英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

第一篇：英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

Beginning

1.In this paper。

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review

1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body

1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section

1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer

implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in

15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx

4.The scope of this research lies in

5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for

structuring..methods

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in

methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as

38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which

40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken

44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by []

48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of

59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to

76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

第二篇：英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

Beginning

1.In this paper, we focus on the need for

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx

strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

4.The scope of this research lies in

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with

xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as

38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which

40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken

44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by []

48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of

59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in

analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to

76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

第三篇：英文學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作常用句型

學(xué)術(shù)英語常用句式Joseph Li

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名詞 +(that)+ 主詞 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容詞 + 名詞 +(that)+ 主詞 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)

Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever known about today’s college students.缺乏人際交往技能是我們迄今所知的當(dāng)今大學(xué)生的最大缺陷。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V

例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.沒有比以一種正確方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)...的重要性也不為過。）

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我們?cè)僭趺磸?qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)名人隱私的也不為過。

四、There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否認(rèn)的...）

例句：There is no denying that the practicality of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否認(rèn)的，我們高等教育的實(shí)用性已經(jīng)每況愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~（全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that it is the doctor’s duty and obligation to heal the wounded and rescue the dying.全世界都知道救死扶傷是醫(yī)生的天職。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~（毫無疑問的...）

例句：There is no doubt that the Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning.毫無疑問因特網(wǎng)比書面文字更方便、快捷。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（...的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是...）

例句：An advantage of children’s participating in some paid work is that this practice can cultivate their independence, self-determination and sense of-1-

responsibility.孩子參加有償勞動(dòng)的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是這種實(shí)踐可以培養(yǎng)小孩的獨(dú)立性、自主性和責(zé)任感。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）

例句：The reason why a large number of customs have altered a great deal is that most of them are connected with some superstitious beliefs, and they cannot fit in this world with highly-developed technology.多數(shù)舊風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣都產(chǎn)生了巨大的改變的原因是它們大多與封建迷信有關(guān)，與現(xiàn)代社會(huì)格格不入。

九、So + 形容詞 + be + 主詞 + that + 句子（如此...以致于...）

例句：So pervasive are advertisements that no one can avoid being influenced by them.廣告是如此盛行，每個(gè)人都難免不受它們的影響。

十、Adj + as + Subject（主詞）+ be, S + V~~~（雖然...）

例句：Lovely as pets are, it is by no means appropriate for city dwellers to keep them in their houses.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一點(diǎn)也不}

雖然寵物很可愛，但市民在家中飼養(yǎng)是絲毫不妥的。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）The more children are encouraged to get in touch with various aspects of society, the more comprehensive their knowledge will be.越鼓勵(lì)孩子接觸社會(huì)的各個(gè)方面，他們學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)會(huì)更全面。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~（借著...，..能夠..）

例句：By putting the responsibility into the government’s hand, citizens can enjoy a higher level of assurance in quality.借著將這種職責(zé)放在政府手中，市民在質(zhì)量上能夠享有更高程度的保障。

十三、~~~ enable + Object（受詞）+ to + V（..使..能夠..）

例句：Community service programs enable the government to relieve the strain on its limited budget.社區(qū)服務(wù)計(jì)劃有助于減輕政府財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~（我們絕對(duì)不能...）

例句：On no account can we ignore the significance of education.我們絕對(duì)不能忽略教育的重要性。

十五、It is time + S + 過去式（該是...的時(shí)候了）

例句：It is time we evaluated the roles that modern technology plays in our life from more balanced and objective perspectives.該是我們從更加公正和客觀的角度來評(píng)價(jià)現(xiàn)代科技在我們的生活中所發(fā)揮的作用的時(shí)候了。

十六、Those who ~~~（...的人...）

例句：Those who think otherwise contend that computers are designed and programmed by human beings to do all the translation work in a comparatively mechanical manner.那些持反對(duì)意見的人爭(zhēng)論到電腦是由人設(shè)計(jì)和編程的，因此只能是較機(jī)械地進(jìn)行語言翻譯。

十七、There is no one but ~~~（沒有人不...）

例句：There is no one but longs to display the best self and impress others.沒有人不渴望展現(xiàn)最好的自我以給他人留下深刻印象。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V（不得不...）

例句：Only in a peaceful environment can people lay emphasis on sports events.The Olympic Games is a convincing example because it has been compelled to be cancelled several times in its history due to wars..只有在和平的環(huán)境里，人們才有精力去重視體育賽事。奧運(yùn)會(huì)就是一個(gè)很有說服力的例子，因?yàn)樵跉v史上它由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)而數(shù)次被迫取消。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的）

It is obvious that + 句子（明顯的）

It is apparent that + 句子（顯然的）

例句：It is conceivable that with the rapid development in society and economy, competition is becoming increasingly fierce and acute.可想而知，隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)將更加劇烈。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~（那就是...的原因）

例句：It costs an astronomical sum of fund to lock up so many criminals and that’s the reason why imprisonment has imposed a great strain on the budget of a nation.把如此多的罪犯關(guān)押起來需要耗費(fèi)大量資金，那就是為什么監(jiān)禁已經(jīng)大大增加了國(guó)家負(fù)擔(dān)的原因。

二十一、For the past + 時(shí)間，S + 現(xiàn)在完成式...（過去...年來，...一直...）例句：For the past decade or so, practical courses, such as computer and business, have gained tremendous popularity on college campuses.過去十年來，實(shí)用性課程諸如電腦和商科在大學(xué)中普遍盛行。

二十二、Since + S + 過去式，S + 現(xiàn)在完成式。

例句：Since the advent of modern urbanization, people have been confronted with the dilemma whether or not they should demolish old houses and buildings that seem to have spoilt the cityscape.自從現(xiàn)代城市化的進(jìn)程開始之后，人們一直面臨著這樣一種兩難的境地：他們是否應(yīng)該拆除那些是否有損市容的舊房屋和建筑物。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）

例句：It pays to create a fair atmosphere in which both males and females cooperate and compete on an equal footing.創(chuàng)造一個(gè)讓男女平等合作競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的良好環(huán)境是值得的。

二十四、be based on（以...為基礎(chǔ)）

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社會(huì)的進(jìn)步是以和諧為基礎(chǔ)的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V（不遺余力的）

Developed nations should spare no effort to finance their economically disadvantaged counterparts.發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家應(yīng)該不遺余力地資助貧國(guó)。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事（讓...明白...事）

例句：We should bring home to the masses the significance of space research.我們應(yīng)該讓人們明白太空研究的重要性所在。

二十七、be closely related to ~~（與...息息相關(guān)）

例句：Expanding population and influx of migrant workers are closely related to the problem.人口激增與外來民工大量涌入與交通問題息息相關(guān)。

二十八、There exists the possibility of + Ving(存在...的可能性)

There exists the possibility of wronging an innocent person

有可能冤枉無辜的人。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~（因?yàn)?..）

例句： Thanks to coeducation system, benign competition and cooperation between male and female students are rightly encouraged.由于男女共校的教育體制，異性同學(xué)間的良性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和友好合作精神得到了發(fā)揚(yáng)。

三

十、Only...can（只有...才能）

例句：Only in cities can children be well prepared for their future life and keep up with the trend of the world.只有在城市里孩子們才能為他們未來的生活作好準(zhǔn)備并與世界趨勢(shì)同步。三

十一、Leave much to be desired（令人不滿意）

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我們的交通狀況令人不滿意。

三

十二、Have(exert, impose)a great influence on ~~~（對(duì)...有很大的影響）例句：Quality of citizens has a great influence on a nation’s prosperity.國(guó)民的素質(zhì)對(duì)于國(guó)家的繁榮有重大的影響。

三

十三、do good to（對(duì)...有益），do harm to（對(duì)...有害）

例句：Reading does good to our minds.讀書對(duì)心靈有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作過度對(duì)健康有害。

三

十四、Pose a great threat to ~~（對(duì)...造成一大威脅）

例句：abortion poses a great threat to both women’s physical and mental health.墮胎對(duì)于婦女的身心健康都會(huì)造成巨大威脅。

三

十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best（盡全力去...）

例句：schools should do their utmost to ensure the students’ sound growth.學(xué)校應(yīng)盡全力去確保學(xué)生的健康成長(zhǎng)

第四篇：英語常用經(jīng)典句型

英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用經(jīng)典句型

Beginning

1.In this paper, we focus on the need for

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer

Summary

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as 38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which 40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken 44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by [] 48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of 59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to 76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a comple

第五篇：英語句型

句型1 would rather that somebody did…“寧愿……；更愿意……”(表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?would rather that somebody had done…“寧愿……；更愿意……”（表示過去的愿望）[例句] I’d rather you posted the letter right now.我想讓你現(xiàn)在去寄信。

I’d rather you were not a celebrated actor.In that case, we could spend more time together.我到情愿你不是個(gè)知名演員，這樣我們可以有更多的時(shí)間在一起。I’d rather that I hadn’t seen her yesterday.我情愿昨天沒有看到她。句型2 as if/though+主語+did/had done…好像……（表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r用過去時(shí)；表示過去的情況用過去完成時(shí)）[參考句型4] [例句] Our head teacher treats us as if we were her own children, so all the students in our class think highly of her.Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.Alan談起羅馬來就好像他去過那里似的。句型3 “wish +賓語從句”，表示不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望表示現(xiàn)在的愿望：主語+過去時(shí)；表示過去的愿望：主語+had done；表示將來的愿望：主語+would/could do [例句] How I wish we students had more free time to relax ourselves!我們學(xué)生多么希望有更多的自由時(shí)間放松自己！

I failed in the maths exam.How I wish I hadn’t wasted so much time playing!

What a pity you can’t go to the party.How I wish I could dance with you at the party!句型4 It’s high/about time that somebody did(should do)(should通常不省略)…早就該……

[例句] It’s time that you went to school.= It’s time that you should go to school.It’s high time that we did something to improve our environment.該是我們?yōu)榄h(huán)保做些事情了。I think it’s high time that she made up her mind.我想她該拿定主意了。句型5 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式完成結(jié)構(gòu)的用法

could have done “本來可以……”（表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能）。

might have done “本來可能……；本來應(yīng)該或可以做某事”（實(shí)際沒有發(fā)生；含有輕微的責(zé)備語氣。

should/ought to have done “本來該做某事”（而實(shí)際未做）

should not/ought not to have done “本來不該做”（實(shí)際卻做過了，含有責(zé)備語氣）needn’t have done “本來不必做”（但是已經(jīng)做過了）

would rather have done “當(dāng)時(shí)寧愿做了某事”（實(shí)際沒有做過）；否定式would rather not have done表達(dá)相反意思，兩者都有表示“后悔”之意。句型6 as, though, although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。

[注意]although位于句首；though位于句首或句中；as位于句中=though。它的詞序是把句中強(qiáng)調(diào)的形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞或名詞放在連詞前。[參考倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)] 請(qǐng)注意下列句式的變化： [例句] 1.Although/Though I’m young, I already know what career I want to follow.→Young as/though I am, I already know what career I want to follow.我雖然年輕，但我已經(jīng)明白我應(yīng)該追隨什么樣的事業(yè)。

2.Although/Though I respect him very much, I cannot agree with his idea.→Much as/though I respect him, I cannot agree with his idea.雖然我很尊重他，但是我不同意他的觀點(diǎn)。

3.Although/Though he is a child, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.→Child（省略冠詞）as/though he is, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.他雖然還是個(gè)孩子，卻認(rèn)識(shí)了許多漢字。

4.Although he tried, he couldn’t solve the problem.→Try as he might, he couldn’t solve the problem.盡管他努力了，但是他沒有解決問題。5.Although it is raining, I’m going out for a walk.→Raining as it is, I’m going out for a walk.天雖然在下雨，我還是要出去散步。

6.Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.這次意外雖然顯得不可思議，卻沒有人受傷。

7.Much as I would like to help, I have a lot to do.雖然我很想幫助你，但是我有很多事要做。8.Object as you may, I will go.縱使你反對(duì)，我也要去。句型7 …before…特殊用法（1）“沒來得及……就……”

[例句] The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.他還沒有來得及沖進(jìn)房間救孩子，房頂就塌了。

He ran off before I could stop him.我還沒有來得及阻止，他已經(jīng)跑了。

To my great disappointment, my favorite singer left the concert before I could have a word with her.讓我非常失望的是，我還沒有來得及和我最喜歡的歌手打招呼，她就已經(jīng)離開了。句型8 …before…特殊用法（2）“過了多久才……”或“動(dòng)作進(jìn)行到什么程度才……”

[例句] They walked about fifty miles to the west before they saw a village.他們西行50英里才看到一個(gè)村莊。

The workers worked day and night about three days before everything returned to normal.工人們連續(xù)工作3天才使一切恢復(fù)正常。

He almost knocked me down before he knew it.他幾乎撞到我了才意識(shí)到。

We had walked a long way before we found some water.我們走了很長(zhǎng)的路才找到一點(diǎn)水。

Five years went by before I knew it.不知不覺，五年過去了。句型9 It was + 時(shí)間段+before….“過了多久才（怎么樣）……” It was not long before….“不久，就……”

It will(not)be +時(shí)間段+before….“要過多久（不久）……才……”(before從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用一般時(shí)態(tài))[例句] It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就意識(shí)到他處境的危險(xiǎn)。It was five days before he came back.五天后他才回來。

It will be half a year before you graduate from the school.再過半年你才能畢業(yè)。It will not be long before they understand each other.他們大概不久就會(huì)互相了解。句型10 in case of…(+n.)“以防；萬一”；

in case that…“以防，萬一……”（謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或should+動(dòng)詞原形）[例句] In case of fire, what should we do? Please remind me about it in case I forget/should forget.萬一我忘了，請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐?。In case(that)John comes/should come, please tell him to wait.Please take your umbrella in case(that it rains/should rain).帶上雨傘，以防下雨。

句型11 It強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本構(gòu)成：It is/was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分 + who（主要指人時(shí)）/that + 其余部分 [注意1] 這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語、賓語、狀語（包括時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，方式，原因等），但是不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞（參考句型15）。

原句的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)，用It is…that/who….；原句的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是過去時(shí)態(tài)，用It was…that/who….；

強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因或方式時(shí)不要用when, where或how, 必須用that。[例句1] I saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.→It was I who saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.（強(qiáng)調(diào)主語）→It was in the street that I saw him yesterday afternoon.（強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語）→It was yesterday afternoon that I saw him in the street.（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語）→It was him that/who I saw in the street yesterday afternoon.（強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語）

[例句2] He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.→It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.He didn’t do his homework until his father came back from work.→It wasn’t until his father came back from work that he did his homework.[例句3] Only when you nearly lose someone do you fully realize how much you value him.→It is only when you nearly lose someone that you fully realize how much you value him.只有你快要失去某個(gè)人時(shí)，你才意識(shí)到你是多么尊重他。

[例句4] I was late again because the traffic was very heavy during the rush hour.→It was because the traffic was very heavy during the rush hour that I was late again.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句中只能強(qiáng)調(diào)由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，because不能換成since, as, for, now that等）

[注意2]強(qiáng)調(diào)句的疑問結(jié)構(gòu)

一般疑問句 Is / Was it +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 +who / that …?

特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞+is /was +it +who / that…?

What is/was it that…? Who is/was it that…? When is/was it that…? Where is/was it that…? Why is/was it that…? How is/was it that…? [例句1] I saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.→When was it that you saw him in the street?

→Who was it that you saw in the street yesterday afternoon? →Where was it that you saw him yesterday afternoon? [例句2] I don’t know when he will come back.→I don’t know when it is that he will come back.（賓語從句疑問詞后用陳述句語序）–How was it that you got in touch with Mr.Smith? 你是怎么和Smith先生聯(lián)系上的？ –Trough a friend of mine.通過一個(gè)朋友。句型12（1）、祈使句（表?xiàng)l件）+ or/or else/ otherwise + 主句（表結(jié)果）… “否則…，要不然…”（2）、祈使句（表?xiàng)l件）+ and +主句（表結(jié)果）

[例句] Hurry up, or you’ll be late for class.Please call me up before you come, otherwise/or else/or we might be out.你來之前打個(gè)電話，否則，我們也許會(huì)出去。Think it over and you will find the answer.Give him an inch and he will take a mile.得寸進(jìn)尺。

Work hard and you will make progress every day.好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上。句型13 …until….“直到……時(shí)候”；not…until…“直到……才……” [例句] You are to stay until/till your mother comes back.你得等到你媽媽回來。

The meeting was put off until ten o’clock.會(huì)議推遲到十點(diǎn)鐘。

The villagers didn’t realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.→Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.（倒裝句）

等到湖里的魚全死光了，村民們才意識(shí)到污染是多么嚴(yán)重。He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.→It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）

Not until he failed in the exam did he realize that he had wasted much time playing computer games.Not until his son came back from school did he go to bed.句型14 unless…“除非，如果不……”(=if…not)[例句] I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.如果不下雨，我明天去。–Shall Tom go and play football? –Not unless he has finished his homework.除非他完成作業(yè)，否則不能出去。I won’t go unless he comes to invite me himself.除非他本人來邀請(qǐng)我，不然我是不會(huì)去的。

I won’t attend his birthday party unless invited(=unless I am invited).除非被邀請(qǐng)，否則我不去參加的生日晚會(huì)。句型15 when引導(dǎo)的從句

when除了用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句、時(shí)間狀語從句、表語從句和定語從句，還有一種用法值得關(guān)注，那就是when引導(dǎo)并列分句，意思是“這時(shí)突然；就在那時(shí)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)另一個(gè)動(dòng)作的突然發(fā)生。常用于以下句型中：（1）、主語 + be doing… when…意思是“正在做某事這時(shí)……”；（2）、主語 + be about to do…when…；（3）、主語+be on the point of(doing)…when…意思是“正要去做某事這時(shí)……” [例句] One day Chuck was on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashed.有一天，Chuck正在太平洋上飛行，這時(shí)他的飛機(jī)突然爆炸了。I don’t know when he will arrive.我不曉得他什么時(shí)候到達(dá)。

I thought of the happy days when I was in Beijing.我想起了在北京時(shí)的那段快樂日子。I believe the time will soon come when there will be no weapons in the world.我相信世界上沒有武器的日子不久就會(huì)到來。

I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy cry for help.我正在河邊行走，這時(shí)我突然聽到一個(gè)落水男孩求救。

I was about to leave when it began to rain.我剛要離開，這時(shí)下雨了。

I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang, announcing the class was over.我剛做完作業(yè)，下課鈴響了。

I thought of the happy days when I was in France.我想到了在法國(guó)時(shí)那段快樂日子。I believe the time will soon come when there will be no weapons in the world.我相信世界上沒有武器的日子不久就會(huì)來臨。[比較] I was walking along the street when I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.我正在街上走，這時(shí)我看見一家裁縫店。

I was walking along the streets.Just at the moment I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.我在街上走。就在那時(shí)我看見一家裁縫店。句型16 while引導(dǎo)的從句

while除了有“當(dāng)/在……時(shí)候”的意思外（注意：引導(dǎo)的句子謂語動(dòng)詞只能是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞！），另外的兩層意思也是考查的重點(diǎn)：（1）while = although “盡管”、“雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；（2）while的意思是“然而；可是”，常用來表達(dá)對(duì)比關(guān)系。

[例句] While I admit that the problem is difficult, I don’t think that they can’t be solved.盡管我承認(rèn)這個(gè)問題很難，但是我并不認(rèn)為無法解決。While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.雖然我承認(rèn)他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，我也能看出他的缺點(diǎn)。

While I was angry with her, I didn’t lose my temper.雖然我很生氣，但我當(dāng)時(shí)沒有對(duì)她發(fā)脾氣。

While I understand your viewpoint, I don’t agree with you.雖然我了解你的見解，我還是不能同意（你）。

I earn only 120 dollars a week, while she earns 180 dollars.我一星期只賺120美元，她卻賺180美元。句型17 where…（地點(diǎn)從句）

[注意]where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)從句時(shí)，可以引導(dǎo)定語從句或是邏輯地點(diǎn)狀語從句。當(dāng)它在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，指代地點(diǎn)時(shí)，這時(shí)可以用in which, on which, at which, to which, from which等結(jié)構(gòu)代替。但是它引導(dǎo)邏輯地點(diǎn)狀語從句時(shí)，沒有這樣用法。[例句] You should put the book where it was.把書放回原處。

Persistent people begin their success where others end in failure.不屈不撓者從他人失敗的地方獲取成功。

Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。

Where men are greedy, there is never peace.人類貪欲不止，世界和平無望。Go where you should, keep on studying.無論你到哪里，你都應(yīng)該繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)。That is the building where my father works.那是我父親工作的大樓。

Yesterday I went to the department store, where I met my teacher.昨天我去百貨公司，就在那兒遇見了我的老師。

That’s where a change is needed.那就是需要變更的地方。

We could see the runners very well from where we stood.從我們所站的地方能很清楚地看到賽跑的選手。

You should let your children play where you can see them.你應(yīng)該讓小孩在你的視線所及的地方玩耍。

Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.=Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.（本句where引導(dǎo)定語從句）有些地方太冷不能種水稻，但可以種馬鈴薯。[請(qǐng)比較下面的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的不同] Potatoes can be grown where it is too cold to grow rice.（本句where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句）句型18 what引導(dǎo)的從句

what在英語中非常活躍,它可以用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句，但是不用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。在句子里可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語，既可以指人，也可以指物。[例句] What is the population of the world? 世界的人口有多少？ What did you pay for this picture? 這幅畫你付了多少錢？

What is most important in life isn’t money.人生最重要的并非是金錢。Will you show me what you bought? 可以把你所買的東西給我看一下嗎？ Mary is no longer what she was ten years ago.Mary已經(jīng)不是10年前的她了。句型19 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句

在as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句中，連接代詞as在句子中可以作主語、賓語或表語等，可以指人或物。其在定語從句中的位置比較靈活，即可以在句子前面，在句子中間或句子末尾。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有：as we all know;as is well known to…;as is often the case;as is said/mentioned above;as has been said before;as I told you before;as is evident;as often happens;as can be seen;as is/was expected;as we expect;as I can remember等。[注意1]as通常只指整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，不表示部分內(nèi)容。

[注意2]as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句通常指“事先可以預(yù)料到的”“料想到的”，表達(dá)“好”的方面。[注意3]as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)，常構(gòu)成the same…as…;such…as…;so/as …as…等結(jié)構(gòu)。在從句中既可以指人、物，也可以指整個(gè)句子。[例句] This is also part of your work, as I told you before.我曾告訴過你，這也是你工作的一部分。The man was a teacher, as was evident from his way of speaking.從那人說話的樣子可明顯看出，他是個(gè)老師。

Such ideas as he hits on are worthless.像他那樣偶然想起的主意是無用的。It’s the same story as I heard from her yesterday.這故事跟我從她那兒聽到的相同。He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.他要盡可能找漂亮的女孩結(jié)婚。

Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.那些對(duì)世界做出巨大貢獻(xiàn)的人們應(yīng)該受到極大的尊重。句型20 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句（也引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句）

which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可以指整個(gè)句子內(nèi)容，也可以指句子的部分內(nèi)容（如單詞或詞組等），在句子中可以作主語、賓語（動(dòng)詞或介詞的）、定語等。注意它在句子中的位置：只能放在主句后，不能放在主句前。表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是“不好的”、“事先沒有預(yù)料到的”等時(shí)，常用which，只指物。

[例句] Yellowstone National Park, which is in Wyoming, is one of the most beautiful national parks in the world.黃石國(guó)家公園位于懷俄明州，是世界上最美麗的國(guó)家公園之一。

The clock, which my grandfather bought, is still in good order.這時(shí)鐘是我祖父買的，現(xiàn)在還走時(shí)很準(zhǔn)。

The picture, for which he paid an enormous amount of money, was a forgery.那幅畫他花了一大筆錢購(gòu)買，卻是幅贗品。

She changed her mind again, which made us all angry.她又改變了主意，這使我們大家都生氣了。

I lived three years in Paris, during which time I learned French.我在巴黎住了三年，在那期間我學(xué)了法語。

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.天氣結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)晴，這是我們沒有預(yù)料到的。句型21（1）、疑問詞+ever whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，相當(dāng)于no matter和what, who, which, when, where, how連用。

[例句] Whatever(=No matter what)may happen, we shall not lose hope.無論發(fā)生什么事，我們都不能失去希望。

Whatever reasons you(may)have, you should carry out a promise.無論你有什么理由，你都應(yīng)該遵守諾言。

Whoever(=No matter who)comes, he will be warmly welcome.無論誰來，都會(huì)受到熱烈歡迎。Whenever(=No matter when)it happened, it was certainly not yesterday.此事無論發(fā)生在何時(shí)，但絕不是昨天。

Whenever you(may)call, you will find her sitting by the window.無論什么時(shí)候你去找她，你都會(huì)看到她坐在窗邊。

Wherever(=No matter where)he went, he made friends with people.Whichever(=No matter which)of them you many choose, the quality will be the same.他們當(dāng)中不論你選哪一個(gè)，品質(zhì)都一樣。

However(=No matter how)hard I have tried, I can’t find the answer.（2）、whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever等引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，這時(shí)不能用no matter+疑問詞替換。[例句] Take whichever you want.你要哪個(gè)就拿哪個(gè)。

We will do whatever we can to help him out.我們要盡力幫助他擺脫困境。I’ll show you whatever you want to see.你想看什么我就給你看什么。Whoever did this job must be rewarded.無論誰做這件事都要得到報(bào)酬。

Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.任何人在這種大雨中行走都會(huì)患感冒。

You may invite whomever（口語中常用whoever代替）you like to the party.你可以邀請(qǐng)你喜歡的人來參加晚會(huì)。

Take whatever magazines you want to read.你可以取閱任何你想讀的雜志。倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

句型22全倒裝句型

（一）here, there, out, in, up, down, now, then, away等副詞放在句首，句子需要全部倒裝 [例句] There goes the bell!= The bell is ringing.鈴響了！Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.汽車來了。

Now comes your turn to make a short speech.該輪到你發(fā)言了。Away went the thief when he saw the police.Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.我們期盼的時(shí)候到了。[注意]（1）在這種情況下倒裝僅限于不及物動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞，像go, come, rush, live, stand, lie等。（2）主語是人稱代詞時(shí)不要倒裝。如：Away he went.他走遠(yuǎn)了。句型23全倒裝句型

（二）表示方位的狀語放在句首，句子全倒裝；謂語動(dòng)詞多為be, lie, stand, sit, come, walk, run, stop etc.不及物動(dòng)詞。[例句] On a hill in front of them stands a great castle.在他們面前的山上矗立著一座巨大的城堡。In front of the house stopped a police car.房子的全面停著一輛警車。Around the corner walks a young policeman.拐角處有個(gè)年輕的警察在行走。Under the tree sat a boy of about ten.在樹下坐著一個(gè)大約10歲的男孩。句型24全倒裝句型

（三）（表語）adj./ v-ing / v-ed +（地點(diǎn)狀語）+ be（或其他動(dòng)詞形式）…

So adj./adv…that…如此……以至于……(so引導(dǎo)的句子倒裝，而that引導(dǎo)的句子不倒裝！)(這種結(jié)構(gòu)是半倒裝句。)[例句] Present at the meeting were the manager, all the designers and the writer.出席會(huì)議的有經(jīng)理，設(shè)計(jì)師和詞作者。

Fastened to the pole is the National flag.旗桿上有一面國(guó)旗。

Hidden behind the door were some naughty children.有幾個(gè)頑皮的孩子藏在門后面。

Sitting at the back of the classroom were several old teachers, listening attentively to the new teacher.坐在教室后面的是幾位老教師，他們?cè)谡J(rèn)真地聽新教師的課。Gone are the days when farmers lived in the poor houses.農(nóng)民住在破舊房子里的日子過去了。

Typical for China is the crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.相聲是中國(guó)典型的喜劇，兩個(gè)演員通過玩弄詞藻來逗樂觀眾。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.他說英語非常清晰，別人都能聽懂他的話。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.光運(yùn)行非?？?，我們幾乎無法想象它的速度。

句型25 半倒裝句

（一）否定意義的副詞或短語放在句首，句子半倒裝。這樣的副詞主要有：little, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, never, not at all, by no means（決不）, at no time（在任何時(shí)候都不），nowhere, in no case(無論如何都不)；not in the least(=not at all), on no condition（決不）等。

[例句] Never shall I forget you.At no time was the man aware of what was happening.那個(gè)人根本沒有注意到發(fā)生的情況。Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.我那時(shí)幾乎沒有明白他給我說的話。It’s beyond description.Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet, beautiful place.那真是用語言難以形容。世界上沒有其他地方會(huì)有這么安靜、美麗的地方了。Not a single mistake did he make in the exam.他在考試中沒有犯一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。By no means are these works of art satisfactory.這些藝術(shù)品根本不能令人滿意。On no condition should you visit that place.你決不能去那個(gè)地方。句型26 半倒裝句

（二）not only…, but also…（前一分句倒裝，后一分句不倒裝）[例句] Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship was taken away.不僅他擁有的一切被那走了，就連他的德國(guó)國(guó)籍也被取消了。

They suggested not only should we attend the party but also give a performance.他們建議我們不僅要參加晚會(huì)，還要進(jìn)行表演。

Not only should we students study hard, we also should know how to enjoy ourselves in our spare time.我們學(xué)生不僅要學(xué)習(xí)好，還應(yīng)該知道在課余時(shí)間怎樣享受生活。句型27半倒裝句

（三）neither, nor放在句首 [例句] If you don’t go to see the movie, neither will I.如果你不去看電影，我也不去。--Why didn’t you buy the jacket?

--Neither was the price satisfactory, nor did the color agree with me.價(jià)格不能令人滿意，顏色也不太適合我。

I don’t like him, nor do I care about him.我不喜歡他，也不關(guān)心他。句型28 半倒裝句

（四）“only + 狀語”放在句首，句子半倒裝 [例句] Only when the war was over did he return to work.直到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束他才回去工作。

Only after you have reached eighteen can you join the army.你只有到了18歲才能參軍。Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life.只有這樣，我們對(duì)生活中的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)才會(huì)有充分的準(zhǔn)備。

Only by changing the way we live will we be able to save the earth.只有改變生活方式，我們才能拯救地球。

[注意]這種結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝只在only引導(dǎo)狀語的時(shí)候使用，only引導(dǎo)主語的時(shí)候不用倒裝。Only in this way can you work out the problem.你只有用這種方法才能做出題目。Only this way can help you work out the problem.只有這種方法才能幫你做出題目。句型29 半倒裝句

（五）so + be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等 + 主語 “……也……”（表示肯定意思）neither/nor +動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等 + 主語 “……也……”（表示否定意思）[例句] She is interested in the story, so am I.He enjoys playing the guitar, so do I.I saw the film last night, so did he.In the past 20 years, our society has changed a lot, so have our eating habits.近20年來。我們的社會(huì)發(fā)生了很大的變化，我們的飲食習(xí)慣也變了。

Tom didn’t attend the meeting last night;nor did Mary.Tom沒來參加昨晚的會(huì)議，Mary也沒來。

I have never been abroad.Neither/Nor has Tom.[比較1] “so + 主語 + 助動(dòng)詞” 表示肯定已有的觀點(diǎn)或事實(shí) [例句] –We have all worked hard these days.–So we have.（的確如此）

I promised to help him, and so I did.（我確實(shí)幫助他了）[比較2] “主語 + 助動(dòng)詞 + so” 表示按照別人的要求去做 [例句] The wounded little boy asked me to lift him up and I did so.The doctor asked Charlie to breathe deeply and he did so.句型30 so it is with somebody = it’s the same with somebody前者怎么樣，后者也怎么樣

[注意]前面既有否定句又有肯定句，或有多個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞難以選擇時(shí)，用此句型。[例句] John likes English but he doesn’t like maths, so it is with me(so it is the same with me).Tom is a student and he studies hard, so it is with me.–He was really manly enough to be responsible for what he had done.他像個(gè)男子漢，敢于對(duì)自己的所作所為負(fù)責(zé)。

–So he was, and so it was with you.他的確如此，你當(dāng)時(shí)也一樣。虛擬語氣句型31（從句）If + were/did（動(dòng)詞的過去式），（主句）主語 + would/might/should/could + do（表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)）[例句] If I were you, I would not be so proud.如果我是你，我不會(huì)如此自負(fù)。

I don’t have a cellphone.If I had one, it would be convenient for me to get in touch with others.If I were in your position, I would think better of it.如果我處在你的位置，我會(huì)好好考慮它。句型32（從句）If + had done,（主句）主語+ would/might/should/could +have done（表示對(duì)過去或已經(jīng)發(fā)生事情的虛擬假設(shè)）

[例句] What a pity it is that you didn’t attend the concert yesterday!If you had attended the concert, you would have seen the famous singer.真遺憾昨天你沒有去聽音樂會(huì)。如果你去了，就能見到那位著名歌手。Anyone in his position would have done the same.=If anyone had been in his position, he would have done the same.任何處在他位置的人都會(huì)這樣做的。句型33（從句）If + were/did（動(dòng)詞過去式）/were to do/should do，（主句）主語+ would/might/should/could + do（表示對(duì)將來的假設(shè)）[例句] If he should refuse(= If he were to refuse=If he refused), it didn’t matter at all.萬一他拒絕了，那也沒關(guān)系。

If you shouldn’t pass the college entrance examination, what would you do? 萬一高考不中，你該怎么辦？句型34虛擬語氣條件句的倒裝

在虛擬條件句中，如果出現(xiàn)有were, had, should，可以省去if, 把這些詞放在句子前面，構(gòu)成虛擬倒裝句。[例句] Should he act like that again, he would be fined.如果他還這樣做，就要受罰。

Had the doctor come in time last night(=If the doctor had come in time last time), the boy would have been saved.昨天晚上要是醫(yī)生及時(shí)到達(dá)，小孩就會(huì)得救。Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.Had I enough money(= If I had enough money), I would buy a larger house.句型35 if only引起的感嘆句，相當(dāng)于 “How I wish + 賓語從句”，意思是“但愿……；要是……就好了” [例句] If only he could come!他要是能來就好了！

If only we students didn’t have so much homework！要是沒有這么多的作業(yè)該多好！If only I hadn’t been so careless in the exam!我當(dāng)時(shí)沒有那么粗心就好了！句型36 if it were not for…(= were it not for…)

if it hadn’t been for…(= had it not been for…)“要不是因?yàn)橛小蝗绻皇恰?[注意]這種結(jié)構(gòu)中不能用否定結(jié)構(gòu)的縮寫形式，即不能用weren’t it for…）

[例句] If it hadn’t been for(= Had it not been for)the determined captain, all the passengers on board wouldn’t have been saved.要不是船長(zhǎng)一直堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，船上的旅客就不會(huì)得救。

If it were not for your rich parents, you couldn’t live so easy a life.要不是你父母有錢，你的生活不會(huì)如此安逸。

If it were not for the expense, I would go abroad now.如果不是因?yàn)榻?jīng)費(fèi)問題，我現(xiàn)在就出國(guó)了。句型37 “but for + 名詞”和“but that +從句”，意思是“倘若不是；要不是”，接虛擬語氣

[例句] But for air and water, nothing could live.(= If there were no air or water, nothing could live.)如果沒有空氣和水，什么東西都難以生存。

But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.= If it hadn’t been for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.如果不是暴風(fēng)雨，我們?cè)缇偷搅恕?/p>

But for you, we couldn’t have carried out the plan.要不是你的話，我們無法實(shí)施那項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。She could not have believed it but that she saw it.若非親眼所見，她是不會(huì)相信的。句型38 在動(dòng)詞insist（1堅(jiān)持做某事），order, command（2命令）, advise, suggest, propose（3建議做某事），demand, require, request, ask（4要求）等表示建議、命令、要求的名詞性從句中謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣。基本句型：主語+(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形。另外像decide, desire, intend, recommend等也要接(should)+動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)。[例句] Mother insists that Tom(should)go to bed at nine o’clock.（賓語從句）We suggested that the meeting(should)be held at once.It was required that the crops(should)be harvested at once.（主語從句）The suggestion that he(should)be invited was rejected.（同位語從句）That is their demand that their wages(should)be increased.（表語從句）[注意1] advice, suggestion, order, demand, proposal, request, desire, command, decision, requirement等名詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句或表語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形。[注意2] It’s suggested/ advised/ demanded/ordered/requested/proposed/required/desired等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形。

[注意3]suggest意思是“表明，暗示；說明”時(shí)；insist意思是“堅(jiān)持觀點(diǎn)，堅(jiān)持看法”時(shí)，句子不能用虛擬語氣。[例句] He insisted that he was innocent.=He insisted on his innocence.他堅(jiān)持說自己是無辜的。He insisted that he had never done wrong.他堅(jiān)持說沒有做錯(cuò)事情。

Are you suggesting that I’m not suited for the job? 你是在暗示說我不適合做那項(xiàng)工作？ The look on his face suggested that the teacher was quite satisfied with the result.臉上的表情說明老師對(duì)結(jié)果感到滿意。句型39 It is necessary/important/natural/impossible/essential（基本的）等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即主語+(should)+動(dòng)詞原形 [例句] It’s necessary that Tom take the exam first.Tom有必要先參加考試。

With the society developing very fast, it’s quite necessary/important that we(should)have a good knowledge of English and computer.隨著社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展，我們有必要精通英語和電腦。句型40 It’s strange/surprising/a pity/a shame/a surprise(that)… should do…should表示“竟然” [例句] It’s a pity that she should miss the chance.很遺憾她錯(cuò)過了機(jī)會(huì)。

It’s really surprising that a prophecy（預(yù)言）should coincide with the fact so exactly.令人驚訝的是，預(yù)言和事實(shí)竟然如此巧合。

It’s strange that he shouldn’t pass the exam.奇怪的是他竟然沒有通過考試。句型41 prefer(1)prefer to do sth 例：I prefer to stay at home.我寧愿呆在家里。(2)prefer doing sth 例：I prefer playing in defence.我喜歡打防守。(3)prefer sb to do sth 例：Would you prefer me to stay? 你愿意我留下來嗎？(4)prefer to do sth rather than do sth ……寧愿…...而不愿.…“.例句：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out 我寧愿呆在家里而不愿出去.(5)prefer doing sth to doing sth 例：I prefer watching football to playing it.我喜歡看籃球，不喜歡打籃球。(6)prefer sth to sth 例：I prefer tea to coffee.我要茶不要咖啡。句型42 seem(1)It +seems + that從句

例：It seemed that everyone was satisfied.看來好像每個(gè)人都很滿意。(2)It seems to sb that---例：It seems to me that she is right.我看她是對(duì)的，(3)There seems to be----例：There seems to be a heavy rain.看上去要有一場(chǎng)大雨。(4)It seems as if----例：It seemed that she couldn't come to class.看樣子她不能來上課了。句型43 表示“相差……；增加了……；增加到……”句型：(1)She is taller than I by three inches.她比我高三英寸(2)There is one year between us.我們之間相差一歲。(3)She is three years old than I 她比我大三歲。

(4)They have increased the price by 50%.他們把價(jià)格上漲了50% 句型44 too句型：

(1)too．．．to do sth．

例：Politics is too important to be left to the politicians．

（＝Politics is so important that it can't be left to the politicians．）政治太重要了，不能由政治家來決定。(2)only too---to do sth 例：I shall be only too pleased to get home.我要回到家里就非常高興。(3)too + adj + for sth 例：These shoes are much too small for me.我穿這雙鞋太小了。(4)too + adj + a + n.例：This is too difficult a text for me.這篇課文對(duì)我來說太難了。(5)can't … too +形容詞無論……也不為過

例：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我們?cè)僭趺磸?qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)眼睛的重要性也不為過。句型45 before 句型：

(1)before sb can/ could … 某人還沒來得及……

例：Before I could get in a word，he had measured me．我還沒來得及插話，他就給我量好了尺寸(2)It will be +時(shí)間+ before + 還有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間……

例：It will be 4 years before he graduates.他還有四年時(shí)間變畢業(yè)了。(3)had done some time before（才……）

例：We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我們航行了四天四夜才見到陸地。(4)had not done---before---不到……就…… 例：We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.我們還沒走到一英里路就覺得累了。

(5)It was not +一段時(shí)間+ before 不多久就…… 例：It wasn’t two years before he left the country.還沒到兩年他們離開了那國(guó)家。句型46 用于表示過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望和計(jì)劃的句型：

(1)should like to/ would like to/ would love to have done sth.例：You should like to have written to your mother.你本應(yīng)當(dāng)給你母親寫信。

(2)was / were going to do sth.（用過去將來時(shí)態(tài)表示原打算做什么）例：Lucy was going to watch a basketball match.Lucy 原打算看一場(chǎng)籃球比賽。

(3)was / were going to have done sth.表示未完成原來的計(jì)劃和安排例：Lily was going to have cleaned her bedroom, but she had no time.Lily 原打算清理她的臥室，但她沒時(shí)間。

(4)expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think, want, wish ．．．

常用過去完成時(shí)態(tài),在這些詞后接賓語從句或者接不定式的一般形式；或者用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)后面接不定式的完成形式表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望例：She had supposed him to be very rich.她原以為他很有錢。(5)wish that …h(huán)ad done sth.表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望．

例：I wish he had been here yesterday.要是他昨天在這兒就好了。(6)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should ,would, could, might, ought to等后接不定式的完成時(shí)，表示過去本該做，打算做，想做而未做的事情． should have done =ought to have done 本應(yīng)該做而沒做 would have done = 本來就會(huì)去做某事而沒做 could have done = 本可以做某事而沒做 might have done 本可以做而沒做

例：They ought to have apologized.他們本該道歉的。句型47 倍數(shù)句型：

(1)倍數(shù)＋比較級(jí)＋than．．．，例：The room is twice larger than that one．這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的兩倍大。

There is 30 times greater chance of being hit by lightening than being attacked by a shark.(2)倍數(shù)＋as＋原級(jí)＋as．．．，例：The room is three times as large as that one．這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的三倍。

(3)倍數(shù)＋the size ／height／length ／weight ／width of．．．例：The room is three times the size of that one．這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的3倍大。

句型48 比較句型：(1)原級(jí)比較：

例：English is not so difficult a subject as Russia.英語不是和像俄語一樣難的科目。

Their bones are not as thick as adults’.他們的骨頭和成年人的不一樣厚。(2)一方超過另一方：

例：The weather of this year is a lot hotter than that of last year.今年的氣候比上一年的氣候要熱得多。(3)一方不如另一方：

例：The restoration was so bad that it made some of the buildings less secure than they had been before.修復(fù)工作是如此的糟，以致于它使得一些建筑沒有以前安全了。(4)The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）

例：The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈進(jìn)步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.我們書讀愈多，我們愈有學(xué)問。(5)more….than…與其說…倒不如說例：Smith is more diligent than intelligent.與其說Smith聰明倒不如說他勤奮。

(6)no +形容詞比較級(jí)+ than = as +形容詞的反義詞+ as 例：I am no better at English than you.我的英語不比你好。(7)that 在前后比較中代替不可數(shù)名詞和特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞例：The traditional picture of St Nicholas is quite different from that of Father Christmas.(8)one 在前后比較中代替泛指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。

例：I prefer a flat in Beijing to one in Nanjing, because I want to live near my Mom's.與南京相比我更喜歡在北京有一套公寓，因?yàn)槲蚁敫覌寢屪∫黄稹?9)those 在前后比較中代替特指的復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。例：Salaries are higher here than those in my country.這兒的工資比我們國(guó)家的高。

(10)ones 在前后比較中代替泛指的復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞

例：Cars do cause us some health problems---in fact far more serious ones than mobile phones do.汽車確實(shí)給我們的身體健康帶來問題，事實(shí)上比手機(jī)造成的問題更嚴(yán)重。句型49 感嘆句型：

(1)What a + Adj + N + S + V!例：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

信守我們的諾言是多么的重要?。?2)How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...?。?/p>

例：How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守諾言是多么重要的事！(3)How + S + V!

例句：How I want to go to Beijing.我多么想去北京??！句型50 表法猜測(cè)的句型：

(1)must have done sth 一定做過某事否定形式：can't have done 例：She must have come here last night.她一定是昨晚來的。She can't have gone there 她不可能到那兒去。

(2)may have done sth 可能做過某事否定形式：may not have done 例：Philip may have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip 可能在這次車禍中傷得很嚴(yán)重。

(3)might have done sth 或許做過某事否定形式: might not have done 例：She might have known what the bottle contained.她或許知道這個(gè)瓶子里裝的是什么。(4)should have done sth 估計(jì)已經(jīng)做了某事否定形式：should not have done 例：She should have arrived in her office by now.她此刻估計(jì)已經(jīng)到達(dá)辦公室了。句型51 動(dòng)詞不定式常用句型：

(1)It takes / took / will take sb.some time / money to do sth.某人花/花了/將花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間/多少錢做某事.例句：It took me years of hard work to speak good English.為了講一口流利的英語,我花了多年時(shí)間刻苦操練.(2)It is + adj +for/of sb to do sth 例：Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.林肯說南方脫離聯(lián)邦是不對(duì)的。It was careless of Tom to break the cup.(3)Sb.have / has / had no choice but to do...某人除了做……別無選擇.例句：We had no choice but to take a taxi for we'd missed the last bus.由于錯(cuò)過了最后一班公共汽車,除了乘坐的士,我們別無選擇.(4)It's not /just like sb.to do sth.……的行為不/正像某人的一貫作風(fēng).例：lt's not like Jim to be late for class.He regards time as the most important thing in life.上課遲到不像吉姆的一貫作風(fēng),他把時(shí)間看作是生命中最重要的.(5)．．．．形容詞／副詞＋enough to do sth．例：I was fortunate enough to travel to South Africa.．(6)It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）

例句：It pays to help others.幫助別人是值得的。

(7)It cost sb some time/money to do sth 例：It must cost a good deal to live here.住這兒一定會(huì)花很多錢的。(8)do all he could to do sth do what he could to do sth do everything he could to do sth 例：They were doing everything they could to help the fatherland.他們?cè)诒M最大努力去幫助祖國(guó)。

(9)It is hard to imagine/ say … 很難想象/說……

例：It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.很難想象愛迪生每天是怎樣工作20小時(shí)的。It's hard to say whether the plan is practical.這個(gè)計(jì)劃是否實(shí)際很難說。句型52 動(dòng)名詞常用句型：

(1)...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time(in)doing sth.(有困難做某事)例：People from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.來自那兩個(gè)國(guó)家的人們?cè)谙嗷ダ斫馍鲜菦]有困難的。(2)upon/on doing sth, 一……就……

例：Upon / On hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn't say a word.一聽到這個(gè)出乎意料的消息，他驚訝到說不出話來。(3)There is no/some difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth.例：There is no difficulty in solving this social problem.解決這個(gè)社會(huì)問題毫無困難。

(4)There is no need/use harm/hurry in doing sth 例：There is no need in sending such expensive present.沒有必要送這樣貴重的禮物。

(5)spend some time/money(in)doing sth 例：They say children spend too much time chatting and playing games instead of focusing on their school work.他們說孩子們花太多的時(shí)間在閑聊和玩游戲上，而不是集中在學(xué)習(xí)上。(6)It's no use / good/ worth doing sth 例：It’s no use talking with him.He won’t listen to you.跟他談沒用，他不會(huì)聽你的。

(7)It's a waste of time/money/energy doing 例：It's a waste of time watching TV programme as this.句型53 Not---until 句型

(1)陳述句 not---until---直到……才

例：Last night I didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock.昨晚我11點(diǎn)鐘才睡覺。(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)句 It wasn't until…that...直到……才…….例：It wasn't until yesterday that I got your letter.我直到昨天才收到你的來信.(3)倒裝句 Not until...did...直到……才…….例：Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.直到我開始工作,我才意識(shí)到我已蹉跎了很多歲月.句型54 since 句型：

(1)Since + S + 過去式，S + 現(xiàn)在完成式

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自從他上高中，他一直很用功。

(2)It is +---+ since S +持續(xù)性謂語動(dòng)詞（表否定）

例：It is three years since she lived here.她已三年不住這兒了。(3)It is +---+ since S + 瞬間謂語動(dòng)詞（表肯定）

例：It is years since I stopped smoking）．我戒煙已經(jīng)數(shù)年了。句型55 讓步狀語從句：

(1)Adj./n./adv.+ as/ though+ Subject（主詞）+ be, S + V~~~（雖然...）例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.雖然我們的國(guó)家富有，我們的生活品質(zhì)絕對(duì)令人不滿意。(2)No matter what等特殊疑問詞...…無論什么…….例句：No matter what happens, I'll always stand by you.不論發(fā)生什么事,我都永遠(yuǎn)支持你.(3)However + adj/adv + S + V, 盡管……

例：You won't be able to do it alone, however much you try.不論你多努力，你一個(gè)人也做不來。

(4)whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever + S + V，無論什么/哪里…… 例：Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都會(huì)想到你。(5)whether … or not

例：Whether you like it or not, you'll have to do it.不管你喜歡不喜歡，你必須做這件事。(6)even if/though 例：Even if/Even though the exercise is very difficult, you must do it.即使那練習(xí)很難，你都必須做。句型56 違反常規(guī)的冠詞位置句型：

(1)so/as/that/too/how +adj.+ a/an + n.例：He is as good a student as you.他和你一樣是個(gè)好學(xué)生。This is too difficult a problem for me.對(duì)我來說這是一個(gè)太難的問題。You can hardly imagine how clever a boy he is.你幾乎想象不到那孩子有多聰明。

(2)quite/rather/what/such/many + a/an +(adj)+n 例：She sang quite a beautiful song.她的歌唱得很漂亮。He was such a fool as to believe what she said.他是這樣的一個(gè)笨蛋以致于相信了她說的話。(3)all/both/half/twice the + n 例：All the students in her class like her very much.她班上所有的學(xué)生都喜歡她。句型57 表示最高級(jí)的句型：

(1)Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V 例：Nothing is more important than to receive education.沒有比接受教育更重要的事。

(2)no one(nobody, nothing)+so/as+原級(jí)＋as 例：Nobody is so blind as those who will not see.沒有人像那些視而不見的人如此的瞎了。(3)比較級(jí)＋than+any other +名詞單數(shù) 比較級(jí)＋than +anything(anyone)else 比較級(jí)＋than + any of the others 例：Bamboo probably has more uses than any other plant in the world.(4)否定詞 +比較級(jí)

例：It can’t be worse.這是最糟的

I can’t agree any more.我非常同意。(5)be the last----例：This is the last thing I want to do.這是我最不想干的事。句型58 more---than 句型：

(1)more---than 與其……不如…… 例：He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.在工作上與其說他慢不如說他懶。(2)more than 超過；不僅僅是；非常

例：These flags are more than just colorful pieces of cloth and thread sewn together.這些旗子不只是不同顏色的布料和絲線逢在一起。(3)not more than 最多，不超過

例：They finished the project in not more than one year.在不超過一年的時(shí)間內(nèi)，他們完成了那項(xiàng)工程。(4)no more than 僅僅

例：The officials could see no more than the Emperor.那些官員能看到的僅僅是皇帝。句型59 形式賓語與賓語補(bǔ)語句型：(1)形式賓語代動(dòng)詞不定式例：I think it necessary to explore the space.我認(rèn)為探索太空是有必要的。(2)形式賓語代從句

例：They found it strange that no one would take the money.他們感到很奇怪誰也不要這一筆錢。

(3)過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)語表示賓語被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作：例：I had my pen stolen.我的筆被偷了。

(4)現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)語表示賓語正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例：They found her lying in bed reading a novel.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)她躺在床上看小說。

(5)以名詞（間或可用代詞）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：

例：In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work.1849年他到了英國(guó)，并且把倫敦作為他的革命工作的基地。I think him an honest man.我認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。(6)介詞短語做賓語補(bǔ)語：如：

例：I can't find him in the office.我在辦公室外沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)他。(7)What do you find the hardest in...你覺得……最大的困難是什么例句：What do you find the hardest in learning English 你覺得學(xué)英語最大的困難是什么句型60 特殊的條件句：

(1)Suppose/ Supposing---, 假如……

例：Suppose/Supposing he is absent, what shall we do? 假如他缺席，我們?cè)趺崔k？

(2)On condition that只要……；如果…… 例：I'll come on condition that John is invited, too.如果約翰也被邀請(qǐng)，我就來。

(3)provided(that)/ providing-----只要……

I will come provided(that)I am well enough.只要我身體好，我一定來。You may go out providing you do your homework first.只要你先做作業(yè)，你便可以外出。(4)so/as long as 例：As/So long as you work hard, you'll succeed in the end.只要你好好干，終究會(huì)成功的。(5)祈使句+and + 陳述句(表肯定）例：Give him an inch and he’ll take a mile.(= If you give him an inch, he’ll take a mile.)他會(huì)得寸進(jìn)尺的。(6)祈使句+ or/otherwise +陳述句(表否定）

例：Start at once, or / otherwise you’ll miss the train.(= If you don’t start at once, …)

(= Unless you start at once, you’ll miss the train.)立即動(dòng)身，否則你會(huì)錯(cuò)過那班火車的。(7)…won't...unless...除非……否則我不會(huì)…….例句：I won't write to him unless he writes to me first.我不會(huì)寫信給他的,除非他先寫給我.句型61 特殊的比較句型：

(1)A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)例：She differs from her sister in the colour of her eyes.她眼睛的顏色跟她姐姐不同。

(2)...varies from person to person(……是因人而異的)例：The opinion of the problem varies from person to person.對(duì)這個(gè)問題的看法是因人而異的。(3)A is superior(inferior)to B.A 優(yōu)越于B 例：The modal is technically superior to its competitors.這一款式在技術(shù)上優(yōu)越于與之競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的產(chǎn)品。

Some consider digital TV to be superior to satellite TV.(4)be different from 例：Its meaning can be completely different from the meaning of its components.它的意思有時(shí)候跟它的合成的意思完全不一樣。(5)be inferior to 例：Modern music is often considered inferior to that of the past.現(xiàn)代音樂常被人認(rèn)為不如過去的。

(6)A and B have sth in common.A 和B 有共同點(diǎn)。

例：The Japanese and Chinese cultures have a lot in common.日本與中國(guó)的文化具有許多相同點(diǎn)。句型62 必須背誦的There be 句型：

(1)There is no immediate solution to the problem.對(duì)于這個(gè)問題沒有立即的解決的方案。

(2)There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否認(rèn)的...）

例：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否認(rèn)的，我們的生活品質(zhì)已經(jīng)每況愈下。(3)There is no doubt that...毫無疑問,…….例句：There is no doubt that health is better than wealth.毫無疑問,健康勝于財(cái)富.(4)There's no point in...……是無意義的.例句：There's no point in getting angry when things have happened.對(duì)已發(fā)生的事生氣是沒有意義的.(5)There's no way...……絕不可能.例句：There's no way one could succeed without hard work.一個(gè)人不努力絕不可能成功.(6)There is no one but ~~~（沒有人不...）

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.沒有人不渴望上大學(xué)。

(7)There is no need/use/harm/hurry in doing sth 例：There is no need in spending money mending the broken car.沒有必要花錢去修理那破車了。

There is no use in regretting when time passed by.時(shí)間過去了再后悔就沒有用了。

There is no harm in using the environmentally friendly products.用環(huán)保產(chǎn)品是沒有害處的。

There is no hurry in running to school for time is still enough.沒有必要匆匆忙忙上學(xué)校，因?yàn)闀r(shí)間還充足呢。(8)There no/some difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth 例：There is no trouble in selling our car.我們毫不費(fèi)力地賣了我們的車。句型63 time 句型：

(1)the first time 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句

例：I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.第一次我見到她時(shí)，覺得她很誠(chéng)實(shí)。(2)(the)next time 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句

例：The harvest will have been got in(the)next time you come.你下次來時(shí)，莊稼已收好了。(3)the last time 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句

例：What was the name of the hotel he had stayed in the last time he was in Cairo? 他上次來開羅時(shí)往的那家旅館叫什么來著？(4)each time/every time 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句

例：Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.每次夜間回來，你總是把你的靴子朝地上一扔。

(5)It is ／was the first／last／second ／third time ＋從句（完成時(shí)態(tài)）例：This is the first time I have been here 這是我第一次到這兒。(6)It is high time that sb did(should do)sth 該……的時(shí)候了。例句：It is high time that we went to the classroom.該我們進(jìn)教室的時(shí)候了。

(7)by the time + 從句就在……時(shí)候；到……時(shí)候?yàn)橹?例：We'll be ready by the time you get back.你回來的時(shí)候，我們將準(zhǔn)備好了。(8)It's time for sb to do sth 例：It’s time for me to log off.我該關(guān)機(jī)/下線了。(9)It's time for sth 例：It's time for lunch.午餐的時(shí)間到了。句型64 幾種重要的表語從句句型：

(1)The point is that...重點(diǎn)/關(guān)鍵是…….例句：The point is that you have to keep your promise to help her with her English.關(guān)鍵是你得遵守諾言,幫她學(xué)習(xí)英語.(2)The chance is that … 有可能……

例：The chance is that he will succeed.他很有可能成功。(3)The fact is that … 事實(shí)是……

例：The fact is that he hasn’t yet recover from illness.事實(shí)是他還沒有康復(fù)呢。

(4)The problem/question is that … 問題是……

例：The question is whether we should ask them for help.問題是我們是否應(yīng)該向他請(qǐng)求幫助。(5)That is---例：That is where Lu Xun used to live.這是魯迅過去住過的地方。句型65 so/such that句型

(1)so that（引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句）結(jié)果…… 例：We were late so that the teacher was angry.我們遲到，使得教師生氣了。

(2)so that = in order that（目的狀語從句）以便，為了例：I hurried so that I wouldn't be late for class．

為了上課不遲到，我匆忙起來。

In order that he should not be late, his mother woke him at 6.為了使他不致遲到，他母親在6點(diǎn)鐘叫醒了他。

(3)so +形容詞+（或a/an+ 名詞）+that 如此……以致于…… 例：I've been working so hard recently that I haven't had any time for collecting new stamps.我近來一直很忙，沒時(shí)間搜集新郵票。(4)such +名詞（或an/a+形容詞 + 名詞）+---that 例：It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it 這是一個(gè)異乎尋常的藝術(shù)作品，人人都想看一看。句型70 表示“也、同樣”的句型(1)too 用于肯定

例：I like the book, too.我也喜歡這本書。(2)also 用于陳述句

例：She also speaks a little Italian.她也會(huì)說一點(diǎn)意大利語。(3)either 用于否定句

例：Peter can't go and I can't either.Peter 不能去，我也不能。(4)so 用于肯定的倒裝句

例：You speak English well, so does he.你的英語講得很好，他講得也不錯(cuò)。.(5)neither/nor 用于否定的倒裝句

例：I have never heard of such a thing, Neither has she.我從來沒有聽說這件事，她也沒有。

Tom didn’t finish his homework.Nor did Jane.湯姆沒有完成作業(yè)，Jane 也沒有。(6)as well 用于句末

例：He knows German as well.他也懂德語。

(7)so it is/was with = so it is/was the same with 用于包含不同種類的動(dòng)詞例：Jack is a student and studies in China.So it is with Green.Jack是一個(gè)學(xué)生，在中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)，Green也是如此。(8)The same is true of……，例：The music is dull and uninspiring, and the same is true of the acting.那音樂單調(diào)，缺少激情；那表演也是如此。(9)The same can be said of……(……也是如此).例：The same can be said of our country, also a developing one.我們的國(guó)家也是如此，一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。句型71 幾種重要的同位語從句：(1)由where 引導(dǎo)

例：The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be considered.那個(gè)我們應(yīng)該在哪兒建造廠房的建議應(yīng)該給予考慮。(2)由what引導(dǎo)

例：I have no idea what he did.我不知道他做了什么。(3)由whether 引導(dǎo)

例：The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is not decided.他是否會(huì)參加會(huì)議這個(gè)問題還沒決定。(4)由who引導(dǎo)。

例：The question who will go abroad needs considering.誰將去國(guó)外這個(gè)問題需要考慮。(5)由when 引導(dǎo)

例：I have no idea when they will be back and settle down.我不知道他們什么時(shí)候回來定居。(6)由that 引導(dǎo)

例：The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very good.學(xué)生應(yīng)該有很多練習(xí)，這個(gè)建議不錯(cuò)。(7)由how 引導(dǎo)

例：He can’t answer the question how he got the money.他是怎樣得到那錢的，他不能回答這個(gè)問題。(8)由why 引導(dǎo)

例: We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.我搞不懂這個(gè)問題，為什么這是最好的選擇。句型72 with復(fù)合賓語句型(1)with + n + adj.例：He stared at me with his mouth open.他張著嘴凝視著我。(2)with + n + adv 例：The boy stood there, with his head down.這男孩低著頭站在那。(3)with + n + 介詞短語

例：He stood with his hand in his pocket.他站著，一手插在衣袋里。(4)with + n + 動(dòng)詞不定式

例：With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.由于沒有可談話的人，John覺得很悲傷。(5)with + n + 現(xiàn)在分詞

例：With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries.由于物價(jià)迅猛上漲，我們買不起高當(dāng)商品。(6)with + n + 過去分詞

例：With her eyes fixed on the opposite wall, she did not answer immediately.她的眼睛盯著對(duì)面的墻壁，她沒有立即回答。句型73 have 復(fù)合賓語句型：(1)have sb do sth 例：I won't have you say such things.我絕不會(huì)讓你說這樣的話。(2)have sb doing 例：She will have you doing all the housework if you are're not carefully.如果你再不小心的話，她就讓你做全部家務(wù)。(3)have sth done 例：I have my hair cut every six weeks.我每六個(gè)星期剪一次頭。句型74 幾個(gè)重要的目的狀語從句句型：(1)in case 例：He left early in case he should miss the last train.他動(dòng)身得早，以免誤了最后一班火車。(2)for fear(that)例：He handled the instrument with care for fear(that)it should be damaged.他小心翼翼地?cái)[弄那儀器，以防把它弄壞。(3)so that 例：Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.讓我們坐到前面的座位上，以便能看得更清楚些。(4)in order that 例：He got up very early so that/in order that he might/could catch the early bus.為了趕上早班車，他起了個(gè)大早。句型75 幾個(gè)難掌握的主語從句和賓語從句

(1)You may take whatever(=anything/everything that)you like.你喜歡什么就拿什么。

(2)You may take whichever(=any)seat you like.你想坐哪個(gè)位置就坐哪個(gè)位置。(3)Whoever(=Anyone who)cuts the trees down must be punished.任何一個(gè)砍樹的人都必須受到懲罰。

(4)You may give the note to whomever(=anyone whom)you meet at the office.你可以把條子給你在辦公室看到的任何一個(gè)人。句型76 使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的常用句型：(1)since句型：主句用完成時(shí)

例：My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.從1949年，我嬸嬸就一直在一家診所工作。(2)since when +完成時(shí)

例：Since when have you planted so many young trees? 從什么時(shí)候你種植了這么多小樹的？

(3)This/it is the first(third...)time sb have done sth 例：This is the first time I have been here.這是我第一次到這兒。(4)by…（到……為止）到過去某個(gè)時(shí)候?yàn)橹褂眠^去完成時(shí)，到現(xiàn)在為止用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，到將來某個(gè)時(shí)候?yàn)橹褂脤硗瓿蓵r(shí)。例：She will have finished the book by my next birthday.到我下一個(gè)生日為止，我將完成那本書。

By eleven o'clock yesterday, we had arrived at the airport.到昨天十一點(diǎn)止我們就已經(jīng)到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)了。

但比較：By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners were seated.就在主講者進(jìn)入大廳的時(shí)候，所有的聽眾都坐好了。(5)in the past time(two days/years...)+完成時(shí)

例：In the past 10 years, there have been great changes in our family life.在過去的十年里，我們的家庭生活發(fā)生了很大的變化。(6)hardly...when....(no sooner...than)句型用過去完成時(shí) 例：Hardly had I reached the school when the bell rang.我一到學(xué)校，鈴子就響了。

No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.我們剛坐到桌子旁邊電話就響了。(7)未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望打算等等用過去完成時(shí)

例：I had thought I could pass the final examination but I failed.句型77 幾種特殊的狀語從句句型：(1)everywhere 引導(dǎo)

例：Everywhere they went, they were kindly received / warmly welcomed.他們每到一處就收到熱烈的歡迎。(2)anywhere 引導(dǎo)

例：We’ll go anywhere the Party directs us.黨指向哪我們就去哪。(3)the way 引導(dǎo)

例：She is doing her work the way I like it done.她在用她喜歡的方法做她的工作。(4)like 引導(dǎo)

例：The landlord was watching him like(= just as)a cat watches a mouse.那地主監(jiān)視著他就像貓監(jiān)視老鼠一樣。(5)immediately引導(dǎo)

例：I didn’t wait a moment, but came immediately you called.我一刻也沒停留，你一打電話我就來的。句型78 有關(guān)it的幾個(gè)特殊句型：

(1)owe it to sb.that…把…歸功于…

例：I owe it to you that I finished my work in time.虧你幫忙，我才及時(shí)完成了工作。(2)take it for granted that …想當(dāng)然

例：I take it for granted that they will support this idea.我認(rèn)為他們會(huì)支持這個(gè)提議是理所當(dāng)然的。(3)keep it in mind that…

例：It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work.一定要記住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

(4)It can be seen from the statistics that...從這個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)可看出…… 例句：It can be seen from the statistics that exercise is good for us.從這個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)可以看出，練習(xí)對(duì)我們是有好處的。

(5).It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動(dòng)詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動(dòng)詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to, appreciate, stand 賓語從句緊跟it之后例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.我妒嫉你游泳那么好，而我不能。

I would appreciate it if you call me back this evening.如果你晚上給我回電話,我會(huì)非常感激.I can't stand it when people talk with their mouth full.我無法忍受別人說話的時(shí)候滿嘴食物.(6).It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面，賓語從句緊跟it之后（except that例外）

例：I'm for it that you will follow their advice.我贊成你采納他們的意見。

(7)It must be pointed out that 必須指出的是

例句：It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population.一定要指出的是國(guó)家基本政策之一是在提高人口質(zhì)量的同時(shí)控制人口增長(zhǎng)。

(8)It has been proved that… 有人已經(jīng)證實(shí)…… 例：It has been proved that his theory is right.已經(jīng)證明，他的理論是對(duì)的。句型79 列舉、說明句型：

(1)on the one hand---;on the other hand(2)For one thing---;for another thing---例：For one thing, these shoes don't suit you.For another, they are too expensive.一方面,這雙鞋子并不適合你;另一方面,這太貴了.(3)It is one thing to...;it is another to...做這件事是一回事；做那件事是另一回事

(4)what's more---;morever---;furthermore---(5)Firstly---;secondly---;finally---(6)In the first place---;in the second place---(7)First of all/to begin with---;in addition/besides---句型80 總結(jié)句型：

(1)Through the above analysis(分析)例：Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative ones.通過以上分析，我認(rèn)為積極因素大于消極因素。(2)To sum up,總而言之, …

例：To sum up, there are three ways of solving the problems.決而言之，解決這個(gè)問題的方法有三條。(3)In short...總之……

例：In short, the students have not arrived at any agreement yet.總之，學(xué)生們還沒有達(dá)成一致的意見。

(4)In a word , it is clear that… 總之，很明顯……

例：In a word, it is clear that smoking does harm to our health.總之，很明顯，抽煙對(duì)我們健康有害。

(5)On account of this we can find that … 由此我們可以知道…

例：On account of this we can find that it is not suitable for middle school students to have cell phones.由此我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)中學(xué)生持有手機(jī)是不合適的。(6)In conclusion … 結(jié)論之, …

例：In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants’ lives.結(jié)論之，我們必須理性地考慮這個(gè)問題，對(duì)農(nóng)民的生活應(yīng)給予更多的重視。(7)All in all, it is obvious that …..總之，很明顯……

例：All in all, it is obvious that the government should set up different kinds of schools to meet the demands of different children.總之，很明顯，政府應(yīng)該建立多種不同的學(xué)校去滿足不同孩子的需要。(8)From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that...從以上所討論的東西來看/考慮到所有這些因素，我們完全可以得出這樣的結(jié)論……

例：From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.從以上所討論的東西來看/考慮到所有這些因素，我們完全可以得出這樣的結(jié)論，隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，閑暇的生活方式正在減少，這未必是一件壞事。

1.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮 with the booming of the economy 2.隨著人民生活水平的顯著提高 with the remarkable improvement of people's living standard 3.先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù) advanced science and technology 4.為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钤鎏砹饲槿?add much spice / flavor to our daily life 5.人們普遍認(rèn)為 It is commonly believed that…

6.我同意前者(后者)觀點(diǎn) I give my vote to the former / latter opinion.7.引起了廣泛的公眾關(guān)注 Sth.has aroused wide public concern./ Sth has drawn great public attention.8.不可否認(rèn) It is undeniable that…

9.熱烈的討論/ 爭(zhēng)論 a heated discussion / debate 10.有爭(zhēng)議性的問題 a controversial issue 11.就我而言/ 就個(gè)人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 12.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 13.雙方的論點(diǎn) argument on both sides 14.發(fā)揮日益重要作用 play an increasingly important role in… 15.對(duì)…必不可少 be indispensable to … 16.正如諺語所說 As the proverb goes: 17.對(duì)…產(chǎn)生有利/不利的影響 exert positive / negative effects on… 18.利遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于弊 The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.19.導(dǎo)致，引起 lead to / give rise to / contribute to / result in 20.復(fù)雜的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象 a complicated social phenomenon 21.責(zé)任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility / achievement 22.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation 23.開闊眼界 widen one's horizon / broaden one's vision 24.學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)和技能 acquire knowledge and skills 25.經(jīng)濟(jì)/心理負(fù)擔(dān) financial burden / psychological burden 26.考慮到諸多因素 take many factors into consideration 27.從另一個(gè)角度 from another perspective 28.做出共同努力 make joint efforts 29.對(duì)…有益 be beneficial to / be conducive to… 30.為社會(huì)做貢獻(xiàn) make contributions to the society 31.打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ) lay a solid foundation for… 32.綜合素質(zhì) comprehensive quality 33.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to… 34.應(yīng)當(dāng)承認(rèn) Admittedly, 35.不可推卸的義務(wù) unshakable duty 36.滿足需求 satisfy / meet the needs of...37.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information 38.寶貴的自然資源 valuable natural resources 39.因特網(wǎng) the Internet(一定要由冠詞，字母I 大寫)40.方便快捷 convenient and efficient 41.在人類生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life 42.環(huán)保的材料 environmentally friendly materials 43.社會(huì)進(jìn)步的體現(xiàn) a symbol of society progress 44.大大方便了人們的生活 Sth has greatly facilitated people's lives.45.對(duì)這一問題持有不同態(tài)度 hold different attitudes towards this issue 46.在一定程度上 to some extent 47.理論和實(shí)踐相結(jié)合 integrate theory with practice 48.…必然趨勢(shì) an irresistible trend of…

49.日益激烈的社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng) the increasingly keen social competition 50.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest 51.長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益 long-tem interest 52.…有其自身的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) … has its own merits and demerits / pros and cons 53.對(duì)…有害 do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to 54.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas / emotions / information 55.跟上…的最新發(fā)展 keep pace with / keep abreast with the latest development of… 56.…的健康發(fā)展 the healthy development of… 57.重視 attach great importance to… 58.社會(huì)地位 social status 59.把時(shí)間和精力放在…上 focus one's time and energy on… 60.擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面 expand one's scope of knowledge 61.身心兩方面 both physically and mentally 62.有直接/間接關(guān)系 be directly / indirectly related to… 63.導(dǎo)致很多問題 give rise to / lead to / spell various problems 64.可以替代think的詞 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief / view that 65.緩解壓力/ 減輕負(fù)擔(dān) relieve stress / burden 66.優(yōu)先考慮/發(fā)展… give(top)priority to sth.67.與…比較 compared with…/ in comparison with

68.可降解的/可分解的材料 degradable / decomposable material 69.代替 replace / substitute / take the place of 70.提供就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì) offer job opportunities 71.反映了社會(huì)進(jìn)步的 mirror the social progress/advance 72.增進(jìn)相互了解 enhance / promote mutual understanding 73.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of 74.承受更大的工作壓力 suffer from heavier work pressure 75.保障社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和繁榮 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society 76.更多地強(qiáng)調(diào) put more emphasis on… 77.適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展 adapt oneself to the social development 78.實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想 realize one's dream 79.主要理由列舉如下 The main / leading reasons are listed as follows: 80.我們還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走 We still have a long way to go.1.不用說?…

It goes without saying that子句 =(It is)needless to say(that)子句

= It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S.+ V.例︰不用說早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2.…是不可能的;無法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving.= There is no possibility of Ving.= It is impossible to V.= It is out of the question to V.= No one can V.= We cannot V.例︰不可否認(rèn)的?成功的事業(yè)關(guān)鍵在于健康的身心。

There is not denying that successfulbusiness lies in a healthy body and mind.3.我深信…

I am greatly convinced(that)子句 = I am greatly assured(that)子句

例︰我深信預(yù)防是于治療。

I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.4.在各種…之中?…

Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, …

例︰在各種運(yùn)動(dòng)中?我尤其喜歡慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.5.…是很容易證明的。

It can be easily proved(that)子句

例︰時(shí)間最珍貴是很容易證明的。

It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.6.…無論如何強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過 … cannot be overemphasized

例︰交通安全的重要性無論如何強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過。

The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.7.就我的看法?…；我認(rèn)為… In my opinion, … = To my mind, ….= As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that子句

例︰就我的看法?打電動(dòng)玩具既花費(fèi)時(shí)間也有害健康。

In my opinion, playing video gamesnot only takes much time but is also harmful to health.8.(A)每個(gè)人都知道… Everyone knows(that)子句

(B)就我所知?…

As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知?下列方法對(duì)我?guī)椭艽蟆?/p>

As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.9.毫無疑問地?…

There is no doubt(that)子句

例︰毫無疑問地?近視在我國(guó)的年輕人中是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題。

There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.10.根據(jù)我個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)?…

According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, …

例︰根據(jù)我個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)?微笑已帶給我許多好處。

According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.11.在我認(rèn)識(shí)的人當(dāng)中?也許沒有一個(gè)人比…更值得我尊敬。

Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …

例︰在我認(rèn)識(shí)的人當(dāng)中?也許沒有一個(gè)人比我的英文老師張老師更值得我尊敬。

Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.12.在我的求學(xué)過程中?我忘不了…

In the course of my schooling.I willnever forget …

例︰在我的求學(xué)過程中?我忘不了學(xué)習(xí)英文所遭到的大困難。

In the course of my schooling.I willnever forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.13.(A)隨著人口的增加?… With the increase/growth of the population, …(B)隨著科技的進(jìn)步, … With the advance of science and technology,…

例︰隨著臺(tái)灣經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展?許多社會(huì)問題產(chǎn)生了。

With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.14.(A)在這信息的年代?…扮演重要的角色。

In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.(B)在今日工業(yè)社會(huì)中?…是生命不可或缺的。

In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.例︰在這信息的年代?計(jì)算機(jī)扮演非常重要的角色。

In this age of information and communication, the computer playsan extremely important role.15.在討論…?一個(gè)人不得不承認(rèn)…。

In dealing with …, one cannot but admit(that)子句

例︰在討論未來的職業(yè)?一個(gè)人不得不承認(rèn)盡早決定未來的職業(yè)很重要。

In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.16.世上沒有什么比…更令我高興。

Nothing in the world can delight meso much as … 例︰世上沒有什么比到快餐店吃漢堡更令我高興。

Nothing in the world can delight meso much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.17.… 是必要的 It is necessary that S(should)V … 是重要的 It is important/essential that S(should)V … 是適當(dāng)?shù)?It is proper that S(should)V … 是緊急的 It is urgent that S(should)V 例︰我們當(dāng)保持公共場(chǎng)所清潔是應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.18.每當(dāng)我聽到…?我就忍不住感到興奮。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.每當(dāng)我做…? 我就忍不住感到悲傷。Whenever I do …, I cannot butfeel sad.每當(dāng)我想到…?我就忍不住感到緊張。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.每當(dāng)我遭遇…?我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.每當(dāng)我看到… 我就忍不住感到驚訝。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.例︰每當(dāng)我想到我家附近那一條清澈的小溪?我就忍不住感到悲傷。

Whenever I think of the clean brooknear my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.19.據(jù)說… It is said(that)子句一般認(rèn)為… It is thought(that)子句大家都知道… It is known(that)子句據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)… It is reported(that)子句一般預(yù)料… It is expected(that)子句一般估計(jì)… It is estimated(that)子句一般相信… It is believed(that)子句

例︰一般相信閱讀增加我們的知識(shí)、擴(kuò)大我們的心胸。

It is believed(that)reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.20.…的主要理由是…

The main reason why …..is(that)子句

例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社會(huì)環(huán)境日一敗壞。

The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.21.俗語說得好：「…」。Well goes an old saying, ”…“

= As an old saying goes(runs, says),”…“ = An old saying goes, ”…“ = It's an old saying(that)子句

例︰俗話說得好：「誠(chéng)實(shí)為上策」。

As an old saying goes, ”Honesty is the best policy." 22.(A)…用下列方法… … in the following ways.(B)…有三個(gè)主要理由。… for three major reasons.(C)要…?至少我們可做三件事。To …, there are at least three things we can do.例︰(A)我用下列方法增加信心。

I increase my confidence in the following ways.(B)人們學(xué)外語有三個(gè)理由。

People learn a foreign language forthree major reasons.(C)為了維護(hù)健康?我們每天至少可做三件事。

To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.II.用于文章承轉(zhuǎn)句 23.那就是(說)…；亦即… That is to say, … = That is, … = Namely, …

例︰我們生活需有規(guī)律。也就是說?早睡早起?戒除煙酒。

We need to live a regular life.That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.24.(A)基于這個(gè)理由?… For this reason, …(B)為了這個(gè)目的?… For this purpose, …

例︰基于這個(gè)理由?我已決定把行醫(yī)作為未來的職業(yè)。

For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.25.我們有理由相信…

We have reasons to believe(that)子句

例︰我們有理由相信體罰應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格禁止。

We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.26.事實(shí)上?…

As a matter of fact, … = In fact, …

例︰事實(shí)上?健康才是最重要。

As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.27.(A)例如?… For example, …(B)拿…做例子 Take … for example.例︰例如?我們盲目地提高生活水準(zhǔn)?卻降低生活品質(zhì)。

For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.28.此外?我們不應(yīng)忽視…

Besides(In addition), we should notneglect …

例︰此外?我們不應(yīng)忽視每個(gè)人都想要一個(gè)溫馨祥和的社會(huì)。

In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.29.相反地?…

on the contrary, … = by contrast, …

例︰相反地?少數(shù)學(xué)生似乎還在鬼混。

On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.30.另一方面?…

on the other hand, …

例︰政府應(yīng)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法?另一方面?大眾也應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)減少污染的好習(xí)慣。

The government should enforce laws strictly.On the other hand, thepublic also should develop the goodhabit of reducing pollution.31.然而?很可惜的是… However, it is a pity that子句

例︰然而?很可惜的是他總是臨時(shí)抱佛腳。

However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.32.換言之?… in other words, … = to put it differently 例︰換言之?我會(huì)盡最大的努力達(dá)成我的目標(biāo)。

In other words, I will try my best toattain(gain, live up to)my goal.33.別人可能認(rèn)為這是事實(shí)?但我不是。我認(rèn)為…

It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that子句例︰別人可能認(rèn)為這是事實(shí)?但我不是。我認(rèn)為… It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.34.從此之后?我已發(fā)現(xiàn)…

Ever since then, I have found that子句

例︰從此之后?我已發(fā)現(xiàn)…

Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.35.這樣說來?假如...?當(dāng)然毫無疑問地…。

In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt(that)子句

例︰這樣說來?假如我們能善用時(shí)間?當(dāng)然毫無疑問地我們會(huì)成功。

In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.36.更嚴(yán)重的是?…。

What is more serious is(that)子句

例︰更嚴(yán)重的是?我們不珍惜野生動(dòng)物。

What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.37.鑒于社會(huì)的實(shí)際需要?…。

In view of the practical need of society, ….例︰鑒于社會(huì)的實(shí)際需要?愈來愈多人對(duì)學(xué)英語有興趣。

In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.III.用于文章結(jié)論句

38.如果能實(shí)踐這三點(diǎn)?…。

If one can really put the three points into action(practice), … 例︰如果能實(shí)踐這三點(diǎn)?…。

If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.39.做這些簡(jiǎn)單之事?我們一定可以…。

By doing these simple things, we surely can ….例︰做這些簡(jiǎn)單之事?我們一定可以快樂出門平安回家。

By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.40.如此?我相信…。

In this way, I believe(that)子句

例︰如此?我相信大家能夠像我一樣?享受乘坐公車的樂趣。

In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.41.實(shí)踐這些?…。

By putting them(the above)into practice, ….例︰實(shí)踐這些?在智育方面我一直能不斷進(jìn)步。

By putting them(the above)into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.42.(A)唯有符合此三項(xiàng)要求?我們才能…。

Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….(B)唯有通力合作?我們才能…。

Only with combined efforts, can we….例︰唯有通力合作?我們才能期望臺(tái)灣不久有新的面貌。

Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.43.最后?但并非最不重要?…。Last but no least, ….例︰最后?但并非最不重要?教育上的缺失是助長(zhǎng)青少年犯罪的原因。

Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.44.這證據(jù)顯示～的重要性在怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過。

This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized.例︰這證據(jù)顯示交通安全的重要性在怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過。

This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.45.由于這些理由?我…。For these reasons, I ….例︰由于這些理由?我認(rèn)為在臺(tái)灣接受大學(xué)教育是明智的。

For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.46.總而言之?…。In conclusion, … = To sum up, …

例︰總而言之?好國(guó)民應(yīng)該遵守交通規(guī)則。

In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.47.因此?我們能下個(gè)結(jié)論?那就是…。

We can, therefore, come to the conclusion(that)子句

例︰因此?我們能下個(gè)結(jié)論?那就是世上自由罪珍貴。

We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.48.如果我們能做到如上所述?毫無疑問地?…。

If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt(that)子句

例︰如果我們能做到如上所述?毫無疑問地?我們就能精通英語。

If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English 49.因此?這就是…的原因。Thus, this is the reason why ….例︰因此?這就是我重感冒的原因。

Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.50.所以?我們應(yīng)該了解…。

Therefore, we should realize(that)子句

例︰所以?我們應(yīng)該了解學(xué)英文不能沒有字典。

Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.51.因此?由上列的討論我們可以明了…。

We, therefore, can make clear fromthe above discussion(that)子句

例︰因此?由上列的討論我們可以明了毅力可以克服任何困難。

We, therefore, can make clear fromthe above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.52.1.從～觀點(diǎn)來看?…。From the ～ point of view, ….2.根據(jù)～的看法?…。According to ～ point of view, ….例︰從政治的觀點(diǎn)來看?這是一個(gè)很復(fù)雜的問題。From the political point

欧美色欧美亚洲高清在线观看,国产特黄特色a级在线视频,国产一区视频一区欧美,亚洲成a 人在线观看中文

英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

第一篇：英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

第二篇：英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

第三篇：英文學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作常用句型

第四篇：英語常用經(jīng)典句型

第五篇：英語句型

相關(guān)范文推薦

英語句型大全

常用英語句型

英語常用句型大全

學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作英語總結(jié)

中考英語300經(jīng)典句型

英語寫作萬能句型

英語自我介紹常用句型

英語會(huì)議常用句型必備