第一篇：駛向拜占廷中英文對(duì)照版

作品全文

THAT is no country for old men.The youngIn one another's arms, birds in the trees-Those dying generations-at their song,The salmon-falls, the mackerel-crowded seas,Fish, flesh, or fowl, commend all summer longWhatever is begotten, born, and dies.Caught in that sensual music all neglectMonuments of unageing intellect.An aged man is but a paltry thing,A tattered coat upon a stick, unless

Soul clap its hands and sing, and louder singFor every tatter in its mortal dress,Nor is there singing school but studyingMonuments of its own magnificence;

And therefore I have sailed the seas and comeTo the holy city of Byzantium.O sages standing in God's holy fire

As in the gold mosaic of a wall,Come from the holy fire, perne in a gyre,And be the singing-masters of my soul.Consume my heart away;sick with desireAnd fastened to a dying animal

It knows not what it is;and gather meInto the artifice of eternity.Once out of nature I shall never take

My bodily form from any natural thing,But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths makeOf hammered gold and gold enamellingTo keep a drowsy Emperor awake;Or set upon a golden bough to singTo lords and ladies of Byzantium

Of what is past, or passing, or to come

那地方可不是老人們待的。青年人

互相擁抱著，樹(shù)上的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)

——那些垂死的世代——在歌吟。

有鮭魚(yú)的瀑布，有鯖魚(yú)的大海，魚(yú)、肉、禽整個(gè)夏天都贊揚(yáng)不停

一切被養(yǎng)育、降生和死亡者。

他們都迷戀于種種肉感的音樂(lè)，忽視了不朽的理性和杰作。

一個(gè)老年人不過(guò)是卑微的物品，披在一根拐杖上的破衣裳，除非是他那顆靈魂拍手來(lái)歌吟，為人世衣衫的破爛②而大唱；

世界上沒(méi)什么音樂(lè)院校不誦吟

自己的輝煌的里程碑作品，因此上我駛過(guò)汪洋和大海萬(wàn)頃，來(lái)到了這一個(gè)圣城拜占庭。

啊，上帝圣火中站立的圣徒們，如墻上金色的鑲嵌磚所顯示，請(qǐng)走出圣火來(lái)，參加旋體的運(yùn)行，成為教我靈魂歌唱的導(dǎo)師。

消毀掉我的心，它執(zhí)迷于六欲七情，捆綁在垂死的動(dòng)物身上而不知！

它自己的本性；請(qǐng)求你把我收進(jìn)

那永恒不朽的手工藝精品③。

一旦我超脫了自然，我再也不要

從任何自然物取得體形，而是要古希臘時(shí)代金匠所鑄造，鍛金的和鍍金那樣的體型，使那個(gè)昏昏欲睡的皇帝清醒；

或把我放在那金枝上歌吟④，歌唱那過(guò)去和未來(lái)或者是當(dāng)今，唱給拜占庭的老爺太太聽(tīng)。

（袁可嘉 譯）

詩(shī)歌注釋

①葉芝認(rèn)為公元6世紀(jì)查士丁尼豐帝統(tǒng)治下的拜占庭王朝是貴族文化的代表，那時(shí)精神與物質(zhì)、政教與文藝、個(gè)人與社會(huì)得到了和諧的統(tǒng)一。

②“人世衣衫的破爛”指短暫的人世生活。

③葉芝認(rèn)為人工的東西（如工藝品）、理性的東西（如哲學(xué)、詩(shī)歌）是不朽的，自然生長(zhǎng)的事物（如人類(lèi)和生巨物）則是暫存的。

④古代工藝品中有金鑄的樹(shù)，上有小鳥(niǎo)鳴唱。

詩(shī)歌賞析

《駛向拜占庭》是葉芝最負(fù)盛名的長(zhǎng)詩(shī)之一，寫(xiě)于1928年，是詩(shī)集《塔堡》中的第一首詩(shī)歌，也是象征主義的代表作之一。

《駛向拜占庭》表現(xiàn)了詩(shī)人對(duì)靈與肉、永恒與生命之間矛盾對(duì)立的獨(dú)特領(lǐng)會(huì)，表達(dá)了他在年華老去之后，希望通過(guò)藝術(shù)追求不朽的愿望。全詩(shī)的抒情活動(dòng)建立在有生命的生物和永恒的藝術(shù)與理性產(chǎn)品兩組象征上，前者暗示有限的生命、物欲和自然，后者象征超自然的不朽、永恒，核心象征“拜占庭”。

詩(shī)題中的“拜占庭”，通常是指中世紀(jì)的東羅馬帝國(guó)，以首都君土坦丁堡（今土耳其首都伊斯坦布爾）為中心。如同伊斯坦布爾是地理上連接?xùn)|西方的紐帶一樣，拜占庭則在時(shí)間和心理層面上作為溝通古希臘和文藝復(fù)興的橋梁而聞名遐邇。正是而且唯有通過(guò)拜占庭，近現(xiàn)代西方文明才可能尋訪那些遠(yuǎn)逝的依稀縹緲的古希臘夢(mèng)影。

在英國(guó)貝爾法斯特的一次BBC廣播節(jié)目中，葉芝說(shuō)道：“我打算寫(xiě)寫(xiě)自已的靈魂，因?yàn)檫祮?wèn)靈魂證是一位老者的分內(nèi)之事，關(guān)于這個(gè)話題的一些想法我寫(xiě)進(jìn)了《駛向拜占庭》中。拜占庭曾經(jīng)是歐洲文明的中心及其精神哲學(xué)永不衰竭的源泉，我把朝向這座城市的旅程作為追尋精神生活的象征。”葉芝認(rèn)為公元6世紀(jì)查士丁尼皇帝統(tǒng)治下的拜占庭王朝(527-565)是貴族文化的典型代表，那時(shí)精神與物質(zhì)、文藝與政教、個(gè)人與社會(huì)得到了和諧的統(tǒng)一，拜占庭作為內(nèi)蘊(yùn)豐富的象征，代表著一個(gè)超凡的新的永恒，是詩(shī)人的理想的永恒之鄉(xiāng)。然而現(xiàn)實(shí)中卻充斥著種種危機(jī)與災(zāi)難，這首詩(shī)就表達(dá)了他對(duì)情欲、現(xiàn)代物質(zhì)文明的厭惡和對(duì)理性、古代貴族文明的向往。

本詩(shī)是一首嚴(yán)整的八行體詩(shī)，共四節(jié)。第一節(jié)借助一系列富于生命力的人與動(dòng)物的象征，說(shuō)明肉體存在是有限的。詩(shī)人向讀者示了一個(gè)老人無(wú)立足之地的國(guó)度，充斥著放縱、張揚(yáng)和輕狂。人在年輕、生命旺盛的時(shí)候，死亡劃定的有限還沒(méi)有明顯地威脅到脆弱的生命，他們擁抱歡笑，樹(shù)上鳥(niǎo)兒歌唱，水中魚(yú)兒游動(dòng)……一切生命都是為了出場(chǎng)而出場(chǎng)，他們“迷戀于種種肉感的音樂(lè)”，只能感受到僅僅為當(dāng)下存在的、排斥任何深度和廣度的膚淺世界，蕓蕓眾生的——人的、魚(yú)的、鳥(niǎo)的世界。在他們聒噪的、急煎的歡唱中，沒(méi)有老人的音符，沒(méi)有為不朽的智慧豐碑留下半拍的停頓和凝神，他們“忽視了不朽的理性和杰作”。

第二節(jié)起句接著第一節(jié)起句，都從老年人著筆，構(gòu)成意義的連貫。投入生命運(yùn)動(dòng)的是年輕人，老年人把生命耗盡了，成了“卑微的物品”，他們就像“披在一根拐杖上的破衣裳”。一個(gè)不再年輕的老者，在他人的眼里，變成了一件視同無(wú)物的卑微之物。他被物的國(guó)度放逐，渴望傾聽(tīng)靈魂的天樂(lè)。老年人已達(dá)到物質(zhì)生活的極限，開(kāi)始向往心靈與精神永恒。但是，在這只懂得迷戀、膜拜物質(zhì)享受的土地上，所有投向靈魂的奉獻(xiàn)也不外乎被假借、被盜用。除了轉(zhuǎn)身離去，去到圣城“拜占庭”，“我”還有什么選擇？萬(wàn)物駐行無(wú)常，悟透了物質(zhì)自然之有限的“我”，終于了卻塵念，“駛過(guò)汪洋和大海萬(wàn)頃，來(lái)到了這一個(gè)圣城拜占庭”。在詩(shī)歌的象征體系中，拜占庭并不僅指涉具體地理與歷史的拜占庭，還象征著藝術(shù)和工藝創(chuàng)造的永恒圣殿。葉芝認(rèn)為，藝術(shù)品與理性創(chuàng)造物都是永恒不朽的，它們都不再流連生命，而是向往永恒。

啟示已經(jīng)有了，但只有老年人悟到了，世界上還有很多人都在渾渾噩噩地活著，過(guò)著醉生夢(mèng)死、等待救贖的生活，人們需要圣徒的再次降臨，人們期待著真理的誕生。第三節(jié)呼喚那些鑲嵌在拜占庭磚墻上的多信者們走出他們那高貴的位置，走向人間，投向生命運(yùn)動(dòng)當(dāng)中，啟發(fā)人們拋棄那些庸俗的愛(ài)好，超越世俗的羈絆，進(jìn)入“永恒不朽”。

從這一節(jié)開(kāi)始，詩(shī)人主觀的抒情態(tài)度已經(jīng)很明顯，有限的人生充滿了痛苦，縱情盡歡，終究抵擋不住時(shí)間的無(wú)情。與時(shí)間相比，肉體轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝。這樣的肉體，被本能、欲望和感官刺激左右的肉體，把靈魂、精神禁錮其中而窒息的純生物肉體，正是葉芝所棄絕的。要想超越這些苦惱與困惑，只有放棄那“執(zhí)迷于六欲七情”的心，超越到永恒的人性之中。

第四節(jié)繼續(xù)表現(xiàn)詩(shī)人這種帶有濃厚宗教意味的感悟：“一旦我超脫了自然，我再也不要從任何自然物取得體形，而是要古希臘時(shí)代金匠所鑄造鍛金的和鍍金那樣的體型，使那個(gè)昏昏欲睡的皇帝清醒；或把我放在那金枝上歌吟，歌唱那過(guò)去和未來(lái)或者是當(dāng)今，唱給拜占庭的老爺太太聽(tīng)?！彼驹谌祟?lèi)歷史現(xiàn)狀與展望的語(yǔ)境下來(lái)思考人的物質(zhì)存在和精神存在，即生存的意義問(wèn)題：生與死、肉體與靈魂、此岸與彼岸、死亡與不朽……

這首詩(shī)結(jié)構(gòu)謹(jǐn)嚴(yán)，語(yǔ)言洗練，富于暗示意義，玄學(xué)與象征的意味很濃。用他自己的話說(shuō)，他是在用詩(shī)的象征，喚起人類(lèi)的“大記憶”或“大心靈”。在人類(lèi)的精神生活中，對(duì)生與死、靈與肉、現(xiàn)世和永恒的問(wèn)題，盡管許多凡夫俗子意識(shí)不到，卻時(shí)時(shí)困擾著詩(shī)人和哲學(xué)家的心靈。葉芝在本詩(shī)中述說(shuō)了自己的答案：生命是有限的，無(wú)須流連沉迷，人應(yīng)當(dāng)超越物質(zhì)自然，到藝術(shù)與理性的殿堂中尋找永恒的精神存在。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

威廉·巴特勒·葉芝（William Butler Yeats）（1865～1939），亦譯“葉慈”、“耶茨”，愛(ài)爾蘭詩(shī)人、劇作家，著名的神秘主義者，是“愛(ài)爾蘭文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)”的領(lǐng)袖，也是艾比劇院（Abbey Theatre）的創(chuàng)建者之一，被詩(shī)人艾略特譽(yù)為“當(dāng)代最偉大的詩(shī)人”。葉芝對(duì)戲劇也有濃厚的

第二篇：中英文對(duì)照A

《美國(guó)口語(yǔ)慣用法例句集粹》Ａ

A(Page 1-4)

1.about

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7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道這到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 來(lái)一塊魚(yú)肉三明治怎么樣？What about me? 我怎么樣？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不會(huì)進(jìn)那幢舊房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我記得那個(gè)晚上，那又怎樣？What's this all about? 這到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你該露面的時(shí)候了。

2.above

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2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.湯姆認(rèn)為自己沒(méi)必要努力工作。

3.act

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6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把發(fā)生的事演示一下嗎？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜歡在課堂上搗蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那個(gè)愛(ài)說(shuō)粗言穢語(yǔ)的喜劇演員應(yīng)該凈化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我們需要統(tǒng)一意見(jiàn)后來(lái)見(jiàn)你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.報(bào)紙上稱(chēng)那次地震為天災(zāi)。Masa is a class act.瑪莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

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4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我們打算控告我們的債務(wù)人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比賽中你看到有什么有趣的精彩場(chǎng)面嗎？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地區(qū)要采取行動(dòng)反對(duì)那項(xiàng)垃圾處理場(chǎng)的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

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2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我們的對(duì)手在身高上比我們占有優(yōu)勢(shì)。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.沒(méi)有人喜歡被捉弄（或：被欺騙、利用）

6.after

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4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起來(lái)事情終會(huì)解決的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.這軟飲料有種讓人難受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不覺(jué)

得這已是“事后諸葛亮”了嗎？

7.again

1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不會(huì)感到

厭倦）

8.age

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2)Would you please act your age!請(qǐng)你做事要有一個(gè)與自己年齡相稱(chēng)的樣子。This is a “coming of age” movie.這是一部成人影片。

9.air

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9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸點(diǎn)新鮮空氣。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.雖然我不知道到底是出了什么差錯(cuò)，但我能隱隱約約感覺(jué)到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.當(dāng)邁克喜歡的節(jié)目被取消時(shí)，他感到很傷心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我們的房子出勤率售一事還沒(méi)有最后定下來(lái)。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.獲得冠軍后，我飄飄欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是來(lái)個(gè)沒(méi)有頭腦的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克遜的新歌到處都在不斷地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飛機(jī)時(shí)暈機(jī)了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我們之間的關(guān)系不要很別扭。

10.all

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13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起來(lái)最后我們還是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我們已幾乎完成了那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，我認(rèn)為這一天過(guò)得很充實(shí)。Let's go all-out and win this game!讓我們盡全力來(lái)打贏這場(chǎng)比賽。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.當(dāng)我們看見(jiàn)那座建筑突然起火時(shí)，我們知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我們大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果這對(duì)你都是一回事的話，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他們以極快的速度逃脫警察的追趕。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的進(jìn)來(lái)。Let's settle this matter once and for all.讓我們來(lái)把這個(gè)問(wèn)題一次性地徹底解決掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.馬克是一個(gè)全能運(yùn)動(dòng)員。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入選全明星隊(duì)的比賽了嗎？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的學(xué)校

100米跑的歷史最高記錄。

11.alley

1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽車(chē)不是我拿手的活兒。

12.alone

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2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一個(gè)人呆會(huì)兒。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些閑事嗎？

13.along

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2)You knew all along what was going on.你從一開(kāi)始就知道所發(fā)生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相處得不好。

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3)

4)

5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生來(lái)到這兒尋求他的“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外國(guó)人在美國(guó)居住時(shí)被美國(guó)化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.沒(méi)有選擇職業(yè)的自由是完全違背美國(guó)精神傳統(tǒng)的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比爾是全美（橄欖球）明星賽的四分衛(wèi)隊(duì)員。I just can't go on the American way.我無(wú)法適應(yīng)美國(guó)方式。

15.animal

1)

2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水運(yùn)動(dòng)真正激發(fā)出了湯姆的活力與激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那個(gè)年輕演員在熒幕

上充分顯示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我給埃米打了電話，但是沒(méi)人接。

17.apple

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去過(guò)紐約嗎？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你問(wèn)我有沒(méi)有感覺(jué)出你們兩人之間的不和，是嗎？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.麗塔喜歡把一切都弄得井井有條。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一個(gè)馬屁精。

18.arm

1)

2)

3)

4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不著你強(qiáng)迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一個(gè)沒(méi)救了的紙上談兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯帶有武器，十分危險(xiǎn)。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公園里到處都是

手挽手散步的戀人。

19.around

1)

2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.約翰遜教練已有三十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在這里晝夜值班。

20.as

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起來(lái)在人來(lái)過(guò)這里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我準(zhǔn)備回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.馬蒂表現(xiàn)得像什么也沒(méi)發(fā)生過(guò)一樣。I want this room left as is.我希望這間房子保持原樣。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.變動(dòng)從明天開(kāi)始實(shí)施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜尋綁架者的工作受

挫。

1)

2)

3)

4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我們每個(gè)月的煤氣費(fèi)平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我們平均每周吃一次雞肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特視自己為一名普通的美國(guó)人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美國(guó)平常日

子里，有100,000個(gè)孩子帶手槍去上學(xué)。

22.away

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你認(rèn)為你可以免受處罰？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他們能費(fèi)除掉這些復(fù)雜的稅務(wù)表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我們正在為慶祝我們的紀(jì)念日而安排一次周末的外出活動(dòng)。Tom wants to run away from home.湯姆想從家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凱茜計(jì)劃在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

第三篇：中英文對(duì)照

AEROFLEX “亞羅弗”保溫 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利頓空調(diào) Alfa laval阿法拉伐換熱器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壯”保溫 AUX 奧克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力謀”閥門(mén) BERONOR西班牙“北諾爾”電加熱器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃燒器 BOSIC “柏誠(chéng)”自控 BROAD 遠(yuǎn)大

Burnham美國(guó)“博恩漢”鍋爐 CALPEDA意大利“科沛達(dá)”水泵 CARLY 法國(guó)“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 開(kāi)利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普萊力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克萊門(mén)特” Copeland“谷輪”壓縮機(jī) CYRUS意大利”賽諾思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空調(diào)

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”壓縮機(jī)

DUNHAM-BUSH 頓漢布什空調(diào)制冷 DuPont美國(guó)“杜邦”制冷劑 Dwyer 美國(guó)德威爾 EBM “依必安”風(fēng)機(jī)

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英國(guó)“英菲尼蘭“閥門(mén) EVAPCO美國(guó)“益美高”冷卻設(shè)備 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”壓縮機(jī) FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空氣幕 FUJI “富士”變頻器

FULTON 美國(guó)“富爾頓”鍋爐 GENUIN “正野”風(fēng)機(jī) GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯?tīng)?GRUNDFOS “格蘭富”水泵 Haier 海爾 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韋爾自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龍

KRUGER瑞士“科祿格”風(fēng)機(jī) KU BA德國(guó)“庫(kù)寶”冷風(fēng)機(jī) Liang Chi 良機(jī)冷卻塔 LIEBERT 力博特空調(diào) MARLEY “馬利”冷卻塔 Maneurop法國(guó)“美優(yōu)樂(lè)”壓縮機(jī) McQuary 麥克維爾 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除濕機(jī) Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“萊富康”壓縮機(jī) RIDGID 美國(guó)“里奇”工具 RUUD美國(guó)“路德”空調(diào) RYODEN “菱電”冷卻塔 SanKen “三墾”變頻器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英國(guó)森威爾自控 Schneider 施耐德電氣 SenseAir 瑞典“森爾”傳感器 SIEMENS 西門(mén)子

SINKO ",28商機(jī)網(wǎng);新晃“空調(diào) SINRO “新菱”冷卻塔 STAND “思探得”加濕器 SWEP 舒瑞普換熱器 TECKA “臺(tái)佳”空調(diào) Tecumseh“泰康”壓縮機(jī) TRANE 特靈

TROX德國(guó)“妥思”風(fēng)閥 VASALA芬蘭“維薩拉”傳感器 WILO德國(guó)“威樂(lè)”水泵 WITTLER 德國(guó)”威特”閥門(mén) YORK 約克

ZENNER德國(guó)“真蘭”計(jì)量

第四篇：中英文對(duì)照

醫(yī)院中英文對(duì)照

發(fā)熱門(mén)診Have Fever主治醫(yī)師Doctor-in-charge 供應(yīng)室Supply Room謝絕入內(nèi)No entering 紅燈亮?xí)r謝絕入內(nèi)No entering when red light

彩超、心電圖Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院樓Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.護(hù)士Nueser康復(fù)理療科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中藥計(jì)價(jià)China medical price account肛腸科Ano-proctology

皮膚、肛腸、男性科、泌尿科候診Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮膚科、肛腸科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中醫(yī)科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

預(yù)防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、藥庫(kù)Logistic Room、Seore入院登記In-patient Admisson 高壓氧治療Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center掛號(hào)收費(fèi)Registration

中心藥房Cenreral Pharmacy內(nèi)科門(mén)診Internal Medicine Clinic會(huì)議室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 產(chǎn)科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神經(jīng)、燒傷外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手術(shù)室Operation Room 泌尿、腫瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.婦科Gynecology Dept.內(nèi)二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2產(chǎn)房及愛(ài)嬰中心Delivery Room內(nèi)一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手間Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮膚科Dermatology Dept.中醫(yī)骨傷科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐廳Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.電工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 內(nèi)、兒科候診 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能檢查候診Function Exam 中醫(yī)科候診TCM Clinic放射科候診Radiology Clinic 婦科門(mén)診Gynecology Dept.產(chǎn)科候診Obstentrics Clinic 肛腸科候診Ano-proctology婦科候診Gynecology Clinic 產(chǎn)科門(mén)診Obstentrics Dept.五官科候診ENT.Clinic 外科候診Surgery Clinic輸液中心Transfusion Center 皮膚、泌尿科候診 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic檢驗(yàn)候診Clinical Laborotories 家屬休息Relation Rest Room口腔科門(mén)診Stomatology Clinic 內(nèi)兒科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics鏡檢科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.檢驗(yàn)中心Laboratory Center 功能檢查Function Exam Dept.登記處Registration 預(yù)防保健門(mén)診Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收費(fèi)處Cashier 美容科、鏡檢科門(mén)診 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收費(fèi)健康發(fā)證Gharge lssue Bill of Health試敏觀察室Scratch Espial Room

第五篇：中英文對(duì)照

共軌技術(shù)

隨著人們對(duì)低油耗、低廢氣排放、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)低噪聲的需求越來(lái)越大，對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和燃油噴射系統(tǒng)的要求也越來(lái)也高。對(duì)柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)提出的要求也在不斷增加。更高的壓力、更快的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間，以及根據(jù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況修訂的可變的流量速率曲線，已經(jīng)使得柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)性、低污染、高動(dòng)力性，因此柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)甚至進(jìn)入了豪華高性能轎車(chē)領(lǐng)域。達(dá)到這些需求的前提是擁有一個(gè)可以精確霧化燃油并具有高噴油壓力的燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。同時(shí)，噴油量必須精確計(jì)算，燃油流量速率曲線必須有精確的計(jì)算模型，預(yù)噴射和二次噴射必須能夠完成。一個(gè)可以達(dá)到以上需求的系統(tǒng)即共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。

共軌系統(tǒng)包括以下幾個(gè)主要的部分： ①低壓部分，包含燃油共軌系統(tǒng)組件。

②高壓系統(tǒng)，包含高壓泵、油軌、噴油器和高壓油管等組件。

電控柴油機(jī)系統(tǒng)EDC主要由系統(tǒng)模塊，如傳感器、電子控制單元和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)組成。共軌系統(tǒng)的主要部分即噴油器。它們擁有一個(gè)可以快速開(kāi)關(guān)噴嘴的執(zhí)行閥(電磁閥或壓電觸發(fā)器)，這就允許對(duì)每個(gè)氣缸的噴射進(jìn)行控制。

所有的噴油器都由一個(gè)共同的油軌提供燃油，這就是“共軌”的由來(lái)。在共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)中，燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是分開(kāi)的。噴油壓力的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速和噴油量無(wú)關(guān)。EDC控制每個(gè)組件。

(1)壓力產(chǎn)生。

燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是通過(guò)蓄能器分離開(kāi)來(lái)。將具有壓力的燃油提供給為噴射做好準(zhǔn)備的共軌系統(tǒng)的蓄能器。

由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的高壓泵提供所需噴油的壓力。無(wú)論發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速高低，還是燃油噴射量的多少，油軌中的壓力均維持在一定值。由于幾乎一致的噴油方式，高壓泵的設(shè)計(jì)可以小的多，而且它的驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩可以比傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)低，這源于高壓泵的負(fù)載很小。

高壓泵是徑向活塞泵，在商用車(chē)上有時(shí)會(huì)使用內(nèi)嵌式噴油泵。(2)壓力控制

所應(yīng)用的壓力控制方法主要取決于系統(tǒng)。

一種控制油軌壓力的方式是通過(guò)一個(gè)壓力控制閥對(duì)高壓側(cè)進(jìn)行控制。不需噴射的燃油通過(guò)壓力控制閥流回到低壓回路。這種控制回路允許油軌壓力對(duì)不同工況(如負(fù)載變化時(shí))迅速做出反應(yīng)。

在第一批共軌系統(tǒng)中采用了對(duì)高壓側(cè)的控制。壓力控制閥安裝在燃油軌道上更可取，但是在一些應(yīng)用中，它被直接安裝在高壓泵中。

另一種控制軌道壓力的方式是進(jìn)口端控制燃油供給。安裝在高壓泵的法蘭上的計(jì)量單元保證了泵提供給油軌精確的燃油量，以維持系統(tǒng)所需要的噴油壓力。

發(fā)生故障時(shí)，壓力安全閥防止油軌壓力超過(guò)最大值。

在進(jìn)口端對(duì)燃油供給的控制減少了高壓燃油的用量，降低了泵的輸入功率。這對(duì)燃油消耗起到積極的作用。同時(shí)，流回油箱的燃油溫度與傳統(tǒng)高壓側(cè)控制的方法相比得到了降低。

雙執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)也是一種控制軌道壓力的方式，它通過(guò)計(jì)算單元對(duì)壓力進(jìn)行控制，并且通過(guò)壓力控制閥對(duì)高壓端進(jìn)行控制，因此同時(shí)具備高壓側(cè)控制與進(jìn)口端燃料供給控制的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

(3)燃油噴射

噴油器直接將燃料噴到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃燒室。它們由與燃油軌道直接相連的短高壓油軌提供燃油。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的控制單元通過(guò)與噴油器結(jié)合在一起的控制閥的開(kāi)閉控制噴油嘴的開(kāi)關(guān)。

噴油器的開(kāi)啟時(shí)間和系統(tǒng)油壓決定了燃油供給量。在恒壓狀態(tài)下，燃油供給量與電磁閥的開(kāi)啟時(shí)間成正比，因此與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或油泵的轉(zhuǎn)速(以時(shí)間為計(jì)量的燃油噴射)無(wú)關(guān)。

(4)液壓輔助動(dòng)力

與傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)相比，將壓力的產(chǎn)生與燃油的噴射分離開(kāi)來(lái)，有利于燃燒室的充分燃燒。燃油噴射壓力在系統(tǒng)中基本可以自主選擇。目前最高燃油壓力為1600巴，將來(lái)會(huì)達(dá)到1800巴。

共軌系統(tǒng)通過(guò)引入預(yù)噴射或多次噴射可以進(jìn)一步減少?gòu)U氣排放，也能明顯降低燃燒噪聲。通過(guò)多次觸發(fā)高速轉(zhuǎn)換閥的開(kāi)閉可以在每個(gè)噴射周期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)多達(dá)5次的噴射。噴油針閥的開(kāi)閉動(dòng)作是液壓輔助元件助力的，以保證噴射結(jié)束的快速性。

(5)控制和調(diào)節(jié)

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的控制單元通過(guò)傳感器檢測(cè)加速踏板的位置以及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和車(chē)輛的當(dāng)前工況。采集到的數(shù)據(jù)包括：

① 曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)角； ② 燃油軌道的壓力； ③ 進(jìn)氣壓力；

④ 進(jìn)氣溫度、冷卻液溫度和燃油溫度； ⑤ 進(jìn)氣量； ⑥ 車(chē)速等。

電控單元處理輸入信號(hào)。與燃燒同步，電控單元計(jì)算施加給壓力控制閥或計(jì)算模塊、噴油器和其他執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)(如EGR閥，廢氣渦輪增壓器)的觸發(fā)信號(hào)。

噴油器的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間應(yīng)很短，采用優(yōu)化的高壓開(kāi)關(guān)閥和專(zhuān)業(yè)的控制系統(tǒng)即可實(shí)現(xiàn)。

根據(jù)曲軸和凸輪軸傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)照發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)狀態(tài)(時(shí)間控制)，角度/時(shí)間系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)噴油正時(shí)。電控柴油機(jī)系統(tǒng)(EDC)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)燃油噴射量的精確計(jì)算。此外，EDC還擁有額外的功能以進(jìn)一步提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的響應(yīng)特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括對(duì)柴油燃油噴射正時(shí)的精確控制，和在給定壓力下對(duì)油量的控制。這樣，它們就保證了柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有能耗低、運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)的特點(diǎn)。

其他開(kāi)環(huán)和閉環(huán)控制功能用于減少?gòu)U氣排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具體例子有：

① 廢氣在循環(huán)控制； ② 增壓控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 電子防盜控制系統(tǒng)等。(6)控制單元結(jié)構(gòu)。

由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制單元通常最多有8個(gè)噴油器輸出口，所以超過(guò)八缸的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)需要兩個(gè)控制單元。它們通過(guò)內(nèi)置高速CAN網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“主/從”接口進(jìn)行連接，因此也擁有較高的微控制器處理能力。一些功能被 分配給某個(gè)特定的控制單元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根據(jù)需求情況(如檢測(cè)傳感器信號(hào))可以動(dòng)態(tài)地分配給一個(gè)或多個(gè)控制單元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).