第一篇：大學英語課文觀后感

The Summary of the Day Mother Cried

On that Wednesday long ago, the writer had come home expecting to have the place all to him, only to find his mother cried there, frantic with worry about losing her job.He was very shock because he never saw his mother cry.Then, he asked his mother what happened to her.His mother said that she had assumed that she could master typing in a just a few sessions, but it took much longer than she had expected.Try as she might, it seemed she just could not catch on to it in time.His mother supposed she should have enrolled on a correspondence course, as she did when learning to run the nursery, but by then it was too late.She fell helpless and the tension at work was becoming too much to bear, so in the end she just had to accept defeat and change jobs.But she did not give up typing.She went on practicing and eventually mastered it.From this text, her example of never giving up gives us courage for the rest of our lives.In the life, we might meet a lot of challenges which are very difficult to overcome.But we should not give up.Noting is impossible.We should adhere to the unremitting efforts.We are bound to make it.

第二篇：大學英語課文翻譯

夢今年夏天，超過 65 萬的大學生畢業(yè)離校，其中有許多人根本不知道怎么找工作。在當今金融危機的背景下，做父母的該如何激勵他們？七月，你看著 21 歲英俊的兒子穿上學士袍，戴上四方帽，驕傲地握著優(yōu)等學士學位證書，拍畢業(yè)照。這時，記憶中每年支付幾千英鎊，好讓兒子吃好、能參加奇特聚會的印象開始消退?？偹惆镜筋^了。等到暑假快要結束，全國各地的學生正在為新學期做準備的時候，你發(fā)現大學畢業(yè)的兒子還歪躺在沙發(fā)上看電視。他只是偶爾走開去發(fā)短信，瀏覽社交網站 Facebook，去酒吧喝酒。這位前―千禧一代‖的后裔一夜之間變成了哼哼一代的成員。他能找到工作嗎？這就是成千上萬家庭所面臨的景象：今年夏天，超過 65 萬大學生畢業(yè)，在當今金融危機的背景下他們中的大多數人不知道自己下一步該做什么。父母只會嘮叨，而兒女們則毫無緣由地變成了叛逆者，他們知道自己該找份工作，但卻不知道如何去找。來自米德爾塞克斯郡的杰克古德溫今年夏天從諾丁漢大學政治學系畢業(yè)，獲得二級一等榮譽學士學位。他走進大學就業(yè)服務中心，又徑直走了出來，因為他看見很多人在那里排長隊。跟他一起住的另外 5 個男孩也都跟他一樣，進去又出來了。找工作的壓力不大，雖然他所認識的大多數女生都有更清晰的計劃。他說：―我申請政治學研究工作，但被拒了。他們給的年薪是 1 萬 8 千鎊，交完房租后所剩無幾，也就夠買一罐煮豆子，可他們還要有研究經歷或碩士學位的人。然后我又申請了公務員速升計劃，并通過了筆試。但在面試時，他們說我?太冷漠‘了，談吐?太像專家治國國論者‘。我覺得自己不可能那樣，但我顯然就是那樣的?！蚰且院笏麄€夏天都在―躲‖。他能夠輕松復述《交通警察》中的若干片段，他白天看電視的時間太多，已經到了影響健康的地步。跟朋友談自己漫無目標的日子時，他才發(fā)現他們的處境和自己的并沒有兩樣。其中一位朋友在父母的逼迫下去超市擺貨，其余的都是白天 9 點到 5 點―無所事事‖，晚上去酒吧喝酒打發(fā)時間。要么，干脆就在酒吧工作？這樣還可以掙些酒錢。―我不想在酒吧工作，我上的是綜合性中學，我拼命讀書才考上了一所好大學。到了大學，我又埋頭苦讀，才得到一個好學位。可現在我卻跟那些沒上過大學的朋友處在同一個水平線上，他們整天給客人倒酒，干無聊的活。我覺得自己好像兜了一圈，又回到了原來的起點。他的母親杰奎琳古德溫為他辯護。她堅持認為她的兒子已經盡力了，她自己中學畢業(yè)后一直都在工作，可是她和她的丈夫發(fā)現，建議兒子如何繼續(xù)找工作是件很棘手的事情。她說，―我一直都必須工作?，F在找工作很難，因為如果你有了學位，學位就會為你提供新的機會，至少你自己會這么想。‖雖然現在她對兒子的態(tài)度還比較溫和，但是她心里很清楚，去南美度三星期的假之后，他的休假就結束了。他可能還得付房租，分擔家庭開支。她說，―在某個時候他們總該長大成人，我們已經幫了他們交了大學的學費，所以他們也該給我們一點點回報了。南美度假就是一個分水嶺，他回來以后如果找不到工作，那就打圣誕節(jié)零工好了?！睦碇委煄熒w爾林登費爾德是《情感康復策略》的作者。她說古德溫家長的說法是很恰當的，從上大學到工作的轉換對孩子和父母來說都很艱難，關鍵是他們要在支持理解孩子和不溺愛孩子之間取得平衡。―父母的主要任務就是支持他們，如果他們教導孩子該如何做就會引起矛盾，‖她說。―如果有熟人，一定要找他們想辦法。但很多父母心太軟了。必須限制孩子的零花錢，要求他們交房租，或分擔日常生活或養(yǎng)寵物的花銷。父母要過正常的生活，不要讓孩子隨便用你們的銀行卡或者榨干你們的情感能量?！瑸樗麄冎Ц堵殬I(yè)咨詢費、面試交通費及書費是好事，但不能催得太緊。林登費爾德建議：雖說父母不能太寬容，但是如果孩子找工作遇到了挫折，父母應該體諒他們，寬容他們幾天甚至幾周——這要看他們受打擊的程度來決定。等他們緩過來之后，父母就該堅決要求孩子繼續(xù)求職。男孩更容易困在家里。林登費爾德相信男人比母親和姐妹更容易幫助他們的兒子、侄子、或朋友的兒子。她說，由于男人和女人處理挫折的方式不同，孩子們需要跟男人談話，才能度過難關。她強烈支持他們去酒吧工作：那是克服畢業(yè)冷漠癥的一劑良方。這工作好不好要取決于你如何看待它。就是在酒吧打工的時候，林登費爾德找到了她的第一份工作，當航拍助手。她說在酒吧工作是拓展人際關系的絕好機會，肯定比賴在家里看電視更容易

找到工作。她說：―給超市上貨也一樣。如果干得好，你就會被人發(fā)現的。如果你聰明、活潑，對顧客彬彬有禮，你很快就會升職。所以，把它看作是機會，那些最終能成功的人士都有在超市上貨的經歷?！愕膬鹤踊蚺畠嚎赡懿粫珊萌R塢影星們干過的活，比如像烏比戈德堡那樣去停尸房給死人化妝，或者像布魯斯威利斯那樣在核電站當警衛(wèi)，但即便是布拉德皮特也曾經不得不穿上寬大的雞套裝站在墨西哥快餐連鎖店 El Pollo Loco 的門口招攬生意。他們中沒有一個人因為這些經歷而變得越來越窮。Unit 2危險！書可能會改變你的人生劉易斯卡羅爾書中的愛麗絲不小心掉到兔子洞里，在那里發(fā)現了一個神奇的仙境。當我們打開一本書時，我們也會像愛麗絲那樣走進一個全新的世界。我們能從一個年長人的角度，或通過一個孩子的眼睛來觀察生活；我們可以周游世界，遍訪現實生活中從沒想過要訪問的國家和文化；我們可以體驗未曾經歷過的事情，這些事情有時令人不安，也許引人入勝；可能是不愉快的也可能是令人痛苦的，但無論如何都至少能把我們從現實世界中解放出來。英國詩人威廉考珀（1731–1800）說，―變化是生活的調味品，它讓生活變得有滋有味?！m然他沒有說在什么地方以及怎樣才能找到變化，但我們知道他說得對。我們知道我們生活在一個充滿變化與差異的世界里，我們知道人們的生活方式各不相同，人們過日子的方式不同，做不同工作，有不同信仰，持不同觀點，有不同的風俗習慣，操不同語言。通常，我們不知道這些差異的大小，但一旦發(fā)生了不平常的事情并引起了我們的注意，這種變化或差異與其說是機會，毋寧說是威脅。讀書讓我們能夠安全地享受和慶賀這種變化與差異，為我們提供成長的機會。在家里安詳平和的環(huán)境中與他人的生活互動，這是閱讀小說才享有的特權。我們甚至感覺到——哪怕只是在那一瞬間——我們和異文化讀者的共同點要多于我們和家門口隨便碰到的一個人的共同點。我們學會把目光移出我們周圍的環(huán)境，投向天邊，去領略一下異域山水。如果我們懷疑讀書是否能給我們力量的話，我們就應該麻煩自己去一趟當地的圖書館或書店，或者，如果我們足夠幸運的話，從家里的書架上取一本書來讀一讀。我們會驚奇于古今小說的標題所創(chuàng)造出來的壯觀景象：約翰斯坦貝克的《憤怒的葡萄》、約翰歐文的《第四只手》、亞歷山大索爾仁尼琴的《癌癥病房》、厄內斯特海明威的《喪鐘為誰而鳴》、格雷厄姆格林的《哈瓦那特派員》、奧黛麗尼芬格的《時間旅行者的妻子》、保羅托迪的《到也門釣鮭魚》。一旦開始閱讀，我們就必須思考我們在書中讀到的別樣人生。每一本書都有自己的語言、方言、詞匯和語法。我們不見得總能理解其中的每一個字、句，但不管我們是癡迷其中，還是覺得被排除在外，我們的情感被調動起來了。盡管在地理上有一定的距離，但其他民族、其他文化未必就離我們那么遙遠。在書里我們可能遇見生活在不同氣候、有不同信仰、來自不同民族的人。即便是住在同一條街上的鄰居，我們都有可能只在書上相識。小時候，在我們剛剛能聽講的時候，書對我們的生活方式就產生了很大的影響。從父母給孩子讀的睡前故事一直到成年后家中擺滿書柜的客廳，書界定了我們的人生。英國作家 E.M.福斯特（1879–1970）暗示書對我們具有另一種更加神秘的支配力。他寫道：―我認為能影響我們的書籍是那些我們已經準備要讀的書，它們只是在我們已經選定的道路上走得比我們更遠一些而已?！?合適的書好像自己就會在恰當的時候找到我們，出現在我們面前，而不是我們去尋找那本書。美國修士、牧師及作家托馬斯默頓（1915–1968）曾經被記者一連串地問了 7 個問題：說出你最近讀完的 3 本書；你正在讀的 3 本書；你打算要讀的書；對你有影響的書，并解釋為什么；一本每人都要讀的書，并解釋為什么。關于對他有影響的書，他列出了《威廉布萊克詩集》、古希臘思想家和作家寫的各種戲劇以及一些宗教作品。當被問及這些書為何會影響他時，他回答說：―這些書——還有其他類似的書籍——幫助我找到了人生的真諦，它們把我從生活的困惑和空虛中解脫出來。銷售就是一切的文化培育了人的需求和被動，而那種生活就深陷其中。‖那么，你又會如何回答這些問題呢？1947 年，克里夫頓費迪曼發(fā)明了―全壘打書籍‖這個詞。當一個棒球手打出一個全壘打時，因為擊球有力、打得遠，他有時間跑完整個棒球場內的四個壘，不僅自己得分，而且?guī)推渌鱾€壘的跑壘者得分，這是棒球賽里最有趣和最開心的事情。同樣，一本―全壘打書籍‖指的不是兒童的第一次讀書的經歷，而是指他們第一次讀到一本能給他們帶來極大的愉悅和滿足感的書、癡迷到手不釋卷的經歷。對世界上數以億計的兒童來說，―全壘打書籍‖的最典型的例子就是《哈利波特》系列小說。作為成年人，我們總在尋找自己的―全壘打書籍‖，不是第一次，而是一次又一次地尋找。所有一口氣讀完一本小說的人都會記得那種令人期待的愉悅和滿足感，并會焦急、固執(zhí)、有時甚至瘋狂地尋求重復體驗這種感覺。我們想周游另一世界、會見不同國家不同民族的人、經歷別樣人生并自我反省，我們無法遏制這樣的渴求。危險！書可能會改變你的人生。這就是讀書的力量。Unit 4信用卡陷阱有一件事我得坦白。幾年前，我排隊為家人取戲票時，我的朋友也在為她的家人取票。我拿到了戲票，用信用卡付了帳，對這種非現金交易的便利感到很滿意。然后就輪到她付款了，整個交易進行得和我的一樣順利，但我的高興勁兒很快就變成了莫大的羞恥：我的信用卡太寒酸了，是不顯示身份地位的黑藍色，而她的信用卡則是高級的金卡。她是怎樣弄到金卡的？怎么會這樣呢？我知道我掙的比她多，我的車比她的車新，我的家比她的家漂亮，她怎

第三篇：大學英語課文翻譯

一、友誼的真諦

米歇爾.E.多伊爾馬克.K.史密斯

1、我們探討友誼這個概念時，遇到的第一個問題是，沒有社會公認的擇友標準.在某一情境下，我們會把某個人稱為朋友；然而，情境一旦變遷，朋友這個稱呼就顯得沒那么貼切了。因此，人們對友誼的真諦的理解往往是非常膚淺的。為了幫助我們理解友誼的真正含義，我們需要回顧有關友誼的幾種傳統的看法。

2、一種傳統的友誼觀在古希臘著名的哲學家亞里士多德的著作里得以闡述。他將自己心目中真正的友誼同另外兩種友誼截然分開。這兩種友誼分別是：基于互利的友誼；基于愉悅的友誼。因此，根據亞里士多德的觀點，我們可以將友誼分為三類：

3、建立在功利之上的友誼。功利并非永恒，它依照環(huán)境而變化。友誼的根基一旦消失，友誼也隨之破滅。這類友誼似乎在老人之間最為常見，因為上了年紀的人需要的不是愉悅而是實用?；诠挠颜x也同樣存在于追逐個人利益的中年人和青年人。這些人不會在一起消磨時光，因為他們有時甚至不喜歡對方，因而覺得除非可以相互利用的時候，才會樂于呆在一起。

4、建立在愉悅之上的友誼。年輕人之間的友誼常被看作室建立在愉悅基礎之上的，因為年輕人的生活受感情支配，他們感興趣的主要是自己的快樂和眼前的重要機會。然而，他們的情趣隨著自己日漸成長也會變化，他們交友容易，分手也干脆。年輕人的態(tài)度變化無常，甚至一日數變，難怪他們的友誼總是迅速地開始，又匆匆的結束。

5、建立在美德之上的友誼。完美無瑕的友誼立足于美德。只有那些品德高尚而且擁有相似美德的人之間建立的友誼才是最完美的。品行高尚的人，其行為是相同的，或者是類似的。愛和友誼多半在品行高尚的人之間發(fā)生，而且以最高雅的形式出現。這種友誼是罕見的，需要時間，需要交往。常言道，真正的朋友必須同甘共苦，經歷風雨。只有當兩個人互相證明自己值得愛并獲得對方的信任之后，彼此方能接受對方為朋友。交友的意愿可能倏忽而至，但真正的友誼卻要慢慢培養(yǎng)。

6、另一種傳統的友誼觀可以在羅馬政治家、演說家西塞羅的著作里找到。西塞羅認為，真正的友誼只能在好人之間發(fā)生。他進而將“好人”定義為“那些行為和生活無損于自己的榮譽、純潔、公平和開朗的人；那些擺脫了貪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念說話和做事的人?！昂萌酥g建立的這種友誼立足于美德，它確實可以帶來物質利益，但絕不不以追求物質利益為目標。人類生活在以共同的理想為基礎的社會。因此，在處理朋友關系和其他人際關系時，優(yōu)越于他人的人必須平等地對待那些沒那么幸運的人。美德創(chuàng)造友誼，美德使友誼之樹常青。

7、我們由此可以看出，傳統的友誼由三個要素構成：朋友以相伴為樂；朋友必須彼此受益；彼此都有志于崇高的事業(yè)。這些傳統的友誼觀告訴我們，兩個品德高尚的朋友是永不分離的，因為彼此認同對方的高尚品德。因此，認識朋友就是認識自我，了解朋友就是了解自我?？梢哉f朋友就好比是一面鏡子，每個人都可以從朋友身上看清自己。置身于品德高尚的朋友之中，我們會對美德達成共識，共同為之不遺余力。這樣的友誼是永恒的，因為朋友應該具備的一切品質都凝結在這種友誼關系中。

二、你的愛有多深

1、人認為愛如浮云

有人認為愛堅強如鐵

有人認為愛是一種生活方式

有人認為愛是一種感覺

有人說愛要執(zhí)著

有人說愛不要約束

有人說愛是生命的全部

有人說愛不知道愛為何物

2、在我們生命中的某個階段，我們會經歷難以名狀的情感。這種情感只能體會，無法用語言描述。莫大的喜悅伴隨著絲絲的傷感一同降臨，這就是愛。

3、在緊張忙碌的生活中，我們竟能找到時間，沉湎于感情之中，這的確令人感佩。然而，此時我想知道：我們是否懂得愛到底有多么深刻。記得上學的時候，我迷戀的對象真是數不清：我的數學老師、鄰居的兒子、好朋友的弟弟，還有另外一些因為眼睛的顏色、胡子的形狀或走路的姿勢而讓我仰慕的人。年少時的愛慕，不會帶來傷害，如肥皂泡一樣轉瞬即逝。那些稚氣、大膽的想法和行為，現在想來大可一笑了之。但是，在那時，對我來說，沒有比戀愛更重要的事了。接著就進入了真正“談”情“說”愛的階段。

4、我在女子學校學習，和男孩子交往的機會寥寥無幾，因此，我熱切地期待著我們學校和男子學校舉辦的交誼會。交誼會上，一群精心打扮的年輕男子毫無顧忌地盯著我們。這三個小時中的點點滴滴，成了我們在以后四個星期中足夠的談資，我們在議論時，心情澎湃。

5、即使是在那個時候，我也沒有真正交男朋友的需要、6、在我的成長歲月中，不知何故，我相信愛情該來的時候自然會來。事實果真如此。當我有了穩(wěn)定的工作，有了長期的計劃和比較安定的生活（我現在還不到25歲呢！）時，愛情降臨了。我也比較成熟了，能夠步入不貪圖許多回報而需要大量付出的感情關系。

7、我的愛情是在友誼這塊地基上建起的高樓大廈、。愛情經過曠日持久的培育才開花。我和我的戀人相互理解、同甘共苦、相互關心，投入了豐富的感情，才使愛情發(fā)展大今天。愛情意味著情投意合。你也許會說，我屬于浪漫的傳統派。但是，應我看，愛情需要培養(yǎng)。我們必須把愛情同強烈而短暫的激情或身體的愉悅區(qū)別開來、8、我們的父輩，接受了理想愛情的灌輸。那是一個約束、壓抑、崇敬、仰慕和十足浪漫的年代。長裙、嫻靜質樸的外表、卷曲的長發(fā)、恬靜的氣質、羞怯的目光---這一切常使人想起一個消逝久遠的年代。那個年代，男女之間的距離無論如何都有助于維持愛情以及戀愛關系的神圣性。

9、年輕的一代人，由于觀念開放，隨著男女之間交往界限的消退，他們便急于趕浪頭，匆忙戀愛，以至于難以區(qū)分身體的互相吸引與心靈的相投。我們從媒體中接觸到的人和事，是我們的感情歷程大大加速，要想慢慢地體會自己的感受，確實須要付出努力。

10、學校里的青少年在全然沒有感情的關系中所背負的感情包袱，令我深感難過。也許有些人會把他們面前的感情狀況歸結為同齡人之間所施加的壓力。但是，可曾有任何人停下來想一想同齡人之間的壓力來自何處？我們是否嘗試著弄清楚是誰造成了這樣的轉變？可曾有人費神去研究青少年的心理呢？

11、從這一代人處理個人生活的方式上，我們很容易看出他們的思想傾向。跟從前相比，現在有更多的情感欲望的壓力下扭曲。他們更注重外表的美麗而忽視內在的魅力。兩性交往隨便了，親密無間卻少了；尋機獲利的現象多了，無私的奉獻少了。簡而言之，“自我”多了，愛的分享少了。

12、在這個競爭激烈的年代，我們已經變得麻木不仁，將戀愛的舒適之拋于腦后。作為戀愛中的人，不只是意味著把紅色的玫瑰花和五毛錢一張的卡片送給戀人，我們要做的事情還很多。我們將自己的時間、陪伴、支持和友誼作為禮物送給自己的戀人了嗎？我們是否確定了生活中最重要的事情，而后真誠地做好每一件事？我們是否先在情感上成熟起來，在盡情的追求愛情？我們是否給自己、給他人足夠的時間和空間以鞏固戀情的發(fā)展？我們是否為了追求有意義的、永恒的友誼而不遺余力?我們是否履行了自己的承諾？我們是否將自己的精力和感情傾注于終生不渝的關系而不是浪費在朝秦暮楚的關系中？

13、的生命只有一次，我們必須去體驗能使我們更為堅強的每件事。真正的愛情一生至于一次。我們任由挑佻的行為令自己身心疲憊，當真正的愛情到來時，我們卻沒有能力伸開雙臂迎接它的降臨。

四、如何變老

1、盡管文章的標題是“如何變老”，真正要談的卻是如何不老。在我這個年紀，討論“如

何不老”，著實更為重要。首要的一條忠告是，要慎重地選擇祖先。雖然我的父母皆屬早逝，但是考慮到我其他的祖先，我的選擇尚好。我的外祖父在六十七歲風華正茂時早逝，這是事實，可我的外祖母，還有我的祖父、祖母，都活到了八十多歲。在那些與我血緣關系稍疏些的祖先中，我只發(fā)現有一位不長壽的，他死于一種當前罕見的?。罕豢沉祟^。我的一位曾祖母是吉本的朋友，活到九十二歲，其精神狀態(tài)之好自始至終都讓子孫們敬畏，一直到她撒手人寰的那天。我的外祖母，生養(yǎng)了是個孩子，其中一個夭折，另外九個健康成長。此外，她還有過多次小產。她守寡之后，即可投身于婦女的高等教育事業(yè)。她是格頓學院的創(chuàng)始人之一，為促使醫(yī)療事業(yè)向婦女敞開大門而不遺余力。她過去常講這樣的一個故事：她在意大利遇見一個滿面哀傷的老紳士，便詢問他為何如此憂傷，老紳士說剛剛和自己兩個孫子道別。“天哪！’”她叫道，“我有七十二個孫子孫女，如果和其中的一個分別依次就傷心依次，那我的生活豈不太凄慘 了！”“非同尋常的母親啊！”老紳士回答道。但是，作為七十二子孫中的一員，我更喜歡她的這一處事秘訣。外祖母八十高齡后感到入睡有些困難，她便常常在半夜到凌晨三點這段時間閱讀科普書籍。我想，她無暇顧及自己是否老了。我認為這就是保持年輕的秘訣。如果你擁有廣泛的、自己鐘愛的興趣和活動，又能從中體會自己老當益壯，你就沒有理由從那些只有在統計學中才有意義的數字上考慮生命已經度過了多少春秋，更沒有理由擔憂自己的未來也許很短暫。

2、說到健康，我很少生病，因此無法提供有用的建議。我隨心所欲地吃喝嗎，不能清

醒時就睡覺。我做任何事情都不是因為這些事情對健康有利。不過，我喜歡做的事情實際上大多都是益于健康。

3、就心理而言，老年人應慎防兩種危險。其一就是過度地沉湎于過去。人不能活在記

憶中，不能生活在因美好往昔的逝去而悵然若失中，也不能生活在緬懷已故朋友的哀痛中。人的心思必須放在未來上，想想可以有所作為的事情。這并非一件輕而易舉的事：一個人經歷的往事，漸漸變成一個沉重的包袱。人們很容易以為過去的情感比現在強烈，過去的頭腦也比現在敏銳。倘若真的如此，我們就要忘卻這個事實；如果忘卻了這個事實，事實也許就不再是事實了。

4、另一種要提防的危險是：依戀年輕人，希望從他們的勃勃生機中汲取活力。當你的孩子已長大成人，他們就想過自己的生活；如果你仍像他們小時候那樣關注他們，你很可能就成了他們的包袱。動物在下一代能夠自食其力時就不再給予關注；人類因幼年時期較長而很難做到這一點。

5、孩子已長大成人，叮囑他們不犯錯誤已經沒有意義，因為他們不再相信你的話，再

說錯誤是教育不可或缺的一部分。但是，如果你的興趣無法擺脫個人情感的支配，你也許會發(fā)現，假如不關注子孫，生活就會空虛無望。在這種情況下，你必須意識到，雖然你仍可以給他們提供物質上的幫助，比如給他們一筆零花錢或為他們編織毛線外套，但是你決不能期望他們會樂意和你呆在一起。

6、有些老年人因害怕死亡而煩惱。年輕人有這種感受是可以理解的。年輕人害怕在戰(zhàn)

場上犧牲，這情有可原。他們認為，死亡會剝奪生活賦予的最美好的東西，這讓他們深感痛苦。但是，飽嘗人世酸甜苦辣的老者已挖掘自己的潛力、實現了自己的抱負，倘若再對死亡產生恐懼之心，未免有些可恥?？朔謶种牡淖詈玫霓k法是----至少我這樣看-----開拓更廣泛的、不局限于個人感情的興趣，讓包圍自我的墻壁漸漸地消失，你的生活就漸漸融入人類的生活中。一個人的存在應該像一條河---初始為涓涓細流，裹在狹窄的岸間，在巖石縫隙中、在呼嘯的瀑布上奔瀉。河床漸漸變寬，河岸逐漸隱退，水流平緩，河水沒有明顯的停滯，最終融入海洋的懷抱，毫無痛苦地結束了獨立個體的存在。、上了年紀的人，倘若能以這種態(tài)度看待人生，就不會因為害怕死亡而不安，因為他所喜愛的一切將繼續(xù)存在。而且，當生命力衰竭之時，疲憊感油然而生，長眠的念頭并非令人厭惡。我希望在尚能勞作之時告別人世，知道他人會將我未竟的事業(yè)繼續(xù)下去，同時回想這一生可能做的事情，都盡力而為了，由此可以滿意地安息了。

六、文化沖擊

1、我們不妨把文化沖擊稱為突然置身國外的人們所得的職業(yè)病。和大部分疾病一樣，這種病有其獨特的起因、癥狀和療法。

2、文化沖擊是因為我們失去熟悉的社會交往標記和符號而產生的焦慮所促成。這些標志或暗示包括我們應付日常生活各種情境時使用的諸多方法方式：與人會面時握手、該說些什么；在什么時間、以什么方式付小費；如何吩咐傭人；怎樣購物；何時該接受、何時該拒絕他人的邀請；別人收的話，何時該當真，何時不該當真。這些暗示可以是語言、手勢、面部表情、風俗習慣或社會行為標準。我們在成長的過程中獲得了這些暗示，就像我們的語言和我們所接受的信仰一樣，它們已經成為我們文化的一部分。我們所有的人都依賴成百上千個這樣的暗示才能擁有寧靜的心境，過上高效率的生活。

3、當你走進一種陌生的文化，你所熟悉的所有或大部分文化暗示也就隨之消失。此時的你宛如一條離開水的魚。無論你是心胸多么開闊，你賴以生存的支柱此時都已倒塌，挫折感和焦慮感油然而生。人們對此種挫折的反應非常相似：他們首先排斥令他們不適的環(huán)境。：“我們所到之國的生活方式很不好，讓我們感覺很糟糕?！碑斆绹嘶蚱渌耐鈬藖淼揭粋€陌生的國度，聚在一起抱怨所到之國及其人民時---可以肯定，他們正深受文化沖擊之苦。文化沖擊的另外一個階段是回歸。故鄉(xiāng)的一草一木突然變得極為重要。一個美國人會不合理地美華美國的一切事物。在自己國家所經歷的困難和問題都拋棄在了腦后，只記得故鄉(xiāng)美好的事物。通常要回國一趟方可回到現實中。

4、要克服文化沖擊的心理，了解文化的性質及其與個人的關系會有所裨益。除了賴以生存的自然環(huán)境，一個人還生活在由人造的有形物體、社會風俗、觀念和信仰構成的文化環(huán)境中國。一個人并非天生就有文化，而是生來就具備學習和使用文化的能力。新生嬰兒的身上不存在一種只許他最終說葡萄牙語、英語或法語的東西，也不存在一種只許他用左手而不是右手執(zhí)叉或只許他用筷子吃飯的東西。這些東西都是要孩子去學習的。文化也不是由父母負責傳遞給孩子的。任何一個民族的文化都是歷史的產物，經過漫長的、本民族意識不到的過程才得以積累形成。孩子通過文化學會適應周圍的物質環(huán)境，學會和周圍的人打交道。眾所周知，青少年在學習和適應的過程中經常遇到困難。但是，文化一旦學會了，就會成為一種生活方式。

5、人們往往認為自己的文化是最好的，是生活的唯一方式。這非常正常，完全可以理解。我們把這種態(tài)度稱為“民族優(yōu)越感“，即一種認為自己的文化、種族和國家構成世界中心的想法。個人往往將自己與所處的群體等同起來每一次任何批評的言論在他們看來都是對個人及其群體不尊敬的：如果你批評我的祖國，你就是在批評我；如果你批評我，你就是在批評我的祖國。抱著這種態(tài)度，人們往往把個人的怪癖歸結于民族的特點。例如，倘若一個美國人在國外做出怪異的或有悖社會公德的事情，在美國內的人們會認為這純屬個人行為，但在國外卻被視為一種民族特性：他那樣做并非因為他是喬.多克斯，而是因為他是個美國人。遭受責難的不是他這個個體，而是他的祖國。因此，我們最好把民族優(yōu)越感看成是民族群體的一個永恒的特性。即使一個國家的公民批評了自己文化的某些方面，國外人也只應當聽著，而不應該參與批評。

7、你一旦意識到面臨的問題并非因為異域的敵意而是因為自己對其他民族的文化背景

缺乏理解或者缺乏與對方溝通的方式，你同事就會意識到你本身能夠了解他人的文化，并能夠掌握那些交流的方式。你越早做到這一點，文化沖擊就消失得越快。

8、接下來的問題是，你怎樣做才能盡快克服文化沖擊？答案是：了解所到之國的國民。

但是，倘若不懂語言，你是無法成功地實現這一目標的，因為語言是用于交流的主要的符號系統。我們現在都知道，學習一門新的語言不容易，對成年人來說，尤為如此、。無論教語言的老師多么擅長于減輕你學習語言的難度，單單學語言這項任務都足以讓你焦慮不安、飽受挫折。不過，你一旦能夠和女傭、鄰居進行友好的交談，能夠單獨出門購物，你就會重獲信心，充滿力量，一個蘊含各種文化意義的新世界就向你敞開了大門。

9、你開始發(fā)現人們做些什么、做事情的方式以及令他們感興趣的事情。人們往往通過

日常的談話內容和時間、金錢的分配方式來表達自己的興趣愛好。你一旦了解了他們的興趣和價值模式，就很容易和他們交談，也容易讓他們對你產生興趣。

10、有時候，參加人們舉辦的各種活動，不管是嘉年華會、宗教儀式還是經濟活動，在活動中仔細觀察，和人們一起喜怒哀樂，這都有好處。不過，你永遠都不要忘記，你是一個外人，人們會把你當成一個外人對待。你應當把參與活動看成角色扮演。了解一個民族的生活方式很重要，但這并非意味著你要放棄自己的文化。實際上，你已經具備兩種行為方式、七、是什么早就了奧運冠軍？

1、1992年，在法國阿爾貝維爾冬季奧運會上，當克里斯蒂.山口在冰場上跌倒時，觀眾席上一片遺憾的聲音。這位20歲的運動員獲得花樣滑冰金牌的希望肯定會因為這一失足而化為泡影。但是克里斯蒂站了起來，她燦然一笑，旋轉身體，繼續(xù)表演，她雖然不幸跌倒，但

裁判給她打了幾乎完美的分數。、她能鼓起勇氣，重振旗鼓，獲得了金牌，這足以證明她的決心和勇氣。

2、作為美國奧運隊及許多運動員的顧問，我目睹了許多像克里斯蒂這樣年輕的男女運動員：他們在關鍵時刻能夠挖掘自身，找到發(fā)揮潛能的一種力量。他們登上領獎臺，不單純是因為運動才能，還因為他們內在的不屈不撓的意志。

3、他們擁有夢想?？死锼沟?山口6歲時首次穿上溜冰鞋，那是她就想象自己是一名奧運冠軍。邦妮.華納三度代表美國參加奧運會的仰臥滑行小雪橇比賽。她知道上了大學才有自己的夢想。之前，她從未聽說過有“仰臥滑行的小雪橇“這種比賽用是雪橇。這兩個年輕女子，一旦擁有夢想，就鍥而不舍地、勇敢地追求，為了夢想的實現不遺余力、4、最重要的是，這些運動員的父母以及周圍的人都支持他們的夢想。洛雷塔.道斯16歲的女兒多米尼克是代表美國參加奧運會的第一批黑人女性體操運動員之一。洛雷塔最近告訴記者說，培養(yǎng)一個世界一流的運動員著實不易。在1992年奧運會之前整整一年中，她很少看見自己的女兒。為了離體育館近一點，女兒和教練住在一起，那兒離家又45分鐘的車程。當有人請她給其他運動員的父母提一些建議的時候，他的回答簡單卻極具說服力?！跋嘈拍愕暮⒆影桑八@樣說、5、這并非意味著每個擁有奧運會夢想的孩子都能有朝一日登上領獎臺。但是，夢想是通向 成功的第一步===哪怕當初的夢想最終讓孩子走向另一條不同的道路。

6、他們滿懷激情。優(yōu)秀運動員夢寐以求的奧運圣火在他們內心深處燃燒。他們有強大的動力，不僅要成為最優(yōu)秀的運動員，還要竭盡全力去實現目標--=始終不渝。

7、正因為如此，已經獲得八枚金牌的卡爾.劉易斯依然籌劃在36歲時再度參加1996年的奧運會，同事那些年齡只有他一半的年輕人決一雌雄;鐵餅運動員艾爾.奧特，在連續(xù)獲得四屆奧運會的金牌之后，47歲時依然為進入奧運隊伍而努力。

8、游泳將珍妮特.埃文斯在1988年代漢城奧運會上雖獲得三枚金牌，但她表達了同樣的心愿：四年后再次奪冠。在400米自由泳項目中，她因毫厘之差與金牌擦肩而過，隨后，她完成了800米自由泳項目，這是她一生中最具有心理挑戰(zhàn)的一次比賽，結果她奪冠勝出?！拔抑皇窍朐僖淮蔚巧瞎谲姷念I獎臺，“她坦白地說。

9他們胸懷大志。我曾經讓一個世界級的運動員猜測一次重大比賽結果。“我會得第五名“他說。他果真的了第五名。他本來可以輕而易舉地名列第三，甚至第二，因為另外兩名主要對手發(fā)揮得不好。

10那他和“弗洛.喬“-----弗洛倫斯.格里菲斯.喬伊那比比吧。在1998年奧運會前一周的訓練中，喬伊納在日記中寫下預計在幾百米短跑奪冠的成績：10.54秒。當弗洛.喬跨過終點線時，剛好是10.54秒。她不僅能夠在 賽前看到自己奪冠，而且對奪冠的成績也能做出毫秒不差的預測。

11/他們從不放棄。1992年夏季奧運會有兩個人極度惋惜的特寫鏡頭。在百米跨欄比賽中，本來絕對領先他人的美國短跑運動員蓋爾.德弗斯在跨越最后一道障礙時絆倒在地。但她雙膝跪地，極其痛苦地爬完了最后五米。雖然僅獲得第五名，但是完成了比賽。

12更加令人心碎的是400米半決賽。英國選手德里克.雷德蒙的一條腿受了傷，顯然是決

心完成比賽。他的父親從看臺上跑下來，想攙扶他離開跑道，但是這個運動員拒絕放棄比賽。他依靠著自己的父親，父子倆蹣跚而行，直到終點，觀眾的掌聲震耳欲聾。

13、他們創(chuàng)造運氣。當保羅.懷利在阿爾貝維爾贏得男子花樣溜冰比賽的銀牌時，除他以外，所有的人都很驚訝。本來有望得獎的幾位選手有的受傷了，有的發(fā)揮不好?！皼]有人會想到我能登上領獎臺，“懷利說，”但是，之前我拼了命地訓練，當最有希望獲勝的運動員比賽失利時，我已做好了奪冠的準備?！?/p>

14、我所了解的這些奧運會選手，為了那個輝煌的時刻，日復一日、年復一年地埋頭苦干。溜冰運動員凌晨四時起身，為的是在溜冰場向公眾開放之前擠出幾個小時的訓練時間。自行車競技運動員在每天上班前，進行長達幾個小時的長跑訓練。拳擊運動員每天都往體育館進行不屑的訓練

15‘、奧運會上運氣當然重要，這和生活的其他領域一樣。當最優(yōu)秀的單簧管手生病時，屈居第二但是勤奮練習的樂手就有幸獲得獨奏 的機會。這就像在緊急情況下助理銷售經理填補老板的位置一樣。當然，在這兩種情況下，要填補上來的人必須為自己的巨大轉機做好準備。在奧運會上-----在任何情況下====好運只關顧那些做好準備迎接好運的人。

第四篇：大學英語課文（范文）

第一單元 Dr.Rob Boll was craving a hot turkey dinner and a slice of apple pie.After a hectic week treating patients with sore throats and ear infections at his family practice, the 52-year-old physician was ready for a night of home cooking and fellowship at his church’s annual fund-raising dinner.2 Stepping inside the crowded gym at St.John’s United Church of Christ, Boll and his family found a long line of people waiting to be seated.He wasn’t surprised.The turkey feast had become a popular event in Mokena, Illinois, attended by hundreds from the surround-the good food and were willing to pay ＄10 to heap their plates and help pay for the church’s new community center.Boll and his wife, Dana, and their son, Kyle, 14, went every year.3 After sitting down, Boll had barely placed his napkin in his lap when he heard a commotion on the other side of the room.”Help!” a woman shouted.“Does anybody know how to do the Heimlich?” Jumping up from the table, the doctor could see a white-haired woman slumped over in her chair.“I’m a doctor.What’s going on?” Boll said to the group gathered around 76-year-old Pat Rohrer.5 “My mother-in-law choked on a piece of turkey,” answered a frantic Colleen Rohrer.“We’ve tried the Heimlich maneuver, but it’s not working.” Boll reached around Pat’s abdomen and pulled sharply upward with his fists.Nothing happened.Moving quickly, he lifted Pat up and onto the floor to get her into a better position.Twice again he tried the Heimlich, but she didn’t respond.6 This can’t be happening, Boll thought.He worried he wouldn’t be able to help her.Looking up, he recognized Steve Hoblin, a nurse from the hospital near his office.“Steve, stick your fingers down her throat and see if you can sweep anything out,” he said.Hoblin reached in and pulled out a small piece of turkey.7 But Pat still wasn’t breathing.In fact, she was rapidly turning blue.Apparently, some food was still lodged in her throat.Boll knew he needed to do something drastic---and fast---to get air into her lungs.His only chance was to perform an emergency tracheotomy.8 “Call 911!And get me a sharp knife!” He shouted.His wife ran to the kitchen, and Hoblin handed over his pocketknife.9 Boll had never done the operation before.He flashed back to the only time he’d seen one performed: during his residency 20 years earlier.That procedure had been done in a sterile, controlled environment by expert surgeons.How was a family doctor supposed to accomplish the same thing at a church dinner with a dull pocketknife? 10 He was relieved to see that his wife had found a clean paring knife.Taking a deep breath, Boll carefully cut a small slit in Pat’s neck.As blood poured from the wound, he broke into a sweat.But Boll knew it was too late to stop.Two or three precious minutes had already passed.She couldn’t survive much longer without oxygen.Boll figured he had about 45 seconds to save her life.11 Oblivious to the crowd breathlessly watching him work, Boll steadied his hands and continued.But the knife wouldn’t cut deep enough.Out of nowhere, a man handed Boll a switchblade.It had a tapered point, nice and sharp, with a three-inch blade that locked securely in place.Boll quickly finished the cut.12 Then, as if she were reading his mind, Colleen handed him a tracheotomy tube.Her son, Shaun---Pat’s grandson---has a severe lung condition and needs a tube to keep his airway clear.But he could manage without it for an hour or so.13 Pat was turning bluer by the second.Colleen helped Boll gently push the tube into Pat’s trachea.Seconds ticked by like minutes, but the pair worked calmly, with precision---just like a surgical team, thought the doctor.14 “I’m in,” he said once the tube was finally in place.but the crisis was far from over.Boll needed to resuscitate the unconscious woman.Fortunately, her family never went anywhere without an emergency kit containing a manual resuscitator bag, just in case Shaun had trouble breathing.colleen clicked the bag onto the tube and pumped.within seconds, Pat Rohrer started breathing and the color returned to her cheeks.17 as paramedics rushed in and took over, boll stood up, trembling.He certainly hadn't anticipated anything like this when he left his job as a social worker to go to med school.“i 'm not terribly religious, ”Boll says now, “but i know now that God goes to Turkey dinners at churches.To take a doctor who only half knows what he's doing and give him the right tools ——i don't know how i recalled to do.To me there's no explanation but divine intervention.” 19 Maybe so, but Howard Stephens, assistant chief of the Mokena Fire Protection District, was quick to point out, “without Dr.Boll, this lady wouldn't have made it.” now that her grateful mother-in-law is back at home, with no signs of infection from the switchblade surgery.Colleen says, “we are so thankful that in this age of lawsuits, dr.boll was willing to put himself on the line.he just stepped up and did what had to be done.” later that November night, after returning from the hospital, Rob boll found another job that needed to be finished.he strolled into the church kitchen and rolled up his sleeves.“Divine intervention doesn't usually come into play, ”he says, “when it's time to do the dishes.”

第二單元

The forest was full of shadows as a little girl hurried through it one summer evening in June.It was already eight o’clock and Sylvia wondered if her grandmother would be angry with her for being so late

Every evening Sylvia left her grandmother’s house at five thirty to bring their cow home.It was Sylvia’s job to bring the animal home to the milked.When the cow heard Sylvia’s voice calling her.She would hide among the bushes This evening it had taken Sylvia longer than usual to find her cow.The child hurried the cow though the dark forest.toward her grandmother’s home As the cow stopped at a small stream to drink.Sylvia put her bare feet in cold ,fresh water of the stream

She had never before been alone in the forest as late as this.Sylvia felt as if she were a part of the gray shadows and the silver leaves that moved in the evening breeze.It was only a year ago that she came to her grandmother’s farm.before that she had lived with her mother and father in a dirty crowded factory town One day , Sylvia’s grandmother had visited them and had chosen Sylvia form all her brothers and sister to comer help her on her farm in Vermont The cow finish drinking and as the nine-year-old child hurried through the forest the air was suddenly cut by a sharp whistle not far away Sylvia knew it wasn’t a friendly bird’s whistle she forgot the cow and hid in some bushes but she was too late

Hello little girl a young man called out cheerfully How far is it to the main road Sylvia was trembling as she whispered two miles She came out of the bushes and looked up into the face of a tall young man carrying a gun The stranger began walking with Sylvia as she followed her cow through the forest I’ve been hunting for birds he explained but I’ve lost my way Do you think I spend the night at your home Sylvia didn’t answer She was glad she could see her grandmother standing near the door of the farm house

When they reached her the stranger explained his problem to Sylvia’s smiling grandmother

Of course you can stay with us she said we don’t have much but you’re welcome to share what we have Now Sylvia get a plate for the gentleman

After eating,they all sat outside.The young man explained he was a bird collector.“Do you put them ina cage?”Sylvia asked.“No,”he answered slowly,“I shoot them and stuff them with put them with special chemicals to preserve them.I have over one hundred different kinds of birds from all over the United States.”

“Sylvia knows a lot about birds,too,”her grandmother said proudly.“She knows the forest so well,the wild animals come and eat bread right out of her hands.”

“Maybe she can help me then,”the young man said.“I saw a white heron two days ago.I've been looking for it ever since.It's a very rare bird.Have you seen it,too?”He asked Sylvia.But Sylvia.But Sylvia was silent.“You would know it if you saw it,”he said.“It's a tall,strange bird with soft white feathers and long thin legs.It probably has its nest at the top of a tall tree.”

Sylvia's heart began to beat fast.She had seen that strange white bird on the other side of the forest.The young man was staring at Sylvia.“I would give ten dollars to the person who showed me where it is.”

That night Sylvia's dreams were full of all the wonderful things she and her grandmother could buy for ten dollars.Sylvia spent the next day in the forest with the young man.He told her a lot about the birds they saw.Sylvia could not understand why he killed the birds he seemed to like so much.She felt her heart tremble every time he shot an unsuspecting bird as it was singsing in the trees.Sylvia would have liked him vastly better without his gun;but as the day waned,Sylvia still watched the asleep inchild,was vaguely thrilled by a dream of love.They stopped to listen to a bird's song;they pressed forward again eagerly--speaking to each other rarely and in whispers;Sylvia followed the young man,fascinated,a few steps behind,with her gray eyes dark fascinated,a few steps behind,with her gray eyes dark with excitement.Long after the moom came out and the young man had fallen asleep,Sylvia was still awake.She had a plan that would get the ten dollars for her grandmother and make the young man happy.When it was near sunrise,she quietly left her house and hurried through the forest.She finally reached a huge pine tree.She could see the whole forest from there.She was sure she would be able to see where the white heron had hidden its nest.Sylvia's bare feet and tiny fingers grabbed the tree's rough trunk.Sharp dry branches scratched at her like cat's claws as she climbed higher and higher.When Sylvia had at last reached the tree'shighest branch,the golden sun's rays hit the green forest.Two hawks flew together in slow-moving circles far below Sylvia.Sylvia felt as if she could go flying among the clouds.too.Suddenly Sylvia caught a flash of white that grew larger and larger.A bird with broad white wings and a long slender neck flew past Sylvia and landed on a pine branch below her.The white heron smoothed its feathers and called to its mate,sitting on their nest in a nearby tree.Then it flew away.Sylvia gave a long sigh.She knew the wild bird's secret now.Slowly she began her dangerous trip down the ancient pine tree.She did not dare to look down and tried to rorget that her fingers hurt and her feet were bleeding.All she wanted to think about was what the stranger would say to her when she told him where to find the heron's nest.About an hour later Sylvia came back home.Both her grandmother and the young man stood up as she came into the kitchen.The splendid moment to speak about her secret had come,but Sylvia was silent.She remembered how the white heron came flying through the golden air and how they watched the sun rise together from the top of the world.Sylvia could not speak.She could not tell the heron's secret and give its life away.The young man went away disappointed later that day.He never returned.Many a night Sylvia heard the echo of his whistle haunting the forest.She forgot even her sorrow at the sharp report of his gun and the sight of thrushes and sparrows dropping silent to the ground ,their songs hushed and their pretty feathers stained and wet with blood.Were the birds better friends than their hunter might have been?Who can know?

第三單元

Ryan Halligan was taunted for months.Classmates spread rumors via instant messaging that the 13-year-old boy was gay.A popular female classmate pretended to like him and chatted with him online,only to copy thier personal exchanges and share them with her friends.Unable to cope,the teenager from Verment in the US,killed himself.Gail Jones,a 15-year-old from the UK,took her life after receiving,at one point,20 silent calls on her cell phone every 30 minutes.Her father,Glyn,suspects a final call in the middle of the night pushed her over the edge.These are extreme but far from unipue examples of the devastation caused by cyber-bullying.Since Halligan died in 2003 and Jones in 2000,more and more and children are logging on to the Internet,so it's likely that online bullying,including sending threatening messages,displaying private messages,and posting embarrassing videos and photos online,is also increasing.A study last month by the Pew Internet & Amrican Life Project,based in Washington,found that one third of US teenage Internet users have been targets of cyber-bullying.And as online communication evolves from instant messaging and chatrooms to social networking sites and YouTube,the venues where bullying occurs are becoming both more central to young people's lives,and more public.Research into the causes and effects of cyber-bullying is still in its infancy.But it is becoming clear that aspects of online communicantion encourage people to act aggressively,prompting them to do things they wouldn't dare to try in real life.What's more,the ability to reach more people,and the always-on culture the internet,mean that cyber-bullying can have an even more detrimental effect on the victim than conventional playground bullying.“It's school-yard bullying taken to next level,'' says Justin Patchin,a criminologist at the University of Wisconsion.A study by UK-based Internet market research firm YouGov in 2006 found that for one in eight young people cyber-bullying is even worse than physical bullying.one reason for this is thesheer number of people who can view something that is posted online.”it would be bad enough to be cyber-bulied by one kid and nibody else knew about ut,but a video seen by hunders or thousands ofyour peer could be devastang,“says Roin Kowalski,a phychologist at Clemson University in South Caolina and co-author of the book Cyber Bullying;Bullying in the Digital Age,which will be published in October.Ghylain Raza,also known as the”Star Wars Kid“,learned thisthe hard way.In 2002,the somewhat overweigh and silghtly awkward Canadian adolescent made a video of himself playing with a pretend light sabre andleft it lying around at school.when his classmates found the video in 2003,they posted it online as a joke Raza was so upset he finished the school year from a psy chiatric ward Unfortunately for him,it was just his friends who found the video amusing.Acrodding to UK marketing firm the viral factory it became the Internet`s most downloaded video of 2006.Another reson cyber-bullying is so harmful is its relentlessness ,says John Carr,chair of the children`s Charities`Colaition for Internet Safety in London.”when I was a kid ,playground bullying stoped when the bell rang and you went back inside or when you went home at the end of the day.“he says.”with cyber-bullying it is 24/7,365 days a year.“ there is no escape While an adult could simple turn off the computer ,that`s not reallyy an option for today`s teens ,who are dependent on the Internet for communicatng whit their peers.”This is the awlways-on genertion,“say kowalski.”This is how they communicate.“A 2007 Pew study found that 93precent of US teens use the Internet and 61 percent go online daily.The Internet does`t just amplify the effect of bulying,however The many options to remain anonymous when online ,by using pseudonyms,say for instant messaging ,mean people can write things they would not daer to if their identity was known.Anonymity was at the heart of a 2001 incident when a student at an elite high school in New York City set uo a Web page that let students vote anonymously on who they felt was their most promiscuous peer.”Just enter the name of the person in the interschool who u think is the biggest ho(be them FEMALE or MALE)and write the number of their grade next to their name(maybe even their school),“read the site.”Since it's anonymous,u can write about whomever u please!“More than 13,000 votes were cast,and about 150 names,mostly girls,appeared before it was shut down.Anonymity can also amplify bullying's negative effect on the victim.”The psychological ramifications of not knowing who's attacking you can be maddening,“ says Kowalski.”The bully could be your best friend,a sibling, or half the school.“In a recent,as yet unpublished survey she carried out,nearly half of the children she interviewed didn't know who their cyberbully was.The lack of face-to-face contact might tempt bullies to new levels of cruelty.”O(jiān)n the playground,seeing the stress and pain of the victim face-to-face can act as an inhibitor to some degree,“explains Carr.”In cyberspace,where there is no visual contac,you get more extreme behaviour.“Kowalski says the effect unique to computer-mediated communication.”There is a distancing of the self and immediacy in response that we don't have in any other form of communication.“she says.”O(jiān)n the computer ,it's like it's not really you.“

So what can be done? Led by Ruth Aylett of Heriot-watt university in Edinburgh,Scotland，a consortium of European researchers recently developed roly-playing software called FearNot!, which gets children to empathize with wictims of bullying, After watching a short animation of a child being bullied either in the playground or online，the viewer is asked to help the victim by typing advice into the computer.The software will be tested in school in the UK and Germany later this year.Meanwhile,some governments have taken legislative action.In January 2006，the US congress passed a law making it a federal crime to “annoy,abuse,threaten，or harass”another person over the internet，Approximately 36 states have enacted similar legislation.And in South Korea, the “internet real-name system”,introduced last month ,forces online portals and news websites to record the identities of people who post content and to disclose their contact details if someone wants to sue them for libel or infringement of privacy.However, it can be difficult to persuade people to take these laws seriously, and in the US they only apply to over-18s.“many jurisdictions don’t want to investigate or prosecute these cases,”says Al Kush of WiredSafety.org, an Internet safety advocacy group based in Seattle, Washington, “they are short-staffed and busy pursuing what they call ‘real crime’.John Halligan, the father of the boy who killed himself after being harassed online，continues to lobby for cyber-bullying legislation that specifically targets children.He also talks to school groups and runs a website recounting the events that led to his son’s death.“it won’t bring Ryanback,” he says.“But it is helping a lot of Ryans out there are still alive and don’t know where to turn.”

第四單元

The valley known as Sleepy hides from the world in the high hills of New York state.There are many stories told about the quiet valley.But the story that people believe most is about the apparition of a headless horseman.The story says the man died many years ago during the American Revolutionary War and he had his head shot off.He is ever seen hurrying along in the qloom of night , looking for his lost head.Near Sleepy Hollow is a village calldd Tarry Town.The village had a small school teacher was named Ichabod Crane.Ichabod Crane was a good name for him, because he was tall and thin, just like a crane.His shoulders were small ,joined to long arms.His head was small, too, and flat on top.He had big ears ,large glassy green eyes ,and a long nose.Ichabod did not make much money as a teacher.And although he was tall and thin, he ate like a fat man.To help him pay for his food he earned extra money teaching young people to sing.Among the ladies Ichabod taught was one Katrina Van Tassel.She was the only daughter of Arich Dutch farmer.She was a blooming lass of fresh eighteen;plump as a partridge;ripe and melting and rosy-cheeked as one of her father’s perches.Ichabod had a soft and foolish heart for ladies, and soon found himself interested in Miss Van Tassel.But there were many hurdle blocking the road to Katrina’s heart.One was a strong young man named Brom Van Brunt, a hero to all the young ladies.He was broad-shouldered and double-jointed, with short curly black hair, and a bluff but not unpleasant countenance.He always won the horse races in Tarry Town and earned many prizes.Brom was never seen without a horse.Such was the enemy Ichabod had to defeat for Katrina’s heart.Stronger and wiser men would not have tried.But Ichabod had a plan.He could not fight his enemy in the open.So he did it silently and secretly.He made many visits to Katrina’s farm and made her think he was helping her to sing better.Time passed, and the town people thought Ichabod was winning.Brom’s horse was never seen at Katrina’s house on Sunday nights any more.One day in autumn Ichabod was asked to come to a big party at the Van Tassel home.He dressed in his best clothes.A farmer loaned him an old horse for the long trip to the party.Brom Van Brunt rode to the party on his fastest horse,called Daredevil.All the young ladies smiled happily when they saw him.Ichabod was happy dancing with Katrina ,the lady of his heart, while Brom, sorely smitten with love and jealousy, sat brooding by himself in one corner.When the music stopped, the young people sat together to tell stories about the Revolutionnary War.Soon stories about Sleepy Hollow were told.The most feared story was about the rider looking for his lost head.One farmer told how he raced the headless horseman suddenly stopped.Gone were his clothes and his skin.All that was left was a man with white bones shining in the moonlight.The stories ended and time came to leave the party.Ichabod seemed very happy until he said goodnight to Katrina.Was she ending their romance? He left feeling very sad.Had Katrina been seeing Ichabod just to make Brom Van Brunt jealous so he would marry her? Well, Ichabod began his long ride home.He thought he saw something white move in the tree.But no, it was only the moonlight shining and moving on the tree.Then he heard a noise.His body shook.He kicked his horse faster.The horse ran fast and then suddenly stopped, almost throwing Ichabod forward to the ground.There, in the dark woods on the side of the river where the bushes grew low, stood an ugly thing.Big and black.It did not move, but seemed gathered up in the gloom, like some gigantic monster ready to spring upon the traveler.Ichabod’s hair stood straight up.What was to be done? To turn and fly was nom too late.Summoning up, therefore, a show of courage, he demanded in stammering accents, Who are you ? He received no reply.Ichabod’s old horse began to move forward.The black thing began to move alone the side of Ichabod’s horse in the dark.Ichabod made his horse run faster.The black thing moved with then.Side by side they moved, slowly at first.Ichabod felt his heart sink.For a moment the moon shone down and to Ichabod’s horror,he saw it was a horse.And it had a rider.But the rider’s head was not on his body.It was in front of the rider, resting on the horse.He rained a shower movement to give his companion the slip.But the spectre started full jump with him.Away, them, they dashed though thick and thin;stones flying and sparks flashing at every bound.Up ahead was the old church bridge where the headless horseman stops and returns to his burial place.If only I can get there first, I am safe ,” though Ichabod.Ichabod looked back to see if the headless man had stopped.He saw the man pick up his head and throw it with a powerful force.The head hit Ichabod in the face and knocked him off his horse to the dirt below.They found Ichabod’s horse the next day peacefully eating grass.They could not find Ichabod.They walked all across the valley.They saw the foot marks of Ichabod’s horse as it had raced through the valley.They even found Ichabod’s old hat in the dust near the bridge.But they did not find Ichabod.The only other thing they found was lying near Ichabod’s hat.It was the broken pieces of a round orange pumpkin.The town people talked about Ichabod of many weeks, and finally they came to believe that the headless horseman had carried Ichabod away.Much later an old farmer returned from a visit to New York City.He said he was sure he had seen Ichabod there.He thought Ichabod silently left Sleepy Hollow because he had lost Katrina.As for Katrina, her mother and father gave her a big wedding when she married Brom Van Brunt.Many people who went to the wedding saw that Brom smiled whenever Ichabod’s name was spoken.And they wondered why he laughed out loud when anyone talked about the broken orange pumpkin found lying near Ichabod’s old dusty hat.第五單元 Big bang 1The big bang model of the universe’s birth is the most widely accepted model that has ever been conceived for the scientific origin of everything.no other model can predict as much with as high a degree of accuracy as the big bang model can..A common question that people ask is what happened before the big bang ?the phrase in the beginning is used here to refer to the birth of our universe with the big bang.in the creation of the universe, everything was compressed into an infinitesimally small point in which all physical laws that we know of do not apply.No information from any previous stuff could have remained intact.Therefore, for all intents and purposes, the big bang is considered the beginning of everything, for we can never know if there was anything before it.The big bang model had its beginnings with Edwin Hubble discovery in 1929 that,on large scales ,everything in the universe is moving away from everything else.The only explanation for this was that the universe was expanding in every direction ,and it was taking galaxies along with it.This is known as Hubble Law.The next step towards the Big Bang model was to take this process in reverse—that is ,to go back in time.If the universe is blowing up like a balloon as time progresses ,then what would happen if you were to run the timeline backwards ?What was the universe like in the past? If the universe is currently growing ,then the universe was smaller in the past.There must have been some point in time when the universe was half its current size.Then there must have been a time when it was half that size.If you continue to run time backwards, there must have been a time when the universe was an infinitesimally small point.This is the basic idea behind the Big Bang.All matter and energy existed in an infinitely small point of infinite density a long time ago, and has since been expanding as our universe.One important note here is that the Big Bang was not an explosion in the universe ,but rather it is an explosion of the universe.Therefore, there is no ”center“ of the universe form where the Big Bang started.Main Evidence.The Big Bang is the leading theory that almost all astrophysicists believe explains the origin of the universe.This is because all observations so far made support the Big Bang theory;there are four main lines of evidence that are most often used.the first was discussed above :he expansion of the universe.The universe is expanding now ,so in the past it must have been smaller.If it were smaller in the past ,then there probably was a time when it was infinitesimally small.One could ask why we just don't think that it might be expanding now but it could have been shrinking before and we

just don't know about it.The answer is that there is simply no known mechanism that could accomplish this transition on a universal scale.The second line of evidence is the cosmic(CMB)which was discovered in 1965 by(APARWFBL).they were working with a microwave receiver used to communicate with telstar satellite, but were getting noise from every dissection they pointed the receiver.it was coming from all over the sky at what seemed to be exactly the same frequency this was first evidence for the CMB and they later shared a NPFTD The CMB is an echo left over from when the universe was approximately 300.000 years old as predicted by the big bang model as something becomes hot the actual heat comes from particles movements the faster they move the more energetic they are and so the more heat we see the are and so hot before it was 300.000 years old that atoms could not form.because of this photos particles of light could not move around for they kept reacting with electrons the negatively charged part of atoms

Therefore during this period the universe was effectively opaque once the universe had reached 300.000 year old atoms could form and electrons were now bound to a nucleus once this happened photons could move about freely this first light is the CMB and its existence is a very strong indication that the big bang occurred

The third major pillar of the big bang theory lies in the abundance of the different elements of the universe the theory predicts that certain amounts of hydrogen helium and other elements should be made observations have shown almost exactly the amounts that are predicted

The fourth piece is that the big bang theory is the only one that comprehensively lays down a framework for the eventual evolution of the universe as we observe iy today.第六單元

Good morning, fellow Americans.Welcome to the One-Day War.CNN will be your eyes and ears for today, bringing you live coverage of a momentous day in our history.As part of bicentennial com-memoration of the Civil War we are proud to participate in Professor Brainard's project, the One-Dey War.I'm sure there isn't an American out there who hasn't heard of the project.It has been the most talked-about subject in our country for many months.Now the great day, April 9, 2065, is here, and we are all part of it.The weather is perfect and visbility is excellent.There isn't a cloud overhead;the sky is blue and clear.From our place here on the grandstand, we have a perfect vantage point.while we are waiting, we've arranged an exclusive interview with Professor Brainard, father of One-Day War.”Professor, I know how busy you are supervising this enormous undertaking, and we appreci-ate your giving us an interview.To begin with, could you give us some background information about the project?“

”I am very pleased to speak with you.At this point, the project is rolling along according to schedule, and I am here to advise on any problems that may arise.You asked for some background infomation.Well, as you may know, I'm considered an expert on the Civil War, like any other war, was how expensive and inefficient it was.Using our modern-day technology, we are able to reconstruct one battle that is the equivalent of all the battles fought during the entire war!“

”The major expenses in any war involve the movement of troops and machinery, medical equipment and perssonnel, and burial expenses.Doing all this during wartime is difficult, expensive, and inefficient.Given our cultural and scientific development during these past tow hundred years, there was no reason why we couldn't produce the same effect at a fraction of the cost.The most brilliant part of the plan is the most obvious-why not bury the soldiers right on the battlefield and eliminate a lot of cost and trouble? The battlefield becomes the cemetery!Once we settled on this idea, the other details fell into place.“An assenbly line procedure was adopted.The computer chose the soldiers and we hired digging any war crews,masons,gardeners,and florists.We saved a tremendous amount of money by not needing any war machinery except for one revolver per soldier.Naturally,there was no need for medical teams and supplies.The families of the soldiers knew well well in advance,so they could plan accordngly and put their personal affairs in order.”

“Did you encounter any difficulties with the plan?”

“A little,at first.Some members of the Congress thought the plan was 'inhumane'.I explained to them that the net result was the same as waging the war for four years at a greater expense and inconvenience to the general population.Moreover,there would be no involvement with civilians whatsoever--no attacks,no burning of houses,no families killed by marauding soldiers.They agreed unanimously that my plan was safer,more efficient,and more humane than the Civil War.”

“We did encounter a strong objection from the Western Union lobby in Washington.They would be losing revenue from the telegrams usually sent to the families of the soldiers.We worked out an agreement allowing the company to manufacture the small American flags that will be given to each family.”

“And now,Professor Brainard,after months of planning,your project is about to become a reality.Thank you,Professor.I know I speak for the entire nation when I salute you as a remarkable man and a true patriot.”

It's 8:30,and we are almost ready for the project to get under way.Before us on this immense battlefield ,stretched out for miles ,are the two opposing armies.The soldiers stand at attention in neat rows--an army of blue facing an army of gray.They stand very still like marble statues.On our left ,we can see the digging machines and their crews waiting silently.Behind them are the masons and gardeners.On our right we can see the florists.Here in the grandstand are all the dignitaries :the President ,Vice President, Speaker of the House ,Senate majority leader ,members of the Cabinet, the Supreme Court Justices, and representatives of the Armed Forces.We all rise for our National Anthem.The President approaches the podium.When he gives the signal, the band will play taps ,and on the last note of taps, watch the soldiers.With military precision ,each man withdraws his pistol ,and places it to his temple, and in unison 204000 shots ring out.The noise is deafening like a huge explosion.Gun smoke fills the air.The sky is now gray as if a storm has suddenly belown in.The field is very quiet.The rows of gray and blue fallen bodies are now irregular.I guess it's hard to plan a perfect fall even with intensive training and devotion to one's country.The soldiers have done their part.Now it's time for the rest of the team to go to work.The grandstand viewers file out of their seats and into the hand as the last officials leave the digging machines and their crews move onto the field they work from left to right digging each trench burying each body and leveling the ground the stone masons follow they place a stone at each soldier grave every stone has already been engraved with the soldier name and date of birth and death the crew work efficiently row after row the landscapers follow the masons they place strips of sod over the

newly dug earth now the florists unload their trucks and put fresh floral bouquets on each grave

We are watching the final phase of the one day war the digging crews have left the field the masons have gone the florists are leaving and the buses of widows and orphans are arriving all the families of the soldiers will be here at the same time they have all been transported here at the government expense they file into the field the ushers and hostesses dressed in tuxedos and long gowns direct each family to its particular gravesite.Each family replaying When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again.We all stand at attention as a gentle breeze blows over the field.It is truly amazing what American ingenuity can accomplish.This morning what was an ordinary field has been transformed into a military cemetery.It has been a beautiful day!I've been honored to help bring this momentous project into your homes.Yes ,it's been a perfect day.Goodnight ,Americans.Sleep well.

第五篇：大學英語課文翻譯

Unit 3近年來，隨著互聯網技術的迅猛發(fā)展，互聯網經濟已成為一個熱門話題。以蓬勃發(fā)展的電子商務為代表的互聯網經濟已成為經濟發(fā)展的重要引擎。我國政府高度重視發(fā)展互聯網經濟，提出了“互聯網+”的概念，以推動互聯網與醫(yī)療、交通、教育、金融、公共服務等領域的結合。這將為互聯網經濟的發(fā)展提供極大的發(fā)展?jié)摿透鼜V闊的發(fā)展空間。隨著“互聯網+”戰(zhàn)略的深入實施，互聯網必將與更多傳統行業(yè)進一步融合，助力打造“中國經濟升級版”。

In recent years, with the rapid development of Internet technology, the Internet economy has become a hot issue.As represented by the promising E-commerce, the Internet economy has become a strong driving force for the economic development.Our government attaches great importance to developing the Internet economy and proposes the concept of “Internet Plus”, aiming to integrate the Internet with other industries, such as health care, transportation, education, finance, and public service.This will create great potential and broad prospects for the development of the Internet economy.With the implementation of the “Internet Plus” strategy, the Internet is certain to be integrated with more traditional industries and help build “the upgraded version of the Chinese economy”.Unit 4 蘇州園林是中國古典園林最杰出的代表，大部分為私家所有。蘇州園林始于春秋、興于宋元，盛于明清。清末蘇州已有各色園林170余處，為其贏得了“園林之城”的稱號?，F保存完好的園林有60多處，對外開放的有十余處。其中滄浪亭、獅子林、拙政園和留園分別代表著宋、元、明、清四個朝代的藝術風格，被稱為“蘇州四大明園”。蘇州園林宅園合一，可賞，可游，可居，其建筑規(guī)制反映了中國古代江南民間的生活方式和禮儀習俗。蘇州園林不僅是歷史文化的產物，同時也是中國傳統思想文化的載體。1997年，蘇州園林被聯合國教科文組織列入“世界遺產名錄”。

Suzhou gardens are the most outstanding representatives of classical Chinese gardens.Most of them were privately-owned.The gardens first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.By the late Qing Dynasty, Suzhou had got as many as over 170 gardens of diverse styles, winning it the name “The city of Gardens”.Now over 60 gardens are kept in good condition, of which more than 10 are open to the public.The Surging Wave Pavilion, the Lion Grove Garden, the Humble Administrator’s Garden and the Lingering garden are called the four most famous gardens in Suzhou, representing the artistic styles of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties respectively.Suzhou gardens are assemblies of residences and gardens, which makes them suitable places for living, visiting and appreciating.The architectural principles of the gardens are a demonstration of the lifestyles and social customs of the ancient Chinese people in the south of the lower Yangtze River.Suzhou gardens are not only a product of Chinese history and culture, but also a carrier of traditional Chinese ideology and culture.In 1997, Suzhou gardens were inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO.Unit 5 中華文明曾對世界文明產生過重大影響。近年來，隨著我國經濟的發(fā)展和國際地位的提升，歷史悠久的中國文化正引起世界新的關注。越來越多的中國元素為當今世界時尚、文學、影視作品等提供了創(chuàng)作靈感，成為熱門題材。這一現象表明，世界需要中國文化。在這種背景下，我國決定實施文化“走出去”的戰(zhàn)略，以加強中國與世界其他各國的文化交流。經過數年的努力，這項工程已經取得了很大成績。文化“走出去”大力推動了我國文化產業(yè)的發(fā)展，正成為提升我國國家形象和綜合實力的有效途徑。

Chinese civilization once had a significant influence on world civilization.With the development of our country’s economy and the rise of her international status in recent years, Chinese culture, which has a long history, is once again attracting global attention.More and more Chinese cultural elements provide inspiration for and become popular subjects of fashions, literature and movies around the world.This shows that the world needs Chinese culture.It was in this context that China decided to implement the “Culture Exporting” strategy so as to enhance her cultural exchanges with the rest of the world.After several years’ efforts, great achievements have been made in this respect.“Culture Exporting” has greatly promoted the development of our cultural industries.It is becoming an effective approach through which China enhances her national image and comprehensive strength.Unit 6 博鰲亞洲論壇（Boao Forum for Asia）是一個非政府、非營利性的國際組織。它是由25個亞洲國家和澳大利亞發(fā)起的，于2001年正式成立，總部位于中國的海南省博鰲鎮(zhèn)。博鰲亞洲論壇以平等、互惠、合作和共贏為主旨，致力于推動亞洲各國之間的經濟交流、協調與合作，并增強亞洲與世界其他地區(qū)的對話和聯系。它為有關國家的政府、企業(yè)及專家學者提供了一個共商亞洲以及全球事務的高層平臺。通過區(qū)域經濟的進一步合作，博鰲亞洲論壇將推進亞洲國家實現發(fā)展目標，為建設一個更加繁榮、穩(wěn)定、和平的新亞洲作出重要貢獻。Boao Forum for Asia(BFA)is a non-governmental, non-profit international organization.Initiated by 25 Asian countries and Australia, it was officially founded in 2001.The organization is headquartered in Boao Town in China’s Hainan Province.With equality, mutual benefit, cooperation and win-win as its objectives, BFA is devoted to promoting economic exchanges, coordination and cooperation between Asian countries as well as enhancing dialogs and ties between Asia and other parts of the world.The forum provides a high-level platform where governments, businesses and scholars form relevant countries discuss Asian and global affairs.Through further regional economic cooperation, BFA will facilitate the realization of Asian countries’ goals and contribute to a new Asia that boasts greater prosperity, stability and peace.Unit 7 城鄉(xiāng)一體化是我國現代化和城市化發(fā)展的一個新階段，是要通過對城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展實行統籌規(guī)劃，并通過體制改革和政策調整，破除城鄉(xiāng)二元經濟結構，實現城鄉(xiāng)在政策上平等，在產業(yè)發(fā)展模式上互補，讓農村居民享受到與城鎮(zhèn)居民同樣的文明和福利。城鄉(xiāng)一體化是一項重大而深刻的社會變革。它使整個城鄉(xiāng)經濟能夠全面、協調、可持續(xù)地發(fā)展。只有大力推進城鄉(xiāng)一體化，妥善處理城鄉(xiāng)關系，加強城鄉(xiāng)合作，縮小城鄉(xiāng)差距，才能確保到2020年我國實現全面建設小康社會的宏偉目標。

Urban-rural integration is a new stage of China's modernization and urbanization process.It aims to break the urban and rural dual economic structure through making integrated plans for urban and rural development, and through system reform and policy adjustment, so that the urban and rural areas will finally achieve equal policies and realize complementary developing patterns, enabling the rural residents to enjoy the same level of civilization and equal benefits with the urban residents.Urban-rural integration is a significant and profound social reform which enables comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of the entire urban-rural economy.Only by enhancing urban-rural integration, and by properly managing urban-rural relationships, increasing urban-rural collaboration, and narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, can we guarantee that our country realize the blueprint goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020.