第一篇：中西方餐桌禮儀對(duì)比及其深層文化差異材料

中西方餐桌禮儀的差異

信息之舟精文薈萃欄目編者按:

不少人在吃西餐時(shí)，都會(huì)擔(dān)心“失禮”。其實(shí)，所謂餐桌禮儀是為了讓餐膳可以不受阻礙和破壞，而得以順利流暢地進(jìn)行的實(shí)用守則。謹(jǐn)記“整齊、清潔和保持安靜”三項(xiàng)原則便可無往而不利。

一、宴會(huì)禮儀

（1）在當(dāng)你應(yīng)邀赴宴時(shí)，你對(duì)同桌進(jìn)餐的人和餐桌上的談話，大概要比對(duì)飲食要更感興趣。因此進(jìn)餐時(shí)，應(yīng)該盡可能地少一些聲響，少一些動(dòng)作。

（2）女主人一拿起餐巾時(shí)，你也就可以拿起你的餐巾，放在腿上。有時(shí)餐巾中包有一只小面包；如果是那樣的話就把它取也，放在旁邊的小碟上。

（3）餐巾如果很大，就雙疊著放在腿上；如果很小，就全部打開。千萬別將餐巾別在領(lǐng)上或背心上，也不要在手中亂揉?？梢杂貌徒淼囊唤遣寥プ焐匣蚴种干系挠蜐n或臟物。千萬別用它來擦刀叉或碗碟。

（4）正餐通常從湯開始。在你座前最大的一把匙就是湯匙，它就在你的右邊的盤子旁邊。不要錯(cuò)用放在桌子中間的那把匙子，因?yàn)槟强赡苁侨∈卟丝晒u用的。

（5）在女主人拿起她的匙子或叉子以前，客人不得食用任何一道菜。女主人通常要等到每位客人都拿到菜后才開始。她不會(huì)像中國習(xí)慣那樣，請(qǐng)你先吃。當(dāng)她拿起匙或叉時(shí)，那就意味著大家也可以那樣做了。

（6）如果有魚這道菜的話，它多半在湯以后送上，桌上可能有魚的一把專用叉子，它也可能與吃肉的叉子相似，通常要小一些，總之，魚叉放在肉叉的外側(cè)離盤較遠(yuǎn)的一側(cè)。

（7）通常在魚上桌之前，魚骨早就剔凈了，如果你吃的那塊魚還有刺的話，你可以左手拿著面包卷，或一塊面包，右手拿著刀子，把刺撥開。

（8）如果嘴里有了一根刺，就應(yīng)悄悄地，盡可能不引起注意地用手指將它取出，放在盤子邊沿上，別放在桌上，或扔在地下。

此外，我對(duì)法國餐桌禮儀的忌諱有些了解，如后：

二、法國餐桌禮儀七忌

答應(yīng)對(duì)方的邀請(qǐng)后如果臨時(shí)有事要遲到甚至取消約會(huì)，必須事先通知對(duì)方。赴會(huì)時(shí)稍遲是可以接受的，但若超過15分鐘便會(huì)給對(duì)方不重視約會(huì)的壞印象。在點(diǎn)菜時(shí)自己應(yīng)選定想吃的食物，如果看遍菜牌也沒有頭緒的話，可請(qǐng)侍應(yīng)為你推薦餐廳的招牌菜，但要給明確的表示，如想吃海鮮、不吃紅肉等，切記事事拿不定主意，只懂說“是但(隨便也罷)”的人只會(huì)為同臺(tái)客人添加麻煩。用餐要注意的細(xì)節(jié)甚多，但其實(shí)大部分也是日常的禮儀，只要保持冷靜，不做大動(dòng)作，不出聲響或阻礙別人用餐的話已算合格。

1、使用餐具最基本的原則是由外至內(nèi)，完成一道菜后侍奉收去該份餐具，按需要或會(huì)補(bǔ)上另一套刀叉。

2、吃肉類時(shí)(如牛扒)應(yīng)從角落開始切，吃完一塊再切下一塊。遇到不吃的部分或配菜，只需將

它移到碟邊。

3、如嘴里有東西要吐出來，應(yīng)將叉子遞到嘴邊接出，或以手指取出，再移到碟子邊沿。整個(gè)過程要盡量不要引別人注意，之后自然地用餐便可。

4、遇到豆類或飯一類的配菜，可以左手握叉平放碟上，叉尖向上，再以刀子將豆類或飯輕撥到叉子上便可。若需要調(diào)味料但伸手又取不到，可要求對(duì)方遞給你，千萬不要站起來俯前去取。

5、吃完抹手抹嘴切忌用餐巾大力擦，注意儀態(tài)用餐巾的一角輕輕印去嘴上或手指上的油漬便可。

6、就算凳子多舒服，坐姿都應(yīng)該保持正直，不要靠在椅背上面。進(jìn)食時(shí)身體可略向前靠，兩臂應(yīng)緊貼身體，以免撞到隔壁。

7、吃完每碟菜之后，如將刀叉四邊放，又或者打交叉亂放，非常難看。正確方法是將刀叉并排放在碟上，叉齒朝上。

互動(dòng)互助：想幸福嗎？一起建設(shè)美麗健康幸福生活答疑高素質(zhì)群體：QQ群號(hào)49587346

中西方餐桌禮儀差異

內(nèi)容預(yù)覽：

中西方餐桌禮儀的差異是很多的。不少人在吃西餐時(shí)，都會(huì)擔(dān)心“失禮”。其實(shí)，所謂餐桌禮儀是為了讓餐膳可以不受阻礙和破壞，而得以順利流暢地進(jìn)行的實(shí)用守則。謹(jǐn)記“整齊、清潔和保持安靜”三項(xiàng)原則便可無往而不利。

一、宴會(huì)禮儀（1）在當(dāng)你應(yīng)邀赴宴時(shí)，你對(duì)同桌進(jìn)餐的人和餐桌上的談話，大概要比對(duì)飲食要更感興趣。因此進(jìn)餐時(shí)，應(yīng)該盡可能地少一些聲響，少一些動(dòng)作。（2）女主人一拿起餐巾時(shí)，你也就可以拿起你的餐巾，放在腿上。有時(shí)餐巾中包有一只小面包；如果是那樣的話就把它取也，放在旁邊的小碟上。（3）餐巾如果很大，就雙疊著放在腿上；如果很小，就全部打開。千萬別將餐巾別在領(lǐng)上或背心上，也不要在手中亂揉?？梢杂貌徒淼囊唤遣寥プ焐匣蚴种干系挠蜐n或臟物。千萬別用它來擦刀叉或碗碟。（4）正餐通常從湯開始。在你座前最大的一把匙就是湯匙，它就在你的右邊的盤子旁邊。不要錯(cuò)用放在桌子中間的那把匙子，因?yàn)槟强赡苁侨∈卟丝晒u用的。（5）在女主人拿起她的匙子或叉子以前，客人不得食用任何一道菜。女主人通常要等到每位客人都拿到菜后才開始。她不會(huì)像中國習(xí)慣那樣，請(qǐng)你先吃。當(dāng)她拿起匙或叉時(shí)，那就意味著大家也可以那樣做了。（6）如果有魚這道菜的話，它多半在湯以后送上，桌上可能有魚的一把專用叉子，它也可能與吃肉的叉子相似，通常要小一些，總之，魚叉放在肉叉的外側(cè)離盤較遠(yuǎn)的一側(cè)。（7）通常在魚上桌之前，魚骨早就剔凈了，如果你吃的那塊魚還有刺的話，你可以左手拿著面包卷，或一塊面包，右手拿著刀子，把刺撥開。（8）如果嘴里有了一根刺，就應(yīng)悄悄地，盡可能不引起注意地用手指將它取出，放在盤子邊沿上，別放在桌上，或扔在地下。此外，我中西方餐桌禮儀差異??

本站提供轉(zhuǎn)自http://(四)表示停餐方法

中方：筵席中暫時(shí)停餐，可以把筷子直擱在碟子或者調(diào)羹上。如果將筷子橫擱在碟子上，那是表示酒醉飯飽不再進(jìn)膳了。西方：略事休息時(shí)，刀叉的擺法。如果吃到一半想放下刀叉略作休息，應(yīng)把刀叉以八字形狀擺在盤子中央。若刀叉突出到盤子外面，不安全也不好看。邊說話邊揮舞刀叉是失禮舉動(dòng)。用餐后，將刀叉擺成四點(diǎn)鐘方向即可。

（五）手機(jī)：在吃西餐的時(shí)候基本上都不會(huì)開手機(jī)，除非你有非常重要的事情，而手機(jī)鈴聲都會(huì)很小聲，有電話要給大家說“對(duì)不起”，然后起身出去聽電話。這一條吃中餐的時(shí)候也適用，在用餐的時(shí)候聽電話走到哪里都是讓人唾棄的。

講到吃的禮節(jié)，不同的國家或文化常存在著許多差異，亞洲人認(rèn)為挺禮貌的舉動(dòng)，歐洲人見了可能感到很不文雅；中東國家餐桌上特殊的用餐禮儀，到了美國人的餐桌上使用起來就變成了粗魯?shù)膭?dòng)作了盡管有著許多不同。

換個(gè)角度來看，西方的宴客形式，從正式到非正式，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于中國。大致說來，他們有以下八種宴請(qǐng)形式：有席位的宴請(qǐng)（seated dinners），自助餐（buffet dinners），正式午餐（luncheons），招待會(huì)（receptions），雞尾酒會(huì)（cocktail parties），聚餐會(huì)（BYOB and BYOF=Bring your own bottles and bring your own food），野餐（picnics），茶會(huì)（tea parties）。而從傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗上說，中國人請(qǐng)客，不論按長、尊、主、次圍桌而坐，滿桌豐盛的酒菜，主人頻頻勸酒，客人謙讓禮到。中國人覺得這樣的宴客方式才能體現(xiàn)主人的熱情和誠懇。另外宴客時(shí)崇尚熱鬧歡快的氣氛，講究面子排場(chǎng)。排場(chǎng)之大，氣氛之熱鬧常常令人嘆為觀止。

較隨便的形式則是主人邀上三五知己，到家中由女主人炒幾個(gè)菜，小酌一番。這種隨便的宴客形式不講究禮儀，不講究坐次，不講究飯菜，只講氣氛的和諧、主人的熱誠、主客談話的投機(jī)。當(dāng)然，近年來西方的一些宴客形式，如酒會(huì)、招待會(huì)、自助餐或冷餐也會(huì)傳到中國，但這些多是官方或單位出面組織的宴請(qǐng)形式，平民百姓還少有實(shí)行。其次，中西在宴客的觀念上有較大的差異。而中國人請(qǐng)客吃飯，重在飯菜本身。宴席上的酒菜一定要豐富多彩。如果做得到，一定是山珍海味，美味佳肴。否則，很難稱的上是在請(qǐng)客。中國人宴客時(shí)重視飯菜本身起源于中國人的傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀念：民以食為天；食色性也。在衣食住行四大生活要素中食為首。

西方人的飲食觀念不同于中國人，林語堂先生說，英美人僅以“吃”為對(duì)一個(gè)生物的機(jī)器注入燃料，只要他們吃了以后能保持身體的結(jié)識(shí)，足以抵御病菌的感染，其他皆再不足道中。由于這一點(diǎn)，英語國家的飲食文化，尤其在烹飪方面不但遜色于中國，也遠(yuǎn)不如法意等國。他們的傳統(tǒng)飯菜比較單一乏味。但比較注重營養(yǎng)，力求口味的清淡和膳食的均衡。

中西宴客方面的另一大差異，也就是餐桌氣氛上的差異?？偟膩碚f是西方餐桌上靜，中國餐桌上動(dòng)。西方人平日好動(dòng)，揮手聳肩等形體語言特別豐富。但一坐到餐桌上便專心致志的去靜靜的切割自家的盤中餐。中國人平日好靜，一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不絕，相互讓菜，勸酒。

所以，中國人餐桌上的鬧與西方餐桌上的靜反映出了中西飲食文化上的根本差異。中國人以食為人生之至樂，所以餐桌上人們盡情的享受這美味佳肴。餐桌上的熱鬧反映了食客發(fā)自內(nèi)心的歡快。西方人以飲食為生存的必要條件，他們自然要遵守某些規(guī)范，以保證機(jī)器的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

通過中西餐桌禮儀的比較，不僅僅反映了各地的文化傳統(tǒng)，還折射出不同民族心理、價(jià)值觀與道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、社會(huì)關(guān)系、社會(huì)禮儀和社會(huì)風(fēng)俗等方面，即西方文化主張個(gè)人榮譽(yù)、自我中心、創(chuàng)新 精神和個(gè)性自由，而中國文化主張謙虛謹(jǐn)慎、無私奉獻(xiàn)、中庸之道和團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作；西方人平等意識(shí)較強(qiáng)、家庭結(jié) 構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，由父母以及未成年子女組成核心家庭；而中國人等級(jí)觀念較強(qiáng)，家庭結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，傳統(tǒng)的幸福家庭多 為四代同堂等。

在跨文化交際中，由于文化障礙而導(dǎo)致的信息誤解，甚至傷害對(duì)方的現(xiàn)象屢見不鮮。有時(shí)善意的言談會(huì)使對(duì)方尷尬無比，禮貌的舉止會(huì)被誤解為荒誕粗俗。因此，研究不同文化之間的差異，研究正確的跨文化交際行為已成為不可忽視的問題。

上述材料來自http://blog.163.com/sj_dingding/blog/static/***4130889/ 另外—— 用餐俗例

在飯食方式方面，中國人與西方人有點(diǎn)不同，西方人喜歡各自品嘗放在自己面前的食物，中國人則有一定的用飯規(guī)例，他們喜歡叫數(shù)碟佳肴，放在飯桌的中央位置，各人有一碗飯共同配這數(shù)碟菜肴，飯吃完可再添；夾起的菜肴通常要先放在自己的飯碗中，直接把菜肴放入口是不禮貌的；依照慣例，客人出席正式或傳統(tǒng)的晚餐，是不會(huì)吃光桌上的菜肴，以免令主人家誤以為菜肴預(yù)備不足，因而感到尷尬。

餐桌擺設(shè)

日常飯食的擺設(shè)是在各座席擺上一個(gè)飯碗、一雙筷子、一只湯匙、一碟調(diào)味醬，用飯后通常會(huì)給客人一條熱毛巾，代替紙巾抹手及抹嘴巴。所有菜肴同時(shí)端上餐桌中央，各人用自己的筷子直接從各碟共享的菜肴夾取食物；湯水一大鍋的端上，各人同飲一鍋湯?？腿擞蔑垥r(shí)絕對(duì)可以來一招「飛象過河」，夾取放在遠(yuǎn)處的菜肴。由於中國人喜歡全體共享菜肴，他們的餐桌大多數(shù)是圓形或方形，而不是西方人多用的長形餐桌。

差異：中國與西方在飲食文化方面有不同之處，中國人比較喜歡大伙兒到茶樓，因可品嘗更多款的點(diǎn)心及菜肴，雖然茶樓都備有二人飯桌，但大多數(shù)是供四位或以上食客用的飯桌。茶樓通常很噪吵，氣氛不像西式餐廳浪漫，若二人吃飯，可考慮不選擇去茶樓。

China table manners

People always think, household decoration, furniture speak just such as the element just.Home In fact, our house is our life, household includes all aspects of life, the change of attitude towards life due to the household with the changes of ideas, reflect compatriots quality.Also, on the dining table etiquette can also reflect personal quality and grade.And the Chinese people must to Chinese multifarious table manners, not to know just a little to the thousands of years of our history and civilization, will not then.Table manners in Chinese complete life order occupies a very important position, they think, is not only meet the basic meal physiological needs method-is also the first important social experience.Therefore, some Chinese food rules of the master knowledge and is very important, no matter you are the master, or just a guest, must grasp some rules.-vice round table popular.Because can take, and everyone can more DuoRen face to face, the head of a family sit the identity of the western image is not as long on the table is very clearly through his seat and identify.Guests should wait for master invited to sit down.Master must pay attention to do not make the guests sit close to serving the seat.This is the big one.Must wait until all the people here can begin any form of dining activities-even if someone was late, will have to wait.Once everyone in the family, they can do the prologue.During the meal, the host must bear a active role-urged guests enjoy eating and drinking is entirely reasonable.Had a typical Chinese style table looks quite empty, particularly in western eyes.Each seat visible on the plate before a bowl;The right side is a group of chopsticks and spoon, and put their seat respectively.On formal occasions, can appear the napkin, mainly on the knee.Chinese ancient and modern table manners

Dining etiquette problems has a long history.It is documented that at least in the zhou dynasty, diet etiquette has developed a quite perfect system, especially the served the Confucius praised the JiJiu lu esteem and become a performance of different dynasties country look, and formal state of civilization, the important aspect.As the han nationality traditional ancient feasts etiquette, had a program: master fold in Cambodia, welcome to temporary at the door outside.The guests arrived, greeted each other, the introduction of the sitting room, and small sit with refreshments.The guest's guide to take after guest, left for on, as chief, relative's first two seats, first for three seats, two under a bridge for four under.The guests were seated by the master, toast and dishes for with the ceremony, the guest is welcome.At dinner I serve food also to have certain exquisite: should first and elder and the guest, the last is master.Drinking over, guide guests into the living room, on tea, small sit until farewell.This kind of traditional etiquette in the mid-north in most regions of China, such as shandong, kept in Hong Kong and Taiwan, many many of film and television works reflect.By the influence of the western food to the qing dynasty, some western etiquette were also introduced.If cent food, stock, into the wine and so on also because of the way the reasonable health food was introduced into Chinese food in etiquette method.Both Chinese and western food diet culture exchange, makes dining etiquette more scientific and reasonable.The modern popular Chinese meal etiquette is drinking in traditional foreign manners and the reference to continue and develops on the basis of.The seating borrow western dinner party for the law on the right, the guest host in the first sitting on the right, the second the guest host

in the left or the right, first the guest of flexible processing, wine served on the right, by guests from main Penn, master, first after female guests, male guest.Wine served eight points, not too full.Still keep the traditional order food, cold hot first after.The guest of hot food should be opposite to the left of the seats;The single or dishes at maple point and snacks to save the first guest, chicken, duck, fish, etc.All the plastic food, cannot end is Lord toward a.These programs can not only make the whole process of a harmonious and orderly, more make subjective and identity and emotional expression and communication.Therefore, the above table etiquette can make a thoughtful and events to both sides of the cultivation and fully display.Table manners introductory article China

Table manners in Chinese complete life order occupies a very important position, they think, is not only meet the basic meal physiological needs method-is also the first important social experience.Therefore, some Chinese food rules of the master knowledge and is very important, no matter you are the master, or just a guest, must grasp some rules.-vice round table popular.Because can take, and everyone can more DuoRen face to face, the head of a family sit the identity of the western image is not as long on the table is very clearly through his seat and identify.Guests should wait for master invited to sit down.Master must pay attention to do not make the traveler in * nearly serving seat.This is the big one.Must wait until all the people here can begin any form of dining activities-even if someone was late, will have to wait.Once everyone in the family, they can do the prologue.During the meal, the host must bear a active role-urged guests enjoy eating and drinking is entirely reasonable.Had a typical Chinese style table looks quite empty, particularly in western eyes.Each seat visible on the plate before a bowl;The right side is a group of chopsticks and spoon, and put their seat respectively.On formal occasions, can appear the napkin, mainly on the knee.In formal banquet on how to eat, the dishes like the slide show, every time a dish.Surprisingly, rice is not with the dishes again, but can choose to eat with.Because the dishes have distinguishing feature each, individual taste, and should be a time from a bowl to have a mixed taste, is not.Do not use, can use to eat dish bowl.Bones and shells class on individual plate.Don't clean plate must often use clean plate is replaced.In addition to the soup, had outside table with chopsticks all food.Might provide the knife *, but as a Chinese, better use the chopsticks.Chopsticks dining tools, so 10 million do not play with chopsticks-when they GuChui is very rude of practice, the more you can't use chopsticks to pointing fingers or motioned toward.And, of course, absolutely not sucking chopsticks or chopsticks inserted in the rice, this is the big-this is just like a funeral, the XiangZhu considered unlucky.Again, do not use chopsticks in a dish in keep flipping, should first eyes with certain you want to take food.When you use chopsticks to take a piece of food, avoid to meet any other food.possible

? People who go to a formal Western dinner party for the first time may be surprised by table manners in Western culture.Knowing them will help you make a good impression.Having good table manners means knowing,for example,how to use knives and forks,when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.Beside your napkin you will find a small bread roll and three glasses—one for white wine,one for the red wine,and one for water.There are two pairs of knives and forks on the table,forks on the left and knives in the right of the plate.When you see two spoons,the big one id for the suop and the samll one for the dessert.The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a litte bit bigger than the ones beside them.When you sit down at the table, you can take your napkin, unfold it and put it on your lap.In Chinese you sometime get a hot,damp cloth to clean your face and face and hands,whinch,however,is nat the custom in Western countries.Dinner start with a small dish, which is often called a starter.Sime people pray before they start eating , and other people may keep silent for a moment.Then you can say“Enjoy your meal”to each other and everybody start eating.For the starter,which you eat with the smaller pair,you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left.After the starter you will get a bowl of soup—but only one boel of soup and never ask for a seconf serving.The next dish is the main course.Many Westerners think the chicken breast with its tender white flesh is the best part of the bird.Some people can use their fingers when they eating chicken or other birds,but never touch beef or other meat in bones.It is polite to finish eating everthing on your plate,so don't take more food than you need.At table ,you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot,but do

not laugh all the time.Most Westerners like soft drink if they will drive home.Many of them drink white or red wine with the food.When drinking to someone's health,you raise your glasses,but the glasses should not touch.The custom of toasting in some parts of China is to finish the drink at once,but Westerners usually take only a sip.For drinking during a dinner,the best advic is never to drink too much.Table manners change over time.They follow the fashion of the day.Beside,table manners are only important at formal dinner parties.If you're not sure what to do ,you can always follow your hosts.Although good manners always make you look good,you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with your friends or family.·人們?nèi)ヒ淮握降奈鞑途蹠?huì)可能第一次吃驚于西方文化中的餐桌禮節(jié)。知道他們將幫助您做出一個(gè)好的印象。具有良好的餐桌禮儀,比如,意味著知道如何使用刀叉,何時(shí)祝酒以及如何在用餐時(shí)舉止得當(dāng)桌子。在你的餐巾你會(huì)找到一個(gè)小面包卷和三個(gè)glasses-one為白葡萄酒,一為紅酒,和一個(gè)用于水。有兩對(duì)刀、叉放在桌子上,叉子和刀子在左邊的盤子的右邊。當(dāng)你看到兩個(gè)勺子,這個(gè)大的id為suop和一個(gè)小點(diǎn)心。那把刀,叉,最近你的盤子是一個(gè)小一點(diǎn)的比他們旁邊。當(dāng)你坐在桌子上,你可以把你的餐巾,打開它,把它放在你的大腿上。在中國,你有時(shí)可以得到一塊溫?zé)岬牟徒聿料锤蓛裟愕哪樅褪帧⒛?不過,whinch nat的風(fēng)俗西方國家。

晚餐開始用一個(gè)小碟子,常常叫做“曲。有些人飯前要祈禱,和其他人可以保持沉默一會(huì)兒。那么你會(huì)說“祝您用餐愉快”,每個(gè)人都開始吃對(duì)方。你的先發(fā),小對(duì)吃的,你把刀在你右手和左手拿叉。先發(fā)投手后你會(huì)得到一個(gè)碗soup-but伯爾湯,只有一個(gè)從來不索要場(chǎng)服務(wù)。

第二盤是主菜。許多西方人認(rèn)為雞胸肉有著柔軟白色的最好部分的鳥。有些人可以用自己的手指當(dāng)他們吃雞肉和其他鳥類,但從來不牛肉或其他肉骨頭。這是禮貌的一切在你的盤子里吃完,所以不要把更多的食物比你需要的多。

在餐桌上,你應(yīng)該嘗試小聲說話和笑,但不會(huì)笑的。

大多數(shù)西方人喜歡軟飲料,如果他們要開車回家。他們中的許多人喝白或紅酒和食物。當(dāng)祝某人健康時(shí),你舉起g

?

10.01.03 【摘 要】 本文通過對(duì)中國餐桌禮儀和西方餐桌禮儀進(jìn)行比較,旨在更深了解餐桌禮儀,以便順利的實(shí)現(xiàn)跨文化交際?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】 餐桌禮儀;中西方差異

一、前言

由于中西方所處的自然環(huán)境和勞動(dòng)方式的不同,使中西方在餐飲

禮儀方面有許多差別。我國的飲食文化源遠(yuǎn)流長,博大精深,據(jù)文獻(xiàn)記 載:至少在周代,飲食禮儀已形成了一套相當(dāng)完善的制度。這些禮儀日 臻成熟和完善,它們?cè)诠糯鐣?huì)發(fā)揮過重要的作用,對(duì)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)依然產(chǎn) 生著影響。西方餐桌禮儀起源于法國梅羅文加王朝,在20 世紀(jì),意大 利文化流入法國,餐桌禮儀和菜單用語均變得更為優(yōu)雅精致,教導(dǎo)禮儀 的著作亦紛紛面世。時(shí)至今日,餐桌禮儀還在歐洲國家繼續(xù)傳留下去。隨著西方文化大量涌入中國,中國傳統(tǒng)禮儀也不斷受到西方禮儀文化 的沖擊,保護(hù)中國傳統(tǒng)禮儀,并與西方禮儀進(jìn)行有效地融合,更有利于 我們和西方各國的跨文化交際。

二、中西餐桌禮儀差異

1、席位安排禮儀

(1)中餐餐桌禮儀。在中餐宴請(qǐng)活動(dòng)中,往往采用圓桌。不單是在 不同位置擺放的圓桌有尊卑的區(qū)別,每張圓桌上的不同座次也有尊卑之 分。由兩桌組成的小型宴請(qǐng)通常是兩桌橫排或兩桌豎排的形式。當(dāng)兩桌 橫排時(shí),面對(duì)正門右邊的桌子是主桌;當(dāng)兩桌豎排時(shí),離正門最遠(yuǎn)的那張 桌子是主桌。由三桌或三桌以上的數(shù)桌所組成的宴請(qǐng)除了注意“門面定 位”,“以右為尊”,“以遠(yuǎn)為上”等規(guī)則外,還應(yīng)兼顧其他各桌離主桌的遠(yuǎn)近。通常,距離主桌越近,桌次越高;距離主桌越遠(yuǎn),桌次越低。每張餐桌上排列位次的基本方法有以下五點(diǎn): ①主人大都應(yīng)面對(duì) 正門而坐,并在主桌就坐。主賓和副主賓分別坐在主人的右側(cè)和左側(cè)。②舉行多桌宴請(qǐng)時(shí),每桌都要有一位主桌主人的代表在座。位置一般 和主桌主人同向,有時(shí)也可以面向主桌主人。③各桌次的尊卑,應(yīng)以與 這桌主人的距離遠(yuǎn)近來定,離主人近的位置比較尊貴。④與本桌主人 的距離相同的位次,則以本桌主人面向?yàn)闇?zhǔn),主人座位右邊的位置比較 尊貴。⑤如果主賓身份高于主人,為表示尊重,可以安排在主人位子上

坐,主人則坐在主賓的位置上。對(duì)于少于5人的便餐,位次的排列可以 遵循四個(gè)原則:右高左低;中坐為尊;面門為上;靈活安排。

2、西餐餐桌禮儀

西餐中,一般均使用長桌。在正式宴會(huì)上桌次的高低尊卑以距離 主桌的位置遠(yuǎn)近而定,越靠右的桌次越尊貴,在同一桌上,越靠近主人 的位置越尊貴。在正式宴會(huì)上,英國式座位的順序是:男女主人坐在桌 子的兩頭,客人男女錯(cuò)開坐在桌子兩側(cè),男主賓和女主賓分別坐在女主 人和男主人的右邊。如果客人中沒有主賓,女主人可把客人中年齡最 大的女士安排在男主人右邊。在非正式宴會(huì)上,遵循女士?jī)?yōu)先的原則。如果是男女二人進(jìn)餐,男士應(yīng)請(qǐng)女士坐在自己的右邊,還要注意不可讓 她坐在人來人往的過道邊;若只有一個(gè)靠墻的位置,應(yīng)請(qǐng)女士就坐,男 士坐在她的對(duì)面;如果是兩對(duì)夫妻就餐,夫人們應(yīng)坐在靠墻的位置上, 先生們則坐在各自夫人的對(duì)面;如果兩位男士陪同一位女士進(jìn)餐,女士 應(yīng)坐在兩位男士的中間;如果兩位同性進(jìn)餐,靠墻的位置應(yīng)讓給其中的 年長者。此外,男士應(yīng)當(dāng)主動(dòng)為女士移動(dòng)椅子讓女生先坐。

二、餐具的使用禮儀

1、中餐餐具的擺放和使用方法

(1)筷子?？曜邮侵胁妥钪匾牟途?。在使用當(dāng)中,用餐前筷子一 定要整齊的放在飯碗的右側(cè),用餐后一定要整齊的豎向放在飯碗的正 中。不論筷子上是否殘留著食物,都不要去舔;和人交談時(shí),要暫時(shí)放 下筷子;不要把筷子豎直插放在食物上面;不能用筷子剔牙、撓癢或用 來夾取食物以外的東西。

(2)勺子。勺子主要是用來喝湯的,有時(shí)也可以用來取形狀比較小 的菜。用勺子取食物時(shí),不要過滿,免得溢出來弄臟餐桌或自己的衣 服。用勺子取食物后,要立即食用或放在自己的碟子里,如果取用的食

物太燙,可以先放到自己的碗里等涼了再吃,千萬不要用嘴去吹,也不 要把勺子塞進(jìn)嘴里,或反復(fù)吮吸。

(3)盤子。盤子主要用來盛食物的,根據(jù)所盛食物的多少和形狀不 同而大小形狀各異。稍微小一點(diǎn)的盤子為食碟,一般放在碗的左邊,是 用來暫放從公用菜盤里取來享用的菜肴。用食碟時(shí),一次不要取過多 的菜肴,不要把多種菜肴放在一起,以防它們相互串味。不吃的殘?jiān)?、骨、刺?yīng)放在食盤的前端,放的時(shí)候不能直接從嘴里吐在食碟上,要用 筷子加放到碟子旁邊。

(4)水杯。水杯主要用來盛放清水、汽水、果汁、可樂等飲料,一般 放在碟子的左上方。不要用它來盛酒,也不要倒扣水杯。另外,喝進(jìn)嘴 里的東西不能再吐回水杯。

(5)餐巾。在用餐前,比較講究的餐廳或主人,會(huì)為每位用餐者上一 塊濕毛巾,它只是用來擦手的,擦手后,由服務(wù)員或主人拿走。有時(shí)候,在 正式宴會(huì)結(jié)束前,會(huì)上一塊濕毛巾,它是用來擦嘴的,不能擦臉、抹汗。(6)牙簽。剔牙時(shí),應(yīng)用另一只手掩住口部,剔出來的東西,不要當(dāng) 眾欣賞或再次入口,也不要隨手亂彈,隨口亂吐。剔牙后,不要長時(shí)間 的叼著牙簽。

2、西餐餐具的擺放和使用方法

(1)餐具擺放和取用原則。餐具擺放時(shí)托盤居中,左叉右刀,刀尖 向上,刀口向內(nèi),盤前橫匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右,其余用具酌情擺放。酒杯的數(shù)量與酒的種類相等,擺法是從左到右,依次擺烈性酒杯,葡萄 酒杯,香檳酒杯,啤酒杯。西餐中餐巾放在盤子里,如果在賓客尚未落 坐前需要往盤子里放某種事物時(shí),餐巾就放在盤子旁邊。餐具的取用應(yīng)由外而內(nèi),切用時(shí)可以使用法式方式,即左手拿叉右 手拿刀,邊切邊用;也可用英美式,即右手拿刀,左手拿叉,切好后再改

用右手拿叉取用。一般用右手拿湯匙和杯子,用餐具把食物送到嘴里, 而不要把盤碗端起來。

(2)餐具的使用方法。①刀叉的使用原則:使用刀叉進(jìn)餐時(shí),刀用 來切割食物,叉用來送食物入口。使用刀時(shí),刀刃不可向外。而且不可 將刀叉的一端放在盤子上,另一端放在桌子上;進(jìn)餐中需要暫時(shí)放下刀 叉時(shí),應(yīng)擺成“八”字型,分別放置餐盤邊上,刀刃朝向自己,表示還要繼 續(xù)吃;用餐結(jié)束后,將叉子的背面向上,刀刃向內(nèi)與叉子并攏,平息放置 于餐盤上,表示用餐結(jié)束。談話時(shí)有肢體語言或傳菜時(shí),應(yīng)將刀叉放 下,不要手拿刀叉在空中揮動(dòng)。用完刀叉后,應(yīng)將其橫放于餐盤中央, 而不是盤邊或餐桌上;放置方式為刀口朝著自己,叉口朝左,以便于取 走時(shí)的安全性。②餐匙的使用原則:通常,餐匙可以分為兩種,一種是 湯匙,個(gè)頭比較大,被擺放在右側(cè)最外端,與刀并齊擺放;一種是甜品 匙,個(gè)頭比較小,被橫擺在吃甜品所用的刀叉正上方。當(dāng)用湯匙合調(diào)味 料時(shí),需右手拿湯匙,左手拿叉。食物切好后,在盤中上將食物與醬料 一同舀起食用;喝完湯之后,應(yīng)該把湯匙放在餐盤對(duì)面的一方。要注意 餐匙絕對(duì)不能直接用來舀取任何主食或者菜肴,已經(jīng)開始使用的餐匙 不能放回原處。③酒杯的使用原則:在西餐中,吃不同的菜需要搭配不 同的酒,通常不同的酒杯用來喝不同的酒。在每位用餐者右邊餐刀的 上方,會(huì)擺著三四只酒水杯?？梢淮斡赏鈧?cè)向內(nèi)側(cè)使用,一般香檳酒 — 109 —

淺議中西餐桌禮儀差異文化研究 《新西部》2009.12期

杯、紅葡萄酒杯、白葡萄酒杯以及水杯是不可缺少的。

3、西餐上菜順序的差異

中餐上菜順序是:先上涼菜、飲料及酒,后上熱菜,然后上主食,最

后上甜食和水果。宴會(huì)上桌數(shù)很多時(shí),各桌的每一道菜應(yīng)同時(shí)上。上 菜順序依然保持傳統(tǒng),先冷后熱。熱菜應(yīng)從主賓對(duì)面席位的左側(cè)上;上 單份菜或配菜和小吃先賓后主,上全雞、全鴨、全魚等整形菜,不能頭尾 朝向正主位。上菜的方式大體上有以下幾種:一是把大盤菜端上,由各 人自取;二是由侍者托著菜盤逐一給每位分讓;三是用小碟盛放,每人 一份。在正式宴席上,菜式的吃法很像放映的幻燈片,每一次一道菜。西餐上菜程序通常是:面包黃油→涼菜→湯→海鮮→主菜→甜點(diǎn)心→ 咖啡和水果。冷菜、湯,同時(shí)就著面包吃。涼菜也叫開胃小菜,作為第 一道菜,一般與開胃酒并用。湯分漬湯和奶油濃湯。主菜有魚、豬肉、牛肉、雞等。甜食常有冰淇淋、布丁等。

4、用餐過程中應(yīng)注意的禮儀

(1)餐桌上取食的禮儀。中餐的取食原則:菜品需由主賓先取;取 菜時(shí),不要取得太多;鄰座的男士可以替女士服務(wù)。敬酒應(yīng)以年齡大 小、職務(wù)高低、賓主身份為序,要先給尊者、長者敬酒。應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng): 取菜時(shí)不要左顧右盼,在公用的菜盤里挑挑揀揀;多人一桌用餐,取菜 應(yīng)注意相互禮讓,依次而行,取用適量;夠不著的菜,可以請(qǐng)人幫忙盛 取,切忌起身甚至離座去取;進(jìn)餐時(shí)不要打嗝,吃面喝湯時(shí)也不要發(fā)出 “呼嚕聲”;假如打了噴嚏、腸鳴、咳嗽,應(yīng)說一聲“對(duì)不起”之類的話以 示歉意。西餐的取食原則:進(jìn)餐時(shí)盡量不要發(fā)出餐刀刮盤子的聲音;就 餐時(shí)盡量少說話,飯后吃甜點(diǎn)時(shí)才是聊天時(shí)間;喝湯時(shí),用湯勺從里向 外舀,不要發(fā)出聲;吃面包時(shí),先用刀將其切成兩半,然后用手撕成塊 吃;吃意大利面時(shí)應(yīng)用叉子慢慢將面條卷起來送入口中,如果不是條形 的面,直接用叉匙舀起來即可;吃水果時(shí)不要拿著水果整個(gè)去咬,應(yīng)先 用水果刀切成幾瓣,再用刀去掉皮、核,用叉子叉著吃。應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng): 不要用自己的餐具為他人夾菜;不要將盤子里的食物全部切好后再用

右手拿叉子吃;骨頭或者不吃的食物,不能扔在地上或放在臺(tái)布上,而 應(yīng)當(dāng)放在盤子的一角。

(2)餐桌上交談的禮儀。中餐講究熱鬧,喜歡邊吃邊聊。交談時(shí)注

意幾點(diǎn):講話要有分寸、有禮節(jié)、有教養(yǎng)、有學(xué)識(shí)。避隱私、避淺薄、避粗 鄙、避忌諱,不宜深談對(duì)方不感興趣的話題,交談中要神態(tài)專注,用詞委 婉,禮讓對(duì)方。西方餐桌上以靜為主,進(jìn)餐時(shí)與左右客人交談,但應(yīng)避 免高聲談笑。不要只同幾個(gè)熟人交談,左右客人如不認(rèn)識(shí),可選自我介 紹,別人講話不可搭嘴插話。

5、餐桌上離席的禮儀

中餐在宴會(huì)結(jié)束時(shí),只能由主人來示意宴會(huì)結(jié)束;在主人和主賓離 開座位后,其它賓客才能散席;主人應(yīng)在門口為賓客送行;客人應(yīng)向主 人致謝;如果中途道別只需和主人打個(gè)招呼或向左右賓客點(diǎn)頭示意即 可。西餐在宴會(huì)結(jié)束時(shí),首先將腿上的餐巾拿起,隨意疊好,再把餐巾 放在餐桌的左側(cè),然后起身離座。用餐后,須等男、女主人離席后,其他 賓客方可離席。離席時(shí),應(yīng)幫助隔座長者或女士拖拉座椅,告別時(shí)應(yīng)向 主人致謝,更為慎重時(shí),還可再以電話或謝卡致謝。

三、結(jié)語

通過中西餐桌禮儀的比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)個(gè)人在用餐的儀態(tài)會(huì)對(duì)別人造成 某種程度的心理影響。我國正面臨著前所未有的挑戰(zhàn),無論在物質(zhì)還 是精神和文化方面,都急迫的需要一套完整合理的價(jià)值觀進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一,只 有了解了中西禮儀文化的差異,將二者合理有機(jī)的融合,方能建立適合 我國當(dāng)代社會(huì)的禮儀文化體系和消除在跨文化交際中由于文化障礙而 產(chǎn)生的誤解,對(duì)我國文明的發(fā)展和在國外生存有一定的幫助作用?！緟⒖嘉墨I(xiàn)】

[ 1 ] 段潔,陳謙.餐桌禮儀與口才[M ].中國經(jīng)濟(jì)出版社, 2008.1.[ 2 ] 胡文仲,杜學(xué)增.中英文化習(xí)俗比較[M ] ,外語教學(xué)與研究出 版社, 1999.7.[ 3 ] 胡文仲,平洪,張國揚(yáng).英語習(xí)語與英美文化[M ] ,外語教學(xué) 與研究出版社, 2000.1.[ 4 ] 金正昆,禮儀金說Ⅰ[M ].陜西師范大學(xué)出版社, 2006.5.[ 5 ] 王小梅.不可不知的1000 個(gè)禮儀常識(shí)[M ].中央翻譯出版 社, 2008.9.[ 6 ] 殷莉,韓曉玲.英語習(xí)語與民俗文化[M ].北京大學(xué)出版社, 2007.11.[ 7 ] 張曉梅.小梅說禮儀[M ].中國青年出版社, 2008.1.(上接第108頁)317120.【作者簡(jiǎn)介】

何 萌(1983)男,江蘇金湖人,南京航空航天大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院副 院長,教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)橛⒚牢膶W(xué)、語言文化與翻譯.(上接第111頁)浪漫主義作家在作品中構(gòu)思離奇曲折的情節(jié),渲染奇特的異國情調(diào),描 寫異乎尋常的自然環(huán)境和廣闊多變的場(chǎng)面,采取鮮明的對(duì)照、極度夸張 的藝術(shù)手法,塑造非凡的英雄人物,讓美好的理想在美與丑、善與惡的 強(qiáng)烈對(duì)照中得到更集中、更充分的體現(xiàn),以期達(dá)到奇異的藝術(shù)效果。如 雪萊的《解放了的普羅米修斯》中色彩繽紛的神奇世界,雨果的《巴黎圣 母院》的情調(diào)奇特的宗教節(jié)日畫面,都給人深刻的印象。雖然浪漫主義文學(xué)占據(jù)文**流主導(dǎo)地位的歷史時(shí)期早已結(jié)束, 但浪漫主義文學(xué)的創(chuàng)作手法將長期影響著文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。浪漫主義文學(xué)別 具特色的表現(xiàn)手法對(duì)于研究西方文學(xué),或把浪漫主義創(chuàng)作技巧運(yùn)用到 文學(xué)創(chuàng)作中,具有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。【參考資料】

[ 1 ] 林亞光.簡(jiǎn)明外國文學(xué)史[M ].重慶:重慶出版社, 1983, 04.[ 2 ] 張立明,劉欣,胡小林.外國文學(xué)史綱[M ].?？?南海出版 社, 1997, 07.[ 3 ] 朱維之,趙澧.外國文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)編(歐美部分)[M ].北京:中國人 民大學(xué)出版社, 1980, 06.【作者簡(jiǎn)介】

桑艷霞(1977-)女,德州學(xué)院大學(xué)外語教學(xué)部教師,講師,碩士,主 要研究英美文學(xué)、翻譯等.— 110 —

文化研究淺議中西餐桌禮儀差異

【 pick to 】 this article through to the Chinese table manners and western table manners, compared to a deeper understanding of the table manners, so as to realize smooth intercultural communication.【 key words 】 table manners;Differences between Chinese and western This article The differences between Chinese and western in the natural environment and the different ways of labor, make the differences between Chinese and western culture in restaurants There's a lot of difference etiquette.Our country's food culture has a long history, and extensive and profound, according to document to remember

Load: at least in the zhou dynasty, diet etiquette has formed a fairly sound system.These manners, Reaches maturity and perfection in the ancient society, they played an important role in modern society is still, production The effect was born.Western table manners started in France may LuoWenJia dynasty, in the 20 th century, Italy The culture into France, table manners and menu expressions are become more elegant and delicate, teach manners Work is also available in succession.Today, the table manners also in European countries continue to ChuanLiu down.Western culture with an influx of China, Chinese traditional etiquette is also constantly by western etiquette culture The impact of the protection of traditional etiquette, China, and with the etiquette of western effective integration, better

We and the western countries intercultural communication.Second, Chinese and western table manners differences 1, seats arrangement etiquette

(1)Chinese food table manners.In Chinese banquets, often take the round table.Not just in Different positions of the round the difference between being a round table, each of the different seating also have the honour low

Points.By two table of small fete is usually two table the horizontally or two table ShuPai form.When two table The horizontally, when on the right of the front desk is Lord table;When two table ShuPai, from the farthest on the front door

The table is the main table.By three table or more than three table number of dinner table of besides attention “appearance set A ”, “to the right for honour”, “beyond the” rules for the consideration should be given to both the other table of a table.The Lord is far from

Near.Usually, the distance from the table more close, and the higher the table times;The farther the distance table, desk time is lower.Each table arrangement of the seating arrangement has the following five basic methods:(1)the master should face the most

Main gate and sit, and sit in the table.The guest and deputy chief guest sit at the right and the master respectively on the left.(2)more than a table, held each table should have a master table master represent all.Position general And the main table as the first degree turn, sometimes also can master the table for master.(3)the table times, with the honour low should be

This table of master of distance to decide, from the position of the master is nearly honor.(4)the table with master

The distance of the seating arrangement is same, in this table for master, master shall prevail on the right position comparison.Seat Noble.5.If the guest of identity, respect for higher than the master, can be arranged in the master the seat Sit, host, sitting on the position of the guest.For less than 5, the arrangement of the seating arrangement meal can be Follow the four principles: right left lower;high Sitting in for honour;Face immediately for;Flexible arrangements.2, western-style food table manners Western food, the general all the long use.In a formal dinner ready to the discretion of the time being in distance The position of the table near the and decide, on the right of the table times more noble, in the same table, the closer the master Position the honour.In a formal dinner, the order of the British seat is: men and women host sits table The two ends of the son, the men and women sitting at a desk, on both sides of the man stagger the guest and NvZhu Penn NvZhu respectively.Sitting

And the male host on the right.If the guest in the guest, the hostess but not the age of the guests Big lady arranged in male host on the right.In an informal dinner party, follow the principles of ladies first.If two people dine is men and women, men should please lady sitting in your own right hand, but also pay attention to not let She sat in the heats had people come and go;If only one against the wall, should please lady sitting position, male Then sit on her on;If two couples repast, ladies should sit by the position of the wall, Gentlemen, sitting on their opposite;Mrs.If two men accompanied a lady to dine, madam Should be sitting in the middle of the two men;If two gay dine, rely on a wall should be located to it Older people.In addition, the man shall voluntarily for lady move chairs let girls sit down first.Second, the use of tableware etiquette 1, Chinese food tableware put and use

(1)the chopsticks.Chopsticks are the most important Chinese tableware.Using in the center, before a meal a chopsticks To be neat, the rice bowl right after meals must be straight vertical rice bowl of positive.No matter whether remain food chopsticks, don't go to lick;And during a conversation, to

temporarily put The chopsticks;Don't put the chopsticks inserted in food;above vertical Can't use chopsticks teeth, scratch a little or use To clip food things outside.(2)the spoon.Spoon is mainly used to drink soup, and sometimes also can be used to take shape quite small The food.But spoons get food, don't too full, lest overflow to dirty table or their clothes Clothing.But spoons get food, immediately after eating or put on her plate, if access food Content is too hot, can be in your bowl and cool to eat, 10 million don't blow with the mouth, also do not To spoon plug into the mouth, or repeated to suck.(3)the dishes.Mainly used to put the food dish, according to the food and how many and form not With different shapes and sizes.A little bit a little bit small plates for food dish, generally in the left side of the bowl, is Used to temporarily put dishes from the public to get to enjoy dishes.With food dish, a don't take too much Dishes, don't put the DuoZhong dishes together, just in case they applicant each other.Don't eat of residue, Bone, thorn in the plate should be the front of, can't put directly from the bark on a plate, in food with Chopsticks add in dish side.(4)cup.Mainly used for holding water glass, soda, fruit juice, coke, etc drinks, general The plate on the upper left.Don't use it to wine, also do not pour cup.In addition, drink into mouth What can't spit back to the cup.(5)the napkin.In before having dinner, more exquisite and restaurant or master, will be for each diner on one Wet towels, it just to wipe the hand, after hand rub, by a waiter or master take away.Sometimes, in A formal dinner, meeting before the end of a wet towel, it is used to wipe your mouth, can brush a face, wipe the sweat.(6)toothpick.When your teeth, the application of the other hand cover mouth and department, carved out of the things, do not when All the appreciate or again, also do not conveniently strum entrance, freely to vomit.A After your teeth, don't long time

第二篇：中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異[范文]

中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異

財(cái)管09-13班

宋佳

從比較中西餐桌禮儀的餐具使用差異、座次安排差異、就餐氛圍差異、及餐桌話語差 論文摘要 異四個(gè)方面來看跨文化交際中的文化差異，旨在說明堅(jiān)持自己的優(yōu)秀文化傳統(tǒng)的同時(shí)，要采用 一個(gè)客觀、寬容、尊重的心態(tài)對(duì)待異國文化以便能在跨文化交際中能恰當(dāng)?shù)?、得體地進(jìn)行交際。易中天先生曾經(jīng)在《餐桌上的文化》里對(duì)中西文化進(jìn)行了精妙闡釋中國文化的思想內(nèi)核是“群。所以西方人即使請(qǐng)客吃飯，也是各點(diǎn)各的菜、體意識(shí)”，西方文化的思想內(nèi)核則是“個(gè)體意識(shí)” 各喝各的酒，以免把自己的意志強(qiáng)加于人。中國文化則認(rèn)為個(gè)人的意志，必須服從群體的共同 意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血緣，則其方式禮儀，自然也就以和為貴了，因此中國人愛 聚餐、喜共食、講和合。筆者認(rèn)為在跨文化交際中，面對(duì)陌生文化，因思維方式、生活習(xí)慣和 行為方式不同，交往過程中難免發(fā)生文化沖突。筆者從如下四個(gè)方面對(duì)中西餐桌禮儀進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單 的比較，以便在跨文化交際中能恰當(dāng)?shù)?、得體地進(jìn)行交際。

一、從餐具使用上看中西文化差異

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌禮儀最基本差異。浙江大學(xué)游修齡教授認(rèn)為：東西方出現(xiàn)進(jìn)食工具筷子和 刀叉的不同，和環(huán)境有關(guān)系?？曜右l(fā)源于有竹子的地方。我國北方多木，南方多竹，祖先就 地取材，竹木均成為我國最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出現(xiàn)比筷子要晚很多。據(jù)游修齡教授的研 究，刀叉的最初起源和歐洲古代游牧民族的生活習(xí)慣有關(guān)，他們馬上生活隨身帶刀，往往將肉 燒熟，割下來就吃。大約 15 世紀(jì)前后，為了改進(jìn)進(jìn)餐的姿勢(shì)，歐洲人才使用了雙尖的

叉。到 18 世紀(jì)才有了四個(gè)叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子，不僅帶來了進(jìn)食習(xí)慣的差異，還影響了東西方人 生活觀念。游修齡教授認(rèn)為，刀叉必然帶來分食制，而筷子肯定與家庭成員圍坐桌邊共同進(jìn)餐 相配。西方一開始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人講究獨(dú)立，子女長大后就獨(dú)立闖世界的想法和習(xí)慣。而筷子帶來的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭單元，從而讓東方人擁有了比較牢固 的家庭觀念。筆者提醒在使用餐具時(shí)中西均有不同的規(guī)范。如中餐進(jìn)餐時(shí)不可玩弄筷子（把它 們當(dāng)鼓槌是非常失禮的做法），更不可以用筷子向人指指點(diǎn)點(diǎn)或打手勢(shì)示意。當(dāng)然，絕對(duì)不可吸 吮筷子或把筷子插在米飯中，這是大忌（這好像葬禮上的香燭，被認(rèn)為是不吉利的）。在使用刀 叉時(shí)也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿著刀叉時(shí)切勿指手畫腳。發(fā)言或交談時(shí)，應(yīng)將刀叉放在盤上才合 乎禮儀。忌用自己的餐具為別人夾菜。餐具掉落不要彎腰拾撿。餐品不要一次性切好，尤其帶 湯汁的餐品，要一小塊的逐一切食等等。

二、從座次安排上看中西文化差異

中西都講究正式的宴請(qǐng)活動(dòng)的座次安排。中國人請(qǐng)客傳統(tǒng)上用八仙桌。對(duì)門為上，兩邊為偏座。請(qǐng)客時(shí)，年長者、主賓或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按順序坐偏 座。西方人請(qǐng)客用長桌，男女主人分坐兩端，然后按男女主賓和一般客人的次序安排座位，即 男女穿插安排，以女主人的座位為準(zhǔn)，主賓坐在女主人的右上方，主賓夫人坐在男主人的右上 方，講究“女士?jī)?yōu)先”的西方紳士，都會(huì)表現(xiàn)出對(duì)女士的殷勤。在中國，左為尊，右為次；上 為尊，下為次；中為尊，偏為次。而在西方，右為尊，左為次。筆者特別提示西餐入座禮儀：最得體的入座方式是從左側(cè)入座。手肘不要放在桌面上，不可蹺 足。不可在進(jìn)餐時(shí)中途退席（如有事確需離開應(yīng)向左右的客人小聲打招呼）用餐時(shí)。坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸長。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持約一個(gè)拳頭的距離。記得要抬頭挺 胸著吃，在把面前的食物送進(jìn)口中時(shí)，要以食物就口，而非彎下腰以口去就食物。

三、從就餐氛圍上看中西文化差異

中國人餐桌上的鬧與西方餐桌上的靜是中西餐桌禮儀最根本差異。餐桌氣氛上的差異，中國餐桌上動(dòng)，西方餐桌上靜。中國人以食為人生之至樂，排場(chǎng)之大，氣氛之熱鬧常常令人嘆為觀止。中國人一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不絕，相互讓菜，勸酒，盡情的享受山珍海味，美味佳肴。這樣的 宴客方式才能體現(xiàn)主人的熱情和誠懇，餐桌上的熱鬧反映了食客發(fā)自內(nèi)心的歡快。這種“鬧” 能從某種程度上折射中國人家庭溫馨、鄰里和睦、國人團(tuán)結(jié)的“一團(tuán)和氣”。西方人一坐到餐桌 上便專心致志的去靜靜的切割自家的盤中餐。喝湯時(shí)不能發(fā)出響聲，如湯菜過熱，可待稍涼后 再吃，不要用嘴吹。吃東西時(shí)要閉嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴發(fā)出聲音。進(jìn)餐時(shí)可以與左右客 人交談，但不要只同幾個(gè)熟人交談。左右客人如不認(rèn)識(shí)，可先自我介紹。別人講話不可搭嘴插 話。音量保持對(duì)方能聽見的程度。咀嚼食物不要說話，即使有人同你講話，也要等咽下食物后 再回答。

四、從餐桌話語上看中西文化差異

中國人請(qǐng)客吃飯時(shí)，擺在桌上的菜花樣繁多，至少有七、八道菜，如果是盛宴，主菜會(huì)更多，越名貴、越奇特的菜會(huì)越顯示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人卻往往要說“今天沒有什么好 菜招待大家”“菜做得不好，多吃一點(diǎn)” “多多包涵” “怠慢了您”之類的話。而西方盛宴、、一般四至五道菜，份量以吃完或稍有剩余為最佳。如果在家里，最好是吃完所有的菜，這樣女 主人會(huì)很高興，認(rèn)為大家喜歡她做的菜。面對(duì)豐盛的宴席，主人會(huì)說“已經(jīng)傾其所有來招待大 家” 的話。對(duì)中西主人的餐桌話語進(jìn)行推理，很容易得出：中國人遵循了“貶己尊人”的原則。而西方人強(qiáng)調(diào)效率和實(shí)用主義價(jià)值觀，在交際中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人 不議論令人作嘔之事，會(huì)千方百計(jì)采用含蓄文雅的詞來替代 toilet，如： “Where can I wash my hand?”“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”“ Can I add some powder？”等。另外，在西方國家不要問“吃飯了嗎？”等我國習(xí)慣的問候語?！澳燥埩藛?？”容易使人莫名其妙，甚至?xí)?現(xiàn)誤會(huì)。如在英國，你若問人吃飯沒有，其含義是你有意請(qǐng)對(duì)方吃飯；這對(duì)于未婚男女，則表 明你有意約會(huì)對(duì)方。

五、結(jié)語

世界上各種文化都是平等的。文化無優(yōu)劣之分。應(yīng)該避免用自己的文化、道德、價(jià)值觀作為標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)去衡量、評(píng)判而應(yīng)采用一種客觀的、寬容的態(tài)度對(duì)待異國文化；同時(shí)，又要避免盲目的追隨、模仿異國文化，而應(yīng)堅(jiān)持自己的優(yōu)秀文化傳統(tǒng)。

第三篇：中西方飲食文化差異以及餐桌禮儀的對(duì)比

中西方飲食文化差異以及餐桌禮儀的對(duì)

比

進(jìn)入2l世紀(jì)以來，跨文化交際已經(jīng)成為人們 生活中不可或缺的內(nèi)容。由于地區(qū)差異，不同的民 族、國家形成了不同的文化。飲食文化及餐桌禮儀 也是跨文化交際中非語言文化的重要組成部分。了 解中西方飲食文化及餐桌禮儀方面的差異及其淵 源，對(duì)于外語學(xué)習(xí)者來講，不僅能增加對(duì)所學(xué)語言 文化的理解，更能提高跨文化交際的成功率，避免 因?yàn)椴磺‘?dāng)?shù)姆绞交蛐袨樵斐烧`鰓和交際障礙。

一、中西方飲食文化的差異

1．理性的西方人更多關(guān)注的是營養(yǎng)與生存 中西飲食文化最大的差異是關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)不同，即“營養(yǎng)”和“美味”兩者孰輕孰重的問題。在 西方國家，飲食大多僅僅作為一種生存的必要手段 和交際方式。西方飲食是一種理性觀念，不論食物 的色、香、味、形如何，營養(yǎng)一定要得到保證，西 方烹調(diào)講究營養(yǎng)而忽視味道。他們拒絕使用昧精，認(rèn)為其是既不營養(yǎng)又有副作用的化學(xué)產(chǎn)品；生吃的 蔬菜，不僅包括西紅柿、生菜，甚至是洋白菜、西 蘭花。因而他們的“色拉”有如一盤飼料，使我 們難以下咽。雖然現(xiàn)在的中國人也講究營養(yǎng)保健，也知道蔬菜爆炒加熱后會(huì)丟失一部分維生素，生吃 則避免丟失，可還是寧愿選擇前者，因?yàn)榱?xí)慣使

然，更是因?yàn)槲兜来_實(shí)好多了。2．感性的中國人追求的是美味和享受 在中國，民間有句俗話：“民以食為天，食以 味為先”，味道是烹調(diào)的最高準(zhǔn)則。在中國人的眼 里，“吃”遠(yuǎn)不單純是為了飽，也不是為了營養(yǎng)，有時(shí)吃飽了，還要吃，這是因?yàn)槭懿涣恕懊牢丁?的誘惑而盡情進(jìn)行味覺享受。但在西方的理性飲食 觀看來，這種超負(fù)荷的飲食不僅造成浪費(fèi)，而且危 害人體。盡管中國人講究食療、食養(yǎng)，重視以飲食 來養(yǎng)生滋補(bǔ)，但我們的烹調(diào)卻以追求美味為第一要 求，致使許多營養(yǎng)成分損失破壞，因此營養(yǎng)問題也

許是中國飲食的最大弱點(diǎn)。3．西方烹調(diào)遵循的是規(guī)范與科學(xué) 西方人強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)與營養(yǎng)，因此烹調(diào)的全過程都 嚴(yán)格按照科學(xué)規(guī)范行事。菜譜的使用就是一個(gè)極好 的證明。西方人總是拿著菜譜去買菜，制作菜肴，但相比起來，還是一個(gè)非常機(jī)械的東西，而這導(dǎo)致 了西餐的一個(gè)弊端——缺乏特色。當(dāng)人們身處異地 想品嘗當(dāng)?shù)孛朗硶r(shí)，肯定是不會(huì)有人選擇肯德基或 麥當(dāng)勞之類食品的。另外，規(guī)范化的烹調(diào)甚至要求 配料的準(zhǔn)確，調(diào)料的添加精確到克，烹調(diào)時(shí)間精確 到秒。由于西方菜肴制作的規(guī)范化，使其毫無創(chuàng)造 性。令西方人不能理解的是，中國烹調(diào)不僅不追求 精確的規(guī)范化，反而推崇隨意性。翻開中國的菜 譜，常常發(fā)現(xiàn)原料的準(zhǔn)備量、調(diào)料的添加量都是模 糊的概念。而且中國烹調(diào)中，不僅講究各大菜系要 有各自的風(fēng)味與特色，即使是同一菜系的同一個(gè) 菜，所用的配菜與各種調(diào)料的匹配，也會(huì)依廚師的 個(gè)人愛好特點(diǎn)有變化。同樣是一道“麻婆豆腐”。為四川客人烹制和為蘇州客人烹制，所用的調(diào)料肯 定是不同的。而在西方，一道菜在不同的地區(qū)不同 的季節(jié)面對(duì)不同的食者，都毫無變化。4．崇尚自由的西方人重分別與個(gè)性 在中西飲食文化之中也明顯體現(xiàn)出這種“和 合”與“分別”的文化特征。西菜中除少數(shù)湯菜，正菜中各種原料互不相干，魚就是魚，牛排就是牛 排，縱然有搭配，那也是在盤中進(jìn)行的，這體現(xiàn)了

“西方重分別”的社會(huì)文化。這種重分別的社會(huì)文 化同樣體現(xiàn)在用餐方式上。西方人奉行的是分餐 制，人對(duì)個(gè)性、對(duì)自我的尊重。西方流行的自助餐 形式更是各吃各的，缺少中國人聊歡共樂的情調(diào)。

5．向往和諧的中國人重和合與整體 中國人一向以“和”與“合”為最美妙的境 界，音樂上講究“和樂”、“唱和”，醫(yī)學(xué)上主張 “身和”、“氣和”，希望國家政治實(shí)現(xiàn)“政通人 和”。稱美好的婚姻為“天作之合”，而當(dāng)一切美 好的事物湊集在一起時(shí)，我們將其稱譽(yù)為“珠聯(lián) 璧合”。而這種“和合”的思想體現(xiàn)在烹飪上就反 映為“五味調(diào)和”。所以中國菜幾乎每個(gè)菜都要用 兩種以上的原料和多種調(diào)料來調(diào)和烹制。中國人把 做菜稱之為“烹調(diào)”，美味的產(chǎn)生。在于調(diào)和。因 此中國人烹調(diào)不是“I+1=2”那么簡(jiǎn)單，而是應(yīng)

該等于“3”甚至更多。

總之，中西飲食在諸多方面存在著各式各樣的 差異，當(dāng)然，這些差異都具有相對(duì)性，幾千年來的 東西方文化的交流也促成中西方的飲食文化的不斷 融合。全球化態(tài)勢(shì)下的跨文化交際使得多樣的飲食 文化不斷的互補(bǔ)與兼容。今天，享受東西方各具特 色的飲食已成為當(dāng)代人日常生活中司空見慣的事 情。我們?cè)诖蠼稚想S處可見法式大餐、肯德基等西 方的舶來飲食，而中國菜館也開遍了全世界。

二、餐桌禮儀方面的差異

飲食文化、餐具、進(jìn)餐方式以及一系列的餐桌 禮儀等則反映了不同民族的社會(huì)生活樣式和文化取 向?，F(xiàn)代社會(huì)禮儀無處不在，用餐不單是滿足基本 生理需要，也是很重要的社交經(jīng)驗(yàn)。而中西方在餐 桌禮儀方面的要求也有許多差別，了解了兩者的不

同防止失禮于人。1．餐桌氣氛上的差異

總的來說是西方餐桌上靜，中國餐桌上動(dòng)。西 方人平日好動(dòng)，但一坐到餐桌上便專心致志地去靜 靜切割自家的盤中餐。中國人平日好靜，一坐上餐 桌，便滔滔不絕，相互讓菜，勸酒。中國人餐桌上 的鬧與西方餐桌上的靜反映出了中西飲食文化上的

根本差異。2．餐桌舉止

在中國文化傳統(tǒng)中，人們?cè)诔鱿鞣N正式的會(huì) 餐時(shí)也是比較講究的，但是在現(xiàn)代風(fēng)俗變遷和發(fā)展 中，有進(jìn)步的一面，也有落后的一面，有對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的 繼承，也有對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化習(xí)俗的違背。比如就餐時(shí)的 衣著，要遠(yuǎn)比過去隨意多了，可著中山裝、夾克或 西服等，這也正體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)文化的變遷和發(fā)展，這 正是中西方文化融匯，相互發(fā)生正遷移作用最好例證。

當(dāng)今許多西方人，尤其是美國人不喜歡吸煙或 喝酒，許多人也不喜歡別人在他們的住處吸煙喝 酒。而在當(dāng)今的中國，許多人既吸煙又喝酒，有一 種社會(huì)怪現(xiàn)象似乎是“不吸煙不喝酒”就無以社 交。所以在中國的餐桌上依舊存在吞云吐霧、爛醉 如泥的“陋習(xí)”，盡管他們知道這有傷風(fēng)范，但依 舊不能禁絕之。想必這就是文化遷移和發(fā)展的不完 全性、不徹底性的表現(xiàn)，我們有必要在正確理解和 認(rèn)識(shí)文化現(xiàn)象的基礎(chǔ)上，不斷推動(dòng)人文文化的發(fā)

展，提高民族人文素質(zhì)。

3．座位的排序

中西都講究正式的宴請(qǐng)活動(dòng)的坐次安排。中國 人傳統(tǒng)上用八仙桌。對(duì)門為上，兩邊為偏座。請(qǐng)客 時(shí)，年長者、主賓或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人 或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按順序坐偏座。西方人 請(qǐng)客用長桌，男女主人分坐兩端，然后在按男女主 賓和一般客人的次序安排座位。對(duì)于餐桌的規(guī)矩，西方人進(jìn)餐用刀叉，中國人用筷子。當(dāng)然刀叉和筷

子的用法都有各自的規(guī)矩。

通過中西方飲食文化差異以及中西方餐桌禮儀 的比較，不僅僅反映了各地的文化傳統(tǒng)，還折射出 不同民族心理、價(jià)值觀與道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、社會(huì)關(guān)系、社 會(huì)禮儀和社會(huì)風(fēng)俗等方面，即西方文化主張個(gè)人榮 譽(yù)、自我中心、創(chuàng)新精神和個(gè)性自由，而中國文化 主張謙虛謹(jǐn)慎、無私奉獻(xiàn)、中庸之道和團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作； 西方人平等意識(shí)較強(qiáng)、家庭結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單；而中國人等 級(jí)觀念較強(qiáng)，家庭結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，傳統(tǒng)的幸福家庭多

為四代同堂等。

在跨文化交際中，由于文化障礙而導(dǎo)致的信息 誤解，甚至傷害對(duì)方的現(xiàn)象屢見不鮮。有時(shí)善意的 言談會(huì)使對(duì)方尷尬無比，禮貌的舉止會(huì)被誤解為荒 誕粗俗。因此，研究不同文化之間的差異，研究正 確的跨文化交際行為已成為不可忽視的問題。在對(duì) 比研究過程中，各自的優(yōu)、缺點(diǎn)顯而易見。這種研 究有利于文化的正遷移作用，以“取其精華，去 其糟粕”，從而促進(jìn)本民族語言、人文文化的

發(fā)展。

第四篇：中西方飲食文化差異及餐桌禮儀的對(duì)比

Cultural differences between Chinese and Western food as well as the comparison of table manners Yahong(, Harbin Normal University, Spanish University, Harbin 150080)Abstract: The existence of different peoples and countries with distinctive food culture, with strong national character and diversity of features.Cuisine And the differences in table manners is also a cross-cultural communication factors that influence the outcome of communication.From a cross-cultural perspective revealed in the Western food culture and table manners Of their differences and allows people to understand its profound culture, exploring its cultural heritage, and improve cross-cultural awareness.Key words: cross-cultural communication;food culture;table manners;cultural differences Into the 21st century, cross-cultural communication have become an indispensable element in people's lives.Due to regional differences, different peoples, nations have developed different cultures.Food culture and table manners is also a Cross-Cultural Communication Central Africa an important part of language and culture.Understanding of Chinese and Western food culture and table manners differences and their origins, for foreign language learners in terms of, not only to increase the understanding of language and culture of learning, can increase the success rate of cross-cultural communication, avoid inappropriate manner or behavior result in misunderstanding and communication barriers.一 the differences between Chinese and Western food culture 1.Rational Westerners pay more attention to the nutrition and survival The greatest difference between Chinese and Western food culture is the focus of attention is different from the “nutrition” and “delicious” Both the pros and cons of the issue.In Western countries, catering mostly only as a necessary means of survival and communication methods.The Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of food color, smell, taste, shape how, nutrition must be assured that the West pay attention to nutrition, the neglect of cooking flavor.They refused to use MSG, that its nutrition is neither chemical products have side effects;raw vegetables, including not only tomatoes, lettuce, and even cabbage, broccoli.And thus their “salad” like a feed, so that we hard to swallow.Although the Chinese people pay attention to nutrition and health, but also know that vegetables will be lost sensation in the heating part of the vitamins, raw and avoid the loss, they still prefer the former because customary patronage, but also because the taste did much better.2.Sensibility is the Chinese people to pursue and enjoy the delicious In China, people have a saying: “Hunger breeds discontent, food to taste as the first” taste is the highest principles of cooking.In the eyes of the Chinese people, “eat” far from being simply in order to eat, nor for nutrition, and sometimes eaten, but also to eat, it is unable to bear “delicious,” the temptation to enjoy the taste to enjoy.However, in the West view to rational eating, this diet

is not only wasteful overload, but also risk Harm the human body.Although the Chinese people pay attention to diet, food support, and attention to diet To health tonic, but we are in pursuit of delicious cooking as the first to be Demand, resulting in the loss of many nutrients destroyed, so nutrition was also Xu is the biggest weakness of Chinese cuisine 3.To follow the norms of Western cooking and science Westerners emphasize science and nutrition, so the whole process of cooking in strict accordance with the scientific norm.The use of recipes is an excellent proof of this.Westerners are always holding a cookbook to buy food produced dishes, but the comparison, is still a very mechanical thing, and this has led to Western, a drawback---the lack of features.When people are in different places when you want to taste the local cuisine is definitely not some people choose to like Kentucky Fried Chicken or McDonald's food.In addition, the standardized cooking even called the exact ingredients, spices to add precision to the grams, cooking time, accurate to seconds.Since the standardization of Western dishes produced so there is no creativity.So that Westerners can not understand is that the Chinese cook not only the pursuit of accurate standardized, but respected randomness.Opening China's recipes, the preparation of raw materials often found the amount of spices to add volume are fuzzy concepts.Moreover, Chinese cooking, not only pay attention to the major cuisines have their own flavor and characteristics, even the same dish the same cuisine, the spices used in matching with a variety of side dishes will cook according to characteristics of the individual hobbies have changed.Is also a “Mapo tofu”, the guests in Sichuan cooking, and cooking for the guests in Suzhou, the seasoning used is certainly different.In the West, a dish in different regions face different in different seasons of the food, and both are without any changes.4.Advocating freedom and individuality were Westerners re-Chinese and Western food culture is clearly reflected this kind of “harmony” and “respectively” cultural identity.Western cuisine, in addition to a few Brussels sprouts, are dishes of various materials having nothing to do, fish is a fish, steak is the steak, even if there are matching, which are also carried out in the disk, This reflects the “Western emphasis on the respective” culture of society.This emphasis on the social and cultural difference also reflected in the meal pattern.Westerners pursuing a Fencan system, people's individuality, self-respect.Buffet style popular in the West to eat all the more, the lack of Chinese people talking Huan mood music.5.Aspire to the Chinese emphasis on harmony and harmony with the overall Chinese have long used “and” and “together” as the realm of the most beautiful music on the stress “and music”, “chimed,” medical claim “body and”, “gas and” I hope the country's political achievement, “Governance and Social

Harmony.” Said the beautiful marriage as “marriage made in heaven”, and when all the good things that assemble together, we will of its reputation as “a perfect fit.” This kind of “harmony” on the idea embodied in the cooking is reflected in the “flavors to reconcile.” So, Chinese food in almost every dish had to spend two or more of the raw materials and a variety of spices to reconcile the cooking.Chinese people to cook as “cooking”, delicious produce, is to reconcile.Therefore, the Chinese people cooking is not a “1 +1 = 2” so simple, but should be equal to “3” or more.In short, the Chinese and Western diet in many areas there are a wide range of differences, of course, these differences are relative, for several thousand years of cultural exchanges between East and West in the West also contributed to the continued integration of the food culture.Under the globalization trend of the cross-cultural communication makes a variety of food culture is compatible with and complement each other constantly.Today, enjoy the distinctive eastern and western diet has become commonplace in daily life of contemporary people do.We are in the streets everywhere French dinner, KFC and other Western Exotic food, and the Chinese restaurant has opened all over the world.二, table manners differences Food culture, cutlery, eating patterns and a range of table manners and so reflects the social life styles of different ethnic and cultural orientations.Everywhere in modern society, etiquette, eating is not just to meet basic physical needs, but also a very important social experience.While the Western table manners requirements there are many differences, understand the difference between the two to prevent the breach of etiquette to others.1.Table differences in the atmosphere Is generally quiet on the Western table, the Chinese table movement.Westerners normally a good move, but one will be dedicated to sit on the table to go quietly cut its own Panzhong Can.Chinese people normally a quiet, sit a table, they talked at each other for vegetables, urge somebody to drink.Chinese people downtown on the table static on the table with the West and Western food culture reflects the fundamental differences on.2.Table manners In the Chinese cultural tradition, people attending a formal dinner party, when all is relatively stress, but in the modern customs change and development, there is progressive side and backward side, There are the traditional inheritance, but also a breach of traditional cultural practices.Example, when dining inClothing, should be more casual than in the past can be a tunic, jacket orSuits, etc.This also reflects the traditional culture of change and development, whichIs precisely the fusion of Western culture, the role of positive transfer occurred between the bestIllustration.Many of today's Westerners, especially Americans do not like smoking or drinking, and many people do not like people smoking in their residence drinking.In China today, many people both smoke and drink, there is aKinds of

social strange phenomenon seems to be “non-smokers do not drink” to the non-social.Therefore, on the table in China, there is still smoke, stinking, “bad habits”, even though they know that this style of injury, but still can not ban the.Presumably this is the culture of migration and development, incomplete, incomplete nature of the performance, we need a correct understanding and appreciation of cultural phenomena, based on, and constantly promote human and cultural development, and enhancing the national human qualities.3.Seat sort Chinese and Western people are fastidious about the activities of a formal dinner arrangements for Zuo Ci.Chinese people traditionally used square table.Door is on both sides for the side seat.Host a party, the elderly, guest of honor, or high-status people sit seat, the owner or Peike men and women who sit down and blocks the rest of the guests in order to sit side seat.Westerners host a party with a long table, men and women to sit at both ends of the master points, and then guest of honor at the press of men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangement.For the table of rules, Westerners eat with knife and fork, the Chinese use chopsticks.Of course, the usage of knives and forks and chopsticks have their own rules.Through the cultural differences between Chinese and Western food as well as the comparison of Chinese and Western table manners, not only reflects the cultural traditions from around, but also reflects different national psychology, values and moral standards, sociology, social etiquette and social customs, etc., that is, Western culture, ideas personal honor, self-centered, innovative spirit and individual freedom, while the Chinese culture advocates modest, selfless dedication, moderation and unity and coordination;the West a strong sense of equality, the family structure is simple;while the Chinese people a strong sense of hierarchy and family structure more complex, the traditional well-being of families, and so on for four generations living under one roof.In cross-cultural communication, because of cultural barriers caused by misunderstanding of the information, and even hurt each other, were common occurrences.Sometimes, good conversation make each other extremely awkward, polite manners would be misinterpreted as absurd vulgar.Therefore, studying the differences between different cultures to study the behavior of the correct cross-cultural communication has become an issue can not be ignored.In the comparative study of the process, their respective advantages and disadvantages of obvious.Such studies are beneficial to transfer the role of culture in order to “essence, to its dregs,” so as to promote the national language, human and cultural development.References: [1] Jia new.Intercultural Communication [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1997.[2] Hu Wenzhong.Introduction to Intercultural Communication [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.[3] SAMOVAR,.L A, cross-cultural communication [M].Beijing: Foreign

Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.

第五篇：中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異

中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF TABLE MANNERS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

Abstract and Key Words

Abstract: Table manners are the rules of etiquette used while eating.Different cultures observe different rules for table manners.This article has some contrastive analysis and research on the cultural differences of table manners between East and West from the point of view on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication.It is concluded that with the wide spreading of intercultural communication people in East and West are deeply transformed，permeated and accepted to one another.They come to respect and tolerate different table manners, thus are even assimilative and syncretize with each other.Key words: table manners;cultural differences;syncretism

摘要：餐桌禮儀是用餐時(shí)的禮儀規(guī)則。不同的文化遵循不同的餐桌禮儀規(guī)則。本文從時(shí)間觀念、座次安排、上菜順序、餐具、行為和語言幾個(gè)方面對(duì)中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異做出對(duì)比分析，并由此得出結(jié)論，隨著跨文化交際活動(dòng)越來越廣泛，中西方人經(jīng)歷了深刻的轉(zhuǎn)變，從相互滲透到彼此接受，人們逐漸能夠尊重和容忍不同文化的餐桌禮儀，甚至趨于同化和融合。關(guān)鍵詞：餐桌禮儀；文化差異；融合

CONTENTS

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 2.Literature Review…………………………………………………………………...1 3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners...................................……………………...2

3.1 Sense of Arriving Time 3.2 Seat Arrangement 3.3 Order of Serving Dishes 3.4 Tableware 3.5 Behaviour and Communication

4.Main Factors Causing the Differences.................................................…………….6

4.1 Geography

4.2 Tradition

4.3 Custom

5.Trend of Syncretism.............................................................................…………….7 6.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….9

Bibliography…………………………………………………………….…………….9 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………....10

Cultural Differences of Table Manners between

East and West

1.Introduction

With the rapid development of economy and culture, having meals is not only for the basic physical satisfaction, but also the important skill in social communication.Striving for civic virtues and having good manners have become increasingly common understanding of the public.In China, which has been a nation of etiquette and particular about food being the first necessity of the people since antiquity, table manners has a long history and has naturally become an important part of dining culture.With the deepening of open policy in our country and the strengthening of communication between East and West, people have more and more opportunities to cooperate with foreigners.Naturally, Chinese cannot avoid having dinners with foreigners.A series of table manners including sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries.There are many differences of table manners between eastern and western countries.To understand these differences can not only avoid committing a breach of etiquette to each other, but also promote the development of humanity culture in both countries and achieve interpersonal harmony in cross-cultural communication.2.Literature Review

As we all know, different countries have different cultures.Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another(Hofstede, 1991).As a kind of social customs, table manners are influenced by culture and vary in different areas.China, known as civilized ancient country, has characteristic table manners with a long history.Western countries also formed their own table manners during the syncretism of nations and modernization.To a certain degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation's civilization and an expression of a person's moral cultivation and accomplishment level as well.With the deepen of open policy in our country and the strengthen of communication between East and West, it is necessary for us to improve the consciousness of cross-cultural communication and know the differences of table manners, such as sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour, communication and so on.The fully understanding of the differences can prevent the failure in politeness and promote personal status on the dinner table.Only if we realize cultural connotation of table manners and the differences between East and West, can we talk and behave decently in cross-cultural communication and make social communication harmonious.With an acute eye and an irrepressible wit, Margaret Visser takes a fascinating look at the way we eat our meals in the book The Rituals of Dinner.From the ancient Greeks to modern yuppies, from cannibalism and the taking of the Eucharist to formal dinners and picnics, she thoroughly defines the eating ritual.She takes the different table manners in different areas and races to show the development of the world civilization.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian(2004)says that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.Westerners order respective dishes by themselves rather than ask others for what they want.On the contrary, Chinese agrees that personal will should obey group common thought.In the book Differences and Syncretize of Etiquette Culture between East and West, Mr.Li Xiaojun explores the syncretism of etiquette culture between East and West on the basis of table manners to achieve the harmonious society.Yu Lin and Zhou You compare the cultural differences between East and West from the point of view on tableware, seat arrangement, dinner atmosphere and language.It aims at warning people to treat exotic culture with an objective, tolerant and respectful attitude while insisting on their own culture, in order to communicate properly and appropriately in cross-cultural communication.3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners 3.1 Sense of Arriving Time Hall has classified two kinds of people according to his observation.One is monochromic time and the other is polychromic time(Edward Hall, 1976:17).People from western countries hold monochromic time assuming time is linear and can be cut, so they pay much more attention to timetables and pre-arrangements.They are slaves to nothing but the clock, and time is treated as if it were something almost precious.While people from eastern countries insist on polychromic time, having no ideas of fixed timetable.Therefore, this difference is more obvious when attending a banquet.Generally speaking, Chinese people which holding polychromic time tend to be later to show up.They often arrive half an hour later than the prescribed time and the host also seems to have prepares for that.They always arrange some other programs for guests while waiting, such as playing cards, drinking tea or chatting, so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring.Both the host and guests are used to this phenomenon and they do not regard this as a contempt or impolite behavior to the host.While in western countries, people do things strictly abide by the schedule and all the activities begins according to the predetermined time.People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets.It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat Arrangement The seating arrangement is probably the most important part of Chinese table manners.The seat of honor, reserved for the master of the banquet or the guest with highest status, is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to the master of the banquet.The guests of lowest position sit furthest from the seat of honor.If the guest of honor is not seated, other people are not allowed to be seated.And if he hasn’t eaten, others should not begin to eat.When a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.If it is a round table, then the one facing the entrance door is the guest of honor.The seats on the left hand are in turn second, fourth and sixth, etc, while those on the right hand are in turn third, fifth and seventh, etc, until they join together.In ancient times there was a piece of furniture known as an Eight Immortals table, a big square table with benches for two people on each side.If it is an Eight Immortals table and there is a seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the entrance door is for the guest of honor.If there is no seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the east is the seat of honor.Then the seats on the left side of the seat of honor are the second, fourth, sixth and eighth and those on the right side are the third, the fifth and the seventh.While in western countries, after the hostess announced dinner ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them.Some attentive host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.If there has no arrangement, the general principle for seat arrangement is that men and women sit separately.Men guests of honour take the prior seats which on the right hand of hostess while women guests of honour seat on the right hand of him, and the other couples sit in diagonal respectively.Men and women sitting separately shows the open and lively of the American banquet.It can promote the familiarity between each other and make the dining topic diversification and dining atmosphere peaceful.The principle for the seat arrangement is that the guest takes the seat first, the elderly prior to young people, the married prior to unmarried and stranger prior to the acquaintance and families.3.3 Order of Serving Dishes In China, many dishes have symbolic connotations, representing everything from wealth to a long life and the order of serving dishes shows Chinese characteristics.A Chinese meal begins with appetizers which are accompanied by beverage and wine.There are usually four or five of these appetizers, including cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes, all beautifully arranged either on separate dishes or on one large platter.Hot dishes that were boiled or poached are usually served first, followed by foods that were fried, such as stir-fried chicken and stir-fried shrimp, which are omitted most of the time.Hot food should be served from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honour.When serving the whole duck, chicken and fish, the head and tail can not be put toward the major seat.After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice, which is China's staple food.While in a feast or banquet, people always eat little because of the abundant of the food.At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.If there are lots of tables on the banquet, every dish should be served simultaneously.These programs can not only make the whole process in harmony and order, but also make host and guests expression and communication well.Therefore, the table manners can make the dinner perfect and make host and guests both cultivation fully display.In western countries, the first dish is also appetizer which with distinctive flavor.It is always with salty and acid taste and small quantity but high quality.The second dish is soup, which very different from China.The soup can be roughly divided into four categories of clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cold soup.Generally, the third dish is fish dish, also known as side dish, which including many kinds of fish, shellfish and molluscs.As fish is easy to digest, it is served in front of meat dishes.Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course.The most representative is beef and steak.Vegetable dishes, called salad in western, can be arranged either after or with the meat dish, so it can be a kind of side dish.The six dish is dessert, which including all the food after the main course in a sense, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on.The final is beverage that often includes coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3.4 Tableware Of course, the main difference on the dinner table between East and West is the different tablewares.Chopsticks, which have a long history, are the most important tableware in China.The tradition of using chopsticks as tableware was introduced to many other countries in the world.The invention of chopsticks reflects the wisdom of Chinese ancient people.A pair of chopsticks, though they look simple, can nip, pick, rip and stir food.When having a meal, chopsticks should be put tidily on the right of the bowl.When finishing a meal, they should be put vertically on the mid-line of the bowl.Spoon is mainly used to drink soup or take quite small food.Do not get too full when using the spoon to get food, lest overflow make the table and clothes dirty.Plate is mainly used to fill the food, according the amount and shape of food it served.The plate that slight small should be put on the left of bowl to temporarily put food taken from the public dishes.Food wastes and bone should be put in the front of the small plate with chopsticks instead of directly spitting into it.Generally speaking, people do not use much tablewares when having meals in China.Chinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons.While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes.For example, there are different kinds of glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.The use of tableware also shows different food culture in different countries.The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.To start with, the fork is on the left side of the plate and the knife is on the right side.The knife which used to cut food into small pieces should be hold in the right hand.The fork and spoon can be placed either on the left or right hand of the table with the plate in the middle, depending on the person's preference on using the tableware.In general, the spoon is usually for soup.When using the spoon, start from the one closest to the bowl which closest to you and ladle out soup then sip from the spoon.If no soup is being served then it's meant for dessert.If you are right handed, then the knife goes into your right hand, fork in your left hand, and using the knife for cutting and eating with the fork.Some people refer to cut their meat or other items on their place into small pieces all at once and then just use their fork in their right hand and in most instances this is still considered good table manners.3.5 Behaviour and Communication Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food when on the dinner table, which can reflect the hospitality and sincere of hostess.The lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests, and it can reflect the warmth of family, the peace of neighbourhood and unite of the whole nation in a sense.While in western, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.They should not make any sounds when drinking and eating.If the soup is hot, they should wait instead of blowing with mouth.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, at least seven dishes.But host will say “There are not so much food for you all.” “The dish does not cook well.” and similar words.If the host asks “Would you like some more?”, then the guest may answer “No, thank you.I am full.” even if he is not full.After the host ask for many times, they maybe accept with embarrassment and little shameful.While in western, a dinner generally has four or five dishes and the host will simply say “Help yourself, please”.When the host asks “Would you like another piece of meat pie?”, you can answer directly “Yes, please.” or “Thank you, a piece of meat pie.” if you are not full.During the dinner, guests can praise the host such as “It is delicious.” or “This meat is beautifully tender.” to make host happy.Chinese followed the principle that belittle themselves and respect others.While westerners emphasize efficiency and pragmatism values and pay much attention to saving face and keeping their prestige.4.Main Factors Causing the Differences 4.1 Geography As we all know, different areas have different culture and custom.Because of the different location, natural conditions and geographical environment, different areas formed different regional culture which shows in that different nationalities using different language expression forms for the same kind of phenomenon or things.The geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures.China is a big country with a vast territory abounding in natural resources, and the people’s way of life, customs, economic and cultural development, as well as general local conditions, all vary.For example, Chopsticks and, knife and fork is the most basic differences between Chinese and western table manners.You Xiuling, the professor of Zhejiang University, said that east and west appear different tablewares are related to the environment.Chopsticks should be originated in the place of lots of bamboo.There are much wood in north China and much bamboo in south China.So ancestors use local materials to make chopsticks and they became China's most primitive raw materials of chopsticks.The emergence of knife and fork is much later than that of chopsticks.According to the research of professor You Xiuling, the origin of knife and fork is related to the life habit of ancient European nomads, who always took knife along them and live on horseback.They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked.From then on, westerners use knife and fork as their tablewares.4.2 Tradition

The different ethnic and national historical development process may result in different history and tradition.Thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture reflected in the Chinese Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.As the core of Chinese traditional culture, Confucianism produces a profound and long influence on Chinese society.Confucianism has the traditional thought mainly emphasized “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, faith”.Taoists advocated “accustomization nature”, “pure” and he Buddhist is advocated “merciful Purdue beings” and “harmony”, “continued”.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.In sharp contrast, the western culture is a kind of “guilt”culture.They believe in god created man.The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is clear and they do not allow mutual interference.This individual culture contributed to western table manners without sharing a plate of food.But Chinese love peace and quiet life in the forest, and in the dining room use cheap chopsticks as tableware.The chopsticks can also reflect Chinese collective consciousness.Westerners prefer to colonize in restaurants, use a knife and fork in the class.Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.From the use of chopsticks we can see the whole course of using chopsticks is collaborative work.If one of them is absent, the whole work cannot be completed.It shows that collectivism is the core thought of Chinese nation.And knife and fork is born in modern industrial society, which is the production of socialization.Its main material is metal which shows social function of modern society, and failed to get rid of its offensive during socialization process.4.3 Custom

Custom culture refers to the culture that formed in the daily social life and human communication activity by ethnic and habits.The differences of custom between east and west are various.Different nationalities show different ethnic culture and custom on many aspects such as greeting, thanks, flattery, apology, or making telephone calls.For example, when Chinese meet acquaintance, they always greet each other by asking “have you eaten” or “where are you going”.While in western culture, it does not belong to the greeting but a real problem.They may think “why does he ask me whether I have eaten” “does he want to invite me to have dinner”.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, but host says repeatedly “there is nothing for you” “have a potluck” and similar words.The host also helps pick food for guests and try his best to make guests eat and drink more.Westerner often doubted about this phenomenon.It is not realistic behaviour that host said there is nothing when there are so many dishes on the table.And their meal is very simple which often with a small number of delicious vegetables when they treat others.Host just says “help yourself” and they never carry food to guest's bowl.5.Trend of Syncretism As a country that pays great attention to courtesy, the cuisine culture is deep rooted in Chinese history.In either a Chinese home or restaurant, it is easy to find that table manners are essential.And the distinctive courtesies displayed will invariably add to the enjoyment of meals and keep people in high spirits.It is really an admirable custom to respect others at the table, including the aged, teachers and guests while taking good care of children.Chinese people stress filial piety all the time.The practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless generations.In ancient times the common people led a needy life but they still tried their best to support the elder mother or father who took it for granted.Although the hosts in China are all friendly and hospitable, we should also show them respect.Before starting to eat dinner, the host may offer some words of greeting.Guests should not start to eat until the host says, 'Please enjoy yourself' or something like that, otherwise it suggests disrespect and causes displeasure.When hosts place dishes on the table, they will arrange the main courses at the center with the supporting dishes evenly placed around them.When the main dishes are prepared in a decorative form either by cut or other means they will be placed facing the major guests and elder people at the table, which also embodies virtue.Westerners have gradually accepted Chinese sentimental thought.And Chinese food has always been very popular in America.Many Americans grew up frequently eating lunches with dishes like wonton soup, chow mein and fried rice.There are abundant and extensive table manners forming in the east, while there are exquisite and distinctive table manners forming in the west.Nowadays, the trend of syncretism of table manners between east and west is mainly reflected in Chinese learning from westerners.More and more western restaurants appear in many cities in China and more and more people like to have meals in it.People have learned western table manners gradually in daily life.It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, western diet idea is rational.This difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between East and West and the development of science.Like westerners, instead of paying attention to the color, flavour and taste of the food, Chinese people pay more attention to its health and nutrition.We should learn from western manners not only learn its form but also adopt its inner spirit.Only in this way can we build up our confidence and superiority and establish our appeal.And western style food, which was introduced into our country several hundred years ago, has grown up to be a vital new force on the Chinese food and beverage market.The dissemination and development of western style food in China has unavoidably exerted great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry and made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6.Conclusion Table manners reflect many differences between east and west, whether on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware or behaviour and language.Knowing the differences people can easily understand the culture of each other.In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and should remember that every culture is equal and there is no one prior to the other.Thus we can decently communicate with each other.Only recognizing cultural differences between East and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society.Bibliography [1]Albala, K.The Cambridge World History of Food [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.[2]Finn, Carrie.Manners at the Table [M].America:Picture Window Books,2007.[3]King, Mia.Table Manners[M].America:Berkley Trade,2009.[4]李曉軍.中西禮儀文化的差異與融合[J].內(nèi)江科技，2007(03).[5]瑪格麗特﹒維薩.餐桌禮儀[M].劉曉媛譯.北京：新星出版社，2007.[6]彭健.淺議中西餐桌禮儀差異[J].新西部(下半月), 2009(06).[7]余琳,周游.從餐桌禮儀看中西文化差異[J].硅谷, 2008(18).[8]楊柳,田丹丹,苑富山.中美餐桌禮儀芻議[J].內(nèi)江師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2008(01).[9]易中天.餐桌上的文化[J].當(dāng)代學(xué)生, 2004(10).[10]張亞紅.中西方飲食文化差異以及餐桌禮儀的對(duì)比[J].邊疆經(jīng)濟(jì)與文化, 2009(04).