第一篇:數(shù)控機(jī)床專業(yè)英語(yǔ)
數(shù)控機(jī)床專業(yè)英語(yǔ)
Unit 1
The history of CNC and NC development 電腦數(shù)字控制和數(shù)字控制的發(fā)展歷史
Dialogue
對(duì)話
Topical introduction :Tom and Mary have now just finished a class given by professor Smith on the workings of the machine tools.yet, they still have some questions, and so, they walk over to prof.smith.主題介紹:湯姆和瑪麗剛剛在史密斯教授的指導(dǎo)下完成了機(jī)床運(yùn)行方式的課程。然而,他們?nèi)匀挥幸恍﹩?wèn)題。于是他們步行到史密斯教授那里。
Tom:(to prof.Smith)Excuse me, sir, I’m Tom, one of your students in this class.Could I ask you some questions? 湯姆(對(duì)教授說(shuō)):對(duì)不起,先生。我是湯姆,是你班中的一名學(xué)生。我可以問(wèn)你一些問(wèn)題嗎?
Smith:(to Tom):Why not? Come on, then.史密斯:(對(duì)湯姆說(shuō))為什么不行呢?來(lái)吧。
Tom: Why do we name these machines numerical control machines? 湯姆:為什么我們(課程)的名字為數(shù)字控制機(jī)床
Smith: A good question, boy.You know, uh-hm… NC, or numerical
control, actually refers to the control of a machine tool or any other processing machines by using a series of mathematical information, or numerical data.It means the work of machine is controlled by a numerical control program.史密斯:這是個(gè)好問(wèn)題,你知道NC或者數(shù)字控制,實(shí)際上是指機(jī)床的控制或者通過(guò)使用一系列數(shù)字信息和數(shù)據(jù)資料控制機(jī)床加工過(guò)程。Mary: Oh, Porf.Smith, the idea is nice enough.But what is the advantage of numerical control over the hand control? Isn’t our hand more sensible or reliable than the programmed data? 瑪麗:史密斯教授,這個(gè)想法相當(dāng)好。但是數(shù)字控制與人工控制相比優(yōu)勢(shì)什么?人工控制不是能比程序化的數(shù)據(jù)更合理 和可靠嗎? Smith: In some ways, yes, A good example is some fine works, like a jade box, but the qualities of hand-made products may not be consistent or stable.What is more important, NC has proved to be much more advantageous in overall operation.史密斯:在一些方面,確實(shí)如此,象玉雕等精細(xì)的工作就是很好的例子,但是手工制作的產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量也許不能夠一致或者穩(wěn)定。更重要的是,NC(系統(tǒng))已經(jīng)證明在總體的操作上有更多的優(yōu)勢(shì)。Mary: But what do you mean by overall operation?
瑪麗:可是通過(guò)總體的操作你要表達(dá)什么意思呢?
Smith: Uh-huh, by it we mean the general industrial production practice.For example, NC should be adopted whenever there is
similar raw material and work parts are produced in various sizes and complex shapes.Those production shops that may have frequent changeovers will surely benefit from NC programs.史密斯: 總體的操作是指總體的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)際。例如,在同樣的原材料和工序時(shí)制造出不同尺寸規(guī)格和復(fù)雜形狀(零件)的場(chǎng)合NC系統(tǒng)將會(huì)被采用。當(dāng)工廠遇到計(jì)劃改變時(shí)將會(huì)通過(guò)NC程序獲得穩(wěn)定的收益。
Tom: Thank you,prof.Smith, but I have another question.How can we use NC to get more satisfactory results in the real production?
湯姆:謝謝,史密斯教授。但是我有另一個(gè)問(wèn)題。怎樣能夠使用NC 在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中獲得更加滿意的結(jié)果?
Smith: It’s better to use NC tools together with other technical advances, such as programmed optimization of cutting speeds and feeds, work positioning, tool selection, an chip disposal.史密斯:與其它技術(shù)一起使用將是更好的發(fā)展,例如切削速度和吃刀量的程序優(yōu)化,運(yùn)算位置,刀具選取,和排銷。
Tom & Mary: Thank you prof.Smith, NC sounds really promising from what we say.湯姆和瑪麗:謝謝史密斯教授,從我們的談話中表明NC發(fā)出的信號(hào)確實(shí)很有前途。
Text
The History of CNC and NC Development
計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字控制(CNC)和數(shù)字(NC)控制的發(fā)展歷史
Numerical Control(NC)is any machining process in which the operations are executed automatically in sequences as specified by the program that contains the information for the tool movements.The NC concept was proposed in the late 1940s by John Parsons of Traverse City, Michigan.Parsons
recommended a method of automatic machine control that would guide a milling cutter to produce a “thru-axis curve” in order to generate smooth profiles on work pieces.數(shù)字控制是是按照含有機(jī)床(刀具)運(yùn)動(dòng)信息程序所指定的順序自動(dòng)執(zhí)行操作的加工過(guò)程。數(shù)字控制的概念是由密歇根州的約翰.帕森在40年代末提出的。為了在工件上加工光滑的輪廓,帕森提出了一種自動(dòng)的機(jī)床控制方式,它能夠引導(dǎo)銑床刀具加工出一種“過(guò)軸曲線”。
In 1949, The U.S.Air Force awarded Parsons a contract to develop a new type of machine tool that would be able to speed up production methods.Parsons commissioned the Massachuestts Institute of Technology(M.I.T)to develop a practical
implementation of his concept.Scientists and engineers at M.I.T built a control system for a tow-axis milling machine
that used a perforated paper tape as the input media.In a short period of time, all major machine tool manufacturers were producing some machine with NC, but it was not until the late 1970s that computer-based NC became widely used.NC matured as an automation technology when inexpensive and powerful microprocessors replaced hand-wire logic-making
computer-base NC systems.When Numerical Control is performed under computer
supervision, it is called Computer Numerical Control(CNC).Computer are the control units of CNC machines, they are built in or linked to the machine via communications channels.When a programmer input some information in the program by tape and so on, the computer calculates all necessary data to get the job done.On the first numerically controlled(NC)machine, numerical data was controlled by tape, and because of that, the NC systems were known as tape-controlled machines.They were able to control a single operation entered into the machine by punched or magnetic tape.There was no possibility of editing the program on the machine.To change the program, a new tape had to be made.Today’s systems have computers to control data;they are
called Computer Numerically Controlled(CNC)machine.For both NC and CNC systems, work principles are the same.Only the way in which the execution is controlled is different.Normally, new systems are faster, more powerful, and more versatile.
第二篇:數(shù)控機(jī)床2014(推薦)
試卷代號(hào):243 1中央廣播電視大學(xué)2013-2014學(xué)第一學(xué)期“開(kāi)放專科”期末考試
數(shù)控機(jī)床試題
一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(15道題,每小題3分,共45分)
1.(C)屬于數(shù)控機(jī)床的機(jī)床本體。A.自動(dòng)換刀裝置B.伺服電機(jī)C.進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)D.脈沖編碼器
2.滾珠絲杠螺母副消除間隙的主要目的是(B)。A.減小摩擦力矩B.提高反向傳動(dòng)精度和軸向剛度C.增大驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩D.提高使用壽命
3.按照運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡控制分類,數(shù)控鉆床屬于(A)。A.點(diǎn)位控制B.輪廓控制C.直線控制D.遠(yuǎn)程控制
4.對(duì)箱體類,異形類,型腔模具工件,如果加工余量?。ň庸ぃ?,而且以單面孔系加工為主,工序集中的,一般選用(C)進(jìn)行加工。A.臥式加工中心B.?dāng)?shù)控車床C.立式加工中心D.車削中心
5.(C)是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和機(jī)床本體之間的電傳動(dòng)聯(lián)系環(huán)節(jié)。A.控制介質(zhì)B.反饋裝置C.伺服系統(tǒng)D.輔助裝置
6.?dāng)?shù)控機(jī)床的液壓系統(tǒng)的控制屬于機(jī)床的邏輯控制,由(D)完成。A.脈沖編碼器B.?dāng)?shù)控裝置C.伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)控制器D.可編程控制器
7.位置檢測(cè)勞置是位置控制閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,是保證數(shù)控機(jī)床(A)的關(guān)鍵。A.精度B.穩(wěn)定性C.效率D.速度
8.圖1所示臥式加工中心的自動(dòng)換刀裝置采用的是(A)換刀方式。A.機(jī)械手B.刀庫(kù)式C.成套更換方式D.轉(zhuǎn)塔式
9.加工中心最突出的特征是是設(shè)置有(B),并能自動(dòng)換刀。A.自動(dòng)排屑裝置B.刀庫(kù)C.自動(dòng)交換工作臺(tái)D.主軸準(zhǔn)停裝置
10.ATC是(A),數(shù)控機(jī)床采用其后數(shù)控加工的輔助時(shí)間主要用于工件的安裝和調(diào)整。A.自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)B.自動(dòng)托盤交換系統(tǒng)C.自動(dòng)排屑系統(tǒng)D.自動(dòng)冷卻系統(tǒng)
11.下列(D)檢驗(yàn)屬于定位精度檢驗(yàn)。A.主軸軸向及徑向跳動(dòng)B.主軸在Z軸方向移動(dòng)的直線度C.X、Y、Z坐標(biāo)軸的相互垂直度D.直線運(yùn)動(dòng)軸機(jī)械原點(diǎn)的返回精度
12.液壓和氣動(dòng)裝置在數(shù)控車床中不能用于(A)。A.交流伺服電機(jī)的控制B.尾架套筒的頂出和退回C.主軸高低速的換擋D.卡盤的夾緊與放松
13.?dāng)?shù)控電火花加工機(jī)床的加工局限性有(D)。A.電火花加工屬不接觸加工B.易于實(shí)現(xiàn)加工過(guò)程自動(dòng)化C.加工過(guò)程中沒(méi)有宏觀切削力D.只能用于加工金屬等導(dǎo)電材料
14.加工中心按照功能特征分類,可分為(C)、鉆削和復(fù)合加工中心。A.刀庫(kù)十主軸換刀B.臥式C.鏜銑D.三軸
15.數(shù)控機(jī)床的故障按故障特征分類,可分為(B)和有報(bào)警故障兩大類。A.隨機(jī)性故障B.無(wú)報(bào)警故障C.可恢復(fù)性故障D.機(jī)械故障
二、判斷題(5道題,每小題2分,共10分)
16.(√)數(shù)控機(jī)床是為了解決單件、小批量、精度高、形狀復(fù)雜的零件加工的自動(dòng)化要求而產(chǎn)生的。17.(×)數(shù)控機(jī)床加工的加工精度比普通機(jī)床高,是因?yàn)閿?shù)控機(jī)床的傳動(dòng)鏈較普通機(jī)床的傳動(dòng)鏈長(zhǎng)。
18.(×)數(shù)控機(jī)床工作的環(huán)境溫度是沒(méi)有限制條件的。19.(√)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是數(shù)控機(jī)床實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)加工的核心。20.(×)液壓裝置工作速度快和工作頻率高,對(duì)環(huán)境要求適應(yīng)性好,裝置結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,工作
介質(zhì)不污染環(huán)境。
三、簡(jiǎn)答題(3道題,共25分)
21.?dāng)?shù)控機(jī)床常見(jiàn)的導(dǎo)軌類型有哪幾種?(5分)答:數(shù)控機(jī)床的導(dǎo)軌類型有滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌、滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌和靜壓導(dǎo)軌等
22.簡(jiǎn)述數(shù)控機(jī)床機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的主要特點(diǎn)。(10分)答:(1)高的靜、動(dòng)剛度;(2)良好的抗振性能;(3)良好的熱穩(wěn)定性;4)高的靈敏度;(5)高效化裝置、高人性化操作。
23.與普通機(jī)床相比較,數(shù)控機(jī)床的主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)有哪些?(10分)
答:1)轉(zhuǎn)速高、功率大;(2)變速范圍寬;(3)主軸變換迅速可靠;(4)主軸組件的耐磨性高
四、綜合題(共20分)
圖2為CJK1640型數(shù)控車床外形圖,圖3為CK7525型數(shù)控車床外形圖,識(shí)圖并回答下
列問(wèn)題。
24.圖2中的CJK1640型數(shù)控車床和圖3中的CK7525型數(shù)控車床,按數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的功能分類,各屬于什么類型的數(shù)控車床?(4分)A)經(jīng)濟(jì)(2分);(B)全功能。(2分)(A)圖2中的CJK1640型數(shù)控車床屬于一型數(shù)控車床
(B)圖3中的CK7525型數(shù)控車床屬于型數(shù)控車床
25.圖2中的CJK16 40型數(shù)控車床,這種類型的數(shù)控車床的特點(diǎn)是什么?(3分)
答:經(jīng)濟(jì)型數(shù)控車床一般是在普通車床的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì),并采用步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的開(kāi)環(huán)伺服系統(tǒng)。其控制部分采用單板機(jī)、單片機(jī)或檔次比較低的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。此類車床結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,價(jià)格低廉。但功能簡(jiǎn)單
26.圖3中的CK7525型數(shù)控車床,這種類型的數(shù)控車床的特點(diǎn)是什么?(3分)
答:全功能型數(shù)控車床控制系統(tǒng)是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型的,帶有高分辨率的CRT顯示器以及各種顯示、圖形仿零點(diǎn)、刀具補(bǔ)償?shù)裙δ埽揖哂型ㄐ呕蚓W(wǎng)絡(luò)接口。全功能型數(shù)控車床采用閉環(huán)或半閉環(huán)控制的伺服系統(tǒng),可以進(jìn)行多個(gè)坐標(biāo)軸的控制,并有高剛度、高精度和高效率等特點(diǎn)。
27.從床身結(jié)構(gòu)上看,這兩個(gè)數(shù)控機(jī)床的結(jié)構(gòu)布局有什么不同?各自的特點(diǎn)是什么?(10分)
答:(1)圖1中的CJK1640型數(shù)控車床,采用水平床身。(2分)圖2中的CK7525型數(shù)控車床,采用傾斜床身。(2分)(2)水平床身特點(diǎn):是加工工藝性好,其刀架水平放置,有利于提高刀架的運(yùn)動(dòng)精度,但這
種結(jié)構(gòu)床身下部空間小,排屑困難。(3分)
傾斜床身特點(diǎn):①機(jī)床外形美觀,占地面積?。?②易于排屑和冷卻液的排流;③便于操作者操作和觀察;④易于安裝上下料機(jī)械手,實(shí)現(xiàn)全面自動(dòng)化; ⑤可采用封閉截面整體結(jié)構(gòu),以提高床身的剛度。(3分)
第三篇:專業(yè)英語(yǔ)
我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)技術(shù)正在高速發(fā)展,隨著我國(guó)機(jī)械行業(yè)實(shí)力的不斷提升,中國(guó)正在加速產(chǎn)品與設(shè)備的更新與改造,我國(guó)與其他國(guó)家在各技術(shù)領(lǐng)域也正在實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步的合作,許多企業(yè)引進(jìn)了很多進(jìn)口設(shè)備,大量資料是英文原版的。因此,學(xué)生將來(lái)在工作崗位上能否讀懂這些資料就是擺在面前的一個(gè)嚴(yán)峻的問(wèn)題,特別是在生產(chǎn)實(shí)際中碰到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)際問(wèn)題的時(shí)候,很可能需要查閱原版英文資料或與相關(guān)專家用英語(yǔ)交流專業(yè)技術(shù)來(lái)謀取解決途徑,所以機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的掌握就變得越來(lái)越重要。
一、學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)械專業(yè)英語(yǔ)面臨的主要問(wèn)題
1.缺乏足夠的重視,認(rèn)為沒(méi)必要
許多學(xué)生對(duì)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)重視不夠,認(rèn)為自己以后在工作崗位上一般用不上,學(xué)起來(lái)又不容易,不想花功夫去學(xué)習(xí)和加強(qiáng)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)方面的能力,即便有專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課程也是抱著及格萬(wàn)歲的思想,敷衍了事。其實(shí),隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,各種工作崗位對(duì)人才的要求越來(lái)越高,即使作為一名操作工,也有很大可能要面對(duì)純英文的說(shuō)明書(shū)、加工圖紙等專業(yè)文獻(xiàn),更無(wú)須說(shuō)將來(lái)?yè)?dān)任管理和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位對(duì)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的需求了。
2專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)不扎實(shí)
專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)不扎實(shí)、專業(yè)知識(shí)的缺乏是專業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)和翻譯的一大障礙。只有既懂外語(yǔ)又懂專業(yè)的人才能適應(yīng)全面的對(duì)外開(kāi)放,4.無(wú)法適應(yīng)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)本身的特點(diǎn)
專業(yè)英語(yǔ)一般內(nèi)容較為枯燥,闡述的是原理概念,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),不注重文字修飾,重在客觀事實(shí);專業(yè)詞匯多,邏輯性強(qiáng),理論推導(dǎo)多,有獨(dú)特的文體形式和表達(dá)方式。在學(xué)習(xí)開(kāi)始階段,我感覺(jué)很難適應(yīng)。
二、大學(xué)生學(xué)好機(jī)械專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的方法
1.把握專業(yè)知識(shí)
必須將機(jī)械專業(yè)知識(shí)與英語(yǔ)知識(shí)相結(jié)合。缺乏專業(yè)知識(shí),翻譯專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)就沒(méi)有了根基,成了無(wú)本之末。也許自己在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中就會(huì)對(duì)翻譯出來(lái)的東西拿捏不穩(wěn),或者自己都不明白,更不能保證對(duì)錯(cuò)了。所以,學(xué)生必須加強(qiáng)開(kāi)設(shè)本課程前的相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí),為本課程的學(xué)習(xí)掃清這方面的阻礙,減輕負(fù)擔(dān)。也有學(xué)生反映,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)完以后,英語(yǔ)和專業(yè)兩方面都有所鞏固和加強(qiáng),所以學(xué)生要做的仍舊是樹(shù)立信心,保持良好積極的心態(tài)。
2.積累專業(yè)詞匯和專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)
在專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中,學(xué)生既要鞏固基礎(chǔ)詞匯,也要學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)詞匯,更要注重基礎(chǔ)詞匯的習(xí)慣用法、含義和在專業(yè)英語(yǔ)中的特殊用法、含義,同時(shí),學(xué)生還需要在識(shí)記專業(yè)詞匯的同時(shí),掌握一定量的詞根、詞綴[7]。提高專業(yè)英語(yǔ)資料的閱讀能力必須擴(kuò)大詞匯量,掌握一定量的專業(yè)詞匯。如果詞匯量掌握得不夠,閱讀時(shí)就會(huì)感到生詞多,障礙大,不但影響閱讀的速度,而且影響理解的程度,從而不能進(jìn)行有效的閱讀,還容易使人產(chǎn)生挫敗感。而學(xué)生要想擴(kuò)大詞匯量,就必須在閱讀的同時(shí)進(jìn)行識(shí)記,并擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍。
3培養(yǎng)濃厚興趣
培養(yǎng)對(duì)英語(yǔ)的興趣至關(guān)重要?!芭d趣是最好的老師”,興趣是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的巨大動(dòng)力,有了興趣,學(xué)習(xí)就會(huì)事半功倍。我們都有這樣的經(jīng)驗(yàn):喜歡的事,就容易堅(jiān)持下去;不喜歡的事,是很難堅(jiān)持下去的。而興趣不是與生俱來(lái)的,需要培養(yǎng)。必須要用正確的態(tài)度對(duì)待英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí),用科學(xué)的方法指導(dǎo)學(xué)習(xí)。多讓自己去嘗試,通過(guò)努力讓自己體會(huì)成功的愉悅。
三、結(jié)語(yǔ)
用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行專業(yè)交流是學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的最終目的。由于翻譯過(guò)程是個(gè)創(chuàng)造性的、從生疏到熟練的過(guò)程,只有具備刻苦的精神、嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度和一定的英語(yǔ)水平、專業(yè)水平和漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)水平,才能充分理解原專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的含義,把握原文的想要表述的實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容,運(yùn)用種種表達(dá)手段和翻譯技巧,用準(zhǔn)確流暢的符合漢語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)原文。所以,為把自己培養(yǎng)成為復(fù)合型、有發(fā)展后勁的高技能人才,大學(xué)生必須把握機(jī)械工程專業(yè)知識(shí),培養(yǎng)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,積累專業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法和基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),加強(qiáng)英文原始專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀,擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面,迅速而切實(shí)地提高自己的專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的應(yīng)用能力,為將來(lái)更好地適應(yīng)高素質(zhì)工作崗位和進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的需要打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。
第四篇:專業(yè)英語(yǔ)
土木工程翻譯實(shí)例----現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件概述 On-site Quality Control Samples
The Specialist contractor shall erect the first area of each type of the Works and offer these to the Project Manager as on-site quality control samples.The standard of workmanship for the Works shall be to an agreed standard established by the construction of the On-site Quality Control Samples.The Project Manager shall review and comment on the On-site Quality Control Samples.Should the specialist contractor wish to continue with installation of any of the Works before the Project Manager has reviewed and commented on the On-site Quality Control Samples, he shall do so at his own risk.The Project Manager may require parts of the sample to be dismantled to allow inspection of concealed details.Upon acceptance, the on-site control samples shall remain as part of the installed permanent Works.The Project Manager shall reject workmanship that falls below the accepted standard and shall require the specialist contractor to remove it and re-install it to the acceptable standard.現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件
專業(yè)分包商應(yīng)首先安裝每種類型工程的第一個(gè)區(qū)域并將它作為現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件提供給項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理。把已通過(guò)審批的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件的施工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為工程的工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件進(jìn)行審查和評(píng)論。如果分包商想在以上步驟完成之前繼續(xù)進(jìn)行任何工程的安裝,一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將由其自行承擔(dān)。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理可以要求部分地拆除樣件以檢查隱蔽工程的詳細(xì)節(jié)點(diǎn)。工程驗(yàn)收之后,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件仍然應(yīng)作為永久工程的一部分。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理可以拒絕沒(méi)有達(dá)到驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工藝并要求專業(yè)承包商將其去除同時(shí)按照驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)重新安裝。
我的土木工程翻譯----材料來(lái)源及其證書(shū)(摘于合同文件)
Compliance with Standards
Unless otherwise described, all materials shall conform to the appropriate current European or British Standard Specifications.The Specialist contractor shall provide the Project
Manager, on request, with guarantees, or certificates of conformity, from the prime material manufacturers and suppliers proving that the materials to be used do in fact conform to such specifications.These guarantees or certificates shall also confirm that the materials are suitable and appropriate for their intended use within the Works and will satisfy this Contract Document.遵從規(guī)范
除非有特別的說(shuō)明,所有的材料均應(yīng)符合相應(yīng)的現(xiàn)行歐洲或英國(guó)規(guī)范。專業(yè)承包商應(yīng)該按照要求把從原材料廠家和供應(yīng)商那里獲得的保證書(shū)或認(rèn)證書(shū)遞交項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理用以證明即將使用的材料著實(shí)符合這類規(guī)范。這些保證書(shū)或認(rèn)證書(shū)也應(yīng)該確認(rèn)這些材料在工程中的用途適當(dāng)且合理,同時(shí)符合合同文件。
Sources of Materials
In accordance with the schedule of submissions, the Specialist contractor shall provide for the Project Manager’s review a list of the proposed materials and their sources.He shall also provide documents from the sources as evidence of their ability to carry out the tasks
expected of them, and written confirmation that the materials they are supplying are suitable and appropriate for their intended use and will satisfy this Contract Document.The Specialist contractor shall obtain the total quantity of each material from the same manufacturer.The Specialist contractor shall obtain materials from established and reputable
manufacturers, particularly those who are prepared to assist him with the design process, through to the fabrication and final installation on site.材料的來(lái)源 根據(jù)遞交計(jì)劃表,專業(yè)承包商應(yīng)把含有提議使用材料的名稱及其來(lái)源信息的列表遞交項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理審閱。專業(yè)承包商還應(yīng)提供從材料供應(yīng)商那里獲得的相關(guān)文件以證明他們有能力完成其任務(wù),以及書(shū)面確認(rèn)用以證明這些材料在工程中的用途適當(dāng)且合理,同時(shí)符合合同文件。
專業(yè)承包商應(yīng)獲得每種材料從同一個(gè)生產(chǎn)商購(gòu)買的總數(shù)量。
專業(yè)承包商使用的材料應(yīng)向知名的生產(chǎn)商購(gòu)買。特別是他們完全能夠從設(shè)計(jì)、裝配到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安裝整個(gè)過(guò)程中給與承包商支持。
土木工程翻譯----白令海峽大橋的簡(jiǎn)介摘錄
第一次知道白令海峽大橋是在上大學(xué)的時(shí)候橋梁課老師梁力給我們播放了《Discovery》中一集專門介紹它的視頻,我被它的壯觀,雄偉所震撼,今天突然想到了這座“堅(jiān)強(qiáng)”撼世之橋,特意把它的資料找了出來(lái),并把其中一小段翻譯出來(lái)和大家一起分享。
Bering Strait bridge
白令海峽大橋的簡(jiǎn)介摘錄
Technical challenges技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)
The route would lie just south of the Arctic Circle, subject to long, dark winters and extreme weather(average winter lows 20°C with possible lows approaching 50°C).Maintenance of any exposed roadway would be difficult and closures frequent.Even maintenance of enclosed roadways and pipelines could also be affected by winter weather.Ice breakup after each winter is violent and would destroy normal bridge piers.Specially shaped massive piers along the ocean floor would be needed to keep the bridge stable.The Confederation Bridge between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick addresses similar concerns on a much smaller scale.橋的路線正好位于北極圈的南端,它受到了漫長(zhǎng)黑暗的冬季和極限天氣的影響(冬天的平均溫度低至20°C而且最低的溫度甚至可能達(dá)到50°C)。任何暴露在外的路面部分的維護(hù)工作都是很困難進(jìn)行的,所以不得不頻繁地將其關(guān)閉。即使是關(guān)閉的路面和管線的維護(hù)也將受到冬季氣候的影響。在冬天過(guò)后冰的消融也會(huì)是危險(xiǎn)強(qiáng)烈的并且會(huì)對(duì)普通的橋墩造成毀滅性的破壞。這就需要沿著海床布置具有特殊形狀的大橋墩以保證橋的穩(wěn)定性。位于愛(ài)德華王子島和新布朗斯威克之間的聯(lián)邦大橋就面臨著類似的問(wèn)題,只不過(guò)它受影響的范圍要小得多。
The United States and Canada use the British and now world standard gauge(4 feet, 8.5 inches wide)rails, while Russia uses Russian broad gauge(5 feet wide)tracks, a
break-of-gauge, and this would have to be addressed.A dual-gauge track network has been proposed, as those are used in some areas of Australia, whose rail network is split into different gauges.A cheaper solution is variable gauge axles or bogie exchange, as used at several places in the world already.美國(guó)和加拿大的鐵路采用英國(guó)的也是現(xiàn)在的世界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軌距(4英尺,8.5英寸寬),而俄羅斯的鐵路采用俄羅斯寬軌距(5英尺寬),需要說(shuō)明的是這樣就形成了具有不同軌距的鐵路。一個(gè)具有雙軌距的鐵路網(wǎng)方案被提了出來(lái),這種方案正在澳大利亞某些地區(qū)使用,他們的鐵路網(wǎng)就為存在不同的軌距。一個(gè)造價(jià)更低的解決方案就是使用變軌距車輪或轉(zhuǎn)向車,這種方案已經(jīng)在世界多個(gè)地方使用了。
土木工程翻譯---施工安全
1、水平安全繩之設(shè)置,應(yīng)依下列規(guī)定辦理:
a、采用¢8.3鋼絲繩,兩端各用三個(gè)U型卡扣緊固在建筑物或構(gòu)筑物牢固位置。
b、相鄰兩支柱間的安全繩限系掛一條安全帶。
c、每條安全繩可系掛安全帶之條數(shù)標(biāo)示于繩錨錠端。
2、垂直安全繩之設(shè)置,應(yīng)依下列規(guī)定辦理: a、安全繩之下端應(yīng)有防止安全帶鎖扣自尾端脫落之設(shè)施。
b、一條安全繩限供一名工人使用。
c、勞工作業(yè)或爬升位置之水平間距在一米以下者,得二人共享一條安全繩。
d、所有垂直安全繩應(yīng)垂伸至地面/已完成樓板。
e、完成檢驗(yàn)的安全帶或安全繩皆應(yīng)貼上下表所示的當(dāng)月合格顏色標(biāo)簽,以利大家輕易分辨已完成檢驗(yàn)的合格安全帶。
f、在吊籃內(nèi)施工,安全帶必須系掛在安全繩自鎖器上,不得系掛在除安全繩以外的任何地方。
g、施工人員應(yīng)配備工具箱,將所用小附件裝箱存放,小工具必須拴繩使用,防止高空墜落傷及人、物。臨邊物
料的擺放不得隨意放置,要距離樓板邊緣至少1米以上的安全位置,防止風(fēng)吹或人碰落樓下,傷及人、物。h、擺放如玻璃、箱體等大件物體時(shí),必須有安全保護(hù)措施,如大尺寸規(guī)格的玻璃(2.4平方米以上的)要求對(duì)
稱擺放在玻璃架子兩側(cè),并用繩子捆綁牢固,成箱的玻璃盡量集中存放,玻璃箱傾斜墊牢,并用木板將各木箱相連接,以免倒塌。
i、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)置急救箱,在高溫季節(jié)給工人發(fā)放防暑降溫物品。
我的譯文:
1.The setup of horizontal safety rope should comply with the followingprovisions:
a.¢8.3 wire rope should be applied.Three U-shaped claspsshould be used one both
ends to tighten onto the stable places on the buildingor structure.b.Only one safety belt could be tied on the safety rope between two adjacentstrut rods.c.The number of safety belt allowed to be tied should be marked on the head ofthe
rope’s anchor.2.The setup of vertical safety rope should comply with the following provisions:
a.At lower end of the safety rope, there should be facilities to prevent the fastener of safety
belt from falling off from the caudal end.b.One safetyrope should only be used by on worker.c.When horizontal distance between the operation or climbing position of workers iswithin one meter, one safety rope should be shared by two workers.d.All the vertical safety rope should draw down to ground/completed floor.e.The followingstick in colors should be stuck onto safety belts or safety ropes after test todisplay test passing of current month.In this way, qualified safety belt aftertest would be easy to recognize.f.During operation in basket, safety belt must be tied onto the self-lock of the safetyrope;tying onto any places besides safety rope is prohibited.g.Builder should be equipped with tool box.Small accessories should be kept in the boxand fastened to rope when in use to prevent from being dropped from height andhitting people or objects.Material and supplies at the edge of construction area should not be placed at will;more than one meter’s distance from the edgeof the floor is considered safe location for placing;in this way, droppingcaused by wind or man and hitting people or objects could be avoided.h.when big objects such as glass or boxes are placed, safety protection measures must becarried out.For example, glass of big dimensions(above 2.4 square meters)should be placed onto the two sides of the glass shelf with symmetry, and boundand fastened with rope.Glass in boxes should be placed together at one placeas much as possible.Boxes of Glass should be well padded to prevent fromslant.Wood-blocks should be used to joint all boxes to prevent from collapse.i.First-aidbox should be placed at construction site.Workers should be given heat controlarticles in high temperature season.
第五篇:專業(yè)英語(yǔ)
http://zaixianfanyi.com/google.php#hj
194頁(yè):了解什么歸入類別嵌入計(jì)算,它足以說(shuō)明什么不是嵌入式設(shè)備的要求。嵌入的設(shè)備的壽命非常不同于通用機(jī)器的3 年的逐漸過(guò)時(shí)循環(huán)。有些設(shè)備是幾乎一次性的:平均日本celluar電話在少于一年被替換。在oppsite極端,基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的設(shè)備例如電話交換機(jī)在30年的日程表貶值。這些壽命差異產(chǎn)生具體的影響,可升級(jí)性和向后兼容性。少量嵌入設(shè)備有升級(jí)要求。例如,積極汽車熱衷者更改自己的車?yán)锏男酒沁@些通常是只讀光盤,不是處理器。大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者項(xiàng)將被替換,不會(huì)升級(jí)。
Backward compatibility is seldom an embedded requirement,as software does not migrate from one device to another.An interesting exception is game consoles:to maintain compatibility,later console chips must be capable of being exactly as fast as the early versions despite changes in underlying process technology.In consoles,backward compatible is often implemented by putting a complete copy of the previous-generation console in one small corner of the next-generation die.Bacause many embedded designs need not be backward compatible with previous implementations,designers are free to switch designs with each product generation.Consequently,there is less emphasis on the distinction between architecture and implementation.If a new version of a chip is slightly incompatible but much better than its predecessors,designers may still be willing to use it.因?yàn)檐浖⒉粡囊粋€(gè)設(shè)備遷移到另一個(gè),向后兼容性很少是嵌入式的要求,一個(gè)有趣的例外是游戲控制臺(tái):要維護(hù)兼容性,盡管最新控制臺(tái)芯片在基礎(chǔ)工藝技術(shù)上有所改變,但是它一定是可勝任的是象早版本一樣快速地確切。往往通過(guò)將上一代控制臺(tái)的完整副本放在一個(gè)小角落里的下一代模向后兼容。因?yàn)樵S多嵌入式的設(shè)計(jì)需要,不能與以前實(shí)現(xiàn)向后的兼容,設(shè)計(jì)師可以自由切換的每一代產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)。因此,有少?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)體系結(jié)構(gòu)與實(shí)施之間的區(qū)別。如果稍有不兼容,但比其前任的芯片的新版本,設(shè)計(jì)師仍可能愿意使用它。