第一篇：2010中國人民銀行副行長胡曉煉在《物權(quán)法》擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋座談會上的講話 中英對照

中國人民銀行副行長胡曉煉在《物權(quán)法》擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋座談會上的講話

Deputy Governor Hu′s Speech at the Symposium on Judicial Interpretation

of Law on Real Rights

2010年5月27日

今天我們在這里召開由最高人民法院和中國人民銀行主辦、世界銀行集團(tuán)國際金融公司協(xié)辦的《物權(quán)法》擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋專題座談會。歡迎大家一起來交流擔(dān)保法律制度改革經(jīng)驗以及國內(nèi)動產(chǎn)、權(quán)利擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新實踐，積極推動《物權(quán)法》第四編擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋的制定起草工作。

I am delighted to attend the symposium on judicial interpretation of the Law on Real Rights of the People′s Republic of China organized by the Supreme People′s Court and the People's Bank of China with the support of International Finance Corporation.We have gathered here today to discuss the experiences of reforming the legal system on security interest, security interests in personal property and innovative practices on warranty of titles, so as to promote the drafting of judicial

interpretation of the Law on Real Rights Part Four on Security Interest.我國擔(dān)保信貸在信貸總量中占比80%以上，擔(dān)保物權(quán)法律制度改革與創(chuàng)新，是一項重要的金融基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。動產(chǎn)擔(dān)保是物權(quán)法體系中最活躍的領(lǐng)域，與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整有著極為密切的關(guān)系?；诶硐雱赢a(chǎn)擔(dān)保框架四大支柱——寬泛的擔(dān)保物范圍、統(tǒng)一的登記公示系統(tǒng)、清晰的優(yōu)先權(quán)規(guī)則和快速的執(zhí)行程序，人民銀行提出了將應(yīng)收賬款、存貨等納入擔(dān)保物范圍、初步創(chuàng)建浮動抵押、保護(hù)善意取得第三人所有權(quán)、拓寬當(dāng)事人自治空間、明晰優(yōu)先順位原則、明確應(yīng)收賬款擔(dān)保登記機(jī)構(gòu)、明確動產(chǎn)抵押登記原則以及擔(dān)保物權(quán)登記收費規(guī)則等八項建議，已被2007年3月16日通過的《物權(quán)法》吸收為具體條文。

Secured credit accounted for more than 80 percent of China's aggregate credit.Therefore, reform and innovation of legal framework concerning security interest is an important part of financial infrastructure.Security interest in personal property is one of the most frequently discussed area in property law system and it is closely related to economic development and restructuring.Based on the four pillars of an ideal framework of security interest in personal property, namely wide range of eligible collateral, a centralized registration and public display system, well-defined rule of priority and streamlined process for

implementation, the PBC put forward 8 proposals, i.e.making account receivables and inventory eligible collaterals, establishing a floating charge system, protecting bona fide purchase, expanding party autonomy, defining the rule of priority in a clear-cut manner, designating the institution for the registration of account receivables, defining the principles for the registration of floating charge and rules for the registration and charging of security interest, which have already been written into the Law on Real Rights enacted on March 16, 2007.《物權(quán)法》的出臺，對促進(jìn)信貸市場健康發(fā)展、防范化解金融風(fēng)險、緩解中小企業(yè)融資難問題均具有重要意義。

The launch of the Law on Real Rights is of great significance to the development of the credit market, prevention and mitigation of financial risks and easing the financing difficulties of SMEs.應(yīng)該說，中小企業(yè)融資問題是一個世界性難題，在發(fā)展中國家比較突出。雖然也有企業(yè)經(jīng)營風(fēng)險大、財務(wù)制度透明度差、銀行貸款難于管理等諸多方面的原因，但是，中小企業(yè)融資瓶頸在于欠缺合法擔(dān)保物。我國商業(yè)銀行接受的信貸擔(dān)保物中70%左右是土地和建筑等不動產(chǎn)，而廣大中小企業(yè)資產(chǎn)70%以上表現(xiàn)為應(yīng)收賬款和存貨,普遍欠缺不動產(chǎn)擔(dān)保資源。據(jù)估算，我國中小企業(yè)大約有16萬億的資產(chǎn)由于受到法律等方面的限制，不能用于擔(dān)保借入信貸資金。允許存貨和應(yīng)收賬款擔(dān)保融資，對解決中小企業(yè)融資難問題意義重大。

SME financing is a worldwide challenge, and it is more difficult in developing countries.Out of multiple problems such as large SMEs' exposure to operational risks and lack of financial transparency and banks′ difficulties in managing lending to SMEs, the lack of legitimate collateral is the real bottleneck.Approximately 70 percent of the credit collateral received by commercial banks in China is real estate, while more than 70 percent of the assets of SMEs are account receivables and inventory.It was estimated that 16 trillion yuan worth of assets of SMEs could not be accepted as loan collaterals.Making account receivables and inventory eligible collateral is an important solution to the financing difficulties of SMEs.《物權(quán)法》還明確了應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記機(jī)構(gòu)，人民銀行“應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記公示系統(tǒng)”、“融資租賃登記公示系統(tǒng)”分別于2007年10月1日、2009年7月20日上線運行。擔(dān)保登記產(chǎn)生公示、對抗效力，登記實行形式審查原則，對于保護(hù)金融機(jī)構(gòu)作為擔(dān)保權(quán)人的合法權(quán)益發(fā)揮了重要作用?！皯?yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記公示系

統(tǒng)”對保理業(yè)務(wù)也進(jìn)行登記，一定程度解決了商業(yè)銀行附回購型保理業(yè)務(wù)存在的法律風(fēng)險。

The Law on Real Rights also identifies a dedicated agency for account receivables finance registration.The PBC′s account receivables finance registration and public display system and the financial leasing

registration and public display system started to operate on October 1st, 2007 and July 20th, 2009 respectively.The registration of collateral puts collateral information on public display and holds third parties involved legally accountable, playing an important role in protecting legitimate rights and interests of financial institutions as the secured party.The system also registers factoring business, mitigating legal risks of commercial banks′ factoring business with repurchase agreement attached.《物權(quán)法》的出臺，基本解決了我國動產(chǎn)擔(dān)保立法相對滯后的問題。但是，我們也看到，《物權(quán)法》出臺后，國內(nèi)商業(yè)銀行依托客戶資源和經(jīng)營關(guān)系積極進(jìn)行擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新，圍繞應(yīng)收賬款、存貨等出現(xiàn)了多種物權(quán)組合擔(dān)保形式。在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，針對土地使用權(quán)、宅基地等，一些商業(yè)銀行也嘗試進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新。但同時，“應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記公示系統(tǒng)”、“融資租賃登記公示系統(tǒng)”運行中也存在登記依據(jù)、范圍、效力等方面的問題。以上問題迫切需要法律予以明確規(guī)范。

The enaction of the Law on Real Rights has largely filled in the gap in China′s legislation on taking floating charge as collaterals.However, after the Law on Real Rights was promulgated, commercial banks have explored taking a mixture of real right as collateral, and they are promoting innovation to include land use right and rural housing site as eligible collaterals.What′s more, the two registration systems still need improvements in terms of basis of registration, scope and

effectiveness of the registration, underpinning the urgency of legal definition.These need to be clarified by legislations.今明兩天，我們在這里召開專題座談會，目的就是廣泛了解擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新實踐和《物權(quán)法》實施中亟待規(guī)范的問題，推動擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋盡快出臺，以全面反映國內(nèi)擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新實踐，更好地適應(yīng)和服務(wù)國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)金融發(fā)展的需要。

This symposium aims to understand innovative practices concerning

collaterals, discuss issues to be solved in the implementation of the Law on Real Rights, so as to promote judicial interpretations of security interest to be released as soon as possible based on latest developments

in collaterals and serve economic and financial development in a more effective manner.最后，預(yù)祝本次座談會圓滿成功！謝謝大家！

I wish the symposium a complete success.Thank you.

第二篇：2010中國人民銀行副行長胡曉煉在《物權(quán)法》擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋座談會上的講話 中英對照

中國人民銀行副行長胡曉煉在《物權(quán)法》擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋座談會上的講話

Deputy Governor Hu′s Speech at the Symposium on Judicial Interpretation

of Law on Real Rights

2010年5月27日

今天我們在這里召開由最高人民法院和中國人民銀行主辦、世界銀行集團(tuán)國際金融公司協(xié)辦的《物權(quán)法》擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋專題座談會。歡迎大家一起來交流擔(dān)保法律制度改革經(jīng)驗以及國內(nèi)動產(chǎn)、權(quán)利擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新實踐，積極推動《物權(quán)法》第四編擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋的制定起草工作。

I am delighted to attend the symposium on judicial interpretation of the Law on Real Rights of the People′s Republic of China organized by the Supreme People′s Court and the People's Bank of China with the support of International Finance Corporation.We have gathered here today to discuss the experiences of reforming the legal system on security interest, security interests in personal property and innovative practices on warranty of titles, so as to promote the drafting of judicial interpretation of the Law on Real Rights Part Four on Security Interest.我國擔(dān)保信貸在信貸總量中占比80%以上，擔(dān)保物權(quán)法律制度改革與創(chuàng)新，是一項重要的金融基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。動產(chǎn)擔(dān)保是物權(quán)法體系中最活躍的領(lǐng)域，與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整有著極為密切的關(guān)系?；诶硐雱赢a(chǎn)擔(dān)保框架四大支柱——寬泛的擔(dān)保物范圍、統(tǒng)一的登記公示系統(tǒng)、清晰的優(yōu)先權(quán)規(guī)則和快速的執(zhí)行程序，人民銀行提出了將應(yīng)收賬款、存貨等納入擔(dān)保物范圍、初步創(chuàng)建浮動抵押、保護(hù)善意取得第三人所有權(quán)、拓寬當(dāng)事人自治空間、明晰優(yōu)先順位原則、明確應(yīng)收賬款擔(dān)保登記機(jī)構(gòu)、明確動產(chǎn)抵押登記原則以及擔(dān)保物權(quán)登記收費規(guī)則等八項建議，已被2007年3月16日通過的《物權(quán)法》吸收為具體條文。

Secured credit accounted for more than 80 percent of China's aggregate credit.Therefore, reform and innovation of legal framework concerning security interest is an important part of financial infrastructure.Security interest in personal property is one of the most frequently discussed area in property law system and it is closely related to economic development and restructuring.Based on the four pillars of an ideal framework of security interest in personal property, namely wide range of eligible collateral, a centralized registration and public display system, well-defined rule of priority and streamlined process for implementation, the PBC put forward 8 proposals, i.e.making account receivables and inventory eligible collaterals, establishing a floating charge system, protecting bona fide purchase, expanding party autonomy, defining the rule of priority in a clear-cut manner, designating the institution for the registration of account receivables, defining the principles for the registration of floating charge and rules for the registration and charging of security interest, which have already been written into the Law on Real Rights enacted on March 16, 2007.《物權(quán)法》的出臺，對促進(jìn)信貸市場健康發(fā)展、防范化解金融風(fēng)險、緩解中小企業(yè)融資難問題均具有重要意義。

The launch of the Law on Real Rights is of great significance to the development of the credit market, prevention and mitigation of financial risks and easing the financing difficulties of SMEs.應(yīng)該說，中小企業(yè)融資問題是一個世界性難題，在發(fā)展中國家比較突出。雖然也有企業(yè)經(jīng)營風(fēng)險大、財務(wù)制度透明度差、銀行貸款難于管理等諸多方面的原因，但是，中小企業(yè)融資瓶頸在于欠缺合法擔(dān)保物。我國商業(yè)銀行接受的信貸擔(dān)保物中70%左右是土地和建筑等不動產(chǎn)，而廣大中小企業(yè)資產(chǎn)70%以上表現(xiàn)為應(yīng)收賬款和存貨,普遍欠缺不動產(chǎn)擔(dān)保資源。據(jù)估算，我國中小企業(yè)大約有16萬億的資產(chǎn)由于受到法律等方面的限制，不能用于擔(dān)保借入信貸資金。允許存貨和應(yīng)收賬款擔(dān)保融資，對解決中小企業(yè)融資難問題意義重大。

SME financing is a worldwide challenge, and it is more difficult in developing countries.Out of multiple problems such as large SMEs' exposure to operational risks and lack of financial transparency and banks′ difficulties in managing lending to SMEs, the lack of legitimate collateral is the real bottleneck.Approximately 70 percent of the credit collateral received by commercial banks in China is real estate, while more than 70 percent of the assets of SMEs are account receivables and inventory.It was estimated that 16 trillion yuan worth of assets of SMEs could not be accepted as loan collaterals.Making account receivables and inventory eligible collateral is an important solution to the financing difficulties of SMEs.《物權(quán)法》還明確了應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記機(jī)構(gòu)，人民銀行“應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記公示系統(tǒng)”、“融資租賃登記公示系統(tǒng)”分別于2007年10月1日、2009年7月20日上線運行。擔(dān)保登記產(chǎn)生公示、對抗效力，登記實行形式審查原則，對于保護(hù)金融機(jī)構(gòu)作為擔(dān)保權(quán)人的合法權(quán)益發(fā)揮了重要作用?！皯?yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記公示系統(tǒng)”對保理業(yè)務(wù)也進(jìn)行登記，一定程度解決了商業(yè)銀行附回購型保理業(yè)務(wù)存在的法律風(fēng)險。

The Law on Real Rights also identifies a dedicated agency for account receivables finance registration.The PBC′s account receivables finance registration and public display system and the financial leasing registration and public display system started to operate on October 1st, 2007 and July 20th, 2009 respectively.The registration of collateral puts collateral information on public display and holds third parties involved legally accountable, playing an important role in protecting legitimate rights and interests of financial institutions as the secured party.The system also registers factoring business, mitigating legal risks of commercial banks′ factoring business with repurchase agreement attached.《物權(quán)法》的出臺，基本解決了我國動產(chǎn)擔(dān)保立法相對滯后的問題。但是，我們也看到，《物權(quán)法》出臺后，國內(nèi)商業(yè)銀行依托客戶資源和經(jīng)營關(guān)系積極進(jìn)行擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新，圍繞應(yīng)收賬款、存貨等出現(xiàn)了多種物權(quán)組合擔(dān)保形式。在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，針對土地使用權(quán)、宅基地等，一些商業(yè)銀行也嘗試進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新。但同時，“應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記公示系統(tǒng)”、“融資租賃登記公示系統(tǒng)”運行中也存在登記依據(jù)、范圍、效力等方面的問題。以上問題迫切需要法律予以明確規(guī)范。

The enaction of the Law on Real Rights has largely filled in the gap in China′s legislation on taking floating charge as collaterals.However, after the Law on Real Rights was promulgated, commercial banks have explored taking a mixture of real right as collateral, and they are promoting innovation to include land use right and rural housing site as eligible collaterals.What′s more, the two registration systems still need improvements in terms of basis of registration, scope and effectiveness of the registration, underpinning the urgency of legal definition.These need to be clarified by legislations.今明兩天，我們在這里召開專題座談會，目的就是廣泛了解擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新實踐和《物權(quán)法》實施中亟待規(guī)范的問題，推動擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋盡快出臺，以全面反映國內(nèi)擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新實踐，更好地適應(yīng)和服務(wù)國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)金融發(fā)展的需要。

This symposium aims to understand innovative practices concerning collaterals, discuss issues to be solved in the implementation of the Law on Real Rights, so as to promote judicial interpretations of security interest to be released as soon as possible based on latest developments in collaterals and serve economic and financial development in a more effective manner.最后，預(yù)祝本次座談會圓滿成功！謝謝大家！

I wish the symposium a complete success.Thank you.

第三篇：胡曉煉副行長在《物權(quán)法》擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋座談會上的講話

胡曉煉副行長在《物權(quán)法》擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋座談

會上的講話

今天我們在這里召開由最高人民法院和中國人民銀行主辦、世界銀行集團(tuán)國際金融公司協(xié)辦的《物權(quán)法》擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋專題座談會。歡迎大家一起來交流擔(dān)保法律制度改革經(jīng)驗以及國內(nèi)動產(chǎn)、權(quán)利擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新實踐，積極推動《物權(quán)法》第四編擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋的制定起草工作。

我國擔(dān)保信貸在信貸總量中占比80%以上，擔(dān)保物權(quán)法律制度改革與創(chuàng)新，是一項重要的金融基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。動產(chǎn)擔(dān)保是物權(quán)法體系中最活躍的領(lǐng)域，與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整有著極為密切的關(guān)系?；诶硐雱赢a(chǎn)擔(dān)?？蚣芩拇笾е獙挿旱膿?dān)保物范圍、統(tǒng)一的登記公示系統(tǒng)、清晰的優(yōu)先權(quán)規(guī)則和快速的執(zhí)行程序，人民銀行提出了將應(yīng)收賬款、存貨等納入擔(dān)保物范圍、初步創(chuàng)建浮動抵押、保護(hù)善意取得第三人所有權(quán)、拓寬當(dāng)事人自治空間、明晰優(yōu)先順位原則、明確應(yīng)收賬款擔(dān)保登記機(jī)構(gòu)、明確動產(chǎn)抵押登記原則以及擔(dān)保物權(quán)登記收費規(guī)則等八項建議，已被2007年3月16日通過的《物權(quán)法》吸收為具體條文?！段餀?quán)法》的出臺，對促進(jìn)信貸市場健康發(fā)展、防范化解金融風(fēng)險、緩解中小企業(yè)融資難問題均具有重要意義。

應(yīng)該說，中小企業(yè)融資問題是一個世界性難題，在發(fā)展中國家比較突出。雖然也有企業(yè)經(jīng)營風(fēng)險大、財務(wù)制度透明度差、銀行貸款難于管理等諸多方面的原因，但是，中小企業(yè)融資瓶頸在于欠缺合法擔(dān)保物。我國商業(yè)銀行接受的信貸擔(dān)保物中70%左右是土地和建筑等不動產(chǎn)，而廣大中小企業(yè)資產(chǎn)70%以上表現(xiàn)為應(yīng)收賬款和存貨,普遍欠缺不動產(chǎn)擔(dān)保資源。據(jù)估算，我國中小企業(yè)大約有16萬億的資產(chǎn)由于受到法律等方面的限制，不能用于擔(dān)保借入信貸資金。允許存貨和應(yīng)收賬款擔(dān)保融資，對解決中小企業(yè)融資難問題意義重大。

《物權(quán)法》還明確了應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記機(jī)構(gòu)，人民銀行“應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記公示系統(tǒng)”、“融資租賃登記公示系統(tǒng)”分別于2007年10月1日、2009年7月20日上線運行。擔(dān)保登記產(chǎn)生公示、對抗效力，登記實行形式審查原則，對于保護(hù)金融機(jī)構(gòu)作為擔(dān)保權(quán)人的合法權(quán)益發(fā)揮了重要作用?！皯?yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記公示系統(tǒng)”對保理業(yè)務(wù)也進(jìn)行登記，一定程度解決了商業(yè)銀行附回購型保理業(yè)務(wù)存在的法律風(fēng)險。

《物權(quán)法》的出臺，基本解決了我國動產(chǎn)擔(dān)保立法相對滯后的問題。但是，我們也看到，《物權(quán)法》出臺后，國內(nèi)商業(yè)銀行依托客戶資源和經(jīng)營關(guān)系積極進(jìn)行擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新，圍繞應(yīng)收賬款、存貨等出現(xiàn)了多種物權(quán)組合擔(dān)保形式。在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，針對土地使用權(quán)、宅基地等，一些商業(yè)銀行也嘗試進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新。但同時，“應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押登記公示系統(tǒng)”、“融資租賃登記

公示系統(tǒng)”運行中也存在登記依據(jù)、范圍、效力等方面的問題。以上問題迫切需要法律予以明確規(guī)范。

今明兩天，我們在這里召開專題座談會，目的就是廣泛了解擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新實踐和《物權(quán)法》實施中亟待規(guī)范的問題，推動擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋盡快出臺，以全面反映國內(nèi)擔(dān)保創(chuàng)新實踐，更好地適應(yīng)和服務(wù)國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)金融發(fā)展的需要。

最后，預(yù)祝本次座談會圓滿成功！謝謝大家！

（本文是胡曉煉副行長2010年5月27日在《物權(quán)法》擔(dān)保物權(quán)司法解釋座談會上的講話）

第四篇：-在“最高院法官物權(quán)法擔(dān)保物權(quán)國際研討會”上的講話

物權(quán)法擔(dān)保物權(quán)編實施中的幾個重要問題

--在“物權(quán)法擔(dān)保物權(quán)國際研討會”上的講話

宋曉明*（注*：最高人民法院民二庭庭長。）

（2008年4月29日）

今天，非常高興參加，法中擔(dān)保物權(quán)編的若干問題。正如剛才奚曉明副院長所言，物權(quán)法第四編在借鑒并創(chuàng)新?lián)Ｎ餀?quán)制度規(guī)則的同時，也帶來一些制度規(guī)則沖突和如何具體適用的問題。如何妥善解決規(guī)則沖突并正確解釋規(guī)則，自然成為中國司法實踐所面臨的任務(wù)。在此，我簡要地介紹一下中國物權(quán)法擔(dān)保物權(quán)編在審判實踐中的適用情況以及最高人民法院關(guān)于擔(dān)保物權(quán)編司法解釋的起草情況。

一、如何解決物權(quán)法第四編與擔(dān)保法等法律的銜接問題

2007年10月1日，物權(quán)法開始正式施行。在擔(dān)保物權(quán)方面，物權(quán)法施行后首先面臨的一個問題是：如何解決物權(quán)法擔(dān)保物權(quán)編的制度規(guī)則與之前的民法通則、擔(dān)保法、合同法、房地產(chǎn)管理法等法律中關(guān)于擔(dān)保物權(quán)規(guī)則的沖突問題。

新法律施行之后，面臨著新法與舊法的銜接問題，這在中國民商事審判實踐中，通常體現(xiàn)為制定發(fā)布銜接性質(zhì)的司法解釋。例如合同法、公司法、破產(chǎn)法等，在新法施行后都通過制定相應(yīng)的司法解釋來解決銜接問題。那么物權(quán)法施行后是否也需要制定銜接性的司法解釋來解決新舊法銜接問題呢？經(jīng)過認(rèn)真研究，我們認(rèn)為，沒有必要專門制定一個司法解釋來解決新舊法銜接問題。因為物權(quán)法與合同法、公司法、破產(chǎn)法不同，合同法等法律在新法施行后，舊法即告廢止，不再適用。而物權(quán)法施行后，原來規(guī)定有擔(dān)保制度規(guī)則的諸如民法通則、擔(dān)保法、合同法、房地產(chǎn)管理法、海商法、民用航空器法、城鎮(zhèn)國有土地使用權(quán)出讓和轉(zhuǎn)讓暫行條例等并未被廢止。因此物權(quán)法施行后，在擔(dān)保法律制度規(guī)則方面呈現(xiàn)出“諸法并行”的局面。因此，二、物權(quán)法第四編司法解釋起草中需要解決的幾個主要問題

如何妥善解決擔(dān)保物權(quán)制度規(guī)則沖突并正確解釋規(guī)則，有待最高人民法院物權(quán)法司法解釋予以明確規(guī)定。就目前的調(diào)研情況看，以下幾個問題是我們制定擔(dān)保物權(quán)編司法解釋所需要重

點解決的問題。

明確的規(guī)定。由于獨立擔(dān)保顛覆了經(jīng)典的擔(dān)保權(quán)從屬性規(guī)則并由此產(chǎn)生異常嚴(yán)厲的擔(dān)保責(zé)任，因此擔(dān)保實務(wù)和審判實踐對獨立擔(dān)保的適用范圍存在較大爭議。考慮到獨立擔(dān)保責(zé)任的異常嚴(yán)厲性，以及該制度在使用過程中容易滋生欺詐和濫用權(quán)利等弊端，尤其是為避免嚴(yán)重影響或動

法第七十一條第一款秉承物權(quán)法定主義原則，在但書中規(guī)定“但法律另有規(guī)定的除外”，鮮明地表達(dá)了當(dāng)事人不能通過合同約定獨立性擔(dān)保物權(quán)的立法態(tài)度。目前的問題是：如果當(dāng)事人在國內(nèi)市場中約定了獨立擔(dān)保，是否要絕對地認(rèn)定該約定無效并判令獨立擔(dān)保人承擔(dān)締約過失責(zé)任呢？在主債權(quán)合同無效和存在無效的情形下，應(yīng)當(dāng)如何分別處理呢？如何根據(jù)“無效民事法律行為效力轉(zhuǎn)換”的原理，通過“裁判解釋轉(zhuǎn)換”的方法來實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)換？對于國內(nèi)商業(yè)銀行已經(jīng)普遍使用獨立擔(dān)保條款的合同，這種轉(zhuǎn)換是否符合當(dāng)事人的合同預(yù)期？2．關(guān)于人保和物保并存時的相互追償權(quán)問題

人保與物保的關(guān)系是擔(dān)保法律制度中的重要問題。考察主要國家的民法規(guī)定，關(guān)于如何安排人保和物保的關(guān)系，基本存在保證人絕對優(yōu)待主義、保證人相對優(yōu)待主義和平等主義等三種模式?！稉?dān)保法司法解釋》第三十八條第一款修改了擔(dān)保法第二十八條的模式，明確區(qū)分債務(wù)人提供物保和第三人提供物保兩種情形，并分別采取“保證人絕對優(yōu)待主義”和“平等主義”模式。中國物權(quán)法第一百七十六條的規(guī)定基本沿襲了《擔(dān)保司法解釋》第三十八條第一款的模式，并進(jìn)而形成“私法自治原則＋保證人絕對優(yōu)待主義＋平等主義”的模式。盡管兩者模式基本相同，都承認(rèn)債權(quán)人的選擇權(quán)，但存在一個重要區(qū)別：擔(dān)保法司法解釋既承認(rèn)擔(dān)保人對債務(wù)人的追償權(quán)，也認(rèn)可擔(dān)保人之間的相互追償權(quán)；而物權(quán)法僅規(guī)定擔(dān)保人對債務(wù)人的追償權(quán)，卻未明確規(guī)定擔(dān)保人的相互追償權(quán)。因此，是否允許擔(dān)保人之間相互形成追償權(quán)，就成為了擔(dān)保物權(quán)編司法解釋應(yīng)當(dāng)明確的一個問題。如果允許相互追償，那么如何確定各擔(dān)保人所應(yīng)承擔(dān)的相應(yīng)份額？

3．關(guān)于擔(dān)保物權(quán)的重復(fù)設(shè)定問題

《最高人民法院關(guān)于貫徹執(zhí)行〈中華人民共和國民法通則〉若干問題的意見（試行）》第一百一十五條和擔(dān)保法第三十五條均明確確立了禁止重復(fù)抵押的原則。學(xué)界和實務(wù)界普遍地認(rèn)為該原則人為地降低抵押效用，不利于市場融資需要。為此，《擔(dān)保法司法解釋》第五十條和第五十一條對擔(dān)保法第三十五條進(jìn)行了適當(dāng)?shù)某C正：“抵押物的價值在抵押權(quán)實現(xiàn)時確定”、“抵押人所擔(dān)保的債權(quán)超出其抵押物價值的，超出的部分不具有優(yōu)先受償?shù)男ЯΑ保瑯O大地緩解了擔(dān)保法禁止重復(fù)抵押的剛性規(guī)定。物權(quán)法擔(dān)保物權(quán)編對此未置明文，那么物權(quán)法是否允許重復(fù)設(shè)定抵押？有待司法解釋予以明確。

4．關(guān)于擔(dān)保物權(quán)的期間問題

“擔(dān)保物權(quán)期間”是一個關(guān)涉擔(dān)保當(dāng)事人利益的重大問題。物權(quán)法第二百零二條對抵押權(quán)的期間規(guī)定為：“抵押權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)在主債權(quán)訴訟時效期間行使抵押權(quán)；未行使的，人民法院不予保護(hù)”。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意，該條是整部物權(quán)法中唯一使用司法解釋語言表述立法內(nèi)容的條文，該條亟待解釋的問題是：抵押權(quán)人未在主債權(quán)訴訟時效期間行使抵押權(quán)的，抵押權(quán)是歸于消滅，還是罹于訴訟時效，抑或是抵押人可根據(jù)從屬性規(guī)則行使免責(zé)抗辯權(quán)？對此，學(xué)界和實務(wù)界眾說紛紜，有待司法解釋予以明確。

5．關(guān)于房產(chǎn)和地產(chǎn)分別抵押的問題

無論是城市房地產(chǎn)管理法第三十一條，還是擔(dān)保法第三十六條，抑或是物權(quán)法第一百八十二條、第一百八十三條，都明確規(guī)定“房隨地走、地隨房走”的雙向統(tǒng)一原則。審判實踐中的問題是：在物權(quán)法施行之前，如果當(dāng)事人將房產(chǎn)和地產(chǎn)分別設(shè)定抵押，如何認(rèn)定其抵押的效力？在物權(quán)法施行之后，雖然物權(quán)法第十條明確規(guī)定：“國家對不動產(chǎn)實行統(tǒng)一登記制度。統(tǒng)一登記的范圍、登記機(jī)構(gòu)和登記辦法，由法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定”，但是在相關(guān)的統(tǒng)一登記范圍、登記機(jī)構(gòu)和登記辦法的法律、行政法規(guī)沒有制定出來前，如果當(dāng)事人將房地產(chǎn)分別設(shè)定抵押，如何認(rèn)定其抵押的效力？對房產(chǎn)和地產(chǎn)是一體評估還是分別評估？一體拍賣后，是按照登記時間先后清償還是分別清償？這些問題均需司法解釋予以明確。

6．關(guān)于應(yīng)收賬款的質(zhì)押問題

應(yīng)收賬款可否質(zhì)押，可謂物權(quán)法制定中的重大爭論問題。在銀行界的大力推動下，物權(quán)法第二百二十三條規(guī)定允許應(yīng)收賬款設(shè)定權(quán)利質(zhì)權(quán)，并在第二百二十八條規(guī)定應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)權(quán)自信貸征信機(jī)構(gòu)辦理出質(zhì)登記時設(shè)立。雖然物權(quán)法規(guī)定了應(yīng)收賬款可以設(shè)定質(zhì)權(quán)，但無論在理論解釋上還是實務(wù)操作中，皆面臨比較棘手的問題。第一，應(yīng)收賬款的范圍是否應(yīng)當(dāng)有所限制？（公益服務(wù)領(lǐng)域中例如醫(yī)院對患者的醫(yī)療收費等應(yīng)收賬款，直接關(guān)涉這類公益機(jī)構(gòu)的利益與國民基本權(quán)益之間的“公平與效率”方面的價值權(quán)衡，事關(guān)公共政策選擇，觸及社會穩(wěn)定，是否適合設(shè)定質(zhì)押？）第二，登記是應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)權(quán)的成立要件還是對抗要件？第三，信貸征信機(jī)構(gòu)對登記是進(jìn)行形式審查還是實質(zhì)審查？第四，第三債務(wù)人是否屬于當(dāng)事人？第五，應(yīng)收賬款設(shè)質(zhì)是否需要交付債權(quán)憑證？第六，如何區(qū)分應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押與附追索權(quán)的應(yīng)收賬款轉(zhuǎn)讓以及保理？此外，如何理解物權(quán)法第一百九十九條“善意第三人”的范圍？動產(chǎn)抵押登記是否具有公信力的效力？動產(chǎn)浮動抵押制度如何具體實行？抵押權(quán)實行是否一概通過非訴的執(zhí)行程序進(jìn)行，諸此等等，均有待司法解釋予以明確。

以上也只是我們的一些初步設(shè)想和亟待要解決的相關(guān)問題，歡迎社會各界積極提出司法解釋建議。