第一篇：聽(tīng)眾分析的角度分析奧巴馬習(xí)主席演講

“聽(tīng)眾分析”角度分析兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的演講 演講是指在公眾場(chǎng)所，以有聲語(yǔ)言為主要手段，以體態(tài)語(yǔ)言為輔助手段，針對(duì)某個(gè)具體問(wèn)題，鮮明、完整地發(fā)表自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，闡明事理或抒發(fā)情感，進(jìn)行宣傳鼓動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言交際活動(dòng)。

（一）我的聽(tīng)眾是誰(shuí)？

聽(tīng)眾分為主要聽(tīng)眾和次要聽(tīng)眾，而兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的主要聽(tīng)眾都是兩個(gè)國(guó)家的公民，因?yàn)閮晌活I(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的就職，都和國(guó)家公民的利益息息相關(guān)，所以?xún)蓢?guó)公民都對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的講話(huà)非常的關(guān)心，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的講話(huà)也需要他們的支持和擁護(hù)。奧巴馬演講的開(kāi)場(chǎng)很有氣勢(shì)，隱隱表達(dá)了對(duì)投自己選票選民的贊揚(yáng)，整個(gè)演講很有激情，也具有較強(qiáng)的煽動(dòng)性，并且很好的安慰了一些持觀(guān)望態(tài)度的民眾。習(xí)主席的講話(huà)顯得很官方正式，一上來(lái)介紹新一屆中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的構(gòu)成，為國(guó)民解答了心中的疑惑，整篇演講著重強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“責(zé)任”二字，讓國(guó)民對(duì)新一屆領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子更加的信任，能使國(guó)民萬(wàn)眾一心、共同努力。兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的次要聽(tīng)眾都是國(guó)內(nèi)外的媒體以及世界各地的人民，奧巴馬的演講向世界宣告美國(guó)會(huì)在自己的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下度過(guò)難關(guān)，更上一層樓。習(xí)主席的演講則表明我黨還將繼續(xù)全心全意為人服務(wù)，團(tuán)結(jié)力量建設(shè)更好的中國(guó)。

（二）我與聽(tīng)眾之間的關(guān)系怎樣？

奧巴馬與聽(tīng)眾的關(guān)系略顯復(fù)雜，聽(tīng)眾大都持三種態(tài)度，一是支持，二是中立，三是反對(duì)，奧巴馬再一次提高自己的形象，提高自己的政府形象，并且提高了全國(guó)人民共同應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)的信心，而且將這種信心傳遞給持觀(guān)望態(tài)度的民眾，試圖并且得到了他們的支持，也要反對(duì)者暫時(shí)放心了敵對(duì)的態(tài)度，鼓舞他們共同建設(shè)美國(guó)。習(xí)主席和聽(tīng)眾的關(guān)系比較簡(jiǎn)單，大都是支持擁護(hù)的習(xí)主席和新一屆領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子的，習(xí)主席也做出承諾要建設(shè)好國(guó)家，要對(duì)廣大的人民群眾負(fù)責(zé)，也確實(shí)得到了廣大國(guó)民更加堅(jiān)定的擁護(hù)和支持，是國(guó)民歡欣鼓舞。

（三）聽(tīng)眾態(tài)度如何？

奧巴馬的聽(tīng)眾態(tài)度也是比較復(fù)雜，支持者希望奧巴馬領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的政府能把國(guó)家建設(shè)的更好，幻想著美好的未來(lái)，中立者則是持觀(guān)望態(tài)度，既不盲目輕信也不枉意反對(duì)，反對(duì)者的敵對(duì)態(tài)度是一時(shí)間難以完全消除的，因此奧巴馬則是以一種寬容的姿態(tài)來(lái)包容這些反對(duì)的態(tài)度，盡量降低這些分歧的影響。習(xí)主席的聽(tīng)眾態(tài)度都以支持擁護(hù)為主，因此在演講過(guò)程中得到了廣大聽(tīng)眾更加堅(jiān)定的支持和擁護(hù)，這些積極聽(tīng)眾，希望習(xí)主席能帶領(lǐng)中國(guó)走向美好的未來(lái)。

（四）聽(tīng)眾已知道多少？

奧巴馬在演講之前曾經(jīng)在各州做過(guò)不少演講，對(duì)自己繼任后的前景也做過(guò)多次的宣傳和描繪，因此聽(tīng)眾大致能知道奧巴馬的演講內(nèi)容，奧巴馬最后的演講也是從聽(tīng)眾的態(tài)度出發(fā)，再次鼓勵(lì)他們，激發(fā)大家的信心。習(xí)主席演講之前也多次強(qiáng)調(diào)自己以及新一屆領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子肩負(fù)的責(zé)任和使命，演講中再次著重強(qiáng)調(diào)責(zé)任，也堅(jiān)定了國(guó)民的信心，相信在主席的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下能夠建設(shè)一個(gè)更加美好的未來(lái)。

（五）我的建議是為了聽(tīng)眾的利益嗎？

奧巴馬的演講突出了要改善美國(guó)現(xiàn)在的不良現(xiàn)狀，試圖為美國(guó)國(guó)民的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造更加好的機(jī)會(huì)和條件，也構(gòu)建了一個(gè)美好美國(guó)的未來(lái)構(gòu)想，滿(mǎn)足了美國(guó)國(guó)民的利益需求，因而能夠得到美國(guó)國(guó)民的認(rèn)可。習(xí)主席的演講強(qiáng)調(diào)責(zé)任重于泰山，他以及新一屆的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子會(huì)肩負(fù)著發(fā)展國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的偉大使命，因而習(xí)主席的演講也是迎合了廣大國(guó)人的需要，幫助國(guó)家度過(guò)難關(guān)，實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展，為了聽(tīng)眾的利益。

（六）如何圍繞聽(tīng)眾演講？

奧巴馬在演講的時(shí)候顧及到了不同立場(chǎng)的聽(tīng)眾，以一種寬容的姿態(tài)來(lái)包容那些反對(duì)的態(tài)度，盡量降低不同看法和立場(chǎng)的影響，并且充分抓住聽(tīng)眾的感興趣的要點(diǎn)，調(diào)動(dòng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的氣氛，極具煽動(dòng)的鼓舞聽(tīng)眾，抓住了聽(tīng)眾的需求。習(xí)主席則是從一個(gè)大的方面抓住聽(tīng)眾的需要，建設(shè)一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)任的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子，對(duì)全國(guó)人民負(fù)責(zé)，對(duì)中華民族負(fù)責(zé)，全心全意為人服務(wù)，將負(fù)責(zé)這個(gè)要點(diǎn)灌輸給聽(tīng)眾，也是圍繞聽(tīng)眾進(jìn)行演說(shuō)。

第二篇：習(xí)主席和奧巴馬講話(huà)

習(xí)近平主席與奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在會(huì)談后發(fā)表講話(huà)

PRESIDENT OBAMA： Everybody ready？ Well，I know we’re a little behind，but that’s mainly because President Xi and I had a very constructive conversation on a whole range of strategic issues，from North Korea to cyberspace to international institutions.And I’m very much looking forward to continuing the conversation，not only tonight at dinner but also tomorrow.奧巴馬總統(tǒng)：大家準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？我知道我們有點(diǎn)晚了，這主要是因?yàn)榱?xí)主席和我就一長(zhǎng)系列戰(zhàn)略問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了非常有建設(shè)性的會(huì)談，包括北韓，網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全和國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)。我非常期待繼續(xù)進(jìn)行這個(gè)談話(huà)，不僅僅是在今天的晚宴上，而且在明天。

But I thought we’d take a quick break just to take a question from both the U.S.and Chinese press.So what I’ll do is I’ll start with Julie Pace and then President Xi can call on a Chinese counterpart.但我想要我們有個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的暫停，回答美國(guó)新聞界和中國(guó)新聞界的問(wèn)題。那么，先讓我從朱莉？佩斯（Julie Pace）開(kāi)始，然后習(xí)主席可以請(qǐng)一位中國(guó)記者提問(wèn)。

Q： Thank you，Mr.President.How damaging has Chinese cyber-hacking been to the U.S.？ And did you warn your counterpart about any specific consequences if those actions continue？ And also，while there are obviously differences between China’s alleged actions and your government’s surveillance programs，do you think that the new NSA revelations undermine your position on these issues at all during these talks？

問(wèn)：謝謝你，總統(tǒng)先生。中國(guó)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)黑客攻擊對(duì)美國(guó)的損害有多嚴(yán)重？你是否就如果那些行為繼續(xù)下去會(huì)產(chǎn)生的具體后果向中國(guó)主席提出警告？還有，雖然指稱(chēng)所說(shuō)的中國(guó)這種行為和你政府的監(jiān)視計(jì)劃顯然不同，但你是否認(rèn)為新近披露的國(guó)家安全局（NSA）的做法有損于你在會(huì)談中有關(guān)這些問(wèn)題的立場(chǎng)？

And President Xi，did--

還有，習(xí)主席，你是否——

PRESIDENT OBAMA： Why don’t you let the interpreter--

奧巴馬總統(tǒng)：請(qǐng)你讓譯員——

Q： And President Xi，did you acknowledge in your talks with President Obama that China has been launching cyber attacks against the U.S.？ Do you also believe that the U.S.is launching similar attacks against China？ And if so，can you tell us what any of the targets may have been？ Thank you.問(wèn)：習(xí)主席，在和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的會(huì)談中，你是否承認(rèn)中國(guó)在向美國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊？ 你是否也認(rèn)為美國(guó)在向中國(guó)發(fā)起同樣的攻擊？如果是的話(huà)，你能否告訴我們攻擊的目標(biāo)可能是什么？謝謝。

PRESIDENT OBAMA： Well，Julie，first of all，we haven’t had，yet，in-depth discussions about the cybersecurity issue.We’re speaking at the 40，000-foot level，and we’ll have more intensive discussions during this evening’s dinner.奧巴馬總統(tǒng)：朱莉，首先，我們尚未深入討論到網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問(wèn)題。我們現(xiàn)在只是泛泛而談，今天晚宴期間我們將作較為深入的討論。

What both President Xi and I recognize is that because of these incredible advances in technology，that the issue of cybersecurity and the need for rules and common approaches to cybersecurity are going to be increasingly important as part of bilateral relationships and multilateral relationships.習(xí)主席和我都認(rèn)識(shí)到，由于突飛猛進(jìn)的技術(shù)發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問(wèn)題和制定網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全守則及共同的規(guī)范將會(huì)是雙邊和多邊關(guān)系中日益重要的內(nèi)容。

In some ways，these are uncharted waters and you don’t have the kinds of protocols that have governed military issues，for example，and arms issues，where nations have a lot of experience in trying to negotiate what’s acceptable and what’s not.And it’s critical，as two of the largest economies and military powers in the world，that China and the United States arrive at a firm understanding of how we work together on these issues.從某些意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，這些是尚未探索的領(lǐng)域，例如不具有有像規(guī)范軍事問(wèn)題和軍備問(wèn)題那樣的程式，在軍事軍備問(wèn)題上，各國(guó)對(duì)于談判協(xié)商什么可以接受、什么不可以接受有著大量經(jīng)驗(yàn)。作為世界兩個(gè)最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事大國(guó)，中國(guó)和美國(guó)就我們?nèi)绾卧谶@些問(wèn)題上共同努力達(dá)成明確認(rèn)識(shí)，至關(guān)重要。

But I think it’s important，Julie，to get to the second part of your question，to distinguish between the deep concerns we have as a government around theft of intellectual property or hacking into systems that might disrupt those systems--whether it’s our financial systems，our critical infrastructure and so forth--versus some of the issues that have been raised around NSA programs.但是，朱莉，我認(rèn)為回答你問(wèn)題的第二部分很重要，即將兩個(gè)情況區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)，一個(gè)是作為政府，我們嚴(yán)重關(guān)切知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)盜竊或?qū)ο到y(tǒng)發(fā)起的黑客攻擊，這種攻擊給我們的系統(tǒng)——無(wú)論是我們的金融系統(tǒng)還是我們至關(guān)重要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施等——造成干擾；另一個(gè)是，圍繞國(guó)家安全局的計(jì)劃提出的一些問(wèn)題。

When it comes to those cybersecurity issues like hacking or theft，those are not issues that are unique to the U.S.-China relationship.Those are issues that are of international concern.Oftentimes it’s non-state actors who are engaging in these issues as well.And we’re going to have to work very hard to build a system of defenses and protections，both in the private sector and in the public sector，even as we negotiate with other countries around setting up common rules of the road.黑客攻擊和盜版這類(lèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問(wèn)題并非是美中關(guān)系中獨(dú)有的問(wèn)題。這些是國(guó)際關(guān)切的問(wèn)題。一些非國(guó)家行為者往往也進(jìn)行這類(lèi)活動(dòng)。即便我們?cè)诤推渌麌?guó)家就建立共同遵守的行為規(guī)則進(jìn)行磋商的同時(shí)，我們也要以極大努力既在私營(yíng)行業(yè)也在政府部門(mén)建立起防范和保護(hù)系統(tǒng)。

And as China continues in its development process and more of its economy is based on research and innovation and entrepreneurship，they’re going to have similar concerns，which is why I believe we can work together on this rather than at cross-purposes.隨著中國(guó)繼續(xù)發(fā)展，隨著它的經(jīng)濟(jì)更多地要基于研究、創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)業(yè)，他們將有相同的關(guān)切。這就是為什么我相信我們能夠在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上一道努力，而不是沖突。

Now，the NSA program，as I discussed this morning，is a very limited issue，but it does have broad implications for our society because you’ve got a lot of data out there，a lot of communications that are in cyberspace.And how we deal with both identifying potential terrorists or criminals，how the private sector deals with potential theft，and how the federal government，state governments，local governments and the private sector coordinate to keep out some of these malicious forces while still preserving the openness and the incredible power of the Internet and the web and these new telecommunications systems--that’s a complicated and important piece of business.But it’s different from these issues of theft and hacking.正如我今天上午所說(shuō)，國(guó)家安全局的計(jì)劃是一個(gè)非常有限的問(wèn)題，但它對(duì)我們的社會(huì)確實(shí)有著廣泛的含義，因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)中有著大量的數(shù)據(jù)和大量的通訊交流。我們?nèi)绾巫R(shí)別潛在的恐怖主義分子或罪犯，私營(yíng)企業(yè)如何應(yīng)對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的盜版侵權(quán)行為，聯(lián)邦政府、州政府、地方政府和私營(yíng)行業(yè)如何協(xié)調(diào)防范那些邪惡勢(shì)力，同時(shí)保護(hù)因特網(wǎng)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和這些新的電訊系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)放性及其不可思議的威力——這是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜而又重要的事務(wù)。但它不同于盜版和黑客攻擊問(wèn)題。

And every government is then inevitably going to be involved in these issues，just like big companies are going to be involved in these issues.I mean，you’ve got private companies that have a lot more data and a lot more details about people’s emails and telephone calls than the federal government does.And if we’re called upon not only to make sure that we’re anticipating terrorist communications but we’re also called upon to work with the private sector to prevent theft out of ATMs，et cetera，then we’re going to have to find ways to deal with this big data in ways that are consistent with our values； in ways that protect people’s privacy，that ensure oversight，and strike the right balance.每一個(gè)政府都不可避免地會(huì)涉及這些問(wèn)題，如同各大公司會(huì)涉及這些問(wèn)題一樣。我的意思是，私營(yíng)公司擁有遠(yuǎn)比聯(lián)邦政府要多的有關(guān)人們的電子郵件和電話(huà)的數(shù)據(jù)和細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。如果我們需要不僅能做到預(yù)知恐怖主義分子的通訊往來(lái)，而且需要與私營(yíng)企業(yè)一道防范對(duì)自動(dòng)取款機(jī)的盜竊等等，那么，我們就必須要找到處理如此大量數(shù)據(jù)的方法，這種方法必須符合我們的價(jià)值觀(guān)，必須能保護(hù)人民的隱私，必須確保得到監(jiān)督，并做到恰如其分。

And as I indicated this morning，that’s a conversation that I welcome having.正如我今天上午表示的那樣，我歡迎這樣的對(duì)話(huà)。

習(xí)主席： 正如奧巴馬總統(tǒng)所說(shuō)，在今天下午的會(huì)談中，我們只是簡(jiǎn)要地涉及網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問(wèn)題。中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)定地維護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全，我們嚴(yán)重關(guān)切網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問(wèn)題。

PRESIDENT XI： As President Obama said，in our meeting this afternoon we just briefly touched upon the issue of cybersecurity.And the Chinese government is firm in upholding cybersecurity and we have major concerns about cybersecurity.在我和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)今天會(huì)談之前的幾天中，我注意到媒體對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全的報(bào)道激增。這可能給人一種感覺(jué)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全威脅主要來(lái)自中國(guó)，或者中美關(guān)系中最大的問(wèn)題是網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問(wèn)題。

In the few days before President Obama and I meet today，I note sharp increased media coverage of the issue of cybersecurity.This might give people the sense or feeling that cybersecurity as a threat mainly comes from China or that the issue of cybersecurity is the biggest problem in the China-U.S.relationship.新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用是一把雙刃劍，既推動(dòng)了人類(lèi)的物質(zhì)文化生活進(jìn)步，同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了一些管理上的問(wèn)題，可能對(duì)國(guó)家、企業(yè)、社會(huì)和個(gè)人的權(quán)利造成侵害。

The application of new technology is a double-edged sword.On the one hand，it will drive progress in ensuring better material and cultural life for the people.On the other hand，it might create some problems for regulators and it might infringe upon the rights of states，enterprises，societies and individuals.我們需要密切關(guān)注這個(gè)問(wèn)題，研究有效解決的方法。這個(gè)問(wèn)題實(shí)際上可以是中美以務(wù)實(shí)方式相互合作的領(lǐng)域。我高興地了解到，在中美戰(zhàn)略與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話(huà)的背景下，已經(jīng)建立了一個(gè)工作小組討論網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問(wèn)題。因此，這是一個(gè)雙方將繼續(xù)探討的問(wèn)題。

We need to pay close attention to this issue and study ways to effectively resolve this issue.And this matter can actually be an area for China and the United States to work together with each other in a pragmatic way.And I'm happy to learn that within the context of the China-U.S.strategic and economic dialogue，a working group has been established to discuss cybersecurity issues.So this is an issue that the two sides will continue to discuss.通過(guò)真誠(chéng)的合作我們可以消除疑慮，使信息安全和網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全成為中美合作的一個(gè)積極領(lǐng)域。因?yàn)檫@是中國(guó)和美國(guó)雙方的需要和雙方共同的關(guān)切。中國(guó)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊的受害者，我們希望能采取認(rèn)真的措施解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

By conducting good-faith cooperation we can remove misgivings and make information security and cybersecurity a positive area of cooperation between China and the U.S.Because China and the United States both have a need and both share a concern，and China is a victim of cyber attacks and we hope that earnest measures can be taken to resolve this matter.謝謝。

Thank you.問(wèn)：我是中央電視臺(tái)（China Central Television）的記者，我想問(wèn)習(xí)主席，今天下午的會(huì)談比預(yù)期的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，你們討論了哪些主要問(wèn)題？會(huì)談中達(dá)成了什么樣的重要共識(shí)？去年你在訪(fǎng)美期間提出了雙方合作探討你稱(chēng)為的新型大國(guó)關(guān)系概念，這種關(guān)系前無(wú)古人、后啟來(lái)者。在這個(gè)概念提出之后，在中國(guó)和美國(guó)以及更廣泛的世界范圍內(nèi)引發(fā)了大量的討論和評(píng)論。那么今天下午你們?cè)跁?huì)談中是否對(duì)此作了進(jìn)一步的討論？

Q： I’m with China Central Television and my question for President Xi is，what are the main issues that were discussed in the longer-than-expected meeting this afternoon？ And what are the major areas of consensus that have emerged from the discussion？ And last year，when you were visiting the United States，you raised the concept of the two sides working together to explore what you call a new model of major country relationship，something that is unprecedented in the relationship and that can inspire future generations.And after this concept was raised，there has been much discussion and comment on it，both in China and the United States and in the world more broadly.So did you have further discussion on this issue in your meeting this afternoon？

我提給奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的問(wèn)題是，美國(guó)方面將對(duì)促進(jìn)建立中美之間新型大國(guó)關(guān)系有何舉措？

And my question for President Obama is，what will the United States do to contribute to the building of a new model of major country relationship between China and the U.S.？

習(xí)主席： 在今天下午我和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的首次會(huì)談中，我們就中美兩國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)和對(duì)外政策，就共同努力建立新型大國(guó)關(guān)系，并且就共同關(guān)心的國(guó)際和地區(qū)問(wèn)題，進(jìn)行了深入坦誠(chéng)的討論。奧巴馬總統(tǒng)和我就這些問(wèn)題達(dá)成了重要共識(shí)。

PRESIDENT XI： In the first meeting that I’ve had with President Obama this afternoon，we had an in-depth，sincere and candid discussion on the domestic and foreign policies of China and the United States，on our joint work to build a new model of major country relationship，and our international and regional issues of mutual interest.And the President and I reached important consensus on these issues.我向奧巴馬總統(tǒng)明確表示，中國(guó)將堅(jiān)定不移走和平發(fā)展道路，將堅(jiān)定不移深化改革，對(duì)世界更加開(kāi)放。中國(guó)將努力實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國(guó)夢(mèng)，并努力促進(jìn)人類(lèi)和平與發(fā)展的崇高事業(yè)。

I stated very clearly to President Obama that China will be firmly committed to the path of peaceful development and China will be firm in deepening reform and opening up the country wider to the world.China will work hard to realize the Chinese dream of the great national renewal and will work hard to push forward the noble cause of peace and development for all mankind.中國(guó)夢(mèng)要實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，民族復(fù)興，人民幸福。中國(guó)夢(mèng)是關(guān)系合作、發(fā)展、和平與共贏(yíng)。中國(guó)夢(mèng)與美國(guó)夢(mèng)和其他國(guó)家人民的美好夢(mèng)想相通。

By the Chinese dream，we seek to have economic prosperity，national renewal and people’s well-being.The Chinese dream is about cooperation，development，peace and win-win，and it is connected to the American Dream and the beautiful dreams people in other countries may have.我和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)都認(rèn)為，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的時(shí)代，面對(duì)各國(guó)同舟共濟(jì)的客觀(guān)需要，中國(guó)和美國(guó)必須找到一條新路——一條不同于歷史上大國(guó)必然發(fā)生對(duì)抗和沖突的新路。這就是說(shuō)，雙方必須攜手合作，在相互尊重、合作共贏(yíng)的基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建新型大國(guó)關(guān)系，造福于中美兩國(guó)人民和全世界人民。

President Obama and I both believe that in the age of economic globalization and facing the objective need of countries sticking together in the face of difficulties，China and the United States must find a new path--one that is different from the inevitable confrontation and conflict between the major countries of the past.And that is to say the two sides must work together to build a new model of major country relationship based on mutual respect and win-win cooperation for the benefit of the Chinese and American peoples，and people elsewhere in the world.國(guó)際社會(huì)期待中國(guó)和美國(guó)做到這點(diǎn)。當(dāng)中國(guó)和美國(guó)合作時(shí)，我們就可以做世界穩(wěn)定的壓艙石和世界和平的助推器。

The international community looks to China and the United States to deliver this.When China and the United States work together，we can be an anchor for world stability and the propeller of world peace.我隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)合作，擴(kuò)大雙方各層交流。我和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)將繼續(xù)通過(guò)互訪(fǎng)、會(huì)晤、通信、通話(huà)等方式保持密切聯(lián)系。我邀請(qǐng)奧巴馬總統(tǒng)適時(shí)來(lái)華舉行類(lèi)似這樣的會(huì)晤。我們期待互訪(fǎng)彼此的國(guó)家。

I stand ready to work with President Obama to expand on all levels of exchanges between the two sides.I look forward to maintaining close communication with the President through mutual visits，bilateral meetings，exchange of letters and phone calls.And I invited President Obama to come to China at an appropriate time for a similar meeting like this.And we look forward to visiting each other country.同時(shí)，雙方將努力在各種雙邊機(jī)制中取得進(jìn)展，例如戰(zhàn)略經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話(huà)和人文交流高層磋商。中國(guó)外交部長(zhǎng)和中國(guó)國(guó)防部長(zhǎng)也將在今年內(nèi)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)美國(guó)。

At the same time，the two sides will work hard to make progress in the various bilateral mechanisms，such as the strategic and economic dialogue and the high-level consultation on people-to-people exchange.Also，the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Chinese Minister of National Defense will both make visits to the United States within the year.我們雙方也應(yīng)該在經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易、能源、環(huán)境、人文和文化領(lǐng)域以及地方層次加強(qiáng)交流合作，以便深化兩國(guó)共同利益，并將它們擴(kuò)大到所有領(lǐng)域。

Our two sides should also step up exchanges and cooperation in economy and trade，energy，environment，people-to-people，and cultural fields，as well as at the sub-national level，so that we can deepen the shared interests of the two countries and expand them to all areas.我們也應(yīng)該改善和加強(qiáng)兩國(guó)軍事關(guān)系，推進(jìn)雙方新型軍事關(guān)系建設(shè)。雙方也應(yīng)改進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策協(xié)調(diào)，以便通過(guò)加強(qiáng)合作，我們能夠推動(dòng)各自國(guó)家的發(fā)展，并且促進(jìn)亞太地區(qū)乃至全世界強(qiáng)勁、可持續(xù)、平衡的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。

We should also improve and strengthen the military-to-military relationship between the two countries and promote the building of a new model of military relationship between the two sides.The two sides should also improve coordination microeconomic policies so that by strengthening cooperation，we can contribute to our respective development at home，and promote strong，sustainable and balanced economic growth in the Asia Pacific region and the world at large.我對(duì)我們共同努力建設(shè)新型大國(guó)關(guān)系充滿(mǎn)信心。我相信事在人為。首先，雙方都有建立這一大國(guó)關(guān)系的政治意愿。第二，以往40年的合作積累，使兩國(guó)合作具有很好的基礎(chǔ)。第三，中美之間有著90個(gè)政府間機(jī)制，為我們的努力提供了制度化保障。

And I’m confident in our joint effort to build a new model of major country relationship.I believe success hinges on the human effort.Firstly，both sides have the political will to build this relationship.Secondly，our cooperation in the last 40 years provides a good foundation for us to build on.Thirdly，between China and the United States，there are over 90 intergovernmental mechanisms which provide the institutional underpinning for our efforts.第四，這樣的中美關(guān)系具有強(qiáng)大的民眾支持。中美之間現(xiàn)有220對(duì)姊妹省州和城市。中國(guó)有19萬(wàn)學(xué)生在美留學(xué)，美國(guó)有2萬(wàn)學(xué)生在華留學(xué)。

Fourth，there is strong public support for this kind of relationship between China and the United States.There are 220 pairs of sister provinces，states and cities between China and the U.S.There are 190，000 Chinese students in the United States，and 20，000 American students in China.第五，兩國(guó)有著未來(lái)合作的巨大空間。

And 5th，there is enormous scope for future cooperation between China and the U.S.當(dāng)然，這是一項(xiàng)前無(wú)古人、后啟來(lái)者的事業(yè)。因此我們需要加深相互理解，增強(qiáng)互信，進(jìn)一步發(fā)展合作，管控彼此的分歧，從而避免走大國(guó)間必然發(fā)生對(duì)抗的傳統(tǒng)道路，真正踏上一條新路。

Of course，this endeavor is unprecedented and one that will inspire future generations.So we need to deepen our mutual understanding，strengthen our mutual trust，further develop our cooperation and manage our differences so that we can avoid the traditional path of inevitable confrontation between major countries and really embark on a new path.中華民族和美利堅(jiān)民族都是偉大的民族，中國(guó)人民和美國(guó)人民都是偉大的人民。只要我們高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚，只要我們?nèi)〉镁唧w的進(jìn)步，假以時(shí)日不斷積累，只要我們保持信心和決心，只要我們具有智慧和耐心，我對(duì)我們將實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)歷史使命充滿(mǎn)信心。

The Chinese nation and American nation are great nations，and the Chinese people and American people are great peoples.As long as we stand high and look far，as long as we make specific progress and accumulate them over time，as long as we maintain confidence and determination，as long as we have wisdom and patience，I'm confident that we will succeed in achieving this historical mission.對(duì)不起，我說(shuō)的有點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)。謝謝。

I'm sorry for going too long.Thank you.PRESIDENT OBAMA： Well，I think President Xi summarized very well the scope of our conversations.We spoke about some very specific issues--for example，President Xi mentioned the importance of military-to-military communications.In the past，we've had high-level diplomatic communications about economic and strategic issues，but we haven't always had as effective communications between our militaries.And at a time when there's so much activity around the world，it's very important that we each understand our strategic objectives at the military as well as the political levels.So that's an example of concrete progress that can advance this new model of relations between the United States and China.奧巴馬總統(tǒng)：我認(rèn)為習(xí)主席很好地概括了我們的談話(huà)范圍。我們談到一些非常具體的問(wèn)題——例如，習(xí)主席提到的軍方與軍方交流的重要性。過(guò)去，我們圍繞經(jīng)濟(jì)和戰(zhàn)略問(wèn)題有高層外交聯(lián)系，但我們并不是一向有同樣有效的軍方聯(lián)系。當(dāng)前世界各地動(dòng)態(tài)很多，在這種時(shí)候，我們非常有必要不僅在政治層面而且也在軍事層面理解我們的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。這是推動(dòng)美中新型關(guān)系具體進(jìn)步的一個(gè)例子。

So we'll be taking steps to institutionalize and regularize such discussions.But more broadly，I think President Xi identified the essence of our discussions in which we shared our respective visions for our countries' futures and agreed that we're more likely to achieve our objectives of prosperity and security of our people if we are working together cooperatively，rather than engaged in conflict.因此，我們將采取步驟，使這樣的磋商制度化和常規(guī)化。但從更廣泛的意義上說(shuō)，我認(rèn)為習(xí)主席 指出了我們討論的要點(diǎn)，我們展望了各自國(guó)家未來(lái)的愿景，并一致認(rèn)為，通過(guò)合作而不是沖突，我們更可能實(shí)現(xiàn)兩國(guó)人民繁榮安全的目標(biāo)。

And I emphasized my firm belief to President Xi that it is very much in the interest of the United States for China to continue its peaceful rise，because if China is successful，that helps to drive the world economy and it puts China in the position to work with us as equal partners in dealing with many of the global challenges that no single nation can address by itself.我向習(xí)主席強(qiáng)調(diào)，我堅(jiān)信中國(guó)繼續(xù)和平崛起非常符合美國(guó)的利益，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)如果成功，將有助于推動(dòng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，并使中國(guó)能夠作為平等伙伴與我們共同處理許多任何一個(gè)國(guó)家都無(wú)法單獨(dú)應(yīng)對(duì)的全球性挑戰(zhàn)。

So，for example，neither country by itself can deal with the challenge of climate change.That's an issue that we'll have to deal with together.China as the largest country，as it continues to develop，will be a larger and larger carbon emitter unless we find new mechanisms for green growth.The United States，we have the largest carbon footprint per capita in the world； we've got to bring down our carbon levels in order to accommodate continued growth.And so that will translate then into opportunities for specific work around green technologies and research and development，and interactions between our scientists so that we can，together，help advance the goal of a sustainable planet，even as we continue to grow and develop.例如，我們兩國(guó)哪個(gè)國(guó)家都無(wú)法單獨(dú)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的挑戰(zhàn)。在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上我們必須合作。中國(guó)作為最大的國(guó)家，隨著她的繼續(xù)發(fā)展，將成為越來(lái)越大的碳排放國(guó)，除非我們能找到綠色發(fā)展的新機(jī)制。我們美國(guó)在全世界的人均碳足跡最大；為適應(yīng)可持續(xù)的發(fā)展，我們必須降低碳排放水平。這將轉(zhuǎn)化為綠色技術(shù)、研究和發(fā)展等領(lǐng)域的具體就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)以及我們科學(xué)家之間的交流，從而使我們能夠攜手努力，在我們繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展的同時(shí)，推進(jìn)實(shí)現(xiàn)讓地球可持續(xù)的目標(biāo)。

We've got a lot of work to do to take these broad understandings down to the level of specifics，and that will require further discussions not only today and tomorrow，but for weeks，months，years to come.But what I'm very encouraged about is that both President Xi and myself recognize we have a unique opportunity to take the U.S.-China relationship to a new level.And I am absolutely committed to making sure that we don't miss that opportunity.要將這些廣泛的認(rèn)識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為具體行動(dòng)，我們還要做大量的工作，而這將需要進(jìn)一步的磋商，不僅在今明兩天，而且在今后數(shù)周、數(shù)月和數(shù)年中。但讓我備受鼓舞的是，習(xí)主席和我都認(rèn)識(shí)到，我們有著將美中關(guān)系發(fā)展到一個(gè)新水平的獨(dú)特機(jī)遇。我絕對(duì)致力于確保我們不坐失這一機(jī)遇。

Thank you very much，everybody.多謝各位。

第三篇：奧巴馬就職演講文體學(xué)分析

英語(yǔ)文體學(xué)論文

—對(duì)美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬就職演說(shuō)英語(yǔ)文體學(xué)分析

Speech is an art form of verbal expression, developing as the human being and social.The American presidential candidate’s campaign speech is an important way to promote his political views to win the public support.Hundred years, from George Washington to George Bush, the presidents show their wishes and dreams through the inauguration speech.The words are usually made by a number of most famous and talented writers.The speech is filled with fancy sentences and fragment of a beauty appreciation.Obama's inauguration speech drew all attention in the world.This paper tries to analyze Obama's inauguration speech in the level of English stylistic.By the use of analysis methods of English stylistic, you can help the audience understand more of this speech.1.Words

Compare to daily conversations, the public speech expression’s choice is more precise.There are 2043 words in Obama's inauguration speech.Many emotional words are used to achieve the desired results.Speech language using is decided by its particular context, with both oral and written language characters.Therefore, it is found this inauguration

speech is full of spoken words, mostly simple, in order to let the whole country to understand.(Eg: I stand here today humbled by the task before us.)In the English public speech, we need the attribution of abstract when talk about concepts and quality.In the meantime, the uses of abstract and complicated word are more precise and serious.In this speech paper, they use the abstract words such as enormity, spirit, patriotism to show the political color of the Obama’s politic views.2.The sentence features

In informal speech, the speaker use short sentences to enhance the speaker’s power of persuasion.There are 2043 words or 107 sentences in the Obama’s speech.The average sentences length is 19.1 words per sentence, which is more than the average English sentences length 17.6 words per sentence.In this official inauguration speech, there are a variety of the lengths of sentences, with the maximum sentence up to 49 words, but if coming along with appropriate pause, a long sentence is not difficult to understand.On the contrary, the shortest sentence is “Yes, we can!”.And it gains the most powerful audience response and becomes one of the most popular slogans.Using appropriate sentence length interchangeably in the speech can arouse audience's feeling.In addition, Obama chooses different types of sentences, such as statements, imperative clauses and rhetorical questions, etc.Obama uses a strong

imperative clause “This is our chance to answer that call.This is our moment.This is our time” to show a tough will.Obama repeatedly used “l(fā)et us” guiding imperative clauses.Effective usages of imperative clauses in a short time can cheer up the audience's feelings to support the speaker's policies.In contrast, a question sentence is few in his speech, but if with felicitous usages, it will bring tremendous effects.For examples, “If?, what change will they see? What progress will we have made?”He is piloting the audiences to get his inspiration while thinking of these two questions.3.Rhetorical usage

(1)Parallel construction

In the speech language, the parallel construction is a common rhetoric usage(formed by a group of similar structures of the words, phrases and sentences).The use of this structure can enhance audience's attention and impression.It can make the speech more accurate ,contagious.For example:

1)It’s the answer 2)…It can’t happen …

(2)Phonetic figures of speech

A phonetic figure of speech is a kind of rhetorical usage based on pronounces of the words.In the paragraph, it appears some words with the same consonant to make the speech more convincible.For example: us to make that way things were.2)It can’t happen without you, without a new a new(3)Metaphor

Metaphor is the concept of understanding one thing in terms of another.A metaphor is a figure of speech that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas;the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.1)I would not be standing here without the unyielding support of my life, the nation’s next first lady Michelle Obama.In this sentence, Obama says his wife is like the cornerstone of his family to indicate his wife’s important role in his family.In this sentence, Obama uses lighthouse to indicate the future of American is bright.4.Conclusion

Obama's inauguration speech has fully demonstrated the usage of combination of public speaking and writing styles with a highly contagious and conviction.We students can learn a lot from reading and anglicizing this kind of classical article to make our writing and feeling of English culture better.

第四篇：奧巴馬2008就職演講語(yǔ)言分析

obama inaugural speech language features 關(guān)于奧巴馬就職演說(shuō)詞語(yǔ)言特色的分析_句子結(jié)構(gòu) 時(shí)間：2011-06-18 08:52:51 來(lái)源：句子結(jié)構(gòu) 作者：秩名

論文導(dǎo)讀:：這也正是政治演說(shuō)通常帶有明顯的宗教色彩的原因。關(guān)于奧巴馬就職演說(shuō)詞語(yǔ)言特色的分析。論文關(guān)鍵詞：就職演說(shuō)修辭手段，宗教色彩，句子結(jié)構(gòu)

總統(tǒng)大多在美國(guó)歷史上占有特殊地位，其演說(shuō)亦各具特色。二百多年來(lái)，從喬治.華盛頓到巴洛克.奧巴馬，總統(tǒng)們通過(guò)就職演說(shuō)表達(dá)其美好希望和英雄夢(mèng)想，展示其雄才大略和施政綱領(lǐng)。因此，很多的就職演說(shuō)詞不僅僅是總統(tǒng)個(gè)人忠誠(chéng)與熱情、風(fēng)度與智慧的生動(dòng)寫(xiě)照，更是美國(guó)民族社會(huì)與歷史、經(jīng)濟(jì)與文化的壯麗畫(huà)卷，值得鑒賞和學(xué)習(xí)。

作為美國(guó)的第四十四任總統(tǒng)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，巴洛克.奧巴馬就任之際正逢全國(guó)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，其就職演說(shuō)不可避免的也會(huì)起到表達(dá)這位新晉總統(tǒng)的政治思想和增加公眾對(duì)于政府的信心的作用。本文將從修辭手段的運(yùn)用，句子類(lèi)型以及宗教特色等多方面就這篇就職演說(shuō)詞的語(yǔ)言特色進(jìn)行分析。

一． 修辭特色

總統(tǒng)就職演說(shuō)的主要目的是通過(guò)宣傳本屆政府的主要政策以喚起民眾的熱情，使民眾認(rèn)可新政府并加以支持。各類(lèi)修辭手段的運(yùn)用將會(huì)使得演說(shuō)更加生動(dòng)和具有說(shuō)服力，以達(dá)到上述目的。

1.排比的運(yùn)用 ? for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions ?for us,they toiled in sweatshops?for us, they fought and died? ?the capital was abandoned.the enemy was advancing.the snow wasstained with blood.2.反復(fù)的運(yùn)用

在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，反復(fù)（repetition）通常被用來(lái)表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感受，展示壓抑的情感或是強(qiáng)調(diào)某物的重要性（胡曙中，1993）。在奧巴馬的就職演說(shuō)詞中，有多個(gè)詞如“危機(jī)”等被反復(fù)使用。具體分析如下：

通過(guò)分析上表可以看出，總統(tǒng)在演說(shuō)中多次提到我們以及表示危機(jī)、精神和奮斗等意義的詞語(yǔ)。通過(guò)反復(fù)的強(qiáng)調(diào)，使整個(gè)國(guó)家的聽(tīng)眾感受到總統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)勝危機(jī)、繼續(xù)推進(jìn)國(guó)家發(fā)展的決心和信心。在演說(shuō)詞中，較之于對(duì)“threat”的輕蔑語(yǔ)氣，奧巴馬更青睞“work”一詞，這也清楚而且強(qiáng)烈的表達(dá)出了他對(duì)于當(dāng)前國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的政治態(tài)度和決心。與其他詞相比，“we”是使用次數(shù)最多的一個(gè)單詞。在這一個(gè)個(gè)的我們當(dāng)中，聽(tīng)眾感受到與演說(shuō)者的一種強(qiáng)烈的親密聯(lián)系，整個(gè)國(guó)家仿佛一個(gè)緊密團(tuán)結(jié)的整體，應(yīng)當(dāng)共同努力、共同奮斗以及共同前行。由此，演說(shuō)的目的也就達(dá)到了。3.頭韻的運(yùn)用

有魅力的語(yǔ)言是一定是充滿(mǎn)韻律的。頭韻是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音修辭手段之一,它蘊(yùn)含了語(yǔ)言的音樂(lè)美和整齊美,使得語(yǔ)言聲情交融、音義一體,具有很強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)力和感染力.它指的是在文句中有兩個(gè)以上連結(jié)在一起的詞或詞組，其開(kāi)頭的音節(jié)有同樣的字母或聲音，以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的節(jié)奏感（熊莉句子結(jié)構(gòu)，2004）。

每種文體的寫(xiě)作都要考慮文字讀起來(lái)是否流暢和有節(jié)奏，總統(tǒng)的演講稿也不能例外。恰當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)用壓頭韻的修辭手段，將會(huì)是的演說(shuō)詞的語(yǔ)言抑揚(yáng)頓挫、富有節(jié)奏感，從而起到感染氣氛和增強(qiáng)效果的作用。

二．宗教特色

宗教是西方文化不可或缺的組成部分。在歷次的就職演說(shuō)中，總統(tǒng)們通常都會(huì)希望借助上帝的力量使得他們的演說(shuō)更加充滿(mǎn)吸引力和感染力。這也正是政治演說(shuō)通常帶有明顯的宗教色彩的原因。奧巴馬在他的就職演說(shuō)中，多次直接引用圣經(jīng)中的句子來(lái)表達(dá)其政治觀(guān)點(diǎn)，目的在于使得本次演說(shuō)更加具有說(shuō)服力，鼓勵(lì)民眾樹(shù)立對(duì)新政府迎戰(zhàn)危機(jī)、重建更美好未來(lái)的信心。

the god-given promise that all are equal,all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure ofhappiness.? we are a nation of christians and muslims,jews and hindus-and non-believers...’ in this sentence, the presidents standis shown by mentioning most of the main religious believes in the usa , whichwould benefit the unity of the different religious believers and the lesseningof religious conflicts.?...with eyes fixed onthe horizon and god’s grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift offreedom and delivered it safely to future generations.在就職演說(shuō)的最后，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)祈求上帝的賜福，號(hào)召民眾將上帝所賦予人類(lèi)的自由之權(quán)世代相傳，無(wú)所畏懼迎戰(zhàn)一切困難。三．句式結(jié)構(gòu)

與日常會(huì)話(huà)、廣告詞和新聞報(bào)道等不同，總統(tǒng)就職演說(shuō)在句式結(jié)構(gòu)上也有獨(dú)特的要求中國(guó)論文下載中心。在演講中，陳述句居多，而一般很少使用疑問(wèn)句，原因是雖然疑問(wèn)句會(huì)使得演講的語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)，但同時(shí)也會(huì)削弱演說(shuō)的嚴(yán)肅性句子結(jié)構(gòu)，因而降低演說(shuō)的信服力（熊莉，2004）。

恰當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)用祈使句可以使得演說(shuō)具有極強(qiáng)的號(hào)召力。巴洛克.奧巴馬就任之際恰逢美國(guó)身處經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻，為達(dá)到鼓勵(lì)民眾為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)興而努力奮戰(zhàn)的目的，很顯然對(duì)于當(dāng)前形勢(shì)輕描淡寫(xiě)的描述肯定是不夠的。在這種情況下，他的就職演說(shuō)必須具備足夠的吸引力和號(hào)召力，才能夠挽回瀕臨對(duì)政府失去信任邊緣的民眾的心。

巴拉克.奧巴馬總統(tǒng)是一位十分具有演說(shuō)才能的總統(tǒng)，他的就職演說(shuō)更是取得了巨大的成功。這篇就職演說(shuō)無(wú)論在闡述觀(guān)點(diǎn)還是文字修飾方面都頗具功力，具有很高的政治價(jià)值和文學(xué)價(jià)值。由于演說(shuō)詞莊重嚴(yán)肅的獨(dú)特語(yǔ)境,雖然這篇演說(shuō)是通過(guò)口頭方式進(jìn)行表達(dá)的,卻具有較強(qiáng)的書(shū)面語(yǔ)特征。本文通過(guò)對(duì)其就職演說(shuō)在修辭手法、宗教色彩和句子結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)等語(yǔ)言特色方面的分析，意在指出修辭手段的熟練運(yùn)用，對(duì)演說(shuō)詞的文體特征的準(zhǔn)確把握以及此演說(shuō)富有的濃郁的宗教色彩都使它成為英文政治演說(shuō)中的成功之作,不僅具有很高的欣賞價(jià)值,而且順利地達(dá)到了總統(tǒng)就職演說(shuō)的政治目的。

參考文獻(xiàn)

黃任，英語(yǔ)修辭與寫(xiě)作[m ]。上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社 ,1996。

胡曙中，英漢修辭比較研究[m]。上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1993。

胡曙中，英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)[m]。上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 2001。

熊莉，從就職演說(shuō)詞看肯尼迪演說(shuō)的文體風(fēng)格[j]。西南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):人文社科版, 2004,(6)。王佐良,丁旺道。英語(yǔ)文體學(xué)引論[m]。北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社, 1987。

徐振忠，英語(yǔ)政治演說(shuō)詞的宗教色彩[j]?！冬F(xiàn)代外語(yǔ)》,1995,(3)。

姓名：段學(xué)雯

文章字?jǐn)?shù)：3000圖表：1個(gè)篇二：obamma奧巴馬2008就職演說(shuō)逐句翻譯 my fellow citizens: 同胞們： i stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.i thank president bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.我今天站在這里，深感面前使命的重大，深謝你們賦予的信任，并銘記我們前輩所付的代價(jià)。我感謝布什總統(tǒng)對(duì)國(guó)家的貢獻(xiàn)以及他在整個(gè)過(guò)渡階段給予的大度合作。forty-four americans have now taken the presidential oath.the words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace.yet, every so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms.at these moments, america has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we the people have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebearers, and true to our founding documents.至此，有四十四個(gè)美國(guó)人發(fā)出總統(tǒng)誓言。這些字詞曾在蒸蒸日上的繁榮時(shí)期和寧?kù)o安詳?shù)暮推侥甏b讀。但是間或，它們也響徹在陰云密布、風(fēng)暴降臨的時(shí)刻。美國(guó)能夠歷經(jīng)這些時(shí)刻而勇往直前，不僅因?yàn)楫?dāng)政者具有才干或遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)，而且也因?yàn)椤拔覀內(nèi)嗣瘛笔冀K堅(jiān)信我們先輩的理想，對(duì)我們的建國(guó)理念忠貞不渝。so it has been.so it must be with this generation of americans.這是過(guò)來(lái)之路。這是這一代美國(guó)的必由之路。that we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood.our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.homes have been lost;jobs shed;businesses shuttered.our health care is too costly;our schools fail too many;and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.我們處于危機(jī)之中，這一點(diǎn)已得到充分認(rèn)識(shí)。我國(guó)在進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，打擊分布廣泛的暴力和仇恨勢(shì)力。我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)嚴(yán)重衰弱，部分歸咎于一些人的貪婪不軌，同時(shí)也因?yàn)槲覀冏鳛橐粋€(gè)整體，未能痛下決心，讓國(guó)家作好面對(duì)新時(shí)代的準(zhǔn)備。如今，住房不再，就業(yè)減少，商業(yè)破產(chǎn)。醫(yī)療保健費(fèi)用過(guò)度昂貴；學(xué)校質(zhì)量沒(méi)有保障；而每一天都在不斷顯示，我們使用能源的方式在助長(zhǎng)敵人的威風(fēng)，威脅我們的星球.these are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics.less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land--a nagging fear that americas decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.這些是危機(jī)的跡象，數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)將予以證明。不易于衡量然而同樣嚴(yán)重的是全國(guó)各地受動(dòng)搖的信心——一種揮之不去的恐懼感，認(rèn)為美國(guó)將不可避免地走下坡路，下一代人不得不放低眼光。

today i say to you that the challenges we face are real.they are serious and they are many.they will not be met easily or in a short span of time.but know this, america: they will be met.今天，我告訴大家，我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)真實(shí)存在，并且嚴(yán)重而多重。它們不可能在一個(gè)短時(shí)間內(nèi)被輕易征服。但是，美國(guó)，請(qǐng)記住這句話(huà)——它們將被征服。on this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.我們今天聚集在這里是因?yàn)槲覀冞x擇希望而不是恐懼，選擇齊心協(xié)力而不是沖突對(duì)立。1 我們今天在這里宣告，讓斤斤計(jì)較與虛假承諾就此結(jié)束，讓窒息我國(guó)政治為時(shí)太久的相互指責(zé)和陳詞濫調(diào)就此完結(jié)。我們?nèi)允且粋€(gè)年輕的國(guó)家，但用圣經(jīng)的話(huà)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在是拋棄幼稚的時(shí)侯了?，F(xiàn)在應(yīng)是我們讓永恒的精神發(fā)揚(yáng)光大的時(shí)侯，應(yīng)是選擇創(chuàng)造更佳歷史業(yè)績(jī)的時(shí)侯，應(yīng)是將代代相傳的寶貴財(cái)富、崇高理想向前發(fā)展的時(shí)侯：上帝賦予所有人平等、所有人自由和所有人充分追求幸福的機(jī)會(huì)。in reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given.it must be earned.our journey has never been one of shortcuts or settling for less.it has not been the path for the fainthearted--for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame.rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things--some celebrated, but more often men and women obscure in their labor--who have carried us up the long, rugged path toward prosperity and freedom.在重申我們國(guó)家偉大精神的同時(shí)，我們懂得，偉大從非天生，而是必須贏(yíng)得。我們的歷程從來(lái)不是走捷徑或退而求其次的歷程。它不是弱者的道路——它不屬于好逸惡勞或只圖名利享受的人；這條路屬于冒險(xiǎn)者，實(shí)干家，創(chuàng)造者——有些人享有盛名，但大多數(shù)是默默無(wú)聞耕耘勞作的男女志士，是他們帶我們走向通往繁榮和自由的漫長(zhǎng)崎嶇之路。for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.為了我們，他們打點(diǎn)起貧寒的行裝上路，遠(yuǎn)涉重洋，追求新生活 for us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.為了我們，他們?cè)谘构S(chǎng)勞作，在西部原野拓荒，忍著鞭笞之痛在堅(jiān)硬的土地上耕耘。for us, they fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg;normandy and khe sahn.為了我們，他們奔赴疆場(chǎng)，英勇捐軀，長(zhǎng)眠于康科德、葛底斯堡、諾曼底和溪山。time and again, these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life.they saw america as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions;greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.為了我們能夠過(guò)上更好的生活，他們前赴后繼，歷盡艱辛，全力奉獻(xiàn)，不辭勞苦，直至雙手結(jié)起層層老繭。他們看到的美國(guó)超越了我們每一個(gè)人的雄心壯志，也超越了所有種族、財(cái)富或派系的差異。this is the journey we continue today.we remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on earth.our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began.our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year.our capacity remains undiminished.but our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions--that time has surely passed.starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking america.今天，作為后來(lái)者，我們踏上了這一未竟的旅程。我們依然是地球上最繁榮、最強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家。我們的勞動(dòng)者的創(chuàng)造力并沒(méi)有因?yàn)檠矍暗倪@場(chǎng)危機(jī)而減弱。我們的頭腦依然像以往那樣善于發(fā)明創(chuàng)新。我們的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)仍舊像上星期、上個(gè)月或去年一樣受人歡迎。我們的能力絲毫無(wú)損。但是，維持現(xiàn)狀、保 2 護(hù)狹隘的利益集團(tuán)、推遲困難的抉擇的時(shí)代無(wú)疑已成為過(guò)去。從今天起，我們必須振作起來(lái)，掃除我們身上的塵土，重新開(kāi)啟再造美國(guó)的事業(yè)。

無(wú)論我們把目光投向何處，都有工作在等待著我們。經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)要求我們果敢而迅速地行動(dòng)，我們將不辱使命——不僅要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造新的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，而且要打下新的增長(zhǎng)基礎(chǔ)。我們將建造道路和橋梁，架設(shè)電網(wǎng)，鋪設(shè)承載我們的商務(wù)和把我們緊密相連的電子通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)。我們將恢復(fù)尊重科學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)，利用高新技術(shù)的超常潛力提高醫(yī)療保健質(zhì)量并降低成本。我們將利用太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)力和地?zé)釣檐?chē)輛和工廠(chǎng)提供能源。我們將改造我們的中小學(xué)和高等院校，以應(yīng)對(duì)新時(shí)代的挑戰(zhàn)。這一切我們都能做到。這一切我們必將做到?，F(xiàn)在，有人懷疑我們的雄心壯志——他們說(shuō)我們的體制不能承受太多的宏偉規(guī)劃。他們的記憶是短暫的，因?yàn)樗麄兺浟诉@個(gè)國(guó)家已經(jīng)取得的成就，忘記了一旦共同的目標(biāo)插上理想的翅膀、現(xiàn)實(shí)的要求鼓起勇氣的風(fēng)帆，自由的人民就會(huì)爆發(fā)出無(wú)窮的創(chuàng)造力。what the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them--that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply.the question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works--whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified.where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward.where the answer is no, programs will end.and those of us who manage the publics dollars will be held to account--to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day--because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.那些冷眼旁觀(guān)的人沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到他們腳下的大地已經(jīng)移動(dòng)——那些長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)空耗我們的精力的陳腐政治觀(guān)點(diǎn)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)。我們今天提出的問(wèn)題不是我們的政府太大還是太小，而是它是否行之有效——它是否能夠幫助人們找到報(bào)酬合理的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，是否能夠?yàn)樗麄兲峁┵M(fèi)用適度的醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)，是否能夠確保他們?cè)谕诵莺蟛皇ё饑?yán)。如果回答是肯定的，我們就要向前推進(jìn)。如果回答是否定的，計(jì)劃和項(xiàng)目必須終止。作為公共資金的管理者，我們必須承擔(dān)責(zé)任——明智地使用資金，拋棄壞習(xí)慣，在陽(yáng)光下履行職責(zé)——因?yàn)橹挥羞@樣我們才能恢復(fù)人民對(duì)政府的至關(guān)重要的信任。

我們提出的問(wèn)題也不在于市場(chǎng)力量是替天行道還是為虎作倀。市場(chǎng)在生成財(cái)富和傳播自由方面具有無(wú)與倫比的力量，但這場(chǎng)危機(jī)提醒我們：沒(méi)有嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)督，市場(chǎng)就會(huì)失控——如果一個(gè)國(guó)家僅僅施惠于富裕者，其富裕便不能持久。我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)成功從來(lái)不是僅僅依賴(lài)國(guó)內(nèi)總產(chǎn)值的規(guī)模，而是還依賴(lài)繁榮的普及，即為每一位愿意致富的人提供機(jī)會(huì)的能力——不是通過(guò)施舍——因?yàn)檫@才是最可靠的共同富裕之路。3 至于我們的共同防御，我們決不接受安全與理念不可兩全的荒謬論點(diǎn)。建國(guó)先賢面對(duì)我們難以想見(jiàn)的險(xiǎn)惡局面，起草了一部保障法治和人權(quán)的憲章，一部子孫后代以自己的鮮血使之更加完美的憲章。今天，這些理念仍然照耀著世界，我們不會(huì)為一時(shí)之利而棄之。因此，對(duì)于今天正在觀(guān)看此情此景的其他各國(guó)人民和政府──從最繁華的首都到我父親出生的小村莊──我們希望他們了解：凡追求和平與尊嚴(yán)的國(guó)家以及每一位男人、婦女和兒童，美國(guó)是你們的朋友。我們已經(jīng)做好準(zhǔn)備，再一次走在前面?；仡欉^(guò)去，幾代人在戰(zhàn)勝法西斯主義和共產(chǎn)主義時(shí)依靠的不僅僅是導(dǎo)彈和坦克，更是牢固的聯(lián)盟和不渝的信念。他們懂得單憑實(shí)力無(wú)法保護(hù)我們的安全，實(shí)力也并不賦予我們隨心所欲的權(quán)利。相反，他們知道審慎使用實(shí)力會(huì)使我們更強(qiáng)大；我們的安全源于事業(yè)的正義性、典范的感召力、以及謙卑和克制的平衡作用 we are the keepers of this legacy.guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort--even greater cooperation and understanding between nations.we will begin to responsibly leave iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in afghanistan.with old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet.we will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken;you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.我們是這一傳統(tǒng)的繼承者。我們只要從新以這些原則為指導(dǎo)，就能應(yīng)對(duì)那些新威脅，為此必須付出更大的努力──推動(dòng)國(guó)家間更多的合作與理解。我們將開(kāi)始以負(fù)責(zé)任的方式把伊拉克移交給伊拉克人民，并在阿富汗鞏固來(lái)之不易的和平。我們將與多年的朋友和昔日的對(duì)手一道不懈地努力，減輕核威脅，扭轉(zhuǎn)全球變暖的厄運(yùn)。我們不會(huì)在價(jià)值觀(guān)念上退縮，也不會(huì)動(dòng)搖捍衛(wèi)它的決心，對(duì)于那些妄圖以煽動(dòng)恐怖和屠殺無(wú)辜的手段達(dá)到其目的的人，我們現(xiàn)在就告訴你們，我們的意志更加頑強(qiáng)、堅(jiān)不可摧；你們無(wú)法拖垮我們，我們必將戰(zhàn)勝你們。

因?yàn)槲覀冎?，我們百衲而成的傳統(tǒng)是一種優(yōu)勢(shì)，而不是劣勢(shì)。我們是一個(gè)由基督教徒和穆斯林、猶太教徒和印度教徒、以及無(wú)宗教信仰者組成的國(guó)家。我們受惠于地球上四面八方每一種語(yǔ)言和文化的影響。由于我們飲過(guò)南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和種族隔離的苦水，走出了那個(gè)黑暗時(shí)代并變得更加堅(jiān)強(qiáng)和團(tuán)結(jié)，我們不能不相信昔日的仇恨終有一天會(huì)成為過(guò)去；部族之間的界線(xiàn)很快會(huì)消失；隨著世界變得越來(lái)越小，我們共同的人性將得到彰顯；美國(guó)必須為迎來(lái)一個(gè)和

平的新紀(jì)元發(fā)揮自己的作用。to the muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect.to those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their societys ills on the west: know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy.to those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history;but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.to the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow;to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds.and to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders;nor can we consume the worlds resources without regard to effect.for the world has changed, and we must change with it.對(duì)于貧困國(guó)家的人民，我們保證同你們并肩努力，為你們的農(nóng)田帶來(lái)豐收，讓清潔的用水取之不竭；使饑餓的身體得以飽食，使饑渴的心靈受到滋潤(rùn)。對(duì)于那些象我們一樣比較富裕的國(guó)家，我們要說(shuō)我們?cè)俨荒軐?duì)他人的苦難無(wú)動(dòng)于衷，也再不能肆意消耗世界的資源。世界已經(jīng)改變，我們必須與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。as we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains.they have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in arlington whisper through the ages.we honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service;a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves.and yet, at this moment--a moment that will define a generation--it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.在思索我們面前的道路時(shí)，我們懷著崇敬的心情感謝此刻正在偏遠(yuǎn)的沙漠和山區(qū)巡邏的英勇無(wú)畏的美國(guó)人。他們向我們述說(shuō)著什么，正如在阿靈頓(arlington)公墓長(zhǎng)眠的陣亡英雄在漫漫歲月中低淺的吟誦。我們崇敬他們，不僅因?yàn)樗麄兒葱l(wèi)著我們的自由，而且因?yàn)樗麄兇碇I(xiàn)身精神，體現(xiàn)了超越個(gè)人，尋求遠(yuǎn)大理想的意愿。然而，在這個(gè)時(shí)刻，這個(gè)具有劃時(shí)代意義的時(shí)刻，我們大家必須具備的正是這種精神。for as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the american people upon which this nation relies.it is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours.it is the firefighters courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parents willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.雖然政府能有許多作為也必須有許多作為，但最終離不開(kāi)美國(guó)人民的信仰和決心，這便是我國(guó)的立國(guó)之本。正是因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)诖蟮瘫懒褧r(shí)接納陌生人的關(guān)愛(ài)之情，正是因?yàn)楣と藗儗幵笢p少自己的工時(shí)而不愿看到朋友失去工作的無(wú)私精神，才使我們度過(guò)了最暗淡的時(shí)光。正是因?yàn)橄狸?duì)員們有勇氣沖進(jìn)濃煙滾滾的樓道，也正是因?yàn)樽龈改傅南Ｍ囵B(yǎng)一個(gè)孩子，我們才能決定最后的命運(yùn)。our challenges may be new.the instruments with which we meet them may be new.but those values upon which our success depends--hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism--these things are old.these things are true.they have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history.what is demanded then is a return to these truths.what is required of us now is a new era of responsibility--a recognition, on the part of every american, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation and the world;duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.5篇三：2008奧巴馬就職演講 hello, chicago.if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is aplace where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dreamof our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is youranswer.美國(guó)是一個(gè)一切皆有可能的地方，如果還有人對(duì)這一點(diǎn)心存懷疑，如果還有人懷疑美國(guó)奠基者的夢(mèng)想在我們時(shí)代是否還有活力，還有人懷疑我們民主制度的力量，那么，你們今晚正是對(duì)那些疑問(wèn)作出了回答。it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation hasnever seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the first time in their lives,because they believed that this time must be different, that their voices could be that difference.在學(xué)校和教堂周?chē)霈F(xiàn)的前所未有的長(zhǎng)隊(duì)是答案，這個(gè)國(guó)家從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這么多的人前來(lái)投票，人們排三個(gè)、四個(gè)小時(shí)的隊(duì)來(lái)進(jìn)行有生以來(lái)的第一次投票，因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈胚@一次將會(huì)不同，他們發(fā)出的聲音可能就是那個(gè)差別。it’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican, black, white,hispanic, asian, native american, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled.americans who sent amessage to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of redstates and blue states.這是一個(gè)年輕人和年老人、富人和窮人、民主黨人和共和黨人、黑人、白人、西班牙裔人、亞裔、印第安人、同性戀和異性戀、殘障人士和健全人士所作出的回答。美國(guó)人向世界發(fā)出一個(gè)信息：我們從不只是一些個(gè)人的累加或者“紅色州”和“藍(lán)色州”的累加。we are, and always will be, the united states of america.我們是，并且永遠(yuǎn)是美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)。it’s the answer that led those who’ve been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful anddoubtful about what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once moretoward the hope of a better day.這是一個(gè)引導(dǎo)人們的答案，太多的人在很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)給他們說(shuō)這個(gè)答案，以至于他們對(duì)此持憤世疾俗的態(tài)度，對(duì)我們是否可以再一次把握歷史的希望感到擔(dān)心和懷疑。

已經(jīng)過(guò)去了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，但是今晚，由于我們今天在這場(chǎng)選舉所采取的行動(dòng)，在這個(gè)決定性的時(shí)候，變革來(lái)到了美國(guó)。a little bit earlier this evening, i received an extraordinarily gracious call from sen.mccain.今晚早些時(shí)候，我接到來(lái)自參議員麥凱恩的一個(gè)極具風(fēng)度的電話(huà)。sen.mccain fought long and hard in this campaign.and he’s fought even longer and harder for thecountry that he loves.he has endured sacrifices for america that most of us cannot begin to imagine.we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader.麥凱恩在這場(chǎng)選戰(zhàn)中進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)期和艱苦的努力，他為這個(gè)他所愛(ài)的國(guó)家戰(zhàn)斗了更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，作出了更艱苦的努力。他為美國(guó)承受了我們中的大多數(shù)人無(wú)法想像的犧牲。由于這位勇敢和無(wú)私領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的服務(wù)，我們的生活變得更好。i congratulate him;i congratulate gov.palin for all that they’ve achieved.and i look forward toworking with them to renew this nation’s promise in the months ahead.我向他表示祝賀，我向佩林州長(zhǎng)表示祝賀，向他們所取得的成果表示祝賀，我盼望與他們共事以繼續(xù)這個(gè)國(guó)家在未來(lái)歲月的承諾。i want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart, and spoke for themen and women he grew up with on the streets of scranton and rode with on the train home todelaware, the vice president-elect of the united states, joe biden.我想感謝我在競(jìng)選旅程的伙伴，一位用心競(jìng)選的男士，一位為和他一起在斯克蘭頓街頭一同長(zhǎng)大的男人和女子代言、經(jīng)常坐火車(chē)回特拉華州的男士，美國(guó)當(dāng)選副總統(tǒng)拜登。and i would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my best friend for the last16 years the rock of our family, the love of my life, the nation’s next first lady michelle obama.如果沒(méi)有我過(guò)去16年最好的朋友、我們家庭的中堅(jiān)、我生命中的摯愛(ài)，我今天晚上不可能站在這里，美國(guó)下一位第一夫人米歇爾·奧巴馬。

薩沙和馬莉婭，我愛(ài)你們，我對(duì)你們的愛(ài)超出了你們的想象。你們已贏(yíng)得了新的寵物狗，它將和我們一起前往新的白宮。and while she’s no longer with us, i know my grandmother’s watching, along with the family thatmade me who i am.i miss them tonight.i know that my debt to them is beyond measure.盡管她沒(méi)能和我們?cè)谝黄?，但我知道，我的祖母和養(yǎng)大我的家人在看著我，我今晚很想念他們，我知道我欠他們的東西是無(wú)法計(jì)量的。to my sister maya, my sister alma, all my other brothers and sisters, thank you so much for all thesupport that you’ve given me.i am grateful to them.我的妹妹馬婭、我的姐姐奧瑪，我其他的兄弟和姐妹，非常感謝你們對(duì)我的支持，我感謝他們。and to my campaign manager, david plouffe, the unsung hero of this campaign, who built the best——the best political campaign, i think, in the history of the united states of america.我的競(jìng)選經(jīng)理大衛(wèi)·普勞夫，這位競(jìng)選活動(dòng)的無(wú)名英雄，他進(jìn)行了最好的政治競(jìng)選活動(dòng)，我認(rèn)為這是美國(guó)歷史上最棒的。to my chief strategist david axelrod who’s been a partner with me every step of the way.to thebest campaign team ever assembled in the history of politics you made this happen, and i am forevergrateful for what you’ve sacrificed to get it done.我的首席策略師大衛(wèi)·艾克斯羅德，他一直是追隨我的伙伴。你們組建了政治史上最好的競(jìng)選團(tuán)隊(duì)，是你們成就了今天，我永遠(yuǎn)感謝你們?yōu)榇怂鞒龅臓奚ut above all, i will never forget who this victory truly belongs to.it belongs to you.it belongs toyou.但最重要的是，我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記這場(chǎng)勝利真正屬于誰(shuí)，它屬于你們，它屬于你們。i was never the likeliest candidate for this office.we didn’t start with much money or manyendorsements.our campaign was not hatched in the halls of washington.it began in the backyardsof des moines and the living rooms of concord and the front porches of charleston.it was built byworking men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give $5 and $10 and $20 tothe cause.我從來(lái)不是最有可能獲得這一職務(wù)的候選人。我們剛開(kāi)始并沒(méi)有太多資金，也沒(méi)有得到許多人的支持。我們的競(jìng)選活動(dòng)并非始自華盛頓的大廳里，而是始于得梅因、康科德、查爾斯頓這些地方的普通民眾家中。那些辛勤工作的人們從自己微薄的儲(chǔ)蓄中捐出5美元、10美元、20美元。it grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation’s apathy who lefttheir homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep.競(jìng)選活動(dòng)因?yàn)槟贻p人的支持而越來(lái)越有聲勢(shì)，他們拒絕了他們那一代對(duì)政治不感興趣的神話(huà)，他們離開(kāi)家，從事那些薪水少而且辛苦的工作。it drew strength from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat toknock on doors of perfect strangers, and from the millions of americans who volunteered andorganized and proved that more than two centuries later a government of the people, by the people,and for the people has not perished from the earth.競(jìng)選活動(dòng)的聲勢(shì)也來(lái)自那些已不再年輕的人們，他們冒著嚴(yán)寒酷暑，敲開(kāi)陌生人的家門(mén)進(jìn)行競(jìng)選宣傳；競(jìng)選聲勢(shì)也源自數(shù)百萬(wàn)的美國(guó)民眾，他們充當(dāng)志愿者和組織者，他們證明了在兩百多年以后，民有、民治、民享的政府并未從地球上消失。這是你們的勝利。this is your victory.這是你們的勝利。and i know you didn’t do this just to win an election.and i know you didn’t do it for me.you didit because you understand the enormity of the task that lies ahead.for even as we celebrate tonight,we know the challenges that tomorrow will bring are the greatest of our lifetime —— two wars, aplanet in peril, the worst financial crisis in a century.我知道你們的所做的一切并不只是為了贏(yíng)得選舉，我也知道你們做這一切并不是為了我。你們這樣做是因?yàn)槟銈兠靼浊懊娴娜蝿?wù)有多么艱巨。即便我們今晚歡呼慶祝，我們也知道明天將面臨我們一生之中最艱難的挑戰(zhàn)——兩場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、一個(gè)面臨危險(xiǎn)的星球，一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)最嚴(yán)重的金融危機(jī)。even as we stand here tonight, we know there are brave americans waking up in the deserts of iraqand the mountains of afghanistan to risk their lives for us.there are mothers and fathers who will lieawake after the children fall asleep and wonder how they’ll make the mortgage or pay their doctors’bills or save enough for their child’s college education.就在我們今晚站在這里的時(shí)刻，我們知道勇敢的美國(guó)士兵在伊拉克的沙漠里和阿富汗的群山中醒來(lái)，他們冒著生命危險(xiǎn)來(lái)保護(hù)著我們的生命。仍有在孩子熟睡后仍難以入眠的父母，他們擔(dān)心如何償還按揭月供、付醫(yī)藥費(fèi)或是存夠錢(qián)讓孩子上大學(xué)。there’s new energy to harness, new jobs to be created, new schools to build, and threats to meet,alliances to repair.我們需要開(kāi)發(fā)新的能源、創(chuàng)造新的工作崗位，我們需要修建新學(xué)校，應(yīng)對(duì)眾多威脅、修復(fù)與許多國(guó)家的盟友關(guān)系。the road ahead will be long.our climb will be steep.we may not get there in one year or even inone term.but, america, i have never been more hopeful than i am tonight that we will get there.前方的道路將很漫長(zhǎng)，我們攀登的腳步會(huì)很艱辛。我們可能無(wú)法在一年甚至一個(gè)任期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)，但我從未像今晚這樣滿(mǎn)懷希望，我們將實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的目標(biāo)。i promise you, we as a people will get there.我向你們承諾——我們作為一個(gè)整體將會(huì)達(dá)成目標(biāo)。there will be setbacks and false starts.there are many who won’t agree with every decision orpolicy i make as president.and we know the government can’t solve every problem.我們會(huì)遭遇挫折和不成功的起步。我作為總統(tǒng)所做的每項(xiàng)決定或政策，會(huì)有許多人持有異議，我們也知道，政府不能解決所有問(wèn)題。but i will always be honest with you about the challenges we face.i will listen to you, especiallywhen we disagree.and, above all, i will ask you to join in the work of remaking this nation, the onlyway it’s been done in america for 221 years —— block by block, brick by brick, calloused handby calloused hand.但我將總是會(huì)向你們坦陳我們所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。我會(huì)聽(tīng)取你們的意見(jiàn)，尤其是存在不同意見(jiàn)的時(shí)候。最重要的是，我會(huì)請(qǐng)求你們參與重建這個(gè)國(guó)家，以美國(guó)221年來(lái)從未改變的唯一方式——一磚一瓦、同心協(xié)力。what began 21 months ago in the depths of winter cannot end on this autumn night.this victoryalone is not the change we seek.it is only the chance for us to make that change.and that cannothappen if we go back to the way things were.21個(gè)月前在寒冬所開(kāi)始的一切不應(yīng)當(dāng)在今天這個(gè)秋夜結(jié)束。今天的選舉勝利并不是我們所尋求的改變——這只是我們進(jìn)行改變的機(jī)會(huì)。如果我們?nèi)匀话凑者^(guò)去的方式行事，我們所尋求的改變將不會(huì)發(fā)生。it can’t happen without you, without a new spirit of service, a new spirit of sacrifice.沒(méi)有你們，沒(méi)有服務(wù)和犧牲的新精神，就不可能發(fā)生改變。so let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch inand work harder and look after not only ourselves but each other.let us remember that, if thisfinancial crisis taught us anything, it’s that we cannot have a thriving wall street while main streetsuffers.因此，讓我們發(fā)揚(yáng)新的愛(ài)國(guó)和負(fù)責(zé)精神，所有的人都下定決心參與其中，更加努力地工作，不僅是為自己而是為彼此。讓我們記住這一點(diǎn)，如果說(shuō)這場(chǎng)金融危機(jī)教會(huì)了我們什么東西的話(huà)，那就是我們不可能在金融以外的領(lǐng)域處于困境的同時(shí)擁有繁榮興旺的華爾街。in this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people.let’s resist the temptation to fall back onthe same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long.在這個(gè)國(guó)家，我們患難與共。讓我們抵制重走老路的誘惑，避免重新回到令美國(guó)政治長(zhǎng)期深受毒害的黨派紛爭(zhēng)、小題大作、不成熟的表現(xiàn)。let’s remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the republican partyto the white house, a party founded on the values of self-reliance and individual liberty and nationalunity.讓我們記住，是伊利諾伊州的一名男子首次將共和黨的旗幟扛到了白宮。共和黨是建立在自立、個(gè)人自由以及國(guó)家團(tuán)結(jié)的價(jià)值觀(guān)之上的。those are values that we all share.and while the democratic party has won a great victory tonight,we do so with a measure of humility and determination to heal the divides that have held back ourprogress.這也是我們所有人共同的價(jià)值觀(guān)。雖然民主黨今天晚上贏(yíng)得了巨大的勝利，但我們是以謙卑的態(tài)度和彌合阻礙我們進(jìn)步的分歧的決心贏(yíng)得這場(chǎng)勝利的。as lincoln said to a nation far more divided than ours, we are not enemies but friends.thoughpassion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.篇四：奧巴馬就職演說(shuō)的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)分析

一、演說(shuō)與修辭時(shí)下英語(yǔ)界一般將英語(yǔ)文體（或稱(chēng)語(yǔ)體）分為口頭體和書(shū)面體兩大類(lèi)。但實(shí)踐證明，這樣的劃分失之粗率。其弊病在于名實(shí)難符：口頭體并不僅限于口語(yǔ)形式，而書(shū)面體也不僅限于書(shū)面形式。譬如，正式場(chǎng)合的演講、報(bào)告，以及官方的談話(huà)所用的文體就不能劃入口語(yǔ)體，而應(yīng)屬于書(shū)面體。

演說(shuō)活動(dòng)自古以來(lái)就是人類(lèi)社會(huì)的一項(xiàng)重要活動(dòng)。演講者通過(guò)宣傳某種思想，讓聽(tīng)眾理解和接受自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)和主張，進(jìn)而號(hào)召聽(tīng)眾采取一致的行動(dòng)。演講者要達(dá)到預(yù)想的演講效果必須研究演說(shuō)詞的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)藝術(shù)。演說(shuō)詞的修辭手法是演講者最主要的語(yǔ)言技巧。修辭是從表達(dá)方式，表達(dá)效果的角度去研究語(yǔ)音、詞匯、語(yǔ)法的運(yùn)用。

美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的就職演說(shuō)是一種在特定場(chǎng)合下的演說(shuō)?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)聽(tīng)眾可達(dá)百萬(wàn)之眾，并且向國(guó)內(nèi)外進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播。美國(guó)民眾及世界各國(guó)總是對(duì)新總統(tǒng)有著無(wú)限期待，總統(tǒng)的就職演說(shuō)可謂是新政府向民眾交出的第一份答卷?？偨y(tǒng)要在就職演說(shuō)中抒發(fā)自己的治國(guó)理想，分析國(guó)家面臨的困難和挑戰(zhàn)，宣布自己的施政綱領(lǐng)以及如何實(shí)現(xiàn)民眾的希望。各大媒體的調(diào)查表明，大多數(shù)美國(guó)民眾對(duì)奧巴馬的就職演說(shuō)感到滿(mǎn)意和非常滿(mǎn)意。本文擬從語(yǔ)音、詞匯和句法三個(gè)方面的修辭手段的使用情況對(duì)奧巴馬的就職演說(shuō)進(jìn)行文體分析，探討這篇演說(shuō)詞的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。

二、奧巴馬演說(shuō)詞的修辭手段 1.音韻修辭格（1）頭韻（alliteration）是語(yǔ)音修辭手段之一。它是指兩個(gè)以上緊鄰單詞首音（通常是輔音）相同。頭韻的修辭作用是增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的節(jié)奏感，使語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)生音樂(lè)般的美感。頭韻多用于詩(shī)歌和散文中，但人們也經(jīng)常在演講中運(yùn)用頭韻來(lái)增加語(yǔ)言的美感，加深聽(tīng)眾的印象。同樣尾韻（end rhyme）也有類(lèi)似的修辭作用。

奧巴馬就職演說(shuō)中運(yùn)用頭韻的句子有： 1）with old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat?（對(duì)于老朋友和老對(duì)手，我們將不遺余力地繼續(xù)削弱核威脅?）2）we are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this earth.（我們民族的成長(zhǎng)受到許多語(yǔ)言和文化的影響，我們吸取了這個(gè)地球上任何一個(gè)角落的有益成分.）

運(yùn)用尾韻的句子有： 1）homes have been lost;jobs shed;business shuttered.（我們的人民正失去家園，失去工作，企業(yè)要倒閉。）2）rather, it has been the risk–takers, the doers, the makers of things...(確實(shí)，這條路是勇于承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)者之路，是實(shí)干家、創(chuàng)造者之路...）朗讀上述句子，可以體會(huì)到使用頭韻和尾韻給語(yǔ)言帶來(lái)的節(jié)奏和韻律。2.詞匯修辭格

在英語(yǔ)詞匯中含有六個(gè)字母以上或三個(gè)音節(jié)以上的詞通常被看成是大詞。這些詞往往來(lái)自于拉丁語(yǔ)，希臘語(yǔ)或法語(yǔ)，或者有著復(fù)雜的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。大詞在正式的書(shū)面體中出現(xiàn)頻率較多。

在奧巴馬的就職演說(shuō)詞中，總詞匯量為2393個(gè)，其中六個(gè)字母以上的單詞就有643個(gè)，占總數(shù)的26.8%，稍低于美國(guó)總統(tǒng)就職演說(shuō)詞中六個(gè)字母以上詞的平均含詞量：27.7%。從這一數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)看，奧氏的就職演說(shuō)與往屆的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的就職演說(shuō)一樣，具有很明顯的口語(yǔ)體特征。演講者往往使用形容詞來(lái)對(duì)某些言行進(jìn)行繪聲繪色的描述，以此表達(dá)自己的主觀(guān)傾向，渲染感情色彩。在奧氏就職演說(shuō)中有形容詞137個(gè)，占總詞數(shù)的5.7%，與小布什就職演說(shuō)的5.6%相近，但遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于美國(guó)總統(tǒng)就職演說(shuō)詞中形容詞的平均含詞量：7.4%。

在演說(shuō)中大量使用第一人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)是許多演講者常用的語(yǔ)言技巧，目的是將聽(tīng)眾拉到演講者一邊，將演講者和聽(tīng)眾放到同一立場(chǎng)上，讓聽(tīng)眾感受到“我們是相同”的認(rèn)同感。奧氏在就職演說(shuō)中使用“我們（we）”有55次，其變體“our”有61次，“us”有21次，三項(xiàng)合計(jì)有137次，而奧氏演講全文中有129句，另加101 個(gè)從句和25個(gè)并列句，幾乎是一開(kāi)口必稱(chēng)“我們”。美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的就職演說(shuō)為了使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)更為準(zhǔn)確、具體、鮮明、生動(dòng)、有力，常常會(huì)使用明喻、隱喻、擬人、夸張、借代等詞匯修辭格幫助聽(tīng)眾加深對(duì)事物的理解，加強(qiáng)演講的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)氣氛，提高演講效果。

以下是奧巴馬在就職演說(shuō)中的使用情況。

（1）明喻（simile）：用另一種事物比喻所要說(shuō)明的事物，達(dá)到更形象、更深刻說(shuō)明事物的目的，通常用like或as連接。1）for us, they fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg, normandy and khe sanh.（為了我們，他們奔赴像康科德城和葛底斯堡、諾曼底和克山這樣的地方去征戰(zhàn)并且犧牲。）2）they saw america as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions.（在他們看來(lái)，美國(guó)的強(qiáng)盛要比個(gè)人的雄心壯志重大得多.)（2）隱喻（metaphor）：不用like或as的隱藏的比喻。1）our journey has never been one of shortcuts or setting for less.(我們的民族之旅從未有過(guò)捷徑或者妥協(xié)。)2）starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking america.(從今天開(kāi)始，我們必須跌倒后自己爬起來(lái)，拍拍身上的泥土，然后重新開(kāi)始工作，重塑美國(guó)。)（3）擬人（personification）：把事、物、觀(guān)念擬作人，賦予它們以人的思想、感情與行為方式。

2）in the year of america’s birth?(在美國(guó)誕生的年代?)（4）夸張（hyperbole）：在真實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上有意言過(guò)其實(shí)以更好地反映事物的本質(zhì)。

1）time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life.（一次又一次，我們的先輩們奮斗著、犧牲著、操勞著，直至磨破雙手，只是為了我們可以生活得更好。）2）the snow was stained with blood.(冬天的雪被鮮血染成了紅色。)（5）借代或稱(chēng)轉(zhuǎn)喻（metonymy）：不相類(lèi)似的甲乙之間有著不可分離的關(guān)系，利用這種關(guān)系以乙事物的名稱(chēng)來(lái)代替甲事物。1）those of us who manage the public’s dollars will be held to account——to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day.(掌管納稅人稅金的人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)起責(zé)任，合理支出，摒棄陋習(xí)，在陽(yáng)光下做事。用“陽(yáng)光”代表“公開(kāi)”、“透明”。)3.句法修辭格

句法修辭格是通過(guò)對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的特定安排達(dá)到特別的修辭效果。

比如奧巴馬在其就職演說(shuō)中使用了下列句法修辭手段：

（1）排比（parallelism）：由三項(xiàng)或以上的詞語(yǔ)或句子構(gòu)成，其并列的結(jié)構(gòu)相同或類(lèi)似，意義相關(guān)，語(yǔ)氣連貫。1）our nation is at war,?our economy is badly weakened,?our health care is too costly.（我們的國(guó)家正處在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)?我們的國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)也受到嚴(yán)重的削弱，?我們的社會(huì)醫(yī)療過(guò)于昂貴。）2）for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of anew life.for us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.for us, th ey fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg, normandy and khesanh.(為了我們，先輩們帶著微薄的家當(dāng)，橫渡大洋，尋找新生活；為了我們，先輩們?cè)谘构S(chǎng)勞作，忍受皮鞭的抽打；為了我們，先輩們定居西部，在荒蕪的土地辛勤耕作；為了我們，先輩們奔赴像康科德城和葛底斯堡，諾曼底和克山這樣的地方去征戰(zhàn)并且犧牲。)（2）反復(fù)（repetition）：不止一次地使用同一詞語(yǔ)或句子。與排比的區(qū)別在于，反復(fù)著重于詞語(yǔ)，排比著重于結(jié)構(gòu)。1）so it has been.so it must be with this generation of americans.(前輩們?nèi)绱?。我們這一代美國(guó)人也要如此。)2）?these things are old.these things are true.(?這些東西歷久彌新。這些東西真實(shí)可靠。)（3）對(duì)偶（antithesis）：工整勻稱(chēng)的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，常把字?jǐn)?shù)、結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相近，意義彼此相關(guān)的兩個(gè)詞或并列結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱(chēng)地排列在一起，是表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的有效手段。1）where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward.where the answer is no, program will end.（哪個(gè)方案的答案是肯定的，我們就推進(jìn)哪個(gè)方案。哪個(gè)方案的答案是否定的，我們就選擇終止。）（4）倒裝（inversion）：謂語(yǔ)置于主語(yǔ)之前，詞序不同于正常語(yǔ)序的語(yǔ)法修辭手段，達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中某一成分的目的。1）they understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please（.他們明白單憑自己的力量我們無(wú)法保護(hù)自己，也無(wú)權(quán)做到隨心所欲。）篇五：奧巴馬就職演講

奧巴馬演講分析

——排比在英語(yǔ)演講中的修辭作用

美國(guó)大選前許多人都評(píng)價(jià)：奧巴馬的政見(jiàn)并不新穎甚至有點(diǎn)平庸；擁有的個(gè)人財(cái)富只有對(duì)手的幾十分之一；相貌遠(yuǎn)遜于前輩肯尼迪和克林頓，而且還是非美國(guó)本土的外來(lái)黑哥......奧巴馬唯一讓人嫉妒的是他擁有最能鼓動(dòng)人心的好口才，這是上帝給他最好的禮物和恩賜！不可否認(rèn)，他超凡脫俗的演講，為他競(jìng)選贏(yíng)得勝利起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。奧巴馬的演講，無(wú)論是文稿的整體布局，還是演講言辭的融情達(dá)意，或是激情澎湃的演講表達(dá)，都可謂精深獨(dú)到，不得不令人拍手稱(chēng)快。．據(jù)cnn報(bào)道。，有語(yǔ)言學(xué)家稱(chēng)，“總統(tǒng)當(dāng)選人巴拉克·奧巴馬當(dāng)晚發(fā)表的獲勝演說(shuō)可與很多史上著名演講相比．”奧巴馬稱(chēng)得上是一位杰出的演說(shuō)家，在多次演講中，他都嫻熟地運(yùn)用了各種修辭技巧，可以說(shuō)，“奧巴馬的勝利是修辭學(xué)的勝利”(梁文道，2008)．其中，排比在奧巴馬演講中效果最為突出。鑒于排比在英語(yǔ)演講中的重要性，我們?cè)噲D以美國(guó)新當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的獲勝演講為例，來(lái)探討排比在這篇演講中的修辭效果．本研究目的在于給英語(yǔ)演講和修辭教學(xué)一些啟示．同時(shí)也讓學(xué)者通過(guò)領(lǐng)悟奧巴馬的演講技藝，學(xué)習(xí)、借鑒，來(lái)提高自身的演講水平。

一，排比概念及其作用

“排比”在英語(yǔ)中的對(duì)應(yīng)詞為parallelism，是指為了達(dá)到修辭效果而循環(huán)出現(xiàn)的、句法相似的結(jié)構(gòu)—“recurrent syntactical similarities introduced for rhetorical effect“(websters new collegiate dictionary,1977；831)．英語(yǔ)排比具有結(jié)構(gòu)整齊，節(jié)奏鮮明，語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練等特點(diǎn)．在英語(yǔ)演講中運(yùn)用排比旬，可以增加演講詞的節(jié)奏感和音韻美，突出演講者雄辯口才和強(qiáng)烈感情，增強(qiáng)演講語(yǔ)言的氣勢(shì)，提高演講的說(shuō)服力和欣賞性．

二，奧巴馬獲勝演講個(gè)案排比分析

奧巴馬于2008年11月4日當(dāng)選為美國(guó)總統(tǒng)。并于當(dāng)晚發(fā)表了獲勝演講．這次演講富有很強(qiáng)的號(hào)召力和感染力，喚起了民眾戰(zhàn)勝金融危機(jī)的信心和勇氣?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)的無(wú)數(shù)觀(guān)眾被感動(dòng)得熱淚盈眶．奧巴馬在他的獲勝演講中熟練地運(yùn)用了一系列的修辭方法，如捧比，對(duì)比，反復(fù)，對(duì)仗，引用等，其中排比的使用次數(shù)最多．下面我們就以排比結(jié)構(gòu)在奧巴馬獲勝演講(barak obama’s victory speech)中的置,選取了四個(gè)代表性的例子，來(lái)討論其修辭效果。

（一）從句開(kāi)頭的排比 if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all things are possible，who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time，who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.這三個(gè)排比組合句是奧巴馬獲勝演講的開(kāi)場(chǎng)白。奧巴，美國(guó)民主制度的力量”的質(zhì)疑．通過(guò)這三個(gè)排比旬，奧巴馬言簡(jiǎn)意賅地表達(dá)了他獲勝的意義：顯示出“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”的獨(dú)特性和普遍價(jià)值，顯示出他的能馬用自己勝選的事實(shí)回答了某些人對(duì)“美國(guó)是否凡事都有可能，美國(guó)奠基者的夢(mèng)想是否依然鮮活力，肯定了美國(guó)是一切皆有可能的地方，肯定他的獲勝是對(duì)美國(guó)政治文化傳統(tǒng)的繼承而不是背離．開(kāi)場(chǎng)耐人尋味的排比，便已打開(kāi)了選民們的心聲以及繼續(xù)聽(tīng)下去的欲望。

（二）排比結(jié)構(gòu)用在段首 it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen；by people who waited three hours and four hour...it’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican，black，white, hispanic，asian，native american, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled...it’s the answer that led those who have been told...to put their hands off the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day．

首先，在前兩個(gè)位于段首的排比句群中，奧巴馬強(qiáng)調(diào)他是“設(shè)在學(xué)校和教堂的投票站前排起的前所未見(jiàn)的長(zhǎng)隊(duì)”，是“等了三四個(gè)小時(shí)的選民”，是“所有美國(guó)人民”共同選舉出來(lái)的總統(tǒng)。他重申了自己當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)是合法的，是由美國(guó)人民通過(guò)民主方式選舉出來(lái)的．第三個(gè)排比句群在意義上是對(duì)前兩個(gè)排比句群的總結(jié)和升華。奧巴馬呼吁美國(guó)人民要對(duì)美國(guó)的未來(lái)有信心，同時(shí)暗示作為新一任的總統(tǒng)，他會(huì)繼承美國(guó)的歷史傳統(tǒng)，讓“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”延續(xù)。這三個(gè)排比句群的使用，增強(qiáng)了演講的氣勢(shì)，有力地回?fù)袅四切?duì)奧巴馬獲勝原因存在質(zhì)疑的人，同時(shí)向聽(tīng)眾做出了有力的保證，調(diào)動(dòng)了聽(tīng)眾的積極性，激發(fā)了聽(tīng)眾的自信心．

（三）介詞短語(yǔ)的排比

（四）句型結(jié)構(gòu)的排比 for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.for us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.for us, they fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg, normand and khe sahn.奧巴馬在該語(yǔ)段中撫今追昔，以排比的結(jié)構(gòu)，按時(shí)間的順序回顧了影響美國(guó)歷史進(jìn)程的重大事件：建國(guó)之前的跨洋移民，建國(guó)之后的西進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)等等，以此鼓勵(lì)美國(guó)公民勇敢地面對(duì)金融危機(jī)給當(dāng)今美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)的種種困難的挑戰(zhàn)。該段重復(fù)了主謂句式結(jié)構(gòu)，“for us” 和主語(yǔ)“they”，這種排比句式不僅使得上下文的意義緊密連接，銜接自然，同時(shí)也會(huì)是語(yǔ)篇的整體意義在聽(tīng)眾的頭腦中留下深刻的印象，使聽(tīng)眾與奧巴馬產(chǎn)生共鳴。

（五）段尾的排比

and tonight,...she’s seen...the heartache and the hope；the struggle and the progress...yes we can． at a time...she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot.yes we can． when the bombs...she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness and a democracy was saved.yes we can． she was there.yes we can． a man...and this year, in this election..., she knows how america can change.yes we can．

在這里奧巴馬以一個(gè)106歲的老婦人參加投票為例，運(yùn)用了一系列的排比來(lái)烘托現(xiàn)場(chǎng)氣氛，具有很強(qiáng)的說(shuō)服力和感染力。連續(xù)4個(gè)“她看到了···”(she’s seen，she lived to see，she saw, she was there to witness)和6個(gè)“是的，我們能”(yes we can)，強(qiáng)調(diào)美國(guó)能達(dá)成正義和平等，能獲得機(jī)遇和繁榮能治愈這個(gè)國(guó)家，能補(bǔ)救這個(gè)世界，強(qiáng)調(diào)美國(guó)能發(fā)生變革!這種以具體的人物、事例和具體的生活場(chǎng)景為主體構(gòu)成的排比語(yǔ)段，真正達(dá)到了提高語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)力的目。這幾段出現(xiàn)在演講末尾的排比具有排山倒海的氣勢(shì)，具有強(qiáng)大的煽動(dòng)性，把整個(gè)演講再次推向了高潮。

在整個(gè)獲勝演講當(dāng)中，通過(guò)捧比，奧巴馬將有魅力的句子集中，演講節(jié)奏分明，氣氛被一次次的推向的高潮，演講大為增色。這些排比的運(yùn)用，創(chuàng)造了演講中的個(gè)個(gè)亮點(diǎn)，氣勢(shì)磅礴，使聽(tīng)眾的情感受到一次次的震。． 三 結(jié)語(yǔ) 演講是一門(mén)勸說(shuō)的藝術(shù)。演講者要達(dá)到勸說(shuō)的目的，就必須講究演講詞的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)技巧，這種技巧在語(yǔ)言層面的體現(xiàn)之一就是修辭手法的運(yùn)用。排比是英語(yǔ)演講中最常見(jiàn)的修辭手法。國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)于排比的修辭效果給予了充分的肯定?！芭疟仁怯⒄Z(yǔ)所有修辭格中最常使用的修辭格之一。

第五篇：奧巴馬演講修辭學(xué)分析1

奧巴馬演講分析

——排比在英語(yǔ)演講中的修辭作用

美國(guó)大選前許多人都評(píng)價(jià)：奧巴馬的政見(jiàn)并不新穎甚至有點(diǎn)平庸；擁有的個(gè)人財(cái)富只有對(duì)手的幾十分之一；相貌遠(yuǎn)遜于前輩肯尼迪和克林頓，而且還是非美國(guó)本土的外來(lái)黑哥......奧巴馬唯一讓人嫉妒的是他擁有最能鼓動(dòng)人心的好口才，這是上帝給他最好的禮物和恩賜！不可否認(rèn)，他超凡脫俗的演講，為他競(jìng)選贏(yíng)得勝利起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。奧巴馬的演講，無(wú)論是文稿的整體布局，還是演講言辭的融情達(dá)意，或是激情澎湃的演講表達(dá)，都可謂精深獨(dú)到，不得不令人拍手稱(chēng)快。．據(jù)CNN報(bào)道。，有語(yǔ)言學(xué)家稱(chēng)，“總統(tǒng)當(dāng)選人巴拉克·奧巴馬當(dāng)晚發(fā)表的獲勝演說(shuō)可與很多史上著名演講相比．”奧巴馬稱(chēng)得上是一位杰出的演說(shuō)家，在多次演講中，他都嫻熟地運(yùn)用了各種修辭技巧，可以說(shuō)，“奧巴馬的勝利是修辭學(xué)的勝利”(梁文道，2008)．其中，排比在奧巴馬演講中效果最為突出。鑒于排比在英語(yǔ)演講中的重要性，我們?cè)噲D以美國(guó)新當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的獲勝演講為例，來(lái)探討排比在這篇演講中的修辭效果．本研究目的在于給英語(yǔ)演講和修辭教學(xué)一些啟示．同時(shí)也讓學(xué)者通過(guò)領(lǐng)悟奧巴馬的演講技藝，學(xué)習(xí)、借鑒，來(lái)提高自身的演講水平。

一，排比概念及其作用

“排比”在英語(yǔ)中的對(duì)應(yīng)詞為parallelism，是指為了達(dá)到修辭效果而循環(huán)出現(xiàn)的、句法相似的結(jié)構(gòu)—“recurrent syntactical similarities introduced for rhetorical effect“(Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary,1977；831)．英語(yǔ)排比具有結(jié)構(gòu)整齊，節(jié)奏鮮明，語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練等特點(diǎn)．在英語(yǔ)演講中運(yùn)用排比旬，可以增加演講詞的節(jié)奏感和音韻美，突出演講者雄辯口才和強(qiáng)烈感情，增強(qiáng)演講語(yǔ)言的氣勢(shì)，提高演講的說(shuō)服力和欣賞性．

二，奧巴馬獲勝演講個(gè)案排比分析

奧巴馬于2008年11月4日當(dāng)選為美國(guó)總統(tǒng)。并于當(dāng)晚發(fā)表了獲勝演講．這次演講富有很強(qiáng)的號(hào)召力和感染力，喚起了民眾戰(zhàn)勝金融危機(jī)的信心和勇氣?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)的無(wú)數(shù)觀(guān)眾被感動(dòng)得熱淚盈眶．奧巴馬在他的獲勝演講中熟練地運(yùn)用了一系列的修辭方法，如捧比，對(duì)比，反復(fù)，對(duì)仗，引用等，其中排比的使用次數(shù)最多．下面我們就以排比結(jié)構(gòu)在奧巴馬獲勝演講(Barak Obama’s Victory Speech)中的置,選取了四個(gè)代表性的例子，來(lái)討論其修辭效果。

（一）從句開(kāi)頭的排比

If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible，who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time，who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.這三個(gè)排比組合句是奧巴馬獲勝演講的開(kāi)場(chǎng)白。奧巴馬用自己勝選的事實(shí)回答了某些人對(duì)“美國(guó)是否凡事都有可能，美國(guó)奠基者的夢(mèng)想是否依然鮮活，美國(guó)民主制度的力量”的質(zhì)疑．通過(guò)這三個(gè)排比旬，奧巴馬言簡(jiǎn)意賅地表達(dá)了他獲勝的意義：顯示出“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”的獨(dú)特性和普遍價(jià)值，顯示出他的能力，肯定了美國(guó)是一切皆有可能的地方，肯定他的獲勝是對(duì)美國(guó)政治文化傳統(tǒng)的繼承而不是背離．開(kāi)場(chǎng)耐人尋味的排比，便已打開(kāi)了選民們的心聲以及繼續(xù)聽(tīng)下去的欲望。

（二）排比結(jié)構(gòu)用在段首 It’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen；By people who waited three hours and four hour...It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican，black，white, Hispanic，Asian，Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled...It’s the answer that led those who have been told...to put their hands Off the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day．

首先，在前兩個(gè)位于段首的排比句群中，奧巴馬強(qiáng)調(diào)他是“設(shè)在學(xué)校和教堂的投票站前排起的前所未見(jiàn)的長(zhǎng)隊(duì)”，是“等了三四個(gè)小時(shí)的選民”，是“所有美國(guó)人民”共同選舉出來(lái)的總統(tǒng)。他重申了自己當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)是合法的，是由美國(guó)人民通過(guò)民主方式選舉出來(lái)的．第三個(gè)排比句群在意義上是對(duì)前兩個(gè)排比句群的總結(jié)和升華。奧巴馬呼吁美國(guó)人民要對(duì)美國(guó)的未來(lái)有信心，同時(shí)暗示作為新一任的總統(tǒng)，他會(huì)繼承美國(guó)的歷史傳統(tǒng)，讓“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”延續(xù)。這三個(gè)排比句群的使用，增強(qiáng)了演講的氣勢(shì)，有力地回?fù)袅四切?duì)奧巴馬獲勝原因存在質(zhì)疑的人，同時(shí)向聽(tīng)眾做出了有力的保證，調(diào)動(dòng)了聽(tīng)眾的積極性，激發(fā)了聽(tīng)眾的自信心．

（三）介詞短語(yǔ)的排比

To those who would tear this world down, we will defeat you.To those who seek peace and security, we support you．And to all those who have wondered if America’s beacon still burns as bright, tonight we proved once more that the strength of our nation comes...from the enduring power of our ideals :democracy, liberty, opportunity, and unyielding hope．

介詞短語(yǔ)To those的反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，明確了要擊敗和支持的對(duì)象，語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)烈，一針見(jiàn)血．這既是對(duì)恐怖分子敲警鐘，又給予了愛(ài)好和平的人們奮斗的力量。同時(shí)，向那些懷疑美國(guó)能否繼續(xù)照亮世界發(fā)展前景的人們證明。美國(guó)真正的力量來(lái)自于這個(gè)國(guó)家的理想：民主、自由、機(jī)會(huì)和不屈的希望。排比結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)突出了強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容，語(yǔ)言氣勢(shì)逼人，具有強(qiáng)大的震撼力。

（四）句型結(jié)構(gòu)的排比

For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg, Normand and Khe sahn.（五）段尾的排比

And tonight,...she’s seen...the heartache and the hope；the struggle and the progress...Yes we can．

At a time...she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot.Yes we can．

When there was...she saw a nation conquer fear itself with a New Deal，new jobs and a new sense of common purpose.Yes we can．

When the bombs...she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness and a democracy was saved.Yes we can． She was there.Yes we Can．

A man...And this year, in this election..., she knows how America can change.Yes we can．

在這里奧巴馬以一個(gè)106歲的老婦人參加投票為例，運(yùn)用了一系列的排比來(lái)烘托現(xiàn)場(chǎng)氣氛，具有很強(qiáng)的說(shuō)服力和感染力。連續(xù)4個(gè)“她看到了···”(she’s seen，she lived to see，she saw, she was there to witness)和6個(gè)“是的，我們能”(Yes We can)，強(qiáng)調(diào)美國(guó)能達(dá)成正義和平等，能獲得機(jī)遇和繁榮能治愈這個(gè)國(guó)家，能補(bǔ)救這個(gè)世界，強(qiáng)調(diào)美國(guó)能發(fā)生變革!這種以具體的人物、事例和具體的生活場(chǎng)景為主體構(gòu)成的排比語(yǔ)段，真正達(dá)到了提高語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)力的目。這幾段出現(xiàn)在演講末尾的排比具有排山倒海的氣勢(shì)，具有強(qiáng)大的煽動(dòng)性，把整個(gè)演講再次推向了高潮。

在整個(gè)獲勝演講當(dāng)中，通過(guò)捧比，奧巴馬將有魅力的句子集中，演講節(jié)奏分明，氣氛被一次次的推向的高潮，演講大為增色。這些排比的運(yùn)用，創(chuàng)造了演講中的個(gè)個(gè)亮點(diǎn)，氣勢(shì)磅礴，使聽(tīng)眾的情感受到一次次的震。．

三 結(jié)語(yǔ)

演講是一門(mén)勸說(shuō)的藝術(shù)。演講者要達(dá)到勸說(shuō)的目的，就必須講究演講詞的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)技巧，這種技巧在語(yǔ)言層面的體現(xiàn)之一就是修辭手法的運(yùn)用。排比是英語(yǔ)演講中最常見(jiàn)的修辭手法。國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)于排比的修辭效果給予了充分的肯定?！芭疟仁怯⒄Z(yǔ)所有修辭格中最常使用的修辭格之一。任何學(xué)會(huì)使用并能駕馭排比及其變化的人都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)排比可使演講條理清楚，效果顯著，具有難以衡量的價(jià)值”(張秀國(guó)．2005)奧巴馬這篇獲勝演講中排比修辭手法的運(yùn)用，成功的達(dá)到了說(shuō)服聽(tīng)眾的目的．

參考文獻(xiàn)：（1）奧巴馬獲勝演講英文原文網(wǎng)址：http://wenku.baidu.com/view/70d3d8d8d15abe23482f4d56.html（2）何曉勤 演講·勸說(shuō)·訴諸·語(yǔ)篇 外語(yǔ)與外語(yǔ)教學(xué)．2004．(11)（3）張秀田 《英語(yǔ)鉻辭學(xué)》北京：青華大學(xué)出版杜．2005（4）梁文道 《奧巴馬的勝利是修辭學(xué)的勝利 》 南方周末，2008(5)徐鵬 《英語(yǔ)辭格 》北京：商務(wù)印書(shū)館，1977