poets, and Percy Bysshe Shelly, Lord Byron, and John Keats composing the second generation.These poets also wrote
essays and letters explaining their ideas about poetry.In addition, Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, and Thomas de Quincey wrote personal and subjective essays on a wide range of subjects.
第四篇:浪漫主義時(shí)期歌劇
四、簡(jiǎn)述浪漫主義時(shí)期意大利歌劇的發(fā)展?
1、浪漫主義時(shí)期意大利歌劇的特點(diǎn)
意大利歌劇產(chǎn)生于巴羅克時(shí)期,并在這一百五十年的時(shí)間里輾轉(zhuǎn)于意大利各大城市,期間它經(jīng)歷了產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展和成熟三個(gè)階段,并影響了歐洲各國(guó)。佩里和卡契尼等作曲家使歌劇初具雛形,蒙特威爾第和A.斯卡拉蒂使歌劇趨于完善,并使它在歐洲音樂(lè)史上占有重要地位;隨后意大利歌劇在發(fā)展中經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)重要時(shí)期:古典主義時(shí)期、浪漫主義時(shí)期和真實(shí)主義時(shí)期,其中后兩個(gè)時(shí)期最關(guān)鍵。
音樂(lè)史上的浪漫主義時(shí)期大約是19世紀(jì)前后的100多年,該時(shí)期的音樂(lè)不像巴羅克音樂(lè)那樣壯觀、華麗,在細(xì)節(jié)上精致修飾;也不像古典主義音樂(lè)那樣具有精練、樸實(shí)的音樂(lè)語(yǔ)言,形式結(jié)構(gòu)明晰勻稱;它更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性與自我感受,無(wú)拘無(wú)束地表達(dá)情感世界,體現(xiàn)了浪漫主義所特有的激情。浪漫主義音樂(lè)的這些特點(diǎn)都在意大利浪漫主義歌劇中得到了體現(xiàn),它強(qiáng)調(diào)強(qiáng)烈的感情渲染、個(gè)人主義精神的展現(xiàn)以及強(qiáng)烈的個(gè)性表現(xiàn),重視歌唱性和抒情性,以自由、平等、博愛(ài)為創(chuàng)作宗旨,反對(duì)古典主義音樂(lè)的傳統(tǒng)形式和內(nèi)容,作曲家們期望最大程度地體驗(yàn)各種感受。這些都是當(dāng)時(shí)意大利歌劇的鮮明特點(diǎn)。
2、浪漫主義時(shí)期意大利歌劇發(fā)展的背景
浪漫主義時(shí)期意大利歌劇的發(fā)展和成熟與法國(guó)大革命的影響是不可分割的,法國(guó)大革命促進(jìn)了意大利民族意識(shí)的覺(jué)醒,整個(gè)19世紀(jì)意大利人民都在為民族統(tǒng)一和獨(dú)立而斗爭(zhēng),所以民族主義問(wèn)題成為影響當(dāng)時(shí)音樂(lè)發(fā)展的主要因素。浪漫主義者強(qiáng)調(diào)音樂(lè)文化的民族精神,作曲家們也在關(guān)注不同民族文化的差異性,這使得一些民族文化復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)高漲的國(guó)家形成了具有自身特色的傳統(tǒng)音樂(lè)。同時(shí),浪漫主義思潮與現(xiàn)實(shí)的民族斗爭(zhēng)結(jié)合在一起,帶來(lái)了意大利文化的繁榮,使18世紀(jì)末衰退的歌劇藝術(shù)重獲新生。雖然浪漫主義因素對(duì)歐洲各國(guó)有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響,但對(duì)意大利歌劇來(lái)說(shuō),它沒(méi)有像德奧或法國(guó)音樂(lè)那樣具有激進(jìn)的浪漫主義傾向,而是更多地扎根于本民族生活的原有傳統(tǒng),遵循本民族的審美習(xí)慣和歌劇體裁的傳統(tǒng),所以浪漫主義因素只是逐步地滲入意大利歌劇。意大利喜歌劇和正歌劇兩種體裁直到19世紀(jì)仍然并存發(fā)展,但是它們的基本任務(wù)從體現(xiàn)民間生活轉(zhuǎn)向?yàn)榘l(fā)展民族文化而斗爭(zhēng),使歌劇藝術(shù)受到時(shí)代生活的影響而形成新的風(fēng)格。
3、浪漫主義時(shí)期意大利歌劇的發(fā)展過(guò)程
浪漫主義風(fēng)格的意大利歌劇從羅西尼開(kāi)始,經(jīng)過(guò)貝里尼、唐尼采蒂到威爾第早期,內(nèi)容主要體現(xiàn)了愛(ài)國(guó)情感與英雄主義。到威爾第的創(chuàng)作后期,出現(xiàn)了新的音樂(lè)潮流——真實(shí)主義歌劇,馬斯卡尼的《鄉(xiāng)村騎士》(1890)、列昂卡瓦洛的《丑角》(1892)、普契尼的《藝術(shù)家的生涯》(1894)等作品是推動(dòng)這股潮流向前發(fā)展的代表作。真實(shí)主義歌劇不僅保持了真實(shí)主義文學(xué)反映社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的特點(diǎn),而且還繼承了來(lái)自法國(guó)比才《卡門》的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傳統(tǒng)。
19世紀(jì)早期浪漫主義風(fēng)格的意大利歌劇代表作曲家:羅西尼(1792-1868),意大利歌劇最多產(chǎn)的作曲家,他生活在浪漫主義早期,是古典主義歌劇與浪漫主義歌劇過(guò)渡時(shí)期的重要作曲家。他創(chuàng)作的近四十部歌劇為意大利歌劇注入了新的活力和色彩,他的《塞維利亞的理發(fā)師》集意大利喜劇的精華,語(yǔ)言生動(dòng),形式自由,是意大利喜歌劇的代表作;《威廉·退爾》則是大歌劇的經(jīng)典作品,為19世紀(jì)的歌劇創(chuàng)作提供了新的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。他在遵循意大利傳統(tǒng)歌劇創(chuàng)作原則的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行歌劇改革,縮小了宣敘調(diào)和詠嘆調(diào)的區(qū)別,把歌劇中獨(dú)立的分曲形式發(fā)展成“場(chǎng)”的結(jié)構(gòu),并在音樂(lè)高潮時(shí)創(chuàng)用了“羅西尼漸強(qiáng)” 的表現(xiàn)方式。他復(fù)興了意大利歌劇藝術(shù),使它與德國(guó)歌劇、法國(guó)歌劇形成抗衡。如果把1820——1850年稱為美聲時(shí)期,那么羅西尼就是這個(gè)美聲時(shí)期的締造者。他為歌劇帶來(lái)了神奇和歡笑,使人們重新回憶起意大利歌劇一枝獨(dú)秀的魅力。
唐尼采蒂(Gactano Donizetti,1797-1848)和貝里尼(V.Bellini,1801-1835)延續(xù)和發(fā)展了羅西尼的歌劇風(fēng)格,前者旋律豐富多彩,炫耀聲樂(lè)技巧,由于過(guò)多強(qiáng)調(diào)感官上的愉悅而缺乏內(nèi)涵,但對(duì)意大利“美聲”學(xué)派的產(chǎn)生有著直接的影響,《拉美摩爾的露西亞》和《愛(ài)的甘醇》是他的傾情之作;后者重視音樂(lè)與語(yǔ)言的關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)音樂(lè)的表情作用,旋律純樸自然而富有感染力,《諾爾瑪》、《清教徒》,特別是《夢(mèng)游女》,以其抒情和細(xì)膩令人陶醉。他們使意大利浪漫主義歌劇逐漸成熟,通過(guò)努力確立了意大利歌劇的地位。意大利歌劇在唐尼采蒂、貝里尼之后的很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間都沒(méi)有超越這兩位大師的作曲家出現(xiàn),直到威爾第的出現(xiàn)才真正使意大利浪漫主義歌劇有了起色,并將它發(fā)展到極致。威爾第(Giusppe Verdi,1813-1901)是一位革新者,他受民族獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)思潮的影響,作品內(nèi)容涉及社會(huì)各階層的人物,使意大利歌劇擺脫了思想和創(chuàng)作方面的危機(jī);他把意大利的文學(xué)藝術(shù)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義結(jié)合在一起,使作品既具有崇高思想,又被人們廣泛接受。音樂(lè)上,他在大多數(shù)歌劇作品中依舊遵循分曲結(jié)構(gòu)的寫法,同時(shí)又著重研究瓦格納歌劇的特點(diǎn),并對(duì)它分場(chǎng)而不分曲的結(jié)構(gòu)和主導(dǎo)動(dòng)機(jī)的手法加以創(chuàng)造性的運(yùn)用,在保持民族風(fēng)格與傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣的同時(shí),創(chuàng)作出富于戲劇力量、光彩動(dòng)人的旋律。他一生共創(chuàng)作了26部歌劇,較著名的有:《弄臣》、《游吟詩(shī)人》、《茶花女》、《唐·卡洛斯》、《阿伊達(dá)》、《奧賽羅》。威爾第創(chuàng)造出真正意義的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義歌劇,他使意大利歌劇傳統(tǒng)在歐洲浪漫主義時(shí)代,不僅保持著民族本色,而且煥發(fā)出勃勃生機(jī)。
到19世紀(jì)晚期,歐洲文學(xué)界掀起了以法國(guó)左拉(1840-1902)為代表的真實(shí)主義運(yùn)動(dòng),同時(shí)意大利也興起了真實(shí)主義文藝思潮。真實(shí)主義作家們力求真實(shí)地描寫和表現(xiàn)社會(huì)生活的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況,并客觀地再現(xiàn)生活。第一部真實(shí)主義歌劇是馬斯卡尼(Pietro Mascagni,1863—1945)創(chuàng)作的《鄉(xiāng)村騎士》(Cavalleria Rusticana),這部歌劇吸引了眾多觀眾,開(kāi)真實(shí)主義歌劇的先河,并確立了真實(shí)主義歌劇作為一種風(fēng)格流派在音樂(lè)史上的地位。緊隨其后的另一部作品《丑角》(Paliacci英文譯為“Punchinello”或“Clown”)是同一時(shí)期作曲家列昂卡瓦洛(Ruggiero Leoncavallo,1857—1919)的杰作,雖然《丑角》的音樂(lè)不如《鄉(xiāng)村騎士》那么優(yōu)美,但它卻更獲得群眾的理解,更真實(shí)地再現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的情景。在同一時(shí)期最卓越的作曲家當(dāng)屬普契尼(Giacomo Puccini,1858-1924),他創(chuàng)作了一批具有真實(shí)主義歌劇特征的經(jīng)典作品,如《繡花女》、《托斯卡》、《蝴蝶夫人》、《圖蘭多》等。他的歌劇結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)練,力求直接地表達(dá)劇本所提示的戲劇感染力,注重旋律與戲劇的貫穿發(fā)展,拋開(kāi)詠嘆調(diào)與宣敘調(diào)截然分開(kāi)的傳統(tǒng),善于用音樂(lè)渲染氣氛;擅長(zhǎng)塑造各種柔弱的、生活苦難的婦女形象,如繡花女咪咪、歌伎巧巧桑、歌女托斯卡、女仆柳兒等;另外他還喜歡把東方異國(guó)情調(diào)的音樂(lè)作為創(chuàng)作素材。普契尼歌劇改變了意大利歌劇只重人聲不重器樂(lè)的狀況,他在繼承威爾第等大師傳統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上,揭開(kāi)了20世紀(jì)意大利歌劇的新篇章。
4、浪漫主義時(shí)期意大利歌劇的影響
意大利歌劇從16、17世紀(jì)開(kāi)始,經(jīng)過(guò)了18世紀(jì)的歌劇改革,到19世紀(jì)的成熟發(fā)展,經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)時(shí)期,它們使意大利歌劇的結(jié)構(gòu)更完美,也使音樂(lè)、舞蹈、文學(xué)、舞美、音響等形成一個(gè)整體,共同構(gòu)成歌劇不可缺少的組成部分。浪漫主義時(shí)期意大利歌劇的內(nèi)容、旋律、美聲演唱等,對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的歐洲各國(guó)甚至后世都有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
五、何謂真實(shí)主義歌???
真實(shí)主義歌劇是在真實(shí)主義文學(xué)的影響下,于19世紀(jì)晚期在意大利產(chǎn)生的一種歌劇體裁。真實(shí)主義歌劇描寫的是社會(huì)底層小人物的貧苦生活,力求真實(shí)地再現(xiàn)社會(huì)生活的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況,揭露社會(huì)的陰暗面。真實(shí)主義歌劇中往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)在原始情感沖動(dòng)下做出的暴力、兇殺等行為,戲劇發(fā)展緊迫迅速,舞臺(tái)人物性格突出,生活環(huán)境描寫富有色彩,音樂(lè)與民間歌舞密切關(guān)聯(lián),且旋律易記動(dòng)聽(tīng)。
馬斯卡尼的獨(dú)幕歌劇《鄉(xiāng)村騎士》與列昂卡瓦洛的兩幕歌劇《丑角》是意大利真實(shí)主義歌劇的典型代表,這兩部作品經(jīng)常同場(chǎng)演出,故有“騎士”與“丑角”之稱。普契尼的《繡花女》、《托斯卡》、《蝴蝶夫人》也是真實(shí)主義歌劇的代表作品。
三、簡(jiǎn)述浪漫主義時(shí)期法國(guó)歌劇的發(fā)展?
19世紀(jì)法國(guó)歌劇處在一個(gè)動(dòng)蕩的發(fā)展時(shí)期,這種動(dòng)蕩來(lái)自幾個(gè)方面的影響:其一,受到政治因素的影響。法國(guó)大革命以及拿破侖稱帝,使社會(huì)文化生活發(fā)生了變化,白天觀看斷頭臺(tái),晚上蜂擁看歌劇,從而導(dǎo)致歌劇從內(nèi)容到體裁發(fā)生了變化。其二,受奢華的巴黎文化市場(chǎng)的影響。當(dāng)時(shí)巴黎成為世人關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),要想出人頭地就必須在那里嶄露頭角,音樂(lè)藝術(shù)人才蜂擁而至,由此也帶來(lái)了歌劇的發(fā)展變化。其三,受格魯克歌劇改革的影響。許多作曲家遵循格魯克歌劇改革的主張,不斷嘗試歌劇的創(chuàng)作。其四,受到法國(guó)自身民族歌劇的影響。浪漫主義歌劇在法國(guó)抒情悲劇和喜歌劇的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行發(fā)展。由于這些因素的影響,19世紀(jì)前后法國(guó)產(chǎn)生了幾種具有代表意義的歌劇,以下進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要闡述。
1、拯救歌?。╮escue opera)及其代表人物和作品
拯救歌劇是法國(guó)大革命時(shí)期(1800年前后)產(chǎn)生的一種歌劇體裁,歌劇內(nèi)容中代表封建惡勢(shì)力的陰謀終不能得逞,受迫害的一方總能在悲劇的最后一刻被拯救出來(lái)。這種歌劇有著明顯的政治傾向和時(shí)代特征,它隨著大革命的產(chǎn)生而形成,同時(shí)也隨著大革命的衰退而消失。
格雷特里(André Ernest Modeste Grétry,1741-1813)的《獅心王理查》一般被認(rèn)為是第一部拯救歌?。坏聡?guó)音樂(lè)家貝多芬的歌劇《菲岱里奧》在題材選擇上也受到法國(guó)拯救歌劇的影響,同樣成為拯救歌劇的代表作品。
2、大歌?。╣rand opera)及其代表人物和作品
大歌劇是19世紀(jì)上半葉流行于法國(guó)的一種嚴(yán)肅歌劇,相對(duì)于當(dāng)時(shí)的喜歌劇。它通常是四或五幕的大型歌劇,反映歷史性內(nèi)容,追求奢華的舞臺(tái)效果,在劇中穿插華麗的芭蕾舞場(chǎng)面,不用干念宣敘調(diào),采用大合唱和大樂(lè)隊(duì)等宏大場(chǎng)面。
最重要的代表作是邁耶貝爾的《新教徒》、《非洲女郎》。
3、輕歌?。╫pera buffa)及其代表人物和作品
輕歌劇與喜歌劇一樣,是一種生活氣息與娛樂(lè)性較強(qiáng)的歌劇,產(chǎn)生于19世紀(jì)中期的法國(guó),與大歌劇相對(duì),與18世紀(jì)的喜歌劇相仿。多取材于日常生活,常帶有諷刺性,用說(shuō)白代替宣敘調(diào),旋律取自當(dāng)時(shí)流行的音樂(lè),通俗易懂,結(jié)構(gòu)短小,多采用獨(dú)幕形式。
該體裁的奠基人是德裔法國(guó)作曲家?jiàn)W芬巴赫(Jacques Offenbach,1819-1880),代表作品有《地獄中的奧菲歐》、《美麗的海倫》、《霍夫曼的故事》。
4、抒情歌?。╨yric opera)及其代表人物和作品
抒情歌劇形成于19世紀(jì)后半葉的法國(guó),是一種規(guī)模介于大歌劇與輕歌劇之間的歌劇形式,它的篇幅比一般喜歌劇長(zhǎng),但沒(méi)有大歌劇的浮華。風(fēng)格與喜歌劇一樣,輕松愉悅,重視對(duì)人物心理及情感的細(xì)致刻畫。它沒(méi)有大歌劇的沉重與夸張,卻經(jīng)常安排大歌劇形式所必備的舞蹈場(chǎng)面,內(nèi)容多采用文學(xué)名著中有關(guān)愛(ài)情的情節(jié),音樂(lè)為一些常見(jiàn)的歌曲、舞曲和進(jìn)行曲,注重抒情旋律的感染力,以說(shuō)白代替宣敘調(diào)。代表作品有古諾(Francois Gounod,1818-1893)的《浮士德》、《羅密歐與朱麗葉》;馬斯涅(F.Massenet,1842-1912)的《曼儂》、《泰伊斯》;托瑪斯(A.Thomas,1811-1896)的《迷娘》;圣-桑斯(C.Saint-Sa?ns,1835-1921)的《參孫與達(dá)里拉》等。
5、比才與歌劇《卡門》
比才(G.Bizet,1838-1875),法國(guó)作曲家。他的早期作品受意大利羅西尼等人的影響,傾心于意大利流暢的旋律風(fēng)格。直到戲劇配樂(lè)《阿萊城的姑娘》的問(wèn)世,他自身的音樂(lè)才華才真正顯示出來(lái),1875年創(chuàng)作的歌劇《卡門》(Carmen,1875)成為法國(guó)及世界歌劇史上劃時(shí)代的作品,是至今上演最多,流行最廣的歌劇作品之一。比才的藝術(shù)成就集中體現(xiàn)在歌劇《卡門》上,該劇取材于梅里美的小說(shuō)《嘉爾曼》。這部作品所體現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傾向,不僅震動(dòng)了當(dāng)時(shí)法國(guó)的歌劇界,對(duì)19世紀(jì)末的意大利真實(shí)主義歌劇以及俄羅斯的民族主義歌劇也產(chǎn)生了十分重要的影響。
歌劇《卡門》的結(jié)構(gòu)為傳統(tǒng)的分曲形式,同時(shí)借鑒了瓦格納的主導(dǎo)動(dòng)機(jī)手法,用西班牙音調(diào)刻畫了一個(gè)個(gè)鮮明的、性格各異的人物形象,如《哈巴涅拉》、《斗牛士之歌》等。劇中貫穿著愛(ài)情、仇恨、欲望等內(nèi)容,且不失光彩亮麗、生機(jī)勃勃的動(dòng)人情節(jié),具有獨(dú)特的戲劇魅力。其流暢的旋律繼承了意大利和法國(guó)的歌劇傳統(tǒng),給人以至美的享受。該劇被視為法國(guó)歌劇里程碑式的作品,也是至今西方音樂(lè)史中最突出的幾部歌劇之一。
法國(guó)大歌劇和抒情歌劇
19世紀(jì)上半葉,法國(guó)巴黎成為歐洲重要的歌劇藝術(shù)中心。格魯克的歌劇改革,法國(guó)大革命的動(dòng)蕩,中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的解放,和拿破侖帝國(guó)的城市文化生活發(fā)展都為歌劇發(fā)展提供了條件。大革命時(shí)期,巴黎的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)歷了壓迫與解放,所以他們特別偏愛(ài)“拯救歌劇”(rescue operas),其情節(jié)常是忠誠(chéng)的愛(ài)人甘愿冒一切危險(xiǎn)去拯救身陷囹圄的英雄。如凱魯比尼(Luigi Cherubini,1760—1842,意大利作曲家)的《兩天》和在歌劇創(chuàng)作方面欽佩凱魯比尼的貝多芬創(chuàng)作的唯一一部歌劇《菲岱里奧》。
19世紀(jì)20年代出現(xiàn)了大歌?。╣rand opera)。這是一種四或五幕的大型歌劇,史詩(shī)或歷史性內(nèi)容,帶有芭蕾舞,注重大場(chǎng)面,運(yùn)用大合唱和大的管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)。作者有時(shí)為了追求轟動(dòng)的舞臺(tái)效果和跌蕩的情節(jié)不惜犧牲戲劇展開(kāi)的邏輯。奧柏(Daniel Auber,1782—1871,法國(guó)作曲家,凱魯比尼的學(xué)生)的《波蒂契的啞女》可稱為第一部大歌劇。
而使大歌劇在30年代影響廣泛的是梅耶貝爾(GiacomoMeyerbeer,1791—1864)。這位德國(guó)人起初寫作意大利歌劇,后來(lái)專心研究法國(guó)歷史和藝術(shù),創(chuàng)作了《惡魔羅勃》、《胡格諾教徒》、《先知》和《非洲女》等作品。他的歌劇聲樂(lè)風(fēng)格華麗,追求大樂(lè)隊(duì),多喜用升降號(hào)的調(diào)性,轉(zhuǎn)調(diào)頻繁,追求舞臺(tái)戲劇效果。法國(guó)大歌劇對(duì)法意兩國(guó)的許多重要歌劇作家都產(chǎn)生了影響。
同時(shí)吸取了大歌劇和喜歌劇的因素,法國(guó)作曲家在19世紀(jì)下半葉又創(chuàng)造出一種新的歌劇體裁——抒情歌?。╫pera-lyrique)。抒情歌劇多有牽動(dòng)人心弦的故事情節(jié),感染人的旋律。作曲家們重又選擇了那些著名的愛(ài)情故事作為歌劇題材:托馬(Ambroise Thomas 1811—1896)的《迷娘》、古諾(charlesGounod,1818—1893)的《浮士德》和《羅米歐與朱麗葉》、馬斯內(nèi)(Jwles massenet,1842—1921)的《曼儂》、圣桑(CainilleSaint—Saens,1835—1921)的《參孫與達(dá)里拉》。
比才(Georges Bizet,1838—1875)的《卡門》也是創(chuàng)作于這一時(shí)期。盡管它初演并不成功,但現(xiàn)在是最流行的一部法國(guó)歌劇。比才反對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)歌劇的傷感或神話的故事情節(jié),他選材方面的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傾向預(yù)示了19世紀(jì)末的歌劇新潮流。《卡門》戲劇場(chǎng)景和音樂(lè)表現(xiàn)出異國(guó)情調(diào)(比才早期歌劇已有此特點(diǎn)),富有表現(xiàn)力的色彩性旋律,強(qiáng)烈的西班牙節(jié)奏,清晰的配器,形成一種清新的音樂(lè)風(fēng)格,音樂(lè)在表現(xiàn)人性的本質(zhì)和激情方面的成功,使其成為一部完美的抒情悲劇。
二、簡(jiǎn)述浪漫主義時(shí)期德國(guó)歌劇的發(fā)展?
1、威伯——西歐浪漫主義歌劇的創(chuàng)始人
(1)生平簡(jiǎn)介:威伯(Carl Maria von Weber,1786-1826),德國(guó)作曲家,浪漫主義歌劇的先行者。和許多浪漫主義藝術(shù)家一樣,威伯是一個(gè)多才多藝的音樂(lè)家,在德國(guó)浪漫主義歌劇舞臺(tái)上發(fā)揮了他的天賦之才,同時(shí)又是一位評(píng)論家、作家。威伯的音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作領(lǐng)域很廣,其最著名的代表作體現(xiàn)在歌劇和鋼琴作品兩方面。
(2)代表作品:歌劇《魔彈射手》、《奧伯龍》等,鋼琴曲《邀舞》等。(3)藝術(shù)成就:
① 《魔彈射手》的誕生(1821年首演于柏林)標(biāo)志著歐洲歌劇發(fā)展史上一個(gè)新時(shí)期的開(kāi)始,成為歐洲浪漫主義歌劇的奠基之作,威伯也被譽(yù)為西歐浪漫主義歌劇的創(chuàng)始人。
② 威伯的《魔彈射手》使德國(guó)歌劇擺脫了意大利歌劇的影響,它的特點(diǎn)在于:吸收了德國(guó)歌唱?jiǎng)〉奶卣鳎谜f(shuō)話代替宣敘調(diào),詠嘆調(diào)中常滲透著民謠素材,音樂(lè)描寫著重于渲染氣氛,富有浪漫的幻想性。歌劇序曲與劇情聯(lián)系緊密,而且運(yùn)用了“主導(dǎo)動(dòng)機(jī)”的手法,這些特征為瓦格納的歌劇開(kāi)辟了新的道路,并直接導(dǎo)致了俄羅斯、捷克、波蘭等民族歌劇的興起。
③《邀舞》是浪漫主義鋼琴音樂(lè)中的一首杰作,樂(lè)曲描繪了舞會(huì)前相互結(jié)識(shí)、交往、邀舞的生動(dòng)過(guò)程。這首鋼琴作品后由柏遼茲改編為管弦樂(lè)曲,得到了更廣泛的流傳。
2、瓦格納——浪漫主義歌劇的改革者、樂(lè)劇的倡導(dǎo)者
(1)生平簡(jiǎn)述:瓦格納(Wagner,Wilhelm Richard,1813-1883),德國(guó)作曲家、劇作家、指揮家、哲學(xué)家。在德國(guó)音樂(lè)界,自貝多芬后,沒(méi)有一個(gè)作曲家像瓦格納那樣具有宏偉的氣魄和巨大的改革精神,他頑強(qiáng)地制定并實(shí)施自己的目標(biāo)與計(jì)劃,改革歌劇、倡導(dǎo)樂(lè)劇,從而奠定了在音樂(lè)史上的地位。同時(shí),在世界音樂(lè)史上也幾乎找不到像瓦格納那樣,在世界觀、創(chuàng)作之間存在明顯矛盾的音樂(lè)家。
(2)主要作品:他創(chuàng)作的主要領(lǐng)域是歌劇,包括《尼伯龍根的指環(huán)》(《萊茵的黃金》、《女武神》、《齊格弗里德》、《眾神的黃昏》)、《特里斯坦與伊索爾德》、《漂泊的荷蘭人》、《羅恩格林》、《湯豪瑟》、《黎恩濟(jì)》、《紐倫堡的名歌手》、《帕西法爾》等,另外還有管弦樂(lè)曲《浮士德序曲》等。
(3)藝術(shù)成就:
① 對(duì)傳統(tǒng)歌劇進(jìn)行了徹底的改革。他在改革中實(shí)施了“整體藝術(shù)觀”、“無(wú)終旋律”以及“主導(dǎo)動(dòng)機(jī)”的手法,并強(qiáng)調(diào)戲劇第一,音樂(lè)第二,堅(jiān)持音樂(lè)必須服從戲劇內(nèi)容需要進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作的原則,改革后的歌劇被稱為樂(lè)?。―as Musikdrama)。
② 創(chuàng)作了《尼伯龍根的指環(huán)》和《特里斯坦與伊索爾德》等劃時(shí)代的經(jīng)典樂(lè)劇,使浪漫主義歌劇發(fā)展到頂峰。
③ 擴(kuò)大了歌劇中管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)的編制(三管制或四管制),加強(qiáng)了樂(lè)隊(duì)的表現(xiàn)力,改變了傳統(tǒng)歌劇將樂(lè)隊(duì)當(dāng)作“巨型吉它”,使其處于人聲伴奏狀態(tài)的做法。他抓住了樂(lè)隊(duì)的表現(xiàn)特點(diǎn),通過(guò)“主導(dǎo)動(dòng)機(jī)”的運(yùn)用來(lái)闡述戲劇內(nèi)容,使樂(lè)隊(duì)成為表達(dá)劇情內(nèi)容的有效工具。
④ 建立半音化和聲,淡化調(diào)式調(diào)性,創(chuàng)建了“特里斯坦”和弦,對(duì)20世紀(jì)音樂(lè)觀念產(chǎn)生了重要影響。附相關(guān)概念注解:
(1)整體藝術(shù)(Das Gesamtkunstwerk):“整體藝術(shù)”是瓦格納在《未來(lái)藝術(shù)作品》中,針對(duì)戲劇作品提出的概念,認(rèn)為音樂(lè)戲劇應(yīng)該仿照古希臘藝術(shù),成為一種詩(shī)歌、音樂(lè)、舞蹈、繪畫、建筑等的綜合體。(2)樂(lè)劇(Das Musikdrama):1848年瓦格納在他的《羅恩格林》問(wèn)世之后,用樂(lè)劇指代他的歌劇。樂(lè)劇將文學(xué)與詩(shī)歌、歷史與神話、舞臺(tái)與建筑、音樂(lè)與戲劇創(chuàng)作融為一體,是一種整體性的戲劇藝術(shù)。
(3)無(wú)終旋律(unendlich Melodie):是瓦格納在他的樂(lè)劇中采用的音樂(lè)手法。在戲劇中,音樂(lè)自始至終不停頓地向前發(fā)展,取消了傳統(tǒng)歌劇中割裂戲劇的分曲結(jié)構(gòu)(詠嘆調(diào)、宣敘調(diào)、重唱、合唱),沒(méi)有詠嘆調(diào)、宣敘調(diào)之分,聲樂(lè)富于朗誦性,在敘述的同時(shí)也帶有抒情性,這種不間斷連貫發(fā)展的樂(lè)劇音樂(lè)形式被稱為“無(wú)終旋律”。
(4)主導(dǎo)動(dòng)機(jī)(Das Leitmotiv):也稱主導(dǎo)主題。在大型音樂(lè)作品如歌劇、舞劇及標(biāo)題作品中,用以象征某一特定人物、事件、情景或情感,并始終與所象征的人物或劇情密切聯(lián)系在一起的音樂(lè)片斷,被稱為主導(dǎo)動(dòng)機(jī)。主導(dǎo)動(dòng)機(jī)具有標(biāo)簽和符號(hào)的意義,1877年沃爾錯(cuò)根從主導(dǎo)動(dòng)機(jī)的角度研究瓦格納《尼伯龍根的指環(huán)》中的《眾神的黃昏》后,人們才開(kāi)始用Leitmotiv這個(gè)詞。㈡德奧藝術(shù)歌曲 教材第43頁(yè)、45頁(yè)
帶伴奏的獨(dú)唱歌曲在文藝復(fù)興后期興起于意大利,但是這種寫作勢(shì)頭并沒(méi)有在意大利等國(guó)家持續(xù)下去,因?yàn)橐獯罄撕髞?lái)更熱衷于創(chuàng)作更為精致而復(fù)雜的歌劇詠嘆調(diào);而后法國(guó)人則熱衷于寫芭蕾音樂(lè);英國(guó)在這方面的創(chuàng)作長(zhǎng)期處于停頓狀態(tài),連改編民歌這類事情,也邀請(qǐng)外國(guó)人海頓和貝多芬代勞;只有在德國(guó),這種藝術(shù)歌曲在18世紀(jì)下半葉古典時(shí)期有了初步的興盛,而且順利的導(dǎo)致19世紀(jì)浪漫主義藝術(shù)歌曲的空前繁榮。
19世紀(jì)初,歐洲興起了浪漫主義思潮。浪漫主義時(shí)期人們追求崇高的理想和熱烈的情感表現(xiàn),追求個(gè)性化的表現(xiàn)方式。藝術(shù)歌曲狹義上就是特指浪漫主義時(shí)期的德奧藝術(shù)歌曲。因?yàn)楦枨懈柙~的內(nèi)容,能直接的反映人的心理和感情或大自然的景色,與交響樂(lè)相比,更容易被人的思想所接受,因此,浪漫主義時(shí)期的音樂(lè)家們都喜歡用詩(shī)人的作品來(lái)譜寫歌曲。以舒伯特、舒曼、門德?tīng)査?、布拉姆斯等人的作品為典范。歌德、席勒、海涅等偉大的文學(xué)家們?yōu)楦枨鷦?chuàng)作提供了無(wú)數(shù)優(yōu)美的詩(shī)歌。如歌德的《紡車旁的瑪格麗特》、《野玫瑰》、《魔王》,海涅的《乘著歌聲的翅膀》、《蓮花》等等。詩(shī)人們的作品具有非常優(yōu)美的韻律、節(jié)奏,豐富的情感,多變的形式,為音樂(lè)家們創(chuàng)作優(yōu)秀的藝術(shù)歌曲奠定了極其有力的基礎(chǔ)。
德國(guó)藝術(shù)歌曲從起源到它的鼎盛時(shí)期,經(jīng)歷了漫長(zhǎng)的歲月?!案枨酢笔娌氐某霈F(xiàn),使藝術(shù)歌曲達(dá)到了空前繁榮的時(shí)代。它順應(yīng)了歷史發(fā)展的潮流,向更廣闊的情感世界發(fā)展。德國(guó)藝術(shù)歌曲開(kāi)創(chuàng)了世界音樂(lè)曲獻(xiàn)的新紀(jì)元,所以“Lied”成為藝術(shù)歌曲的代名詞。
德奧藝術(shù)歌曲以其特殊的創(chuàng)作體裁和演唱形式在世界音樂(lè)寶庫(kù)中散發(fā)著獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)魅力,有著她不可估量的藝術(shù)價(jià)值。它使我們看到了世界藝術(shù)大師們?cè)诼晿?lè)史上的不朽貢獻(xiàn),也使我們從中了解了世界各國(guó)音樂(lè)大師們的思想、境遇和他們豐富的情感。她還可以讓我們了解不同時(shí)期不同國(guó)家藝術(shù)歌曲的發(fā)展,以及他們的音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格。㈢德奧藝術(shù)歌曲的特點(diǎn)
德奧藝術(shù)歌曲之所以具有珍貴的藝術(shù)價(jià)值,歸納起來(lái)有以下幾點(diǎn):
1.藝術(shù)歌曲的歌詞寓意深刻,內(nèi)涵豐富。
從德國(guó)的藝術(shù)歌曲大師們的聲樂(lè)作品看來(lái),全都出自于著名詩(shī)人的詩(shī)歌內(nèi)容。由此奠定了藝術(shù)歌曲的歌詞內(nèi)容具有一定的文學(xué)價(jià)值。在藝術(shù)歌曲中歌詞與音樂(lè)得到完美的結(jié)合。音樂(lè)因詩(shī)歌的啟迪引發(fā)作曲者和聽(tīng)眾無(wú)盡的聯(lián)想;詩(shī)歌因音樂(lè)的演示達(dá)到更高的境界。
2.藝術(shù)歌曲的音樂(lè)細(xì)膩精致,嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)規(guī)范,整體感強(qiáng)。旋律浪漫而富有生活感。
因?yàn)樽髑业撵`感來(lái)自于詩(shī)歌的啟迪,所以他們的曲調(diào)流暢優(yōu)美,既有浪漫色彩,又貼近生活。但歌曲創(chuàng)作手法嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),自由而不松散。啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合,整體結(jié)構(gòu)非常鮮明。3.藝術(shù)歌曲的伴奏具有很強(qiáng)的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力
藝術(shù)歌曲區(qū)別于其他歌曲形式的一個(gè)重要方面就是它非常強(qiáng)調(diào)歌曲伴奏的表現(xiàn)力。藝術(shù)歌曲的伴奏多數(shù)用鋼琴來(lái)伴奏。伴奏部分在作曲家的手下和歌曲旋律相得益彰,互相呼應(yīng),形成一個(gè)整體。旋律音樂(lè)和伴奏音樂(lè)的交融,構(gòu)成了藝術(shù)歌曲完美的意境 4.藝術(shù)歌曲的演唱細(xì)膩準(zhǔn)確和精美。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)藝術(shù)歌曲都出自于有素養(yǎng)作曲家的具有嚴(yán)肅藝術(shù)意味的聲樂(lè)獨(dú)唱曲,因而藝術(shù)歌曲的演唱主要采用美聲唱法。尤其是德奧藝術(shù)歌曲,由于旋律細(xì)膩流暢的線條,決定了典型的藝術(shù)歌曲的演唱必須是講究音色的變化和音量的控制。它的演唱不同與歌劇的演唱??傮w來(lái)說(shuō)藝術(shù)歌曲需要柔和而又精美的演唱,就象潺潺的溪水輕柔的流向遠(yuǎn)方。但每個(gè)國(guó)家的藝術(shù)歌曲演唱的風(fēng)格還有差別。要想真正唱好藝術(shù)歌曲必須具備良好的文化底蘊(yùn),較高的藝術(shù)修養(yǎng)和獨(dú)到的理解力。
第五篇:浪漫主義時(shí)期測(cè)試題
Test to Romantic Age Fill in the blanks.(30’)
The Romantic Age began in 1798 when __________________ and ___________________ published _______________________ and ended in 1832 when _________________ died.Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English ____________________ against the neoclassical ___________________, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.In the preface of the 2nd and 3rd editions of ___________________, Wordsworth laid down the principles of poetry composition.__________________, __________________, and ____________________ are referred as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.The plot of Shelley’s lyrical drama _____________________ is borrowed from _________________________, a play of the Greek tragedian Aeschylus.Many critics regard Shelley as one of the greatest of all English poets.They point especially to his ______________________._________________________ was memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after his death.Byron employed ________________________ from Italian mock-heroic poetry.His first experiment was made in________________.Child Harold’s Pilgrimage is a long poem created by _____________________.It contains four cantos in the ____________________ stanza, namely a 9-line stanza rhymed ababbcbcc, in which the first eight lines are in iambic pentameter while the ninth in iambic hexameter.Shelley mourned for __________________’s premature death in an elegy “Adonais”, writing “He is made one with Nature”.In “To Autumn”, Keats writes, “Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,/ Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun,/ Conspiring with him how to load and bless/ With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;/…” The figure of speech used in the lines is ________________________.______________________ are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature works._______________________ is considered “the father of the historical novel” which opens up to fiction the rich and lively realm of history._______________________ is a great critic of the Romantic Age on Shakespeare, Elizabethan Drama, and English poetry.He is also a master of the familiar essays.With _______________________, the essay is no longer chiefly a mode of intellectual inquiry and moral address.Rather, the essay becomes a medium for a delightful literary treatment of life’s small pleasures and reassurances.Pride and Prejudice is generally accepted as ____________________’s masterpiece, while Ivanhoe is the masterpiece of ______________________.___________________________ and _________________________ gave great impetus to the rise of the Romantic Movement.Thomas Gray’s poem _________________________________ is taken as a model of sentimentalist poetry, esp.the Graveyard school._______________________ wrote some patriotic poems, in which he expressed his deep love for his motherland, such as My Heart’s in the Highlands.Identify the author with his or her work.(6’)________(20)Shelley
(A)Emma ________(21)Byron
(B)To a Nightingale ________(22)Keats
(C)Essays of Elia ________(23)Lamb
(D)Characters of Shakespeare’s Play ________(24)Austen
(E)Oriental Tales ________(25)Hazlitt
(F)To a Skylark Choose the best answer.(15’)
26.Which of the following works are not written by Thomas De Quincey?
A.The Confession of an English Opium-Eater
B.On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth
C.The Spanish Military Nun
D.Wit and Humor 27.As a poet, Leigh Hunt is chiefly remembered for ______________.A.About Ben Adhem
B.Jenny Kissed Me
C.The liberal
D.The Story of Rimini 28.“Beauty is truth, truth is beauty” is an epigrammatic line by _______________.A.John Keats
B.William Blake
C.William Wordsworth
C.Percy Bysshe Shelley 29.The first poem in The Lyrical Ballads is Coleridge’s masterpiece ______________.A.The Prelude
B.Kubla Khan
C.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
D.Tintern Abbey 30.Which of the following is Shelley’s love lyric?
A.One Word is Too Often Profaned
B.When We Two Parted
C.A Red, Red Rose
D.Song to Celia 31.Jane Austen’s view of life is generally a _______________ one.A.romantic
B.sentimental
C.realistic
D.pessimistic 32.The Romantic period is a great age of all literary genres EXCEPT ______________.A.poetry
B.prose
C.drama
D.novel 33.Which are Shelley’s lyrics on nature?
A.The Cloud
B.Ode to the Nightingale
C.Prometheus Bound
D.Song to the Men of England 34.Which poem shows Shelley’s attitude towards the position of women in society, besides the theme of revolutionary?
A.The Revolt of Islam
B.Prometheus Unbound
C.Song to the Men of England
D.Ode to the West Wind 35.Choose the poetic play written by Byron.A.Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill
B.Manfred
C.Hours of Idleness
D.Oriental Tales 36.___________________ was made poet laureate in 1813.But most of his works, according to modern critics, are “the product of literary industry, not of literary creation.”
A.William Wordsworth
B.Samuel Taylor Coleridge
C.Robert Southey
D.George Gordon Byron 37.Which of the following statements is not true about Don Juan?
A.It was written in Italy during the years 1818-1823.B.The story describes Don Juan’s, an English youth of noble birth, life and adventures in many countries.C.In a Greek island, Don Juan met his sweetheart, Haidee, and fell in love with her.D.The last cantos are taken up with a satirical description of the English ruling classes, whose reactionary policy has aroused the hatred from the other nations.38.As contrasted with the classicists who made reason, order and the old, classical traditions the criteria in their poetical creations, _________________ based his own poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”
A.Samuel Taylor Coleridge
B.George Gordon Byron
C.Percy Bysshe Shelley
D.William Wordsworth 39.Which of the following statement is true about Charles Lamb?
A.He described his meeting with Coleridge and Wordsworth in his famous essay My First Acquaintance with Poets.B.His essays have had noticeable influence on the prose-writing of modern Chinese literature after the May 4th Movement in 1919.C.His work marked a great turn in English prose style from plain to ornate prose-writing.D.His essays, like The Plain Speaker and Winter-slow are popular with readers.40.Which sonnet is NOT written by John Keats?
A.London, 1802
B.When I Have Fears
C.Bright Star
D.On the Grasshopper and Cricket Define the literary terms.(4’)41.lyric 42.ode Give brief answers to the questions.(10’)
43.Living in England was impossible for him.“I felt,” he wrote, “that, if what was whispered, and muttered, and murmured, was true, I was unfit for England;if false, England was unfit for me.” On April 25th , 1816, he set sail for Europe, never to return.He fist went to Switzerland.In 1823 he went to Greece and plunged into the struggle for the national independence of that country.In 1824 he died there.His death was mourned by the Greek people and by all progressive people throughout the world.A.Who is mentioned in the above words?(1’)
B.What is his masterpiece?(1’)In his works appear a kind of heroes, how much do you know about them?(3’)
44.He appealed directly to individual sensations, i.e., pleasure, excitement and enjoyment, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” A poet’s emotion extends from human affairs to nature, but emotion immediately expressed is as raw as wine newly bottled.Tranquil contemplation of an emotional experience matures the feeling and sensation, and makes possible the creation of good poetry like the refining of old wine.A.Who does “he” refer to in the above description?(2’)
B.From which work are these quotations taken?(1’)What function does this work serve for the English Romantic Movement?(2’)
Read the quotations carefully and then answer the questions.(35’)45.The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,The plowman home ward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.Questions: Find out the meter and rhyme scheme of the poem.(2’)Find the irregular foot in the second line.(1’)
Briefly explain the significance of this irregularity.(2’)46.O, my Luve's like a red, red rose
That‘s newly sprung in June.O, my Luve's like a melody.That‘s sweetly played in tune.As fair as you, my bonnie lass,So deep in luve am I;
And I will luve you still, my dear,Till all the seas gone dry.Till all the seas gone dry, my dear,And the rocks melt with the sun;
I will luve you till, my dear,While the sands of life shall run.And fare you well, my only luve
And fare you well, a while!
And I will come again, my luve,Though it were ten thousand mile.Questions: The poem is written by ___________________.(1’)The title of this poem is ___________________.(1’)The theme of the poem is about __________________.(1’)The poem is written in ____________________.(1’)a.ballad meter
b.sonnet
c.blank verse The odd-numbered lines are iambic tetrameters while the even-numbered lines are iambic _________________.(1’)
The rhyme scheme is __________________.(1’)What do you know about the poem?(4’)
47.O WILD West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being—
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes!—O thou Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave, until Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and odours plain and hill— Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere— Destroyer and Preserver—hear O hear!Questions: What is the title of the poem? Who is the poet?(2’)B.Can you find the rhyme scheme of the poem?(2’)
C.What is the symbolic meaning of “the west wind”?(3’)Explain the theme of the poem.(3’)48.It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.“My dear Mr.Bennet,” said his lady to him one day, “have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?”
Mr.Bennet replied that he had not.“But it is,” returned she;“for Mrs.Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.”
Mr.Bennet made no answer.“Do you not want to know who has taken it?” cried his wife impatiently.“You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.” This was invitation enough.“Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs.Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England;that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr.Morris immediately;that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.” “What is his name?” “Bingley.” “Is he married or single?” “Oh!Single, my dear, to be sure!A single man of large fortune;four or five thousand a year.What a fine thing for our girls!” “How so? How can it affect them?” “My dear Mr.Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome!You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?” “Design!Nonsense, how can you talk so!But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.” “I see no occasion for that.You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr.Bingley may like you the best of the party.” “My dear, you flatter me.I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now.When a woman has five grown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty.” Questions: This excerpt is taken from the novel entitled _________________ by _______________________.(2’)
Comment on the characters of Mr.and Mrs.Bennet.(3’)
C.Analyze the first sentence in the excerpt, “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”
(5’)Expanded Exercises: 1.Which novel do you think is the most famous masterpiece written by Jane Austen? Make a comment on it.