第一篇：英語考博的一點建議

考博專業(yè)課復(fù)習(xí)經(jīng)典方法

引導(dǎo)語：對待專業(yè)課的認識，有些考生以為自己學(xué)了這么多年本專業(yè)，甚至發(fā)表了不少文章，專業(yè)課應(yīng)該沒問題了，從而放松了對自己專業(yè)課復(fù)習(xí)的要求。其實現(xiàn)在博士錄取時，各個環(huán)節(jié)都不能放松。即使及格了，如果成績較低，總分排名靠居后，也會影響導(dǎo)師對自己的印象。

提高專業(yè)課的復(fù)習(xí)效率，可以分為以下兩個階段: 1.了解學(xué)術(shù)動態(tài)

考生在確定了報考的局勢和研究方向以后，要立刻在招生簡章或報考學(xué)校的網(wǎng)站上查到復(fù)習(xí)的參考資料。一定要翻翻近兩年專業(yè)雜志，看看大家討論的熱點問題，瀏覽一下報考學(xué)校近三年的學(xué)報，了解本專業(yè)發(fā)表的論文。最好在考前就有關(guān)熱點問題加以思考，提出自己的觀點和看法。尤其需要強調(diào)一點，考生應(yīng)查看導(dǎo)師近五年中發(fā)表的文章以及導(dǎo)師近年的專著，有些觀點、數(shù)據(jù)、理論要掌握，特別是有關(guān)老師的論文一定要熟記于心，遇到類似的題目可以搬上去，這對于提高你的成績會大有裨益。特別要注意教師在一些有爭議的問題上的觀點和立場，圍繞這種問題，時間允許的話最好再收集相關(guān)資料。往往導(dǎo)師會在這些問題上考察學(xué)生。尋求合作者的過程，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)一個對自己近兩年研究的領(lǐng)域知之甚多，甚至觀點也和自己相容或相似，勢必會給導(dǎo)師帶來好的印象?？梢蕴崆昂驮搶?dǎo)師的博士生取得聯(lián)系，要求提供去年的專業(yè)課考試的考題(一般專業(yè)課試題有10%一30%的重復(fù)率，而各高校卻不提供專業(yè)課考題)，或者要求他提供第一學(xué)期的專業(yè)課筆記(老師近期關(guān)注的重點大多都在其中)，也可以請他大致談?wù)効荚嚦鲱}的傾向以及考試的感受和經(jīng)驗。

2.復(fù)習(xí)階段

花半個月時間收集全資料后，應(yīng)擬訂一個大致的復(fù)習(xí)計劃，內(nèi)容包括時間和進度安排、復(fù)習(xí)方式、自查形式等等。這里需要注意的是：

在時間上，專業(yè)課的復(fù)習(xí)要留有充足的時間，越往后復(fù)習(xí)密度應(yīng)逐漸力口強。在精力安排要詳略得當(dāng)。一般要求復(fù)習(xí)教材內(nèi)容至少三遍。第一遍，對教材有一個大致的把握，這本教材談了哪些方面的問題，相互之間是什么樣的邏輯體系。第二遍，畫出重點內(nèi)容，并適當(dāng)記憶，掌握該教材的一般知識點，尤其是該書的精華部分和大致脈絡(luò)、主要觀點應(yīng)非常清楚。個人看書習(xí)慣可能不同，既可以做讀書筆記，也可以就在書上畫，然后再整理出一個個的理論、觀點。這里要注意學(xué)會比較研究的方法，即比較各個理論之間的異同，從而確立自己的立場。對研究領(lǐng)域當(dāng)前的熱點問題，盡可能找些資料看看，并初步思考這些問題以使自己有一個較為明確的觀點，有心得的地方應(yīng)專門記錄下來。如果說前兩遍是考生自我學(xué)習(xí)消化的過程，第三遍則是直接為博士考試做準(zhǔn)備的，應(yīng)放在離考試日期較近的時間內(nèi)(以一個月內(nèi)為宜)。其目的就是為了使自己前面學(xué)到的東西不至于在考場上反映不出來。

復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容上有一點需單獨強調(diào)，即對所考的課程，均要閱讀幾本非指定考試用書。很多導(dǎo)師喜歡出書評一類的題型。

對于跨專業(yè)博士報考的考生而言，難度往往比較大。一定要分析好自己的優(yōu)勢和劣勢后再決定報考。在復(fù)習(xí)時也可以適當(dāng)兼顧以前的專業(yè)獷筆試和面試要讓導(dǎo)師感覺到你原專業(yè)功底比較扎實，報考該專業(yè)是個人研究興趣的轉(zhuǎn)向而不是自己在原專業(yè)上失敗了才改換門庭。不過復(fù)習(xí)專業(yè)課時，所準(zhǔn)備的時間和精力要明顯增加，時間分配要向?qū)I(yè)課傾斜。同時，在復(fù)習(xí)專業(yè)課時，要從報考專業(yè)的基本教材看起，學(xué)習(xí)該專業(yè)碩士生甚至本科生的課程，對一般課程大致瀏覽，有一個宏觀的把握就行。而對考試指定課程，則應(yīng)反復(fù)閱讀，重點突破。

對于應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生而言，專業(yè)課復(fù)習(xí)有優(yōu)勢也有劣勢。優(yōu)勢一是自己的碩士論文剛做，對本專業(yè)的理論，特別是前沿理論以及當(dāng)前的熱點問題掌握得較全面;二是如果是報考本校的導(dǎo)師可以較方便地找到有資料，甚至可以提前一兩個學(xué)期選修該導(dǎo)師的專業(yè)課，從而在專業(yè)和感情上與老師靠近，這對下一步的面試很重要。劣勢一是不少碩士生精力投放在找工作找工作上以及接觸該專業(yè)時間較短;二是缺乏具體實踐經(jīng)驗和社會資本。

1、聽力：水平差的同學(xué)至少要有3個月的準(zhǔn)備時間。聽力要選用與考試水平一致的材料復(fù)習(xí)。聽的過程：一盤磁帶聽爛為止。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：能夠聽得懂內(nèi)容，并且能夠?qū)懴聛硭牭降膬?nèi)容。這個階段需要1－2個月，且每天需要2個小時左右，才可以達到此種聽力的狀態(tài)。

對于發(fā)音不太準(zhǔn)確的同學(xué)，可跟讀同水平的磁帶。跟讀有兩個階段：第一階段看著原文跟讀；第二階段完全跟讀。跟讀熟練之后，還需要能夠?qū)懴侣牭降膬?nèi)容。任何一種語言都可以用以上方法提高聽力水平，也可提高口語水平。

2、閱讀理解：水平越高的英語考試，閱讀部分的長難句就會增加。所以解決長難句，閱讀問題就迎刃而解。同時，在閱讀部分可以解決詞匯問題。在復(fù)習(xí)階段做同水平考試的英語閱讀題，必須清楚每個句子的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和陌生的詞（發(fā)音、詞性）。解決這些問題，沖刺階段的復(fù)習(xí)和最后的考試奠定堅實的基礎(chǔ)。閱讀部分越早著手越好。實際上考博的同學(xué)都有一定的閱讀水平，相對于考博，這是有針對性的方法。

3、完形填空：就目前國內(nèi)考博的完形填空，都是四選一的考試方式，所以這部分不難。市面上買的練習(xí)冊做做就可以應(yīng)付考試了。但是如果是open cloze，難度就大了。要掌握篇章布局、句子結(jié)構(gòu)（語法、時態(tài)）、同義詞的掌握，重要的還要學(xué)會找相關(guān)信息。想練習(xí)open cloze，看pets5的資料就可以。

4、寫作：主要考查應(yīng)用英語的能力，有基本的英語水平加上一本雅思寫作，寫作就不在話下了。想取得寫作高分，就要提前準(zhǔn)備。當(dāng)然，寫作是可以突擊的?？记皡⒓右粋€四六級的寫作輔導(dǎo)，再用一個月時間練習(xí)就可以了。

怎么提高考博英語的聽說讀寫 一.讀(每天都應(yīng)堅持讀。)

1、朗讀：一般文章讀2~3遍，帶著理解去讀，而不只是為讀而讀。

2、背誦：好的文章應(yīng)背熟，以記住好詞好句，同時培養(yǎng)自己的語感。

3、速讀：文章第一遍用最快的速度讀完，以提高閱讀速度和理解能力，并逐漸培養(yǎng)不翻譯直接理解英文的能力。

4、精讀：文章第二遍應(yīng)精讀，以達到對文章的準(zhǔn)確理解，并熟悉語法結(jié)構(gòu)，加深單詞記憶。也可選擇部分文章速讀，對于較好的文章精讀。

5、泛讀：每天看1小時左右的英文報紙，在有興趣的基礎(chǔ)上閱讀能力會有很大提高。遇到不會的單詞在不影響文章理解的情況下可以略過去，從而提高自己的閱讀速度。如果想記憶單詞，則可查詞典，多次查閱記憶便能記住單詞。（堅持一兩個月就會有明顯效果）

二、聽

1、從最初級的聽力入手，聽懂每個單詞、每句話、每段話及每篇文章。逐步增加難度。每天至少半小時。

2、跟讀英語，一方面加強聽力，一方面訓(xùn)練口語，同時還能培養(yǎng)語感。注意發(fā)音的準(zhǔn)確性。

三、寫

1、每兩天寫一篇英文日記或作文。

2、用英語寫信或E-mail。

3、注意語法的應(yīng)用和詞匯的記憶。

四、語法

1、從基礎(chǔ)到高級，掌握每一個語法點，并作詳細筆記。筆記所記的都是自己所會的，直到把所有語法細節(jié)都掌握。

2、對于不熟悉的語法知識點應(yīng)反復(fù)復(fù)習(xí)運用，直到掌握為止。

五、詞匯

1、每天記憶100~150新單詞，并復(fù)習(xí)前一天的舊單詞。對于生疏的舊單詞，可記錄下來。

2、所有單詞記憶完一遍之后緊接著再記一遍，三四遍并不為多。重復(fù)是記憶單詞的最好方法，也是很多記憶的根本方法。

3、結(jié)合例句記憶單詞，效果最佳。記憶單詞應(yīng)注意力集中

六、練習(xí)

1、大量的練習(xí)可以鞏固所學(xué)知識。

2、通過練習(xí)可以提高閱讀理解能力，增加詞匯量，加強對語法的掌握。

考博英語復(fù)習(xí)要理性

考博是人生的一個重要節(jié)點，意味著人生又有了一次新的選擇。所以我們要尊重這次選擇。

眾所周知，高考要理性備考，才有可能成功應(yīng)考?？疾┮彩沁@樣，要理性備考。所謂理性備考，就是在復(fù)習(xí)備考中要有自己的計劃，萬不可不知道怎么復(fù)習(xí)，沒有一個合理的計劃。如何做一個合理的計劃呢？又如何科學(xué)合理地安排好復(fù)習(xí)時間呢？這是影響甚至決定考試成敗的一個決定因素。

輔導(dǎo)過幾屆考博英語考生，就講一下關(guān)于制定考博英語的復(fù)習(xí)時間安排和一些大致的計劃。每個考生的情況不一樣，制定學(xué)習(xí)計劃也不同。

工作多年的考生，專業(yè)上或?qū)嵺`較多或沒用上，英語更是自從畢業(yè)后就沒在怎么和它打過交道。這樣的考生，特別強調(diào)的是，既然選擇要考博，就要給它一定的時間，從你的處理人際關(guān)系的時間里拿出一大部分時間來復(fù)習(xí)！現(xiàn)在就把要復(fù)習(xí)的資料購買收集好，把每天要學(xué)習(xí)的，每個月要完成的理出一個表格，嚴格要求自己去完成。

最后想和大家說：每個人都有自己的交際圈，不可能整天除了工作就是學(xué)習(xí)，有很多的人際關(guān)系要處理好。但處理這些關(guān)系的同時，切不可完全以此為理由多日，導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)過的東西再次學(xué)習(xí)時已經(jīng)又處于第一次學(xué)習(xí)的狀態(tài)；既然選擇考博，就要暫時拋開一些東西或說要在這些things上關(guān)注比之前要少些。

另外，現(xiàn)在這個時候不要認為時間尚早，沒有必要急著去復(fù)習(xí)。錯！現(xiàn)在一定要把考博報考流程，以及報考該院校的條件，需要什么論文，推薦書，導(dǎo)師等等等問題搞清楚?？纯醋约耗睦镞€需要做，是還需要在哪里發(fā)表個論文。還有，復(fù)習(xí)資料，現(xiàn)在就應(yīng)該有一本詞匯書，開始第一遍的瀏覽了；其它的復(fù)習(xí)資料準(zhǔn)備好，考博英語，專業(yè)課等，這些東西收集起來其實也費不少時間的。

時間不等人，一不小心就是十一了，一不小心就是元旦了，一不小心就是春節(jié)了，一不小心就是考前一周了，那個時候難道你要憑運氣嗎？

1.有清晰的認識：考博和考碩士不同。很多想考博士的同學(xué)熱情可嘉，但是要注意，考博畢竟不同于考碩，一般沒有參考書目給你，即便是有了，也多半不會出里面的題，考試考的是你的綜合掌握能力。而且即使你初試第一，進入復(fù)試也有被刷下來的可能；此外，考博，特別是碩士畢業(yè)直接考的，要注意不要期待一年一定能考上。

2.多練內(nèi)功：這個最重要?？即T的時候涉及專業(yè)的東西不多，大家都差不多，考試題目不會太深入。但是考博就大不相同了。考博是考察考生的科研能力，這里包括你的科研視角洞察力，就是你捕捉學(xué)術(shù)最前沿信息和亮點的能力；寫作能力；如何開展科研的能力，就是科研方法這塊；而科研能力的培養(yǎng)不是一朝一夕的事情，不要指望有什么捷徑，這個要靠自己的勤奮鉆研，勤思考，多反思。最好發(fā)幾篇文章，能有核心的更好，沒有的話質(zhì)量不能太差。實際上導(dǎo)師不會很關(guān)注說考生一定要發(fā)核心期刊的文章，他們更看重的是你發(fā)表文章的質(zhì)量如何。自己對自己興趣的領(lǐng)域要有全面而且較為深入的了解，不能期待到博士階段現(xiàn)補課。

3.你的研究方向最好和導(dǎo)師能保持一致，就是說導(dǎo)師能夠指導(dǎo)你。如果你做的是隱喻等理論語言學(xué)的東西，就最好不要考做應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的老師，理論和應(yīng)用在博士階段差別還是有點大。而且不要為了考某個老師而強迫自己放棄自己的興趣。舉個例子，如果你想考的導(dǎo)師專項是語料庫語言學(xué)，但是你一竅不通，碩士論文做的也不是這個，這時候你要審視自己能否在這個方面有所發(fā)展，如果你不能，請你放棄考試的想法；發(fā)展你自己的興趣；

4.現(xiàn)在全國博士點有30多個，選擇空間比較大?？梢远嗫紤]一下。另外可以考慮心理學(xué) 教育學(xué)，因為你考上這樣的專業(yè)后一樣可以做英語方面的研究；

5.二外要學(xué)好；

6.不要指望靠關(guān)系考上，因為每個老師能當(dāng)上博士導(dǎo)師，人品和學(xué)問都是一流的，這些老師不會看重社會那一套，所以關(guān)系幾本不起作用；

7.復(fù)試現(xiàn)在一樣重要，復(fù)試也要差額，所以不能認為初試過了就萬事大吉，復(fù)試更看重考生的科研能力；

總結(jié)一下：

端正態(tài)度：考博不是考碩；要做持久戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備；復(fù)試要差額；關(guān)系不好使；

苦練內(nèi)功：全面掌握自己感興趣領(lǐng)域的東西，要站在前沿，這是必須的；確定自己的研究重點。

第二篇：考博英語

1How compelling and thought-provoking the above image is(images are)!

多么引人注目的、容易讓人產(chǎn)生聯(lián)想的畫面呀！

2What is apparently betrayed in the cartoon(s)is that …,in contrast, …

這個漫畫明顯表現(xiàn)出來的是、、、、，相反的，、、、、、3What on earth can we derive from the interesting and instructive drawing?

從這幅有趣的、有教育性意義的圖畫上我們究竟可以得到什么信息呢？

4It goes without saying that(there is no denying the fact that)what the painter actually aims to convey in the picture is(pictures are)profound.毫無疑問，事實上作者在這幅畫中傳達的目標(biāo)意義深刻。

5Primarily, we can learn that such cases are far from being rare and upsetting parallels can be readily found anywhere from our neighborhood and around the world.6What’s more, there has been a growing concern nowadays over the worsening phenomenon.7It is hard to imagine what our society would be like if such pervasive trend go unchallenged.首先，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的事情很常見，在我們附近，在世界范圍內(nèi)很容易的就能看到類似的令人不愉快的事情。其次，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)對這類惡化的現(xiàn)象給予了越來越多的關(guān)注。很難想象如果類似的影響惡劣的趨勢沒有得到制止我們的社會將變成什么樣子。

8Additionally, to reverse the grim situation, effective and efficient measures should be entailed by all parties concerned.9The authorities, the mass media and every one are on the list.10Enhancing people’s awareness of such practices and setting up relevant rules and regulations ought to be top priority of the agenda.另外，為了扭轉(zhuǎn)嚴峻的情況，相關(guān)政黨應(yīng)該采取有效的方法，職權(quán)部門、大眾傳媒和每一個人都包括在內(nèi)。提高大家對這些措施的關(guān)注程度、制定相關(guān)規(guī)章制度應(yīng)該是位于日程之首。11Considering what’s presented above, we may safely come to the conclusion that it is high time that such stories were ended or at least reduced.12I am strongly convinced that only when such things vanish or disappear, can we maintain a happy, healthy and harmonious society as we all wish.考慮到以上提到的事情，我們可以順利的得出結(jié)論：是該結(jié)束或者減少這類事情的時候了。我堅信只有這類事情消失的時候，我們才能夠維持一個我們希望所的快樂、健康、和諧的社會。

若是好的話題：

1.第5句去掉upsetting

2.第6句去掉worsening

3.第7句移到最后一段的最后一句，且改./;成It’s hard …if we fail to grasp such cases and can

not put them into practice.4.把第8句換句舉例：To make the point even clearer, let’s come to example regarding an

acquaintance of mine.（為了更明顯的表達這個觀點，我將舉一個關(guān)于我一個熟人的例子）

5.第3段 …that it is high time all parties concerned took effective and efficient measures to

practice.The authorities, the mass media, as well as each individual are involved.And I’m strongly convinced that we’ll ensure such practices, thus maintaining a happy, healthy, harmonious society as we all wish.（1）不同觀點列舉型（選擇型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文題目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 觀點一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___觀點一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___觀點二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一____.On the other hand, __原因二___.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __觀點一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more

（2）利弊型的議論文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文題目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __題目議題_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___優(yōu)點一______.And secondly ___優(yōu)點二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __討論議題______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺點一______.In addition, ____缺點二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __討論議題____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____討論議題___.（3）答題性議論文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文題目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途徑一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途徑二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of _作文題目, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, _方法

（4）諺語警句性議論文

It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___諺語_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____諺語的含義_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)

A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____諺語_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（5）圖表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文題目的議題_____ has been on rise/ decrease

(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.1．開頭萬能公式一：名人名言

原理：名人名言盡管編，但是一定要聽起來很有道理

經(jīng)典句型：A proberb says, “ You are only young once.”（適用于已記住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（適用于自編名言）

更多經(jīng)典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that…

2．開頭萬能公式二：數(shù)字統(tǒng)計

原理：要想更有說服力，就應(yīng)該用實際的數(shù)字來說明。還是靠編

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college

students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起來這個數(shù)字文鄒鄒的，其實都是編造出來的，下面幾個題目我們都可以這樣編造：Honesty根據(jù)最近的一項統(tǒng)計調(diào)查顯示，大學(xué)生向老師請假的理由當(dāng)中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike根據(jù)最近的一項統(tǒng)計調(diào)查顯示，85%的人在近距離旅行的時候首選的交通工具是自行車。

Youth根據(jù)最近的一項統(tǒng)計調(diào)查顯示，在某大學(xué)，學(xué)生課余時間的70%都是在休閑娛樂。Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?根據(jù)最近的一項統(tǒng)計調(diào)查顯示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …

結(jié)尾萬能公式：

1．結(jié)尾萬能公式一：如此結(jié)論

說完了，畢竟要歸納一番，相信各位都有這樣的經(jīng)歷，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)長篇大論，到最后終于冒出個“總而言之”之類的話，我們馬上停止開小差，等待領(lǐng)導(dǎo)說結(jié)束語。也就是說，開頭很好，也必然要有一個精彩的結(jié)尾，讓讀者眼前一亮，這樣，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：Obviously（此為過渡短語）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果讀者很難“顯而見之”，但說無妨，就當(dāng)讀者眼光太淺罷了！更多過渡短語：to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型：Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…

2．結(jié)尾萬能公式二：如此建議

如果說“如此結(jié)論”是結(jié)尾最沒用的廢話，那么“如此建議”應(yīng)該是最有價值的廢話了，因為這里雖然也是廢話，但是卻用了一個很經(jīng)典的虛擬語氣的句型。拽！

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.這里的虛擬語氣用得很經(jīng)典，因為考官本來經(jīng)常考這個句型，而如果我們自己寫出來，你說考官會怎么想呢？更多句型：Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.

第三篇：考博英語優(yōu)秀

中科院博士研究生英語寫作分析及范文

1999.3

2000.3

2001.3

2002.3

2002.10

2003.3

2003.10

2004.3

2005.3 題目解析：

“如何減少交通事故?”這道作文題目簡潔明了，比較容易把握。正確地理解本題最重要的是抓住題眼，也就是“如何”這個詞。本題十分明確地要求考生專門討論解決某一現(xiàn)象或問題的具體措施，而有的考生沒能緊緊圍繞解決辦法多著筆墨，而去分析交通事故這個問題背后的根源，顯然無法取得理想的成績。范文：

With the rapid development of society, more and more people in China can afford to buy a car.As a consequence, traffic accidents gradually become a serious problem and bring great inconveniences to people.In my opinion, this problem can be solved from three aspects.Firstly, our government should take drastic measures and enforce a series of effective traffic rules, which must be well acknowledged and understood by every person.Those who do not obey the rules will be punished according to the actual situation.Secondly, the Ministry of Communications should make every effort to better the poor traffic environment.We need traffic police to be responsible for their job.If our policemen can be committed to what they are doing, the traffic condition will surely be improved.Thirdly, every member of the society should realize the seriousness of traffic accidents, which not only bring mischief to the drivers themselves, but also lead their families into bitterness.As drivers, they should not drink alcohol before driving.As walkers, they should not cross the street when red light is still on.In a word, it is the task of the whole society to solve the traffic accidents.I believe the traffic accidents will be reduced through the endeavor of everyone, and our society will have a nice traffic order and environment.(220 words)

2006.3 題目解析：

本題首先列出了一個現(xiàn)實生活中的現(xiàn)象：中國雖然擁有世界上最多的人口和大量的研究工作者，卻至今沒能培養(yǎng)出一名諾貝爾獎獲得者。針對這一現(xiàn)象，題目的要求是十分具體的，就是去分析這種現(xiàn)象背后的根源。換句話說，對原因的挖掘是本題的重點。

范文：

Nobel Prize, an international award given for achievements in various academic fields, has been a great honor to people from different countries.However, China, with the greatest population and a large number of research workers, has not produced a single Nobel Prize winner so far.In my opinion, various contributing factors can be identified as follows.First of all, though the educational system in China has fostered many researchers, it somehow hinders individuals’ creativity.Children are usually not valued by their unique way of thinking, but are encouraged to be obedient.Especially in the traditional cramming method of teaching, schools lay particular stress on memorization at the expense of comprehension, which has a very bad influence on students’ ability to solve difficult problems.Furthermore, for a long period in Chinese history, China had been isolated from the outside world.In ancient times, we were self-contained for self-pride, believing that China was at the center of the whole universe.In modem times, we were self-fettered for self-protection, afraid of the invasion of other countries.As a consequence, China has lagged behind in many fields including science development.Researchers in China have little idea about the research interests of their own areas.At the same time, discoveries by Chinese researchers cannot be made known to foreign countries.For instance, the clone technology was first explored by scientists from Chinese Academy of Sciences decades ago, but their research did not arouse international concern simply due to lack of communication.Fortunately, the situation mentioned above has been changing.Our educational system has improved a great deal and more and more opportunities to communicate with the external world have been offered.Therefore, I am sure that in the near future China will have one or more Nobel Prize winners.(298 words)

第四篇：英語對于考博

英語對于考博，只要是經(jīng)歷過考博的戰(zhàn)友們肯定深切的感受過它的重要性，今天取這個疑似廣告推銷的標(biāo)題并不是想嘩眾取寵，而是誠心的想給過我很多幫助的園子里的戰(zhàn)友們分享下這成功絕地反擊的經(jīng)驗體會。

我參加的是全國英語統(tǒng)考，去年因為對自己英語水平的過分樂觀，以一分之差被拒之門外。今年痛定思痛，最終一雪前恥，而且，在復(fù)試中也全靠外語上的優(yōu)勢才能脫穎而出。

首先是復(fù)習(xí)的時間，如果你的英語基礎(chǔ)不扎實，或者想在英語成績上有長足的進步，你最需要的不是學(xué)習(xí)竅門而是時間，我是從考前四個多月開始復(fù)習(xí)英語的，而且因為已經(jīng)是第二年考，時間相對充裕，第一年考的戰(zhàn)友提前五個月以上絕對是必要的，哪怕剛開始只投入很少的時間，英語是點滴積累的過程，想必大家都明白這個道理。

關(guān)于單詞。很多戰(zhàn)友曾經(jīng)提出為了保證復(fù)習(xí)效率，建議放棄單詞。實際上，如果你不是真的時間非常緊迫，我認為單詞絕對是重點，只有擴展了詞匯量，你才能在閱讀、聽力、作文等的復(fù)習(xí)中更快的融會貫通，不然你永遠存在著瓶頸。去年，我就因為沒系統(tǒng)的記單詞，在復(fù)習(xí)過程中總感覺很沒效率。今年，我首先花一個月的時間解決單詞，我推薦的方法是“重復(fù)記憶法”。具體方法參照園子里一個題為“15天搞定考博單詞”帖子，效果雖然沒他吹噓的這么神，但是還是很有幫助的，對我來說最重要的是按這個方法記單詞不但更有效率，也能讓人更加專注，不容易走神，更有計劃，同時能增強自信心。但這個方法的確是很需要毅力的，特別在中期很難堅持下來。而且在完成一個月的單詞作戰(zhàn)后，后面的復(fù)習(xí)中還是要花一些時間快速的溫習(xí)記過的單詞。至于采用什么單詞表，我沒有更多的經(jīng)驗，我用的是蔣躍出的模擬題后面的單詞表。

關(guān)于聽力。園子里已經(jīng)有很多人講解過聽力的重要性和如何準(zhǔn)備聽力，其30分的分值的確是拉分的利器。有前輩提出“邊聽邊寫”是提高聽力的最可靠方法，但我感覺“寫”實在是很浪費時間的一個事情，所以我是邊聽，邊在心里默念重復(fù)聽到句子，要做到你能分辨的出每個單詞。一篇文章，你要反復(fù)的聽，反復(fù)的聽每個句子，甚至反復(fù)的聽某個你覺得聽了反應(yīng)不過來的單詞，這樣才能最扎實的訓(xùn)練你的語感和聽力的反應(yīng)速度。當(dāng)然，也要通過一些聽力模擬題和真題進行實戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練，蔣躍的《聽力一本通》就是不錯的選擇。

關(guān)于完形填空，這部分我個人覺得詳細準(zhǔn)備的價值不大，考的大多是語法，當(dāng)然也有詞匯和閱讀能力，在其他的復(fù)習(xí)中可以一并加強。

關(guān)于閱讀。個人感覺，花大量的時間在閱讀的訓(xùn)練上是不明智的，其實大部分人閱讀的能力相差不大，而且提高閱讀水平的難度是各部分中最難的。但你必須要做的是熟悉考博英語閱讀的題目類型，出題習(xí)慣，出題特點，比如考博英語中往往細節(jié)題考得比較多，而且往往文章閱讀的難度不大，但題目出的思維很刁鉆，這些可以參考一些考博英語閱讀訓(xùn)練材料里的理論講解，而不用大量的做他們的練習(xí)。當(dāng)然真題中的閱讀是要很認真的做，并且分析題目的。

關(guān)于寫作。這部分往往是讓人喜歡忽略的。其實這部分是最容易提高的。去年我只是在做真題的時候?qū)崙?zhàn)寫了幾篇作文，最后考試時，作文最終也是感覺稀里糊涂。今年，我參照的是《醫(yī)學(xué)博士英語統(tǒng)一考試—寫作教程》，梁平主編。里面會教你考博寫作的框架和格式，然后通過大量的翻譯訓(xùn)練，鍛煉你的語言表達能力，同時減少寫作時的語法錯誤和拼寫錯誤，減少這些錯誤才是你寫作取得高分的最重要保障。最后要在每次做真題時進行實戰(zhàn)寫作訓(xùn)練，并且通過對照范文，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的不足。今年考試中的寫作，當(dāng)我完成時，我就感覺一定是15分以上的。

關(guān)于真題。這個是不得不仔細研究的東西。我個人覺得將最近的10份左右的真題放在最后2個月的時間做是比較合理的。平均一個星期左右做一份真題，并且要把每次真題的訓(xùn)練當(dāng)成考試，嚴格按照實際考試的時間來做題，做完后，必須要大量的時間來分析這些題目。

唧唧歪歪說了這么多，可能很多人覺得并沒有什么訣竅可言，但其實只要你具備了足夠的“決心和毅力”，一切訣竅都可以是浮云。最后真心祝所有即將和正在奮斗在考博道路上的戰(zhàn)友夢想成真！

第五篇：南開大學(xué)考博英語

南開考博英語

一、聽力（含對話和短文）：20分

二、詞匯：15分

三、閱讀理解：40分

四、改錯：10分

五、作文：15分

一、聽力（1分×20=20分）

二、詞匯（0.5分×20=10分）

三、閱讀（1-10題1分，11-30題1.5分，共1分×10+1.5分×20=40分）(A)出自北京海淀區(qū)07年高三11月月考英語卷

To many web-building spiders, most of whom are nearly blind, the web is their essential window on the world: their means of communicating, capturing prey（獵物）, meeting mates and protecting themselves.A web-building spider without its web is like a men cast away on an island of solid rock，totally out of touch and destined to starve to death.by controlpanel

So important is the web to an orb-web spider's survival that the animal will continue to construct new webs daily even if it is being starved.For 16 days the starving spider builds completely normal webs.Then, as the animal gets scrawnier（憔悴的），it constructs a wider-meshed web using fewer strands（線）.Such webs would only trap larger prey, which is more economical from the perspective of a starving spider.by controlpanel

The spider stores energy by recycling web protein.It simply eats its own web each evening and reuses it to produce new silk.In studies with radioactively，labeled materials, it was found that 95 percent of web protein reappears in the next day' web.Most of the energy needed for web-building is used in walking over the strands as they are laid down．by controlpanel

Scientists are impressed by the adaptability of the spider's highly preprogrammed brain, which is larger for its size than the brain of any other invertebrate（無脊推動物）．If web-building is interrupted, or if some of the existing strands are destroyed，the spider simply goes back to see where the web is left off and then finishes building a normal web.One spider will finish building the incomplete web of another.by controlpanel 1.A title that would best express the main idea of the passage would be.A.Secrets of Spiders.B.Secrets of the Web C.Secrets of Nature D.A New Discovery of Scientists 2.According to the passage which of the following statements is true A.All web-building spiders are blind B.Most spiders are blind C.Only a small part of web-building spiders can see.D.All spiders can weave webs.3.Without its web a web-building spider would NOT be able to.A.walk quickly B.see the prey clearly C.conserve its energy D.survive 4.A spider conserves its energy.A.because it constructs new webs daily B.as it walks over the strands it lays C.by eating its own web protein and then re-using it in the new web D.by eating only in the evening 5.That a spider is able to finish an incomplete web of another proves that.A.a spider re-uses its web energy to reproduce new silk B.spiders have a highly preprogrammed brain C.the web is everything to a spider D.a spider is able to remedy a destroyed web.(B)出自1997年1月托福閱讀全真試題

Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat.One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun’s rays.Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature.Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles.The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel.This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.by controlpanel Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals.The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight.An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink.Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes.A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication.The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures.Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.by controlpanel 6.What is the main topic of the passage?

(A)Weather variations in the desert

(B)Adaptations of desert animals

(C)Diseased of desert animals

(D)Human use of desert animals.7.According to the passage, why is light coloring an advantage to large desert animals?

(A)It helps them hide from predators.(B)It does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors.(C)It helps them see their young at night

(D)It keeps them cool at night.8.The author uses of Grant’s gazelle as an example of

(A)an animal with a low average temperature

(B)an animal that is not as well adapted as the camel(C)a desert animal that can withstand high body temperatures

(D)a desert animal with a constant body temperature

9.What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?

(A)They do not need to eat much food.(B)They can eat large quantities quickly

(C)They easily lose their appetites.(D)They can travel long distances looking for food.10.Why does the author mention humans in the second paragraph?

(A)To show how they use camels.(B)To contrast them to desert mammals.(C)To give instructions about desert survival.(D)To show how they have adapted to desert life.(C)關(guān)于旅游能擴展思路（原文沒找到）(D)出自四川理工學(xué)院大學(xué)英語試卷

Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction.Most of us have noticed how important physical setting is to efficiency and comfort in our work.College classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking.by controlpanel We may be approaching the twenty-first century, but step into almost any college classroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years.Desks are normally in straight row, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates.The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious.Everything of importance comes from the teacher.by controlpanel With a little imagination and effort, unless desks are fixed to floor, the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourage interchange among students.In small or standard-size classes, chairs, desks, and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways.The primary goal should be for everyone to be able to see everyone else.Larger classes, particularly those held in lecture halls, unfortunately, allow much less flexibility.Arrangement of the classroom should also make it easy to divide students into small groups for discussion or problem-solving exercises.Small classes with movable desks and tables present no problem.Even in large lecture halls, it is possible for students to turn around and form groups of four to six.Breaking a class into small groups provides more opportunities for students to interact with each other, think out loud, and see how other students’ thinking processes operate all essential elements in developing new modes of critical thinking.In courses that regularly use a small group format, students might be asked to stay in the small groups throughout the course.A colleague of mine, John, allows students to move around during the first two weeks, until they find a group they are comfortable with.John then asks them to stay in the same seat, with the same group, from that time on.This not only creates a comfortable setting for interaction but helps him learn students’ names and faces.by controlpanel 11.The primary purpose of desk rearrangement is_______.A.For the teacher to divide students into small groups.B.To make it possible for students to interact with each other.CFor the teacher to find out how students think.D.To give students more opportunities to practice speaking.3 12.The expression “step back in time at least a hundred years”(in Para.1)is intended to convey the idea that_______.A.College classrooms often reminded people of their college life.B.Critical thinking was encouraged even a century ago.C.A hundred years ago, desk arrangement in a classroom was quite different.D.There is not much change in educational idea over the past hundred years.13.The greatest advantage in allowing each student to find his own group might be that________ AThe teacher saves the trouble in doing that.B.Learning is made comfortable in this way.C.The teacher can easily remember students’ names and faces.D.Brighter students can help slower ones.14.All the following statements are true according to the passage except that

_________.A.New kinds of desks and chairs should be made.B.It is feasible for teacher to let students turn around and form groups of four to six even in large lecture halls.C.Classroom interaction between students is essential to the training of critical thinking.D.A comfortable environment leads to higher working efficiency.15.The author mentioned John in Para.5 in order to ________ A.Create a comfortable setting for interaction.B.Give an example that students stay in the same seat throughout the course.C.Describe a good seat-arrangement mode in courses with small group format.D.Introduce an approach if learning students’ names and faces easily.(E)出自2006年12月英語六級新題型模擬試題

The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that，its own economic prosperity．Thus，children were valued in terms of their productivity and they assumed the role of producer quite early．Until they fulfilled this role，their position，in the structure of the family was one of subordination，and their psychological need and capacities received little consideration．

As the society became more complex，the status（地位）of children in the family and in the society became more important．In the complex technological society that the United States has become，each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members．Consequently，viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted（多方面的）member of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian（功利的）organisms ．This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being．

This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques．People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children．It is now possible to influence the 4 details of the socialization of another person's child by spreading the gospel（原則、信條）of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing． by controlpanel The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States is a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way parent-to-child training program．As a consequence，socializing children and living with them over a long period of time is for parents a mixture of pleasure，satisfaction，and problem．

16．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？

A）The Place of Children in United States Society B）The Children of Colonial North America C）The Development of Cultural Values D）The Child as a Utilitarian Organism

17．According to the author，children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their ．

A）academic achievements B）survival instincts

C）physical characteristics D）productive roles

18．What can be inferred from the passage about formal schooling in colonial North America？

A）Children were taught to learn from other children's success．

B）Children were taught to be more productive．

C）Schooling at that time was very undeveloped．

D）Teachers and parents would pay much attention to the children's psychological needs．

19．Which of the following does the author mention as a cause of changes in the role of the child in the United States？ by controlpanel A）An increase in technology．

B）The growing complexity of the child's psychological needs．

C）A decrease in the child's intellectual capacities．

D）The growing number of single parent families．

20．According to the passage parents have become increasingly interested in ____ ．

A）their children's future occupations B）having smaller families

C）adoptions programs for childless couples D）child-rearing techniques

(F)關(guān)于American paradox（原文沒找到）

四、改錯（1分×10=10分）出自英語專業(yè)八級考試模擬題

The second most important constituent of the biosphere is liquid water.This can only exist in a very narrow range of temperatures, since water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C.This is

only a tiny range compared with the low temperatures of some

other planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperature __1__ of the sun.by controlpanel As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a __2__ planet had temperatures somewhere within this range.__3__ The earth’s supply of water probably remains quite fairly constant __4__ in quantity.A certain number of hydrogen atoms, which are one of the main constituents of water, are lost by escaping from the atmosphere to out space, but they are probably just __5__ about to be replaced by new water rising away from the depths of the __6__ earth during volcanic action.The total quantity of water is not

known, and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe __7__ to a depth of about two and three-quarter kms.Most of it—97% is in the form of the salt waters of the oceans.The rest is fresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at the Poles __8__ and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems when __9__ melted.Of the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer __10__ than 1%of the whole, there is 10-20 times as much stored as underground water as is actually on the surface.There is also a minor，but extremely important, fraction of the water supply by controlpanel which is present as water vapour in the atmosphere.答案：

1.Let ^the 加入alone.Let alone 意為“更不用說”，表示一種讓步關(guān)系。2.face-surface 根據(jù)上下文理解，應(yīng)該指地球的表面。

3.planet^had 加入which或that。這樣使得planet后面的句子成為一個定語從句。4.去掉fairly或quite 意思重復(fù)。5.out改成outer 這里指外層空間。6.去掉away rise后面不接away。

7.and改成although 短文中這里是讓步關(guān)系，而不是并列關(guān)系。

8.quarter改成quarters 英語表達中，當(dāng)分子是二以上的數(shù)時，分母應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。

9.when改成until或者unless 根據(jù)上下文，這句話的意思應(yīng)為:除非（冰雪)融化，否則（地球上的）生命系統(tǒng)就無法利用水。所以when在這里的意思有誤。

10.fewer改成less 文中的remaining fraction 仍指水，因此不能用fewer，要用less。

五、作文（20分）

The Environment Protecting and Economic Developing 提綱：

1、闡述二者的relation；

2、提出建議和solution；

3、以一個natural end結(jié)尾。

Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension ⅡReading Comprehension(20 points)

Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture.To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S.cities have simply built more roads.But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviated the traffic problem in the long run.Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program.

The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system.Proponents of the advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.

hPathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communication linked to property equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.

Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock.Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.

kaobo.cn,kaobo.org“Electronics on the highway addresses just one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,” explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the world-watch Institute.“It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough.It sends people the wrong message.They start thinking “Yes, there used to be a traffic congestion problem, but that's been solved now because we have, advanced high-tech system in place.” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we use to deal with our traffic problems.It's not the solution itself, just pan of the package.There are different strategies.”

Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway.

It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years.There has to be a big change.

1.What is the appropriate title for the passage ?

A.Smart Highway Projects—The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion. B.A Quick Fix Solution for the Traffic Problems. C.A Venture to Remedy Traffic Woes.

D.Highways Get Smart—Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.

2.The compound word “quick-fix” in Paragraph 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to __________.

A.an optional solution B.an expedient solution C.a ready solution

D.an efficient solution

3.According to the passage, the smart-highway technology is aimed to __________. A.develop sophisticated facilities on the interstate highways B.provide passenger vehicle with a variety of services C.optimize the highway capabilities

D.improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors 4.According to Larson, to redress the traffic problem, __________. A.car pooling must be studied B.rapid mass transit system must be introduced C.flexible work hours must be experimented D.overall strategies must be coordinated

5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the whole passage? A.Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.

B.A problem is examined and complementary solutions are proposed or offered. C.Latest developments are outlined in order of importance. D.An innovation is explained with its importance emphasized. Passage 2 A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage.Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals.If we encounter a dangerous wild animal—a poisonous snake or a wildcat—we do not fly into a temper.If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away;if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage.We reserve rage for our own species.It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal man—indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man—man rage becomes more comprehensible.In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles.We are always using tile words “us and them”.“Our” side is perpetually trying to do down the “other” side.In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack.The opposition of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic” politics.Although there are no very serious consequences to many of this modern psychological representation of the “us and them” emotion, it is as well to remenber that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.

The readiness with which human beings allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us and them” blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within Our subspecies itself.The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies.And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland.The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the pope has been able to control it.The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin.The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until tile combatants become exhausted. 6.A suitable title for this passage would be __________. A.Wily Human Armies Are Formed B.Man's Anger Against the World C.The Human Capacity for Rage D.Early Straggles of Angry Mail

7 According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is __________.A.its lengthy and complex development

B.a conflict such as is now going on in Northern Ireland C.that we do not fly into a temper more often D.that we reserve anger for mankind 8.The passage suggests that __________. A.historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” society

B.humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal grouping

C.the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided domination D.the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time 9.From the passage we can infer that __________.

A.the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happens B.games are psychologically unhealthy

C.any artificially created subspecies would be our enemy

D.the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's sctivities.

10.The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is __________.

A.founded in historical fact

B.deceptive C.apparent

D.accurate Part Ⅲ Cloze(10%)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1.Most of the young people hold the mistaken belief that goods produced in our own country are __________ to imported ones.

A.inadequate B.inappropriate

C.inferior D.interior

2.It is not a question of how much a man knows, but what use he __________ what he knows. A.makes for B.makes of C.makes up D.makes out

3.Throughout the empire of Kublai Khan, money made of paper was used for business __________, something unheard of in Europe.

A.transformations B.transmissions C.transitions D.transactions

4.As the pressure __________ the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.

A.intensifies

B.magnifies

C.heightens

D.deviates

5.The strong scent of Kate's perfume __________ the air in the small room. A.radiated B.permeated？ C.extracted？ D.dispersed

6.The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least __________, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences. A.radical B.prominent C.confidential D.controversial

7.They are __________ to industrialists, who need the valuable copper and nickel in them. A.tempting B.tickling C.tormenting D.tricking

8.Another popular misconception is the __________ that great talent is usually highly specific. A.notion B.dilemma C.domain D.analogy

9.You can __________ the loudness of the radio by turning the knob to right or left. A.change B.vary C.alter D.transform

10.The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be __________. A.enormous B.huge C.vast D.immense Part Ⅳ？ Error Correction(10 points)

Directions: In the following passage, there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line.You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word.Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided.If you cross out a word, put a slant(/)in the blank. When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is in faulty or in some other way does not live to the manufacturer's claim for it,？ 1.__________ ___ 2.__________ ____ the first step is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at thestore of purchase.In most cases, this action will produce results.Moreover, 3.__________ ___ if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complaindirectly to the store manager.In general, the “high up” the consumer？

4.__________ _____ takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect to be settled.？

5.__________ ___

In such case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favor, assumed he 6.__________ _______ or she has a just claim.Consumers should complain about in person 7.__________ ________ whenever possible, but if it cannot get to the place of purchase, it is 8.__________ ________ acceptable to phone or write the complaint with a letter.？

9.__________ __________

Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate that is wrong？

10.__________ __________ with the item in question. Part Ⅴ Writing(10 points)略

Frankly speaking, in contemporary China, volunteer is not quite prevailing or in a embarrased situation attributing to the misunderstanding among the crow.What's worse, the minority of people treat it as a useless and meaningless career in the world.In fact, there is of great essenciality to correct the wrong opinion in volunteer and advocate the volunteer career.As follows, I will list some advantages of volunteer.First of all, volunteer play quite vital a role in our sociaty.Taking Beijing Olympic Game for example, there is no doubt that volunteer is a bridge between Chinese and volunteer, they help to translate for native sellers, keep the activity and traffic in order and so on.Moreover, volunteer is the pioneer when faced with the catastrophe.In the wenchuan earthquake, indisputably, volunteer lend a hand to the victime in the first moment.From my own perspective, volunteer is the most sacred career in this world, we should feel pround of that we are volunteers.10