第一篇：love is fallacy中英文對(duì)照

Love is Fallacy by Max Shulman

Cool was I and logical.Keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute and astute—I was all of these.My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, precise as a chemist?s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.And—think of it!—I only eighteen.It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect.Take, for example, Petey Bellows, my roommate at the university.Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox.A nice enough fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs.Emotional type.Unstable.Impressionable.Worst of all, a faddist.Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason.To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surrender oneself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it—this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness.Not, however, to Petey.One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face that I immediately diagnosed appendicitis.“Don?t move,” I said, “Don?t take a laxative.I?ll get a doctor.”

“Raccoon,” he mumbled thickly.“Raccoon?” I said, pausing in my flight.“I want a raccoon coat,” he wailed.I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but mental.“Why do you want a raccoon coat?”

“I should have known it,” he cried, pounding his temples.“I should have known they?d come back when the Charleston came back.Like a fool I spent all my money for textbooks, and now I can?t get a raccoon coat.”

“Can you mean,” I said incredulously, “that people are actually wearing raccoon coats again?”

“All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them.Where?ve you been?”

“In the library,” I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus.He leaped from the bed and paced the room.“I?ve got to have a raccoon coat,” he said passionately.“I?ve got to!”

“Petey, why? Look at it rationally.Raccoon coats are unsanitary.They shed.They smell bad.They weigh too much.They?re unsightly.They—”

“You don?t understand,” he interrupted impatiently.“It?s the thing to do.Don?t you want to be in the swim?”

“No,” I said truthfully.“Well, I do,” he declared.“I?d give anything for a raccoon coat.Anything!”

My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear.“Anything?” I asked, looking at him narrowly.“Anything,” he affirmed in ringing tones.I stroked my chin thoughtfully.It so happened that I knew where to get my hands on a raccoon coat.My father had had one in his undergraduate days;it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home.It also happened that Petey had something I wanted.He didn?t have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it.I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.I had long coveted Polly Espy.Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature.She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason.I was a freshman in law school.In a few years I would be out in practice.I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer?s career.The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women.With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.Beautiful she was.She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I felt that time would supply the lack.She already had the makings.Gracious she was.By gracious I mean full of graces.She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding.At table her manners were exquisite.I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner eating the specialty of the house—a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut—without even getting her fingers moist.Intelligent she was not.In fact, she veered in the opposite direction.But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up.At any rate, it was worth a try.It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.“Petey,” I said, “are you in love with Polly Espy?”

“I think she?s a keen kid,” he replied, “but I don?t know if you?d call it love.Why?” “Do you,” I asked, “have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are you going steady or anything like that?”

“No.We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates.Why?” “Is there,” I asked, “any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?” “Not that I know of.Why?”

I nodded with satisfaction.“In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open.Is that right?”

“I guess so.What are you getting at?”

“Nothing , nothing,” I said innocently, and took my suitcase out the closet.“Where are you going?” asked Petey.“Home for weekend.” I threw a few things into the bag.“Listen,” he said, clutching my arm eagerly, “while you?re home, you couldn?t get some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccoon coat?”

“I may do better than that,” I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left.“Look,” I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning.I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his Stutz Bearcat in 1925.“Holy Toledo!” said Petey reverently.He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face.“Holy Toledo!” he repeated fifteen or twenty times.“Would you like it?” I asked.“Oh yes!” he cried, clutching the greasy pelt to him.Then a canny look came into his eyes.“What do you want for it?”

“Your girl.” I said, mincing no words.“Polly?” he said in a horrified whisper.“You want Polly?” “That?s right.” He flung the coat from him.“Never,” he said stoutly.I shrugged.“Okay.If you don?t want to be in the swim, I guess it?s your business.” I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey.He was a torn man.First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window.Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely.Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face.Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time.Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.Finally he didn?t turn away at all;he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.“It isn?t as though I was in love with Polly,” he said thickly.“Or going steady or anything like that.”

“That?s right,” I murmured.“What?s Polly to me, or me to Polly?” “Not a thing,” said I.“It?s just been a casual kick—just a few laughs, that?s all.” “Try on the coat,” said I.He complied.The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops.He looked like a mound of dead raccoons.“Fits fine,” he said happily.I rose from my chair.“Is it a deal?” I asked, extending my hand.He swallowed.“It?s a deal,” he said and shook my hand.I had my first date with Polly the following evening.This was in the nature of a survey;I wanted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard I required.I took her first to dinner.“Gee, that was a delish dinner,” she said as we left the restaurant.Then I took her to a movie.“Gee, that was a marvy movie,” she said as we left the theatre.And then I took her home.“Gee, I had a sensaysh time,” she said as she bade me good night.I went back to my room with a heavy heart.I had gravely underestimated the size of my task.This girl?s lack of information was terrifying.Nor would it be enough merely to supply her with information.First she had to be taught to think.This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey.But then I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she entered a room and the way she handled a knife and fork, and I decided to make an effort.I went about it, as in all things, systematically.I gave her a course in logic.It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the facts at my fingertips.“Poll?,” I said to her when I picked her up on our next date, “tonight we are going over to the Knoll and talk.”

“Oo, terrif,” she replied.One thing I will say for this girl: you would go far to find another so agreeable.We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak, and she looked at me expectantly.“What are we going to talk about?” she asked.“Logic.”

She thought this over for a minute and decided she liked it.“Magnif,” she said.“Logic,” I said, clearing my throat, “is the science of thinking.Before we can think correctly, we must first learn to recognize the common fallacies of logic.These we will take up tonight.”

“Wow-dow!” she cried, clapping her hands delightedly.I winced, but went bravely on.“First let us examine the fallacy called Dicto Simpliciter.”

“By all means,” she urged, batting her lashes eagerly.“Dicto Simpliciter means an argument based on an unqualified generalization.For example: Exercise is good.Therefore everybody should exercise.”

“I agree,” said Polly earnestly.“I mean exercise is wonderful.I mean it builds the body and everything.”

“Polly,” I said gently, “the argument is a fallacy.Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization.For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good.Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise.You must qualify the generalization.You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people.Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter.Do you see?”

“No,” she confessed.“But this is marvy.Do more!Do more!”

“It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve,” I told her, and when she desisted, I continued.“Next we take up a fallacy called Hasty Generalization.Listen carefully: You can?t speak French.Petey Bellows can?t speak French.I must therefore conclude that nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French.”

“Really?” said Polly, amazed.“Nobody?”

I hid my exasperation.“Polly, it?s a fallacy.The generalization is reached too hastily.There are too few instances to support such a conclusion.”

“Know any more fallacies?” she asked breathlessly.“This is more fun than dancing even.”

I fought off a wave of despair.I was getting nowhere with this girl, absolutely nowhere.Still, I am nothing if not persistent.I continued.“Next comes Post Hoc.Listen to this: Let?s not take Bill on our picnic.Every time we take him out with us, it rains.”

“I know somebody just like that,” she exclaimed.“A girl back home—Eula Becker, her name is.It never fails.Every single time we take her on a picnic—”

“Polly,” I said sharply, “it?s a fallacy.Eula Becker doesn?t cause the rain.She has no connection with the rain.You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker.”

“I?ll never do it again,” she promised contritely.“Are you mad at me?” I sighed.“No, Polly, I?m not mad.” “Then tell me some more fallacies.”

“All right.Let?s try Contradictory Premises.”

“Yes, let?s,” she chirped, blinking her eyes happily.I frowned, but plunged ahead.“Here?s an example of Contradictory Premises: If God can do anything, can He make a stone so heavy that He won?t be able to lift it?”

“Of course,” she replied promptly.“But if He can do anything, He can lift the stone,” I pointed out.“Yeah,” she said thoughtfully.“Well, then I guess He can?t make the stone.” “But He can do anything,” I reminded her.She scratched her pretty, empty head.“I?m all confused,” she admitted.“Of course you are.Because when the premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument.If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object.If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force.Get it?”

“Tell me more of this keen stuff,” she said eagerly.I consulted my watch.“I think we?d better call it a night.I?ll take you home now, and you go over all the things you?ve learned.We?ll have another session tomorrow night.”

I deposited her at the girls? dormitory, where she assured me that she had had a perfectly terrif evening, and I went glumly home to my room.Petey lay snoring in his bed, the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet.For a moment I considered waking him and telling him that he could have his girl back.It seemed clear that my project was doomed to failure.The girl simply had a logic-proof head.But then I reconsidered.I had wasted one evening;I might as well waste another.Who knew? Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind a few members still smoldered.Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.Admittedly it was not a prospect fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try.Seated under the oak the next evening I said, “Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.”

She quivered with delight.“Listen closely,” I said.“A man applies for a job.When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he replies that he has a wife and six children at home, the wife is a helpless cripple, the children have nothing to eat, no clothes to wear, no shoes on their feet, there are no beds in the house, no coal in the cellar, and winter is coming.”

A tear rolled down each of Polly?s pink cheeks.“Oh, this is awful, awful,” she sobbed.“Yes, it?s awful,” I agreed, “but it?s no argument.The man never answered the boss?s question about his qualifications.Instead he appealed to the boss?s sympathy.He committed the fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.Do you understand?”

“Have you got a handkerchief?” she blubbered.I handed her a handkerchief and tried to keep from screaming while she wiped her eyes.“Next,” I said in a carefully controlled tone, “we will discuss False Analogy.Here is an example: Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during examinations.After all, surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation, lawyers have briefs to guide them during a trial, carpenters have blueprints to guide them when they are building a house.Why, then, shouldn?t students be allowed to look at their textbooks during an examination?”

“There now,” she said enthusiastically, “is the most marvy idea I?ve heard in years.” “Polly,” I said testily, “the argument is all wrong.Doctors, lawyers, and carpenters aren?t taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are.The situations are altogether different, and you can?t make an analogy between them.”

“I still think it?s a good idea,” said Polly.“Nuts,” I muttered.Doggedly I pressed on.“Next we?ll try Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.”

“Sounds yummy,” was Polly?s reaction.“Listen: If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende, the world today would not know about radium.”

“True, true,” said Polly, nodding her head “Did you see the movie? Oh, it just knocked me out.That Walter Pidgeon is so dreamy.I mean he fractures me.”

“If you can forget Mr.Pidgeon for a moment,” I said coldly, “I would like to point out that statement is a fallacy.Maybe Madame Curie would have discovered radium at some later date.Maybe somebody else would have discovered it.Maybe any number of things would have happened.You can?t start with a hypothesis that is not true and then draw any supportable conclusions from it.”

“They ought to put Walter Pidgeon in more pictures,” said Polly, “I hardly ever see him any more.”

One more chance, I decided.But just one more.There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear.“The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well.”

“How cute!” she gurgled.“Two men are having a debate.The first one gets up and says, ?My opponent is a notorious liar.You can?t believe a word that he is going to say.?...Now, Polly, think.Think hard.What?s wrong?”

I watched her closely as she knit her creamy brow in concentration.Suddenly a glimmer of intelligence—the first I had seen—came into her eyes.“It?s not fair,” she said with indignation.“It?s not a bit fair.What chance has the second man got if the first man calls him a liar before he even begins talking?”

“Right!” I cried exultantly.“One hundred per cent right.It?s not fair.The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it.He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start...Polly, I?m proud of you.”

“Pshaws,” she murmured, blushing with pleasure.“You see, my dear, these things aren?t so hard.All you have to do is concentrate.Think—examine—evaluate.Come now, let?s review everything we have learned.”

“Fire away,” she said with an airy wave of her hand.Heartened by the knowledge that Polly was not altogether a cretin, I began a long, patient review of all I had told her.Over and over and over again I cited instances, pointed out flaws, kept hammering away without letup.It was like digging a tunnel.At first, everything was work, sweat, and darkness.I had no idea when I would reach the light, or even if I would.But I persisted.I pounded and clawed and scraped, and finally I was rewarded.I saw a chink of light.And then the chink got bigger and the sun came pouring in and all was bright.Five grueling nights with this took, but it was worth it.I had made a logician out of Polly;I had taught her to think.My job was done.She was worthy of me, at last.She was a fit wife for me, a proper hostess for my many mansions, a suitable mother for my well-heeled children.It must not be thought that I was without love for this girl.Quite the contrary.Just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so I loved mine.I decided to acquaint her with my feelings at our very next meeting.The time had come to change our relationship from academic to romantic.“Polly,” I said when next we sat beneath our oak, “tonight we will not discuss fallacies.”

“Aw, gee,” she said, disappointed.“My dear,” I said, favoring her with a smile, “we have now spent five evenings together.We have gotten along splendidly.It is clear that we are well matched.”

“Hasty Generalization,” said Polly brightly.“I beg your pardon,” said I.“Hasty Generalization,” she repeated.“How can you say that we are well matched on the basis of only five dates?”

I chuckled with amusement.The dear child had learned her lessons well.“My dear,” I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, “five dates is plenty.After all, you don?t have to eat a whole cake to know that it?s good.”

“False Analogy,” said Polly promptly.“I?m not a cake.I?m a girl.”

I chuckled with somewhat less amusement.The dear child had learned her lessons perhaps too well.I decided to change tactics.Obviously the best approach was a simple, strong, direct declaration of love.I paused for a moment while my massive brain chose the proper word.Then I began:

“Polly, I love you.You are the whole world to me, the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space.Please, my darling, say that you will go steady with me, for if you will not, life will be meaningless.I will languish.I will refuse my meals.I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.”

There, I thought, folding my arms, that ought to do it.“Ad Misericordiam,” said Polly.I ground my teeth.I was not Pygmalion;I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat.Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me;at all costs I had to keep cool.“Well, Polly,” I said, forcing a smile, “you certainly have learned your fallacies.” “You?re darn right,” she said with a vigorous nod.“And who taught them to you, Polly?” “You did.”

“That?s right.So you do owe me something, don?t you, my dear? If I hadn?t come along you never would have learned about fallacies.”

“Hypothesis Contrary to Fact,” she said instantly.I dashed perspiration from my brow.“Polly,” I croaked, “you mustn?t take all these things so literally.I mean this is just classroom stuff.You know that the things you learn in school don?t have anything to do with life.”

“Dicto Simpliciter,” she said, wagging her finger at me playfully.That did it.I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull.“Will you or will you not go steady with me?”

“I will not,” she replied.“Why not?” I demanded.“Because this afternoon I promised Petey Bellows that I would go steady with him.” I reeled back, overcome with the infamy of it.After he promised, after he made a deal, after he shook my hand!“The rat!” I shrieked, kicking up great chunks of turf.“You can?t go with him, Polly.He?s a liar.He?s a cheat.He?s a rat.”

“Poisoning the Well ,” said Polly, “and stop shouting.I think shouting must be a fallacy too.”

With an immense effort of will, I modulated my voice.“All right,” I said.“You?re a logician.Let?s look at this thing logically.How could you choose Petey Bellows over me? Look at me—a brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.Look at Petey—a knothead, a jitterbug, a guy who?ll never know where his next meal is coming from.Can you give me one logical reason why you should go steady with Petey Bellows?”

“I certainly can,” declared Polly.“He?s got a raccoon coat.”

查爾斯．蘭姆是一個(gè)世所罕見(jiàn)的性情歡快、富有進(jìn)取心的人，他那筆下的散文《古瓷器》和《夢(mèng)中的孩子》無(wú)拘無(wú)束、自由奔放。實(shí)在令人難忘。下面這篇文章比蘭姆的作品更加自由奔放。實(shí)際上，用“自由奔放”的字眼來(lái)形容這篇文章并不十分確切，或許用“柔軟”、“輕松”或“輕軟而富有彈性”更為恰如其分。

盡管很難說(shuō)清這篇文章是屬于哪一類，但可以肯定它是一篇散文小品文。它提出了論點(diǎn)。引用了許多例證，并得出了結(jié)論?？ú藸柲軐?xiě)得更好嗎?羅斯金呢?

這篇文章意在論證邏輯學(xué)非但不枯燥乏味而且活潑、清新、富于關(guān)感和激情，并給人以啟迪。諸位不妨一讀。

——作者注

我這個(gè)人頭腦冷靜，邏輯思維能力強(qiáng)。敏銳、慎重、聰慧、深刻、機(jī)智一一這些就是我的特點(diǎn)。我的大腦像發(fā)電機(jī)一樣發(fā)達(dá)，孳化學(xué)家的天平一樣精確，像手術(shù)刀一樣鋒利。一一你知道嗎?我才十八歲呀。

年紀(jì)這么輕而智力又如此非凡的人并不常有。就拿在明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)跟我同住一個(gè)房間的皮蒂·伯奇來(lái)說(shuō)吧，他跟我年齡相哆?經(jīng)歷一樣，可他笨得像頭驢。小伙子長(zhǎng)得年輕漂亮，可惜腦子里卻空空如也。他易于激動(dòng)，情緒反復(fù)無(wú)常，容易受別人的影響。最糟的是他愛(ài)趕時(shí)髦。我認(rèn)為，趕時(shí)髦就是最缺乏理智的表現(xiàn)。見(jiàn)到一 q9種新鮮的東西就跟著學(xué)，以為別人都在那么干，自己也就卷進(jìn)去傻干——這在我看來(lái)，簡(jiǎn)直愚蠢至極，但皮蒂卻不以為然。

一天下午我看見(jiàn)皮蒂躺在床上，臉上顯露出一種痛苦不堪的表情，我立刻斷定他是得了闌尾炎?！皠e動(dòng)，”我說(shuō)，“別吃瀉藥，我就請(qǐng)醫(yī)生來(lái)?！?/p>

“浣熊，”他咕噥著說(shuō)。

“浣熊?”我停下來(lái)問(wèn)道。

“我要一件浣熊皮大衣，”他痛苦地哭叫著。

我明白了，他不是身體不舒服，而是精神上不太正常?！澳銥槭裁匆叫芷ご笠?”

“我本早該知道，”他哭叫著，用拳頭捶打著太陽(yáng)穴，“我早該知道查爾斯登舞再度流行時(shí)，浣熊皮大衣也會(huì)時(shí)興起來(lái)的。我真傻，錢都買了課本，可現(xiàn)在不能買浣熊皮大衣了。”

我?guī)е鴳岩傻难凵駟?wèn)道：“你是說(shuō)人們真的又要穿浣熊皮大衣嗎?”

“校園里有身分的人哪個(gè)不穿?你剛從哪兒來(lái)?”

“圖書(shū)館，”我說(shuō)了一個(gè)有身分的人不常去的地方。

他從床上一躍而起，在房間里踱來(lái)踱去?！拔乙欢ㄒ揭患叫芷ご笠?，”他激動(dòng)地說(shuō)，“非弄到不可!”

“皮蒂，你怎么啦?冷靜地想一想吧，浣熊皮大衣不衛(wèi)生，掉毛，味道難聞，既笨重又不好看，而且……

“你不懂，”他不耐煩地打斷我的話?！斑@就叫時(shí)髦。難道你不想趕時(shí)髦嗎?”

“不想，”我坦率地回答。

“好啦，我可想著呢!”他肯定地說(shuō)?！爸灰袖叫芷ご笠?，要我什么我都給，什么都行!”

我的大腦一一這件精密的儀器一一即刻運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)起來(lái)。我仔細(xì)地打量著他，問(wèn)道：“什么都行?”

“什么都行!”他斬釘截鐵地說(shuō)。

我若有所思地?fù)嶂掳?。好極了，我知道哪兒能弄到浣熊皮大衣。我父親在大學(xué)讀書(shū)時(shí)就穿過(guò)一件，現(xiàn)在還放在家里頂樓的箱子里。恰好皮蒂也有我需要的東西。盡管他還沒(méi)有弄到手，但至少他有優(yōu)先權(quán)。我說(shuō)的是他的女朋友波利.埃斯皮。

我早已鐘情于波利埃斯皮了。我要特別說(shuō)明的是，我想得到這妙齡少女并不是由于感情的驅(qū)使。她確實(shí)是個(gè)易于使人動(dòng)情的姑娘?？晌也皇悄欠N讓感情統(tǒng)治理智的人，我想得到波利是經(jīng)過(guò)了慎重考慮的，完全是出于理智上的原因。

我是法學(xué)院一年級(jí)的學(xué)生，過(guò)不了幾年就要掛牌當(dāng)律師了。我很清楚，一個(gè)合適的妻子對(duì)一個(gè)律師的前途來(lái)說(shuō)是非常重要的。我發(fā)現(xiàn)大凡有成就的律師幾乎都是和美麗、文雅、聰明的女子結(jié)婚的。波利只差一條就完全符合這些條件了。

她漂亮。盡管她的身材還沒(méi)有掛在墻上的美女照片那么苗條，但我相信時(shí)間會(huì)彌補(bǔ)這個(gè)不足。她已經(jīng)大致不差了。

她溫文爾雅——我這里是指她很有風(fēng)度。她婷婷玉立，落落大方，泰然自若，一眼就看得出她很有教養(yǎng)。她進(jìn)餐時(shí)，動(dòng)作是那樣的優(yōu)美。我曾看見(jiàn)過(guò)她在“舒適的校園之角”吃名點(diǎn)——一塊夾有幾片帶汁的燉肉和碎核桃仁的三明治，還有一小杯泡菜——手指兒一點(diǎn)兒也沒(méi)有沾濕。

她不聰明，實(shí)際上恰好相反。但我相信有我的指導(dǎo)，她會(huì)變得聰明的。無(wú)論如何可以試一試，使一個(gè)漂亮的笨姑娘變得聰明比使一個(gè)聰明的丑姑娘變得漂亮畢竟要容易些。

“皮蒂，”我說(shuō)，“你在跟波利談戀愛(ài)吧?”

“我覺(jué)得她是一個(gè)討人喜歡的姑娘，”他回答說(shuō)，“但我不知道這是不是就叫做愛(ài)情。你問(wèn)這個(gè)干嗎?”

“你和她有什么正式的安排嗎?我是說(shuō)你們是不是常有約會(huì)，或者有諸如此類的事情?”我問(wèn)。

“沒(méi)有，我們常常見(jiàn)面。但我們倆各自有別的約會(huì)。你問(wèn)這個(gè)干嘛?”

“還有沒(méi)有別人使她特別喜歡呢?”我問(wèn)道。

“那我可不知道。你問(wèn)這些干嗎?”

我滿意地點(diǎn)點(diǎn)頭說(shuō)：“這就是說(shuō)。如果你不在，場(chǎng)地就是空著的。你說(shuō)是嗎?”

“我想是這樣。你這話是什么意思?”

“沒(méi)什么，沒(méi)什么，”我若無(wú)其事地說(shuō)，接著把手提皮箱從壁櫥里拿了出來(lái)。

“你去哪兒?”皮蒂問(wèn)。

“回家過(guò)周末?！蔽野褞准路舆M(jìn)了提箱。

“聽(tīng)著，”他焦急的抓住我的胳膊說(shuō)，“你回家后，從你父親那兒弄點(diǎn)錢來(lái)借給我買一件浣熊皮大衣，好嗎?”

“也許不僅只是這樣呢。”我神秘地眨著眼睛說(shuō)，隨后關(guān)上皮箱就走了。

星期一上午我回到學(xué)校時(shí)對(duì)皮蒂說(shuō)：“你瞧!”我猛地打開(kāi)皮箱，那件肥大、毛茸茸、散發(fā)著怪味的東西露了出來(lái)，這就是我父親1925年在施圖茨比爾凱特汽車?yán)锎┻^(guò)的那一件浣熊皮大衣。

“太好了!”皮蒂恭敬的說(shuō)。他把兩只手插進(jìn)那件皮大衣，然后把頭也埋了進(jìn)去?！疤美?”他不斷地重復(fù)了一二十遍。

“你喜歡嗎?”我問(wèn)道。

“哦，喜歡!”他高聲叫著，把那滿是油膩的毛皮緊緊地?fù)г趹牙?。接著他眼里露出機(jī)警的神色，說(shuō)著：“你要什么換呢?”

“你的女朋友，”我毫不諱言地說(shuō)。

“波利?”他吃驚了，結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說(shuō)，“你要波利?”

“是的?！?/p>

他把皮大衣往旁一扔，毫不妥協(xié)的說(shuō)：“那可不行。”

我聳了聳肩膀說(shuō)：“好吧，如果你不想趕時(shí)髦，那就隨你的便好了?！?/p>

我在一把椅子上坐了下來(lái)，假裝讀書(shū)，暗暗地瞟著皮蒂。他神情不安，用面包店窗前的流浪兒那種饞涎欲滴的神情望著那件皮大衣，接著扭過(guò)頭去，堅(jiān)定地咬緊牙關(guān)。過(guò)了一會(huì)兒，他又回過(guò)頭來(lái)把目光投向那件皮大衣，臉上露出更加渴望的神情。等他再扭過(guò)頭去，已經(jīng)不那么堅(jiān)決了。他看了又看，越看越愛(ài)，慢慢地決心也就減弱了。最后他再也不扭過(guò)頭去，只是站在那兒，貪婪地盯著那件皮大衣。

“我和波利好像不是在談戀愛(ài)，”他含含糊糊地說(shuō)?！耙舱f(shuō)不上經(jīng)常約會(huì)或有諸如此類的事情?！?/p>

“好的，”我低聲地說(shuō)。

“波利對(duì)我算得了什么?我對(duì)波利又算得了什么?”

“只不過(guò)是一時(shí)高興-----不過(guò)是說(shuō)說(shuō)笑笑罷了，如此而已?！?/p>

“試試大衣吧?！蔽艺f(shuō)

“他照辦了。衣領(lǐng)蒙住了他的耳朵，下擺一直拖到腳跟。他看起來(lái)活像一具浣熊尸體。他高興地說(shuō)：“挺合身的?！?/p>

“我從椅子上站了起來(lái)。“成交了嗎?”我說(shuō)著，把手伸向他。

他輕易地接受了?！八銛?shù)．”他說(shuō)，并跟我握了握手。

第二天晚上，我與波利第一次約會(huì)了。這一次實(shí)際上是我對(duì)她的考察。我想弄清要作多大的努力才能使她的頭腦達(dá)到我的要求。我首先請(qǐng)她去吃飯。“哈，這頓飯真夠意思，”離開(kāi)餐館時(shí)她說(shuō)。然后我請(qǐng)她去看電影?！昂伲@片子真好看，”走出影院時(shí)她說(shuō)。最后我送她回家。和我道別時(shí)她說(shuō)：“嘿，今晚玩得真痛快。”

我?guī)е淮笸纯斓男那榛氐搅朔块g。我對(duì)這任務(wù)的艱巨性估計(jì)得太低了。這姑娘的知識(shí)少得叫人吃驚。只是給她增加知識(shí)還不夠，首先得教她學(xué)會(huì)思考。這可不是一件容易的事，當(dāng)時(shí)我真想把她還給皮蒂算了。但我一想到她那充滿魅力的身材，她那進(jìn)屋時(shí)的模樣，她那拿刀叉的姿式，我還是決定再作一番努力。

就像做其他的事情一樣，我開(kāi)始有計(jì)劃地干了起來(lái)。我開(kāi)始給她上輯課。幸好我是一個(gè)學(xué)法律的學(xué)生，我自己也正在學(xué)邏輯學(xué)，所以對(duì)要教的內(nèi)容我都很熟悉。當(dāng)我接她赴第二次約會(huì)時(shí)，我對(duì)她說(shuō)：“今晚上咱們?nèi)?小山?談?wù)劙伞薄?/p>

“啊，好極了，”她回答道。對(duì)這姑娘我要補(bǔ)充一句的是，像她這么好商量的人是不多見(jiàn)的。

我們?nèi)チ恕靶∩健?，這是校園里人們幽會(huì)的地方。我們坐在一棵老橡樹(shù)下，她用期待的眼神看著我。“我們談些什么呢?”她問(wèn)。

她想了一會(huì)兒，覺(jué)得不錯(cuò)，便說(shuō)：“好極了。”

“邏輯學(xué)，”我清了清嗓了，“就是思維的科學(xué)。在我們能正確地思維之前，首先必須學(xué)會(huì)判別邏輯方面的常見(jiàn)謬誤。我們今晚就要來(lái)談?wù)勥@些?！?/p>

“哇!”她叫了起來(lái)，高興地拍著手。

我打了個(gè)寒噤，但還是鼓足勇氣講下去：“首先我們來(lái)考究一下被稱為絕對(duì)判斷的謬誤。” “好呀!”她眨了眨眼，催促著。

“絕對(duì)判斷指的是根據(jù)一種無(wú)條件的前提推出的論斷。譬如說(shuō)，運(yùn)動(dòng)是有益的，因此人人都要運(yùn)動(dòng)?！?/p>

“不錯(cuò)，”波利認(rèn)真地說(shuō)，“運(yùn)動(dòng)是非常有益的，它能增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)，好處太多了!”

“波利，”我溫和地說(shuō)，“這種論點(diǎn)是謬誤。運(yùn)動(dòng)有益是一種無(wú)條件的前提。比方說(shuō)，假設(shè)你得了心臟病，運(yùn)動(dòng)不但無(wú)益，反而有害，有不少人醫(yī)生就不準(zhǔn)他們運(yùn)動(dòng)。你必須給這種前提加以限制。你應(yīng)該說(shuō)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)運(yùn)動(dòng)是有益的?；蛘哒f(shuō)，對(duì)大多數(shù)人是有益的。否則就是犯了絕對(duì)判斷的錯(cuò)誤，懂嗎?”

“不懂，”她坦率地說(shuō)。“這可太有意思了，講吧!往下講吧!”

“你最好別拉我袖子了，”我對(duì)她說(shuō)。等她松了手，我繼續(xù)講：“下面我們講一種被稱為草率結(jié)論的謬誤。你仔細(xì)聽(tīng)：你不會(huì)講法語(yǔ)，我不會(huì)講法語(yǔ)，皮蒂也不會(huì)講法語(yǔ)。因此我就會(huì)斷定在明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)誰(shuí)也不會(huì)講法語(yǔ)。”

“真的?”波利好奇的問(wèn)道，“誰(shuí)也不會(huì)嗎?”

我壓住火氣。“波利，這是一種謬誤，這是一種草率的結(jié)論。能使這種結(jié)論成立的例證太少了。”

“你還知道其他的謬誤嗎?”她氣喘吁吁地說(shuō)：“這真比跳舞還有意思啦!”

我極力地使自己不灰心。我真拿這姑娘沒(méi)辦法，的確是毫無(wú)辦法?？墒?，如果我不堅(jiān)持下去，我就太沒(méi)有用了。因此，我繼續(xù)講下去。

“現(xiàn)在聽(tīng)我講講?牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)?的謬誤。聽(tīng)著：我們不要帶比爾出去野餐。每次帶他一起去，天就下雨。”

“我就見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣的人，”她感嘆地說(shuō)?！拔覀兗亦l(xiāng)有個(gè)女孩，名叫尤拉·蓓克爾。從沒(méi)有例外，每次我們帶她去野餐……”

“波利，”我嚴(yán)厲地說(shuō)，“這是一種謬誤。下雨并不是尤拉蓓克爾造成的，下雨與她沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系。如果你責(zé)怪尤拉·蓓克爾，你就是犯了牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)的錯(cuò)誤?！?/p>

“我再也不這樣了，”她懊悔地保證說(shuō)?！澳闵业臍饬藛?”

我深深地嘆了一口氣：“不，波利，我沒(méi)生氣?！?/p>

“那么，給我再講些謬誤吧!”

“好，讓我們來(lái)看看矛盾前提吧?！?/p>

“行，行，”她嘰嘰喳喳地叫著，兩眼閃現(xiàn)出快樂(lè)的光芒。

我皺了皺眉頭，但還是接著講下去。“這里有一個(gè)矛盾前提的例子：如果上帝是萬(wàn)能的，他能造出一塊連他自己也搬不動(dòng)的大石頭嗎?”

“當(dāng)然能，”她毫不猶豫地回答道。

“但是如果他是萬(wàn)能的，他就能搬動(dòng)那塊石頭呀，”我提醒她。

“是嘛!”她若有所思地說(shuō)，“嗯，我想他造不出那樣的石頭。”

“但他是萬(wàn)能的啊，”我進(jìn)一步提醒她。

她用手抓了抓她那漂亮而又空虛的腦袋?！拔胰愫苛?，”她承認(rèn)說(shuō)。

“你確實(shí)糊涂了。因?yàn)橐环N論點(diǎn)的各個(gè)前提相互問(wèn)是矛盾的，這種論點(diǎn)就不能成立。如果有一種不可抗拒的力量．就不可能有一種不可移動(dòng)的物體；如果有一種不可移動(dòng)的物體，就不可能有一種不可抗拒的力量。懂嗎?”

“再給我講些這類新奇的玩意兒吧，”她懇切地說(shuō)。

我看了看表，說(shuō)：“我想今晚就談到這里。我現(xiàn)在該送你回去了。你把所學(xué)的東西復(fù)習(xí)一遍，我們明晚上再來(lái)上一課吧。”

我把她送到了女生宿舍，在那里她向我保證說(shuō)這個(gè)晚上她過(guò)得非常痛快。我悶悶不樂(lè)地回到了我的房間，皮蒂正鼾聲如雷地睡在床上。那件浣熊皮大衣像一頭多毛的野獸扒在他的腳邊。我當(dāng)時(shí)真想把他叫醒，告訴他可以把他的女朋友要回去?？磥?lái)我的計(jì)劃會(huì)要落空了。這姑娘對(duì)邏輯簡(jiǎn)直是一點(diǎn)兒都不開(kāi)竅。

但是我回過(guò)頭一想，既然已經(jīng)浪費(fèi)了一個(gè)晚上，不妨還是再花一個(gè)晚上看看。天曉得，說(shuō)不定她頭腦里的死火山口中的什么地方，還有些火星會(huì)噴射出來(lái)呢。也許我會(huì)有辦法能把這些火星扇成熊熊烈焰。當(dāng)然，成功的希望是不大的，但我還是決定再試一次。

第二天晚上我們又坐在那棵橡樹(shù)下，我說(shuō)：“今晚上我們要談的第一種謬誤叫做文不對(duì)題。”

她高興得都發(fā)抖了。

“注意聽(tīng)，”我說(shuō)?！坝袀€(gè)人申請(qǐng)工作，當(dāng)老板問(wèn)他所具備的條件時(shí)，他回答說(shuō)他家有妻子和六個(gè)孩子。妻子完全殘廢了，孩子們沒(méi)吃的，沒(méi)穿的，睡覺(jué)沒(méi)有床，生火沒(méi)有煤，眼看冬天就要到了?！?/p>

兩滴眼淚順著波利那粉紅的面頰往下滾?！鞍?，這太可怕了!太可怕了!”她抽泣著說(shuō)?！笆堑?，是太可怕了，”我同意地說(shuō)?！暗@可不成其為申請(qǐng)工作的理由。那人根本沒(méi)有回答老板提出的關(guān)于他的條件的間題，反而祈求老板的同情。他犯了文不對(duì)題的錯(cuò)誤。你懂嗎!”

“你帶手帕了沒(méi)有?”她哭著說(shuō)

我把手帕遞給她。當(dāng)她擦眼淚時(shí)，我極力控制自己的火氣?！跋旅妫蔽倚⌒牡貕旱吐曊{(diào)說(shuō)，“我們要討論錯(cuò)誤類比。這里有一個(gè)例子：應(yīng)該允許學(xué)生考試時(shí)看課本。既然外科醫(yī)生在做手術(shù)時(shí)可以看X光片，律師在審案時(shí)可以看案由，木匠在造房子時(shí)可以看藍(lán)圖，為什么學(xué)生在考試時(shí)不能看課本呢?”

“這個(gè)，”她滿懷激情地說(shuō)，“可是我多少年來(lái)聽(tīng)到的最好的主意。”

“波利，”我生氣地說(shuō)，“這種論點(diǎn)全錯(cuò)了。醫(yī)生、律師和木匠并不是以參加考試的方式去測(cè)驗(yàn)他們所學(xué)的東西。學(xué)生們才是這樣。情況完全不同，你不能在不同的情況之間進(jìn)行類比”。

“我還是覺(jué)得這是個(gè)好主意，”波利說(shuō)。

“咳!”我嘀咕著，但我還是執(zhí)意地往下講，“接下去我們?cè)囋嚺c事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)吧?！?波利的反應(yīng)是：“倒挺好?！?/p>

“你聽(tīng)著：如果居里夫人不是碰巧把一張照相底片放在裝有一塊瀝清鈾礦石的抽屜里，那么世人今天就不會(huì)知道鐳?！?/p>

“對(duì)，對(duì)，”波利點(diǎn)頭稱是?！澳憧催^(guò)那部影片嗎?哦，真好看。沃爾特·皮金演得太好了．我是說(shuō)他讓我著迷了。”

“如果你能暫時(shí)忘記皮金先生，”我冷冰冰地說(shuō)，“我會(huì)愿意指出這種說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的。也許居里夫人以后會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)鐳的，也許由別人去發(fā)現(xiàn)，也許還會(huì)發(fā)生其他的事情。你不能從一個(gè)不實(shí)際的假設(shè)出發(fā)，從中得出任何可站得住腳的結(jié)論。”

“人們真應(yīng)該讓沃爾特皮金多拍些照片，”波利說(shuō)，“我?guī)缀踉僖部床坏剿??！?我決定再試一次，但只能一次。一個(gè)人的忍耐畢竟是有限度的。我說(shuō)：“下一個(gè)謬誤叫做井下放毒?！?/p>

“多聰明啊!”她咯咯笑了起來(lái)。

“有兩個(gè)人在進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)辯論。第一個(gè)人站起來(lái)說(shuō)：?我的論敵是個(gè)劣跡昭彰的騙子。他所說(shuō)的每一句話都不可信。?……波利，現(xiàn)在你想想，好好想一想。這句話錯(cuò)在哪里?”

她緊鎖著眉頭，我凝神地看著她。突然，一道智慧的光芒——這是我從未看到過(guò)的一一閃現(xiàn)在她的眼中。“這不公平，”她氣憤地說(shuō)，“一點(diǎn)都不公平。如果第一個(gè)人不等第二個(gè)人開(kāi)口就說(shuō)他是騙子，那么第二個(gè)人還有什么可說(shuō)的呢?”

“對(duì)!”我高興地叫了起來(lái)，“百分之百的對(duì)，是不公平。第一個(gè)人還不等別人喝到井水，就在井下放毒了。他還不等他的對(duì)手開(kāi)口就已經(jīng)

傷害了他。……波利，我真為你感到驕傲。”

她輕輕地“哼”了一聲，高興得臉郡發(fā)紅了。

“你看，親愛(ài)的，這些問(wèn)題并不深?yuàn)W，只要精力集中，就能對(duì)付。思考——分析—一判斷。來(lái)，讓我們把所學(xué)過(guò)的東西再?gòu)?fù)習(xí)一遍吧。”

“來(lái)吧，”她說(shuō)著。把手往上一晃。看到波利并不那么傻，我的勁頭上來(lái)了。于是，我便開(kāi)始把對(duì)她講過(guò)的一切，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地、耐心地復(fù)習(xí)了一遍。我給她一個(gè)一個(gè)地舉出例子，指出其中的錯(cuò)誤，不停地講下去。就好比挖掘一條隧道，開(kāi)始只有勞累、汗水和黑暗，不知道什么時(shí)候能見(jiàn)到光亮，甚至還不知道能否見(jiàn)到光亮。但我堅(jiān)持著，鑿啊，挖啊，刮啊，終于得到了報(bào)償。我見(jiàn)到了一線光亮，這光亮越來(lái)越大，終于陽(yáng)光灑進(jìn)來(lái)了，一切都豁然開(kāi)朗了。

我辛辛苦苦地花了五個(gè)晚上，但總算還是沒(méi)有白費(fèi)，我使波利變成一個(gè)邏輯學(xué)家了，我教她學(xué)會(huì)了思考。我的任務(wù)完成了，她最終還是配得上我的。她會(huì)成為我賢慧的妻子，我那些豪華公館里出色的女主人。我那些有良好教養(yǎng)的孩子們的合格的母親。

不要以為我不愛(ài)這姑娘了，恰恰相反。正如皮格馬利翁珍愛(ài)他自己塑造的完美的少女像一樣，我也非常地愛(ài)我的波利。我決定下次會(huì)面時(shí)把自己的感情向她傾吐。該是把我們師生式的關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)化為愛(ài)情的時(shí)候了。

“波利，”當(dāng)我們又坐在我們那棵橡樹(shù)下時(shí)，我說(shuō)?！敖裢砦覀儾辉儆懻撝囌`了?！?/p>

“怎么啦?”她失望地問(wèn)道。

“親愛(ài)的，”我友好地對(duì)她笑了笑，“我們已經(jīng)一起度過(guò)了五個(gè)晚上，我們相處得很好。顯然我們倆是很相配的。”

“草率結(jié)論，”波利伶俐地說(shuō)。

“你是說(shuō)…?”我問(wèn)道。

“草率結(jié)論，”她重復(fù)了一遍?！澳阍趺茨軕{我們僅有的五次約會(huì)就說(shuō)我們倆很相配呢?”

我咯咯一笑，覺(jué)得挺有意思。這可愛(ài)的小家伙功課學(xué)得可真不錯(cuò)?！坝H愛(ài)的，”我耐心地拍打著她的手說(shuō)，“五次約會(huì)就不少了，畢竟你不必把整個(gè)蛋糕吃下去才知道蛋糕的甜味。”

“錯(cuò)誤類比，”波利敏捷地說(shuō)?！拔铱刹皇堑案?，我是個(gè)女孩子?！蔽椅⑽⒁恍Γ@次不感到那么有意思了。這可愛(ài)的孩子功課或許是學(xué)得太好了。我決定改變策略。顯然，最好的辦法就是態(tài)度明朗，直接了當(dāng)?shù)叵蛩硎緪?ài)。我沉默了一會(huì)兒，用我特別發(fā)達(dá)的腦袋挑選著合適的詞句。然后我便開(kāi)始說(shuō)：

“波利，我愛(ài)你。對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，你就是整個(gè)世界，是月亮，是星星，是整個(gè)宇宙。我親愛(ài)的，請(qǐng)說(shuō)你愛(ài)我吧。如果你不這樣，我的生活就失去意義了。我將會(huì)萎靡不振，茶不飲，飯不思，到處游蕩，成為一個(gè)步履蹣跚、雙眼凹下的軀殼?！?/p>

我交叉著雙手站在那里，心想這下子可打動(dòng)了她。

“文不對(duì)題，”波利說(shuō)。

我咬咬牙。我不是皮格馬利翁，我是弗蘭肯斯坦，我的喉嚨似乎一下子讓魔鬼卡住了。我極力地控制涌上心頭的陣陣痛楚。無(wú)論怎樣，我電要保持冷靜。

“好了，波利，”我強(qiáng)裝著笑臉說(shuō)，“這些謬誤你的確已學(xué)到家了?！?/p>

“這可說(shuō)得很對(duì)，”她使勁地點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭說(shuō)道。

“可是波利，這一切是誰(shuí)教給你的?”

“你教的嘛。”

“是的，那你得感謝我呀。是嗎，親愛(ài)的?要是我不和你在一起，你永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)學(xué)到這些謬誤的”。

“與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，”波利不加思索地說(shuō)著。

我摔掉了額前的汗珠。“波利，”我用嘶啞的聲音說(shuō)道，“你不要死板地接受這些東西。我是說(shuō)那只是課堂上講的東西。你知道學(xué)校學(xué)的東西與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活毫不相關(guān)?！?/p>

“絕對(duì)判斷，”她說(shuō)道，嬉戲地向我搖搖指頭。

這一下可使我惱火了。我猛地跳了起來(lái)，像公牛似地吼叫著，“你到底想不想跟我相愛(ài)?”

“我不想，”她答道。

“為什么不想?”我追問(wèn)著。

“因?yàn)榻裉煜挛缥掖饝?yīng)了皮蒂伯奇，我愿意和他相愛(ài)。”

我被皮蒂這一無(wú)恥的行徑氣得一陣暈眩，情不自禁地向后退去。皮蒂答應(yīng)了我，跟我成了交，還跟我握了手呢!“這個(gè)可恥的家伙!”我尖著嗓子大叫，把一塊塊草皮踢了起來(lái)?！澳悴荒芨谝黄?，波利。他是一個(gè)說(shuō)謊的人，一個(gè)騙子，一個(gè)可恥的家伙!”

“井下放毒，”波利說(shuō)?！皠e叫嚷了，我認(rèn)為大聲叫嚷就是一種謬誤?！?/p>

我以極大的意志力把語(yǔ)氣緩和下來(lái)?！昂冒桑蔽艺f(shuō)，“你是一個(gè)邏輯學(xué)家。那就讓我們從邏輯上來(lái)分析這件事吧。你怎么會(huì)看得中皮蒂，而看不起我呢?你瞧我一個(gè)才華橫溢的學(xué)生，一個(gè)了不起的知識(shí)分子，一個(gè)前途無(wú)量的人；而皮蒂——一個(gè)笨蛋，一個(gè)反復(fù)無(wú)常的人，一個(gè)吃了上頓不知有沒(méi)有下頓的家伙。你能給我一個(gè)合乎邏輯的理由來(lái)說(shuō)明你為什么要跟皮蒂好嗎?”

“當(dāng)然能，”波利肯定地說(shuō)。“他有一件浣熊皮大衣?！?/p>

第二篇：中英文對(duì)照A

《美國(guó)口語(yǔ)慣用法例句集粹》Ａ

A(Page 1-4)

1.about

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5)

6)

7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道這到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 來(lái)一塊魚(yú)肉三明治怎么樣？What about me? 我怎么樣？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不會(huì)進(jìn)那幢舊房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我記得那個(gè)晚上，那又怎樣？What's this all about? 這到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你該露面的時(shí)候了。

2.above

1)

2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.湯姆認(rèn)為自己沒(méi)必要努力工作。

3.act

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6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把發(fā)生的事演示一下嗎？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜歡在課堂上搗蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那個(gè)愛(ài)說(shuō)粗言穢語(yǔ)的喜劇演員應(yīng)該凈化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我們需要統(tǒng)一意見(jiàn)后來(lái)見(jiàn)你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.報(bào)紙上稱那次地震為天災(zāi)。Masa is a class act.瑪莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

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2)

3)

4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我們打算控告我們的債務(wù)人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比賽中你看到有什么有趣的精彩場(chǎng)面嗎？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地區(qū)要采取行動(dòng)反對(duì)那項(xiàng)垃圾處理場(chǎng)的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

1)

2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我們的對(duì)手在身高上比我們占有優(yōu)勢(shì)。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.沒(méi)有人喜歡被捉弄（或：被欺騙、利用）

6.after

1)

2)

3)

4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起來(lái)事情終會(huì)解決的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.這軟飲料有種讓人難受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不覺(jué)

得這已是“事后諸葛亮”了嗎？

7.again

1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不會(huì)感到

厭倦）

8.age

1)

2)Would you please act your age!請(qǐng)你做事要有一個(gè)與自己年齡相稱的樣子。This is a “coming of age” movie.這是一部成人影片。

9.air

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3)

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6)

7)

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9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸點(diǎn)新鮮空氣。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.雖然我不知道到底是出了什么差錯(cuò)，但我能隱隱約約感覺(jué)到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.當(dāng)邁克喜歡的節(jié)目被取消時(shí)，他感到很傷心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我們的房子出勤率售一事還沒(méi)有最后定下來(lái)。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.獲得冠軍后，我飄飄欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是來(lái)個(gè)沒(méi)有頭腦的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克遜的新歌到處都在不斷地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飛機(jī)時(shí)暈機(jī)了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我們之間的關(guān)系不要很別扭。

10.all

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13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起來(lái)最后我們還是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我們已幾乎完成了那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，我認(rèn)為這一天過(guò)得很充實(shí)。Let's go all-out and win this game!讓我們盡全力來(lái)打贏這場(chǎng)比賽。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.當(dāng)我們看見(jiàn)那座建筑突然起火時(shí)，我們知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我們大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果這對(duì)你都是一回事的話，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他們以極快的速度逃脫警察的追趕。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的進(jìn)來(lái)。Let's settle this matter once and for all.讓我們來(lái)把這個(gè)問(wèn)題一次性地徹底解決掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.馬克是一個(gè)全能運(yùn)動(dòng)員。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入選全明星隊(duì)的比賽了嗎？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的學(xué)校

100米跑的歷史最高記錄。

11.alley

1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽車不是我拿手的活兒。

12.alone

1)

2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一個(gè)人呆會(huì)兒。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些閑事嗎？

13.along

1)

2)You knew all along what was going on.你從一開(kāi)始就知道所發(fā)生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相處得不好。

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生來(lái)到這兒尋求他的“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外國(guó)人在美國(guó)居住時(shí)被美國(guó)化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.沒(méi)有選擇職業(yè)的自由是完全違背美國(guó)精神傳統(tǒng)的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比爾是全美（橄欖球）明星賽的四分衛(wèi)隊(duì)員。I just can't go on the American way.我無(wú)法適應(yīng)美國(guó)方式。

15.animal

1)

2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水運(yùn)動(dòng)真正激發(fā)出了湯姆的活力與激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那個(gè)年輕演員在熒幕

上充分顯示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我給埃米打了電話，但是沒(méi)人接。

17.apple

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去過(guò)紐約嗎？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你問(wèn)我有沒(méi)有感覺(jué)出你們兩人之間的不和，是嗎？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.麗塔喜歡把一切都弄得井井有條。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一個(gè)馬屁精。

18.arm

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3)

4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不著你強(qiáng)迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一個(gè)沒(méi)救了的紙上談兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯帶有武器，十分危險(xiǎn)。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公園里到處都是

手挽手散步的戀人。

19.around

1)

2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.約翰遜教練已有三十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在這里晝夜值班。

20.as

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2)

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4)

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6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起來(lái)在人來(lái)過(guò)這里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我準(zhǔn)備回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.馬蒂表現(xiàn)得像什么也沒(méi)發(fā)生過(guò)一樣。I want this room left as is.我希望這間房子保持原樣。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.變動(dòng)從明天開(kāi)始實(shí)施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜尋綁架者的工作受

挫。

1)

2)

3)

4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我們每個(gè)月的煤氣費(fèi)平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我們平均每周吃一次雞肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特視自己為一名普通的美國(guó)人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美國(guó)平常日

子里，有100,000個(gè)孩子帶手槍去上學(xué)。

22.away

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你認(rèn)為你可以免受處罰？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他們能費(fèi)除掉這些復(fù)雜的稅務(wù)表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我們正在為慶祝我們的紀(jì)念日而安排一次周末的外出活動(dòng)。Tom wants to run away from home.湯姆想從家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凱茜計(jì)劃在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

第三篇：中英文對(duì)照

AEROFLEX “亞羅弗”保溫 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利頓空調(diào) Alfa laval阿法拉伐換熱器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壯”保溫 AUX 奧克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力謀”閥門 BERONOR西班牙“北諾爾”電加熱器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃燒器 BOSIC “柏誠(chéng)”自控 BROAD 遠(yuǎn)大

Burnham美國(guó)“博恩漢”鍋爐 CALPEDA意大利“科沛達(dá)”水泵 CARLY 法國(guó)“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 開(kāi)利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普萊力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克萊門特” Copeland“谷輪”壓縮機(jī) CYRUS意大利”賽諾思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空調(diào)

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”壓縮機(jī)

DUNHAM-BUSH 頓漢布什空調(diào)制冷 DuPont美國(guó)“杜邦”制冷劑 Dwyer 美國(guó)德威爾 EBM “依必安”風(fēng)機(jī)

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英國(guó)“英菲尼蘭“閥門 EVAPCO美國(guó)“益美高”冷卻設(shè)備 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”壓縮機(jī) FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空氣幕 FUJI “富士”變頻器

FULTON 美國(guó)“富爾頓”鍋爐 GENUIN “正野”風(fēng)機(jī) GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯?tīng)?GRUNDFOS “格蘭富”水泵 Haier 海爾 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韋爾自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龍

KRUGER瑞士“科祿格”風(fēng)機(jī) KU BA德國(guó)“庫(kù)寶”冷風(fēng)機(jī) Liang Chi 良機(jī)冷卻塔 LIEBERT 力博特空調(diào) MARLEY “馬利”冷卻塔 Maneurop法國(guó)“美優(yōu)樂(lè)”壓縮機(jī) McQuary 麥克維爾 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除濕機(jī) Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“萊富康”壓縮機(jī) RIDGID 美國(guó)“里奇”工具 RUUD美國(guó)“路德”空調(diào) RYODEN “菱電”冷卻塔 SanKen “三墾”變頻器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英國(guó)森威爾自控 Schneider 施耐德電氣 SenseAir 瑞典“森爾”傳感器 SIEMENS 西門子

SINKO ",28商機(jī)網(wǎng);新晃“空調(diào) SINRO “新菱”冷卻塔 STAND “思探得”加濕器 SWEP 舒瑞普換熱器 TECKA “臺(tái)佳”空調(diào) Tecumseh“泰康”壓縮機(jī) TRANE 特靈

TROX德國(guó)“妥思”風(fēng)閥 VASALA芬蘭“維薩拉”傳感器 WILO德國(guó)“威樂(lè)”水泵 WITTLER 德國(guó)”威特”閥門 YORK 約克

ZENNER德國(guó)“真蘭”計(jì)量

第四篇：中英文對(duì)照

醫(yī)院中英文對(duì)照

發(fā)熱門診Have Fever主治醫(yī)師Doctor-in-charge 供應(yīng)室Supply Room謝絕入內(nèi)No entering 紅燈亮?xí)r謝絕入內(nèi)No entering when red light

彩超、心電圖Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院樓Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.護(hù)士Nueser康復(fù)理療科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中藥計(jì)價(jià)China medical price account肛腸科Ano-proctology

皮膚、肛腸、男性科、泌尿科候診Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮膚科、肛腸科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中醫(yī)科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

預(yù)防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、藥庫(kù)Logistic Room、Seore入院登記In-patient Admisson 高壓氧治療Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center掛號(hào)收費(fèi)Registration

中心藥房Cenreral Pharmacy內(nèi)科門診Internal Medicine Clinic會(huì)議室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 產(chǎn)科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神經(jīng)、燒傷外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手術(shù)室Operation Room 泌尿、腫瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.婦科Gynecology Dept.內(nèi)二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2產(chǎn)房及愛(ài)嬰中心Delivery Room內(nèi)一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手間Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮膚科Dermatology Dept.中醫(yī)骨傷科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐廳Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.電工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 內(nèi)、兒科候診 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能檢查候診Function Exam 中醫(yī)科候診TCM Clinic放射科候診Radiology Clinic 婦科門診Gynecology Dept.產(chǎn)科候診Obstentrics Clinic 肛腸科候診Ano-proctology婦科候診Gynecology Clinic 產(chǎn)科門診Obstentrics Dept.五官科候診ENT.Clinic 外科候診Surgery Clinic輸液中心Transfusion Center 皮膚、泌尿科候診 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic檢驗(yàn)候診Clinical Laborotories 家屬休息Relation Rest Room口腔科門診Stomatology Clinic 內(nèi)兒科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics鏡檢科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.檢驗(yàn)中心Laboratory Center 功能檢查Function Exam Dept.登記處Registration 預(yù)防保健門診Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收費(fèi)處Cashier 美容科、鏡檢科門診 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收費(fèi)健康發(fā)證Gharge lssue Bill of Health試敏觀察室Scratch Espial Room

第五篇：中英文對(duì)照

共軌技術(shù)

隨著人們對(duì)低油耗、低廢氣排放、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)低噪聲的需求越來(lái)越大，對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和燃油噴射系統(tǒng)的要求也越來(lái)也高。對(duì)柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)提出的要求也在不斷增加。更高的壓力、更快的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間，以及根據(jù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況修訂的可變的流量速率曲線，已經(jīng)使得柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)性、低污染、高動(dòng)力性，因此柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)甚至進(jìn)入了豪華高性能轎車領(lǐng)域。達(dá)到這些需求的前提是擁有一個(gè)可以精確霧化燃油并具有高噴油壓力的燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。同時(shí)，噴油量必須精確計(jì)算，燃油流量速率曲線必須有精確的計(jì)算模型，預(yù)噴射和二次噴射必須能夠完成。一個(gè)可以達(dá)到以上需求的系統(tǒng)即共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。

共軌系統(tǒng)包括以下幾個(gè)主要的部分： ①低壓部分，包含燃油共軌系統(tǒng)組件。

②高壓系統(tǒng)，包含高壓泵、油軌、噴油器和高壓油管等組件。

電控柴油機(jī)系統(tǒng)EDC主要由系統(tǒng)模塊，如傳感器、電子控制單元和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)組成。共軌系統(tǒng)的主要部分即噴油器。它們擁有一個(gè)可以快速開(kāi)關(guān)噴嘴的執(zhí)行閥(電磁閥或壓電觸發(fā)器)，這就允許對(duì)每個(gè)氣缸的噴射進(jìn)行控制。

所有的噴油器都由一個(gè)共同的油軌提供燃油，這就是“共軌”的由來(lái)。在共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)中，燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是分開(kāi)的。噴油壓力的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速和噴油量無(wú)關(guān)。EDC控制每個(gè)組件。

(1)壓力產(chǎn)生。

燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是通過(guò)蓄能器分離開(kāi)來(lái)。將具有壓力的燃油提供給為噴射做好準(zhǔn)備的共軌系統(tǒng)的蓄能器。

由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的高壓泵提供所需噴油的壓力。無(wú)論發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速高低，還是燃油噴射量的多少，油軌中的壓力均維持在一定值。由于幾乎一致的噴油方式，高壓泵的設(shè)計(jì)可以小的多，而且它的驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩可以比傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)低，這源于高壓泵的負(fù)載很小。

高壓泵是徑向活塞泵，在商用車上有時(shí)會(huì)使用內(nèi)嵌式噴油泵。(2)壓力控制

所應(yīng)用的壓力控制方法主要取決于系統(tǒng)。

一種控制油軌壓力的方式是通過(guò)一個(gè)壓力控制閥對(duì)高壓側(cè)進(jìn)行控制。不需噴射的燃油通過(guò)壓力控制閥流回到低壓回路。這種控制回路允許油軌壓力對(duì)不同工況(如負(fù)載變化時(shí))迅速做出反應(yīng)。

在第一批共軌系統(tǒng)中采用了對(duì)高壓側(cè)的控制。壓力控制閥安裝在燃油軌道上更可取，但是在一些應(yīng)用中，它被直接安裝在高壓泵中。

另一種控制軌道壓力的方式是進(jìn)口端控制燃油供給。安裝在高壓泵的法蘭上的計(jì)量單元保證了泵提供給油軌精確的燃油量，以維持系統(tǒng)所需要的噴油壓力。

發(fā)生故障時(shí)，壓力安全閥防止油軌壓力超過(guò)最大值。

在進(jìn)口端對(duì)燃油供給的控制減少了高壓燃油的用量，降低了泵的輸入功率。這對(duì)燃油消耗起到積極的作用。同時(shí)，流回油箱的燃油溫度與傳統(tǒng)高壓側(cè)控制的方法相比得到了降低。

雙執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)也是一種控制軌道壓力的方式，它通過(guò)計(jì)算單元對(duì)壓力進(jìn)行控制，并且通過(guò)壓力控制閥對(duì)高壓端進(jìn)行控制，因此同時(shí)具備高壓側(cè)控制與進(jìn)口端燃料供給控制的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

(3)燃油噴射

噴油器直接將燃料噴到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃燒室。它們由與燃油軌道直接相連的短高壓油軌提供燃油。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的控制單元通過(guò)與噴油器結(jié)合在一起的控制閥的開(kāi)閉控制噴油嘴的開(kāi)關(guān)。

噴油器的開(kāi)啟時(shí)間和系統(tǒng)油壓決定了燃油供給量。在恒壓狀態(tài)下，燃油供給量與電磁閥的開(kāi)啟時(shí)間成正比，因此與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或油泵的轉(zhuǎn)速(以時(shí)間為計(jì)量的燃油噴射)無(wú)關(guān)。

(4)液壓輔助動(dòng)力

與傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)相比，將壓力的產(chǎn)生與燃油的噴射分離開(kāi)來(lái)，有利于燃燒室的充分燃燒。燃油噴射壓力在系統(tǒng)中基本可以自主選擇。目前最高燃油壓力為1600巴，將來(lái)會(huì)達(dá)到1800巴。

共軌系統(tǒng)通過(guò)引入預(yù)噴射或多次噴射可以進(jìn)一步減少?gòu)U氣排放，也能明顯降低燃燒噪聲。通過(guò)多次觸發(fā)高速轉(zhuǎn)換閥的開(kāi)閉可以在每個(gè)噴射周期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)多達(dá)5次的噴射。噴油針閥的開(kāi)閉動(dòng)作是液壓輔助元件助力的，以保證噴射結(jié)束的快速性。

(5)控制和調(diào)節(jié)

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的控制單元通過(guò)傳感器檢測(cè)加速踏板的位置以及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和車輛的當(dāng)前工況。采集到的數(shù)據(jù)包括：

① 曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)角； ② 燃油軌道的壓力； ③ 進(jìn)氣壓力；

④ 進(jìn)氣溫度、冷卻液溫度和燃油溫度； ⑤ 進(jìn)氣量； ⑥ 車速等。

電控單元處理輸入信號(hào)。與燃燒同步，電控單元計(jì)算施加給壓力控制閥或計(jì)算模塊、噴油器和其他執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)(如EGR閥，廢氣渦輪增壓器)的觸發(fā)信號(hào)。

噴油器的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間應(yīng)很短，采用優(yōu)化的高壓開(kāi)關(guān)閥和專業(yè)的控制系統(tǒng)即可實(shí)現(xiàn)。

根據(jù)曲軸和凸輪軸傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)照發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)狀態(tài)(時(shí)間控制)，角度/時(shí)間系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)噴油正時(shí)。電控柴油機(jī)系統(tǒng)(EDC)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)燃油噴射量的精確計(jì)算。此外，EDC還擁有額外的功能以進(jìn)一步提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的響應(yīng)特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括對(duì)柴油燃油噴射正時(shí)的精確控制，和在給定壓力下對(duì)油量的控制。這樣，它們就保證了柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有能耗低、運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)的特點(diǎn)。

其他開(kāi)環(huán)和閉環(huán)控制功能用于減少?gòu)U氣排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具體例子有：

① 廢氣在循環(huán)控制； ② 增壓控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 電子防盜控制系統(tǒng)等。(6)控制單元結(jié)構(gòu)。

由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制單元通常最多有8個(gè)噴油器輸出口，所以超過(guò)八缸的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)需要兩個(gè)控制單元。它們通過(guò)內(nèi)置高速CAN網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“主/從”接口進(jìn)行連接，因此也擁有較高的微控制器處理能力。一些功能被 分配給某個(gè)特定的控制單元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根據(jù)需求情況(如檢測(cè)傳感器信號(hào))可以動(dòng)態(tài)地分配給一個(gè)或多個(gè)控制單元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).