第一篇：2014中科院地理所考博自然地理學(xué)

中科院地理所2014年考博專業(yè)課

自然地理學(xué)

一、簡(jiǎn)答題（共3題，每個(gè)10分）

1、地球表面的形態(tài)特征

2、土壤對(duì)地理環(huán)境的作用

3、水量平衡

二、論述題（共3題，共70分）

1、中國(guó)氣候及其特征（20分）

2、中國(guó)植被分布特征（20分）

3、試述綜合自然區(qū)劃的主要內(nèi)容（30分）

第二篇：中科院考博英語(yǔ)

考博英語(yǔ)范文總結(jié)十篇

一、Television Program and Their Effect on children

Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children.Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child.Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young.There are often specials on animal life.A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative.The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children.Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy.All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs.A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.二、―The younger generaton knows best‖

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were.The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true.It has never been truer than ti is today.The young are better educated.They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom.They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents.They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders.Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history.This is as it should be.Every new generation is different from the one preceded it.Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer.They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened.And this precisely what the young are doing.They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency.They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds.What they reject more than anything is conformity.Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?

There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly.Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless.Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance.Today, the situation might reversed.The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children.One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ―sinful‖.Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life.It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions.It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future.This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation.This is their glorious heritage.Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?

三、How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities

With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities.Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.People have offered many solutions to this problem.I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical.The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc.in the overcrowded city.With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining.The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.四、Public Transportation

As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China.I can illustrate some examples.There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways.Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes.Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people.When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home.And travelers need special arrangements to go home.In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines.But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.There are three sources for fund raising.One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles.Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale.The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles.For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held.In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated.So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.五、Human Education

The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture ―Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text‖.In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement.His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth.In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit.At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion.On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society.It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation.Our times call for an ideal humane education.It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole.Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation.Our attitude towards tradition should be ―discarding the dross and selecting the essence‖.The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education.It should start from primary school.In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality.The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education.We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.六、Criticism on Television

A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren.A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema.But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago.In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children.The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents.In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life.There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs.When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.七、he ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man.They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married.The young people’s parents shook their heads.―You can’t get married yet.‖ They said.Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married.They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter.They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car.The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves.And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive.Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood.When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses.If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one.If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself.The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money.Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever.The wheels of industry must be kept turning.Built-in obsolescence provides the means;goods are made to be discarded.Cars get tinnier and tinnier.You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education.Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake.Every course of studies must lead somewhere.i.e.to a bigger wage packet.The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them.Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder.The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens.While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.八、Communication and Language

One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language.There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today.In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position.But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication.Sometimes, we ―say‖ more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication.Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites.Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth.The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex.But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.九、Cooperation Goes with Competition

In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world.Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind.It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now.As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges.From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others.This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal.It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation.Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.十、he Rise of Intellectual Property Protection

Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago.Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions.This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society.Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations.The number of U.S.patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995.The direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small.In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act()is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history.It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses mature.Intellectual property terms have become vitally important.The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors.But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret.The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.

第三篇：中科院考博資料總結(jié)

英語(yǔ)：中科院考博英語(yǔ)真題，北京理工大學(xué)出版社

單詞書(shū)：新東方考博單詞，或中科院考博單詞，北京理工大學(xué)出版社

高物：課本（沒(méi)有指定，我用的復(fù)旦大學(xué)何曼君那本），課后題

題庫(kù)書(shū)：高分子物理習(xí)題集，徐世愛(ài)，華東理工大學(xué)出版社 歷年真題

高化：課本（高分子化學(xué)，潘祖仁），課后題

題庫(kù)書(shū)：高分子化學(xué)習(xí)題及解答，焦書(shū)科，化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社

歷年真題

高物高化出的范圍比較廣，除了題庫(kù)的題，歷年真題，還有別的題，應(yīng)該好好看看課本，復(fù)習(xí)的全面一些

質(zhì)譜：歷年真題，重復(fù)率高

參考書(shū)：有機(jī)質(zhì)譜原理及應(yīng)用，陳耀祖，科學(xué)出版社，（這本書(shū)最好在網(wǎng)上買一本或復(fù)印一本，看著方便）

可以去圖書(shū)館借些有質(zhì)譜章節(jié)的表征書(shū)

所有的書(shū)都可以在淘寶上買到，也不貴，書(shū)后面都有答案。選專業(yè)課：應(yīng)化所主頁(yè)-（右欄）招生信息-（左欄）招生簡(jiǎn)章

專業(yè)課真題：應(yīng)化所主頁(yè)-（右欄）招生信息-（上欄）招生信息-下載專區(qū)。這是我用的資料，可以多逛逛小木蟲(chóng)，上邊有很多考試資料和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

第四篇：中科院考博英語(yǔ)作文材料

Kobe Bryant can be a good case of how diligence works in our life.When asked by one of his friends that what is the secret of his success, he replied with humor and implication that，“Do you know how Los Angeles looks like at 4 o'clock AM ? I know.”O(jiān)bviously, how could he, one of the greatest basketball players throughout the history of mankind who was once deemed not appropriate for playing basketball, have achieved unprecedented success in NBA without diligence ?

科比.布萊恩特是一個(gè)證明勤奮是如何起作用的很好的例子。當(dāng)被他的一個(gè)好朋友問(wèn)到他成功的秘訣的時(shí)候，他幽默而又意義深遠(yuǎn)地回答到：“你知道洛杉磯凌晨四點(diǎn)的樣子嗎？我知道?！焙苊黠@，這位曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為不太適合打籃球的、人類歷史上最偉大的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員之一的科比，如果沒(méi)有勤奮的話，怎么可能在美職籃獲得史無(wú)前例的成功呢？

Thomas Edison，one of the greatest inventors and entrepreneurs throughout the history of mankind, could be best case of how persistence works in the course of pursuing success.Just imagine, having experienced thousands of times of unsuccessful attempts, how could he have succeeded in inventing the first electric lamp and changed the world without persistence?

人類歷史上最偉大的發(fā)明家、企業(yè)家之一的愛(ài)迪生就是堅(jiān)持如何在追求成功的過(guò)程中起作用的最好的例子。試想一下，如果沒(méi)有堅(jiān)持，他如何能夠在經(jīng)歷了數(shù)以千計(jì)的失敗的嘗試后依舊不放棄，直至最后發(fā)明出第一盞點(diǎn)燈并改變?nèi)澜缒兀?/p>

To further illustrate the importance of being patient, I would like to take Thomas Edison as a case in point: as one of the greatest inventors throughout the history of mankind who experienced thousands of times of unsuccessful attempts in the course of scientific inquiry, how could he have invented the first electric lamp and changed the world without patience and persistence ?

為了進(jìn)一步證明能夠耐心的重要性，我想以托馬斯.愛(ài)迪生作為例子：作為人類歷史上最為的、在科學(xué)探索中經(jīng)歷數(shù)以千次的失敗嘗試的發(fā)明家，如果沒(méi)有耐心和堅(jiān)持，他如何能夠發(fā)明出第一盞電燈并且改變世界？

Besides, surveys conducted by some biographers have also demonstrated that almost all of the great men and celebrities have built their mansion of success on the bedrock of adversities.Take Georgia Washiton, one of the greatest founding fathers of the United States of America, as a case in point：to break away from the British Empire and became an independent country，he led the American War of Independence.However，problems and challenges such as inexperience of war, adverse weather condition, shortage of ammunition and smallbox arose.Confronted with such an adversity, he became more mature and composed, and then won the Revolutionary War finally through his courage and wisdom resulted from supassing adversity.而且，由一些傳記作者展開(kāi)的調(diào)查也已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，幾乎所有的偉大的人物和名人都將自己成功的大廈建立在逆境的基石上。以美國(guó)最偉大的開(kāi)國(guó)之父之一喬治亞.華盛頓為例，為了脫離英國(guó)的殖民統(tǒng)治，建立一個(gè)獨(dú)立的國(guó)家，他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。但卻遇到了諸如戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足、氣候條件惡劣、彈藥不足及天花肆虐等各種問(wèn)題和挑戰(zhàn)。面對(duì)這樣的逆境，華盛頓變得更加成熟鎮(zhèn)定，并最終用自己戰(zhàn)勝逆境的勇氣和智慧，贏得了這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的最后勝利。

Honesty can be a more noble quality than intelligence,abilities and anything you can learn from books.George Washington，one of the most influential founding fathers of US, was not only famous for his wisdom, courage and political talent，but also his honesty.When he was a little boy, out of curiosity he chopped down the cherry tree planted by his father.Confronted with his father's query，he did not lie to him but admitted his fault frankly.Then, his father exclaimed with gratification，“an honest boy is more valuable than one thousand trees!”

誠(chéng)實(shí)甚至是比智慧、能力和任何你能從書(shū)上學(xué)到的知識(shí)更為高尚的品質(zhì)。美國(guó)開(kāi)國(guó)之父喬治亞華盛頓，不僅以他的智慧、勇敢和政治才能聞名，更以誠(chéng)實(shí)為人聞名。在小的時(shí)候，他曾經(jīng)砍掉了父親栽種的一株櫻桃樹(shù)，面對(duì)父親的詢問(wèn)，他沒(méi)有撒謊，而是誠(chéng)實(shí)地承認(rèn)了自己的行為。他的父親感嘆：“一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的孩子勝過(guò)一千株櫻桃樹(shù)”！

Jeremy Lin, one of the most famous Chinese American basketball players, can be a good case of how confidence works in the course of pursuing success.He was once a common and little-known player at Harvard University.When fell on his evil days and became homeless, he could only live in his friends' home and sleep on the sofa.Without confidence and diligence, how could he have distinguished himself from other excellent players and achieved unprecedented success in NBA?

作為最著名的華裔籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員之一的林書(shū)豪就是證明自信在追求成功的過(guò)程中是如何起作用的最好的例子。他曾經(jīng)只是哈佛大學(xué)校隊(duì)的一名普通運(yùn)動(dòng)員，落魄的時(shí)候，無(wú)家可歸，甚至只能住在朋友的家里。如果沒(méi)有強(qiáng)大的自信心和自身的努力，他怎么可能在高手如林的美職籃賽場(chǎng)上脫穎而出并且最終取得史無(wú)前例的成功呢？

第五篇：2010年3月中科院考博英語(yǔ)翻譯

The Internet is good at shame.【There are countless Web sites where people can post nasty rants about ex-lovers and rude customers or, worse, push fragile teens over the edge, as in the recent case of a Missouri girl driven to suicide by online bullying】.Now a new site aimed at college students is raising questions about the legality of online rumor mills.【JuicyCampus.com is a rapidly growing gossip site that solicits content with the promise of anonymity.But what began as fun and games—and now has spinoffs on seven college campuses, including Duke University, where it began—has turned ugly and, in many cases, flatly defamatory】.The posts have devolved from innocuous tales of secret crushes to racist tirades and lurid finger-pointing about drug use and sex, often with the alleged culprit identified by first and last name.In one post, a nameless Loyola Marymount University student asks why so many African-Americans and Latinos are enrolled at the school: “I thought the high tuition was supposed to keep the undesirables OUT?”【 It's gotten to the point, says Dan Belzer, a Duke senior who has written about the site for his school's newspaper, where “anyone with a grudge can maliciously attack defenseless students.”】

【And get away with it, too.JuicyCampus—whose Duke-graduate founder, Matt Ivestor, declined to comment for this story—isn't sponsored by the schools it covers, so administrators can't regulate it.】 Neither does the law.Such sites are protected by a federal law that immunizes Web hosts from liability for the musings of their users—as long as the hosts themselves don't modify content.(And firmly establishing the identity of an individual poster would be next to impossible.)The rationale is to protect big companies like AOL from the actions of each and every user.But as a consequence, it means victims of a damaged rep have little legal recourse.“Courts tend to have antiquated understandings of privacy,” says Daniel Solove, an expert in cyberlaw and the author of “The Future of Reputation.” “Until that changes, we're going to see this keep happening.” 【At present, there's only one sure way to rein in a site like JuicyCampus: persuade everyone to stop using it.But you don't need a college degree to figure out that won't happen.】

Part IV Translation(30 minutes, 15 points)Direction: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet II.As we enter the 21st century, the gap between the worlds’s rich and poor is widening, both within and among countries.1)The vast majority of the world's population is receiving an ever-decreasing share of its collective wealth, while the share claimed by a few rich nations and individuals is steadily growing.In 2001 Forbes magazine counted 538 billionaires with a total net worth of 1.7 trillion dollars, while the United Nations identified 2.8 billion people surviving on less than two dollars a day.Overall, the richest 20 percent of the world's people control 86 percent of global income, while the poorest 20 percent control barely one percent.The impacts of this widening rich-poor gap are varied and worrisome.2)They include environmental destruction—richer nations and individuals can afford to over-consume resources, while poorer nations and individuals are forced to over-exploit the environment just to survive.They include migration—people are forced to move in search of adequate resources.And they include conflict—wealthier nations and individuals fight to keep what they have, while those suffering a lack of resources fight to obtain them.3)Because poorer groups typically lack the assets and technology to conduct large-scale conventional war to obtain their goals, they often resort to low-intensity conflict and terrorism.The causes of this global disparity are diverse and complex, but include colonial era trading patterns that favor industrialized nations;the globalization of economies and economic structures, in which poor nations struggle to compete;a growing “digital divide” characterized by lack of access to information technology;inadequate governance and protection of law;and lack of access to education, healthcare, and social safety nets, especially for women and girls.4)Individuals and nations need not remain in poverty indefinitely, however.With an awareness of the interdependence of our modern world and a concerted political will, it is possible to reverse this trend that threatens to divide the world against itself.And reversing this trend would have powerful and positive impact on our future.5)Bringing the nearly 5 billion people of the less industrialized world into a sustainable economy through “pro-poor” policies would provide a tremendous boost to the world economy, as well as to those people.With increased economic opportunities comes improved access to nutrition, education, and health care.With those comes higher income, greater autonomy—especially for women—and the opportunity to pursue environmentally sound technologies and products.進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以來(lái)，在全球范圍內(nèi)，不論是國(guó)內(nèi)還是國(guó)家之間，貧富差距加大。全球財(cái)富中，世界上絕大多數(shù)人所能獲得的份額在日益減少，而少數(shù)幾個(gè)富人和富國(guó)所獲得的份額卻在穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)。2001年《福布斯》雜志收錄了資本凈值總額為l．7萬(wàn)億美元的538位億萬(wàn)富翁，而聯(lián)合國(guó)確認(rèn)有28億人每天靠不足2美元艱難度日?？偟恼f(shuō)來(lái)，全世界最富裕的20％的人口控制著全球86％的財(cái)富，而最貧窮的20％的人El所占的財(cái)富僅為1％。

貧富差距日益加大所產(chǎn)生的影響是方方面面的，也是令人擔(dān)憂的。其中包括對(duì)環(huán)境的破壞：富人和富國(guó)因財(cái)力充足而過(guò)度地消費(fèi)資源；窮人和窮國(guó)為了生存而不得不過(guò)度地開(kāi)發(fā)利用環(huán)境。其次是遷移——人們?yōu)榱藢ふ易銐虻馁Y源而不得不背井離鄉(xiāng)。還有沖突——富人和富國(guó)通過(guò)對(duì)抗以確保對(duì)財(cái)富的所有權(quán)；飽受資源不足之苦的窮人和窮國(guó)則通過(guò)對(duì)抗來(lái)獲得他們所需要的資源。貧窮的群體一般都缺乏資金和技術(shù)，無(wú)力從事大規(guī)模的常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以達(dá)到自己的目的，因此常常訴諸于小型的對(duì)抗和恐怖活動(dòng)。

雖然導(dǎo)致全球貧富差距的原因是多方面的，也是很復(fù)雜的，但是其中就包括了有利于工業(yè)化國(guó)家的殖民時(shí)代的貿(mào)易模式；窮國(guó)在其中奮力抗?fàn)幍慕?jīng)濟(jì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的全球化；由于信息技術(shù)不發(fā)達(dá)而逐漸增大的“數(shù)字化差異“；法律管理和保護(hù)的不善；教育、醫(yī)療保健、社會(huì)安全保障體系的缺乏，尤其是針對(duì)婦女和女童的安全保障體系的缺乏。

但是，這些國(guó)家和個(gè)人不必毫無(wú)止境地貧困下去。意識(shí)到當(dāng)今世界需要相互依賴，在共l司的政治愿望的促使下，扭轉(zhuǎn)這種迫使世界違背自身的愿望而分裂的趨勢(shì)是有可能的。而扭轉(zhuǎn)這種趨勢(shì)對(duì)我們的未來(lái)會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極而有力的影響。

執(zhí)行“扶貧”政策，把來(lái)自世界工業(yè)發(fā)展欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的近50億人都納入到一個(gè)可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的框架之下，將不僅造福于這50億人，而且將極大地推動(dòng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展機(jī)遇的增加，人們獲得的營(yíng)養(yǎng)、教育和醫(yī)療保健的水平也得以改善。而這些帶來(lái)的又是高收入、高度自治——尤其是婦女的高度自治以及追求環(huán)保型技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品的機(jī)遇

英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)習(xí)慣有很多差異之處，翻譯時(shí)往往不能死扣原文逐詞逐句譯出。一、一些原義并無(wú)否定意思的形容詞和別的詞搭配有時(shí)可譯成否定句

1.These goods are in short supply.這些貨物供應(yīng)不足。

2.This equation is far from being complicated.這個(gè)方程一定也不復(fù)雜。

二、為了使譯文自然流暢，讀起來(lái)順口，在一些形容詞前可根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容加上副詞“很”、“最”等字

1.It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.這是我度過(guò)最愉快的一天。

2.It is easy to compress a gas.氣體很容易壓縮。

三、有時(shí)可將英語(yǔ)的“形容詞+名詞短語(yǔ)”譯成漢語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

1.She spoke in a high voice.她講話聲音很尖。

2.This engine develops a high torque.這臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)矩很大。

四、如果一個(gè)名詞前有幾個(gè)形容詞修飾，英譯時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣決定其順序

1.a large brick conference hall

一個(gè)用磚砌的大會(huì)議廳

2.a plastic garden chair

一把在花園里用的塑料椅子

五、英語(yǔ)中一些表示知覺(jué)、情感、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞同連系動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，翻譯時(shí)可將形容詞譯成動(dòng)詞

1.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。

2.Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.類似的批評(píng)在他后來(lái)寫(xiě)的評(píng)論美國(guó)的文章中屢見(jiàn)不鮮。

3.He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.他誠(chéng)懇地懺悔過(guò)去，并保證永遠(yuǎn)不再玩汽車。

六、由于語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣不同，英語(yǔ)里的形容詞有時(shí)譯成漢語(yǔ)副詞

1.I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.我要對(duì)每一個(gè)人都親切、溫順、和善。

2.He asked me for a full account of myself and family.他詳盡地問(wèn)起我自己和我家里的情況。

3.Another war will be the absolute end of our country.再來(lái)一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)將徹底毀滅我們這個(gè)國(guó)家。

從以上幾個(gè)方面可以看出，譯好形容詞是使譯文通順、流暢的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。

英漢互譯的幾種方法

在翻譯中，針對(duì)詞匯空缺現(xiàn)象，在詞匯的借用、引用方面通常采取四種形式： 音譯、直譯、改編、意譯

1.音譯：人名、地名以及一些表示新概念 而本族語(yǔ)里又找不到對(duì)成詞來(lái)表示時(shí)，均可采用 音譯法介紹到譯文語(yǔ)言中去，如: [漢譯英] 磕頭（kowtow），荔枝（litchi）； [英譯漢]、engine（引擎），motor（馬達(dá)），sofa(沙發(fā))，logic（邏輯）（考試大）

2．直譯： paper tiger(紙老虎)，lose face（丟臉），Seeing is believing.（百聞不如一見(jiàn)。）Out of mind，out of sight.（眼不見(jiàn)，心不煩）

3.改編：所謂“改編”指的是音譯或直譯如意 義補(bǔ)充的翻譯，在翻譯的“改編法”中，譯者總 是一方面盡可能保持原文語(yǔ)言的特性，另一方面 更希望譯文含義明朗，使讀者一目了然。

比如，漢語(yǔ)的“班門(mén)弄斧”這個(gè)成語(yǔ)，可譯成 This is like showing off one's proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter 其中，“魯班”變成了“Lu Ban the mater carpenter” 否則魯班究竟是什么人，不知道典故的外國(guó)讀者 就會(huì)感到茫然。這類譯法在英譯中比較常見(jiàn)，如巧克力糖（chocolate），鴉片煙（opium），高爾夫球（golf），來(lái)福槍（rifle），尼龍布（nylon）

4．意譯法：填補(bǔ)語(yǔ)言中的詞匯、語(yǔ)義空缺，采用“并行法”即意譯法是一種常見(jiàn)的有效方 法。如果某一語(yǔ)言觀象，在譯文語(yǔ)言中只的用意 義相同的不同語(yǔ)言形式即“并行”的詞匯來(lái)翻譯 時(shí)，那么就等于說(shuō)譯文語(yǔ)言的形式中存在著一個(gè) “空缺”。比如，有許多詞以及由這些詞代表的思 想概念，最先只存在于某種語(yǔ)言中，當(dāng)把這些詞 或概念介紹到另一種語(yǔ)言中去時(shí)，我們可采取音 譯，直譯法，同時(shí)也可采用意譯法，而且意譯譯文 可從語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)義等方面都合乎譯文語(yǔ)言的 規(guī)范，因此最易為讀者接受。比如： communism，democracy,和proletariat等外來(lái)詞變成“共產(chǎn)主義” “民主”和”無(wú)產(chǎn)者”時(shí)，可以說(shuō)最先是意譯的結(jié) 果。同時(shí)，由于“共產(chǎn)主義”，“無(wú)產(chǎn)者”等完全 是按我們漢語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞規(guī)則，用漢語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞材料構(gòu)成 的。因此，這種意譯只不過(guò)是屬于一種概念的借鑒 而已。

倒裝和分割結(jié)構(gòu)

為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某些部分，或是為了保持句子平衡，英語(yǔ)中常常使用倒裝。大體說(shuō)來(lái)，倒裝可以分為主謂倒裝和非主謂倒裝。主謂倒裝里又分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。在翻譯的時(shí)候，既可以按照主謂語(yǔ)的順序翻譯，也可以按照字面意思翻譯。非主謂倒裝只是將強(qiáng)調(diào)部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。翻譯時(shí)可以采用順序譯法或是倒序譯法。

1.For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析：本句中 had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 屬于部分倒裝。正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋?if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文體中，可以將虛擬條件句中的 if 省略，并將助動(dòng)詞提前。

譯文：例如，它們（指測(cè)試）并不彌補(bǔ)社會(huì)的不公，因此不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)貧困青年，要是在比較有利的境況下長(zhǎng)大，會(huì)有多大才干。

2.Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.分析：該句中 so did bigger crops of babies 屬于語(yǔ)法倒裝。用 so 來(lái)代替前述肯定句謂語(yǔ)部分所說(shuō)情況。

譯文：不間斷的移民浪潮也起了作用 —— 而且隨著昔日在 “ 生育高峰期 ” 出生的一代人達(dá)到生育年齡，嬰兒的出生數(shù)量增加了，這同樣起了作用。

3.Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.分析：該句的 Much as I have traveled 是一個(gè)由 as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。相當(dāng)于 though I have traveled much，但語(yǔ)氣要比后者強(qiáng)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)要求部分倒裝。

譯文：我雖然見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣，但還從未見(jiàn)過(guò)比她細(xì)心的人，不管什么職業(yè)。

4.Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.分析：相信大家對(duì)這種結(jié)構(gòu)都不陌生。Only 后加副詞、介詞、狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要用部分倒裝。但是要注意的是，如果 only 修飾的不是狀語(yǔ)，則不用倒裝。

譯文：只有很好地掌握了語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，寫(xiě)出來(lái)的東西才會(huì)正確。

5.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.分析：當(dāng)句首是否定副詞或含有否定詞的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般要部分倒裝。

譯文： 1980 年哪里的人口普查統(tǒng)計(jì)資料也不如遠(yuǎn)西地區(qū)的更能生動(dòng)地說(shuō)明美國(guó)人對(duì)寬敞的生活環(huán)境的追求。

6.Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.分析： hardly…when 的結(jié)構(gòu)表示 “ 剛 … 就 …”。含有這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子常將 hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒裝的語(yǔ)序。此外，hardly 分句中一般采用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而 when（或 before）分句中使用過(guò)去時(shí)。還有，與 hardly…when… 結(jié)構(gòu)類似的用法還有 barely(scarcely)…when…

譯文：他剛開(kāi)始講，聽(tīng)眾就打斷了他的話。

7.To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.分析： such…that 結(jié)構(gòu)可將 such 或含有 such 的詞組放在句首，使全句采用部分倒裝。與此用法類似的還有 so…that 結(jié)構(gòu)。

譯文：她在排演中搞得太過(guò)分，以致兩名男演員退出不干了。

8.Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.分析：本句為表語(yǔ)前置，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為： It is certain that…。

譯文：植物發(fā)育生長(zhǎng)的全部基本過(guò)程當(dāng)然是在水中發(fā)生的。

9.We rally should not resent being called paupers.Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.分析：這兩句話是為了使上下文緊密銜接，從而將第二個(gè)并列分句的表語(yǔ)前置。

譯文：我們確實(shí)不應(yīng)因?yàn)楸环Q作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋，而且還會(huì)繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。

10.Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.分析：正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為： The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。為使語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)形象，文學(xué)作品中常用這類倒裝。在翻譯時(shí)要盡量翻譯出原句的語(yǔ)言效果。這里 bear=carry。

譯文：從擁擠的街道上駛來(lái)了一輛劍橋大學(xué)最有特色的車，車上坐著學(xué)校最著名的人物。

語(yǔ)法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的現(xiàn)象稱為分割結(jié)構(gòu)。英語(yǔ)中，分割結(jié)構(gòu)的類型是多種多樣的。例如，英語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)一般都緊密相聯(lián)，它們之間很少插入介詞等比較長(zhǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。但是，在有些情況下，或是為了保持句子的平衡，避免頭重腳輕；或是為了語(yǔ)義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間有時(shí)也會(huì)插入其他成分。此外，還有定語(yǔ)（或定語(yǔ)從句）與其中心詞被分隔；某些詞語(yǔ)與其所要求的介詞被分隔；動(dòng)詞與其賓語(yǔ)被分隔；介詞與其賓語(yǔ)被分隔等等?？傊⒄Z(yǔ)的分割應(yīng)遵循尾重原則（應(yīng)把長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末，使結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱）和句尾信息焦點(diǎn)原則（把新信息，即語(yǔ)意重點(diǎn)放在句末）。同時(shí)，在閱讀時(shí)要注意找出原來(lái)屬于一個(gè)整體部分的意義。

1.Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.分析：本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是： Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell.Turner 是美國(guó)歷史學(xué)家。under a spell ：被迷住，著迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修飾主語(yǔ)，起分割主謂的作用。而其中的狀語(yǔ)從句 when they considered women at all 是定語(yǔ)從句 who considered women in the West 中的狀語(yǔ)成分。

譯文：從本世紀(jì)初到本世紀(jì)中葉從事寫(xiě)作的小說(shuō)家和歷史學(xué)家只要描寫(xiě)婦女，就會(huì)描述西部婦女，而且都被特納迷住。

2.Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.分析： the claim 和其同位語(yǔ) that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定語(yǔ)從句 that Americans often made 分割。同位語(yǔ)從句在翻譯時(shí)可按照順序翻譯，將其翻譯為分句。

譯文：美國(guó)人常認(rèn)為，在他們國(guó)家，一個(gè)人的地位可以從社會(huì)最底層上升到社會(huì)最上層，亞伯拉罕 " 林肯就是極好的例子。

3.In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.分析：本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是： …there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…” 是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，修飾 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式 “to succeed” 被 “indeed, some call it unprecedented determination” 分割。

譯文：在最后的八年里，進(jìn)行了艱苦卓絕的、幾乎是不間斷的談判，其間屢經(jīng)失敗之虞，但最終通過(guò)創(chuàng)造性的協(xié)調(diào)和要取得成功的頑強(qiáng)決心 —— 確實(shí)有人稱之為前所未有的決心 —— 而渡過(guò)難關(guān)，取得了勝利。

4.The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.分析： in trying to solve 插在 the problem 和定語(yǔ)從句 which… 之間，起到承上啟下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics 為 investigations 的后置定語(yǔ)，起到分割作用。

譯文：由于剩余價(jià)值的發(fā)現(xiàn)，使問(wèn)題明朗化了。而先前，無(wú)論資產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家還是社會(huì)批評(píng)家所從事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。

5.A better knowledge of China ’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.分析： lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介詞短語(yǔ) to us 分割。本句選自英國(guó)前首相撒切爾夫人 1982 年在中國(guó)歡迎宴會(huì)上的講話。翻譯時(shí)要注意轉(zhuǎn)譯的應(yīng)用。如把 “better” 譯為副詞 “ 更好地 ”。

譯文：更好地了解中國(guó)的文明，將為我們打開(kāi)一個(gè)知識(shí)的王國(guó)，對(duì)這個(gè)王國(guó)迄今只有神話般的描述。

6.It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States —a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.分析： insistence 后接 upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中間被插入語(yǔ) as a first consideration 分割，做進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。該句選自美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)羅斯福在 1933 年的就職演說(shuō)。漢語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞用得較多，翻譯時(shí)可把名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞。

譯文：我們首先應(yīng)考慮的是，堅(jiān)持美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)各種因素之間、各個(gè)部分之間的相互依賴關(guān)系 —— 即承認(rèn)體現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)的和永遠(yuǎn)重要的美國(guó)開(kāi)拓精神。

7.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.分析：連詞 as 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句中，it 代替 for two old people to be。to be 后省略了 fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。

譯文：象兩位老人一生中沒(méi)有其他什么東西可愛(ài)而彼此相愛(ài)一樣，老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相愛(ài)慕。

8.As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.分析：該句包含了并列結(jié)構(gòu)被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy 和 sentiment 是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，作 two other reasons 的同位語(yǔ)。但是被非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away 分割。

譯文：人們隨著日趨年邁，積存物品還有其他兩個(gè)原因：一是缺乏體力和精神，兩者在清理和扔掉無(wú)用之物時(shí)不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。

9.Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.考博漢英翻譯重要策略

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一、中的一個(gè)悖論 英漢翻譯和翻譯，哪一個(gè)更難？

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一、中的一個(gè)悖論

英漢翻譯和翻譯，哪一個(gè)更難？大多數(shù)人會(huì)答曰：漢英翻譯更難。顯然，這看起來(lái)是一種合理的問(wèn)問(wèn)題的方法，其實(shí)并非如此。英漢翻譯和漢英翻譯，沒(méi)有哪一個(gè)更難和不難的問(wèn)題，只是因人而異，視個(gè)人的水平和翻譯水平而定。那么，為什么大多數(shù)人會(huì)有一種明顯的“漢英翻譯比英漢翻譯更難”的感覺(jué)呢？有回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，我們有必要了解一下翻譯的過(guò)程。其實(shí)，無(wú)論是英漢翻譯，還是漢英翻譯，就翻譯的過(guò)程而言，只有兩個(gè)：一是對(duì)原文的理解，二是用譯文來(lái)表達(dá)。弄明白理解和表達(dá)這兩個(gè)過(guò)程，我們就可以清楚的看到，為什么大多數(shù)人會(huì)有一種“漢英翻譯更難”的論調(diào)了。

首先，有必要考查一下英漢翻譯的過(guò)程。如果做英漢翻譯的話，我們第一步需要理解英語(yǔ)，然后再把理解到的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)成為漢語(yǔ)就可以了。因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)畢竟是我們的外語(yǔ)，所以大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為，我們不懂英語(yǔ)是正常的。所以，無(wú)論英譯漢這個(gè)過(guò)程匯總，英語(yǔ)有多難或者有多簡(jiǎn)單都沒(méi)有，我們可以查閱英語(yǔ)詞典得出比較正確的譯文。然后，換過(guò)來(lái)，漢譯英則不一樣了。那些認(rèn)為漢譯英更難的人就認(rèn)為，明明我們認(rèn)識(shí)漢語(yǔ)，卻不能用地道的英語(yǔ)來(lái)翻譯，所以，漢譯英很難做。但是，如果我們這樣來(lái)想，在英譯漢的過(guò)程中，我們連第一步（理解英語(yǔ)）可能都無(wú)法完成；而漢譯英的話，好歹我們能完成翻譯的第一步（理解漢語(yǔ)原文）。沒(méi)有人能否認(rèn)我們中國(guó)人，看不懂漢語(yǔ)吧？

既然如此，我們就能夠克服那種長(zhǎng)期以后認(rèn)為“漢英翻譯更難”的心理障礙了。那么如何比較有效的完成漢英翻譯呢？根據(jù)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)積累從事翻譯教學(xué)的，筆者認(rèn)為可以從以下三個(gè)步驟來(lái)著手：

二、漢英翻譯三步之一：定主語(yǔ) 1． 翻譯的單位

在翻譯中，最小的翻譯單位是什么？是篇章嗎？是段落嗎？是句子嗎？是嗎？甚至是音節(jié)嗎？這是一個(gè)翻譯理論家長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)爭(zhēng)論不休的一個(gè)話題?，F(xiàn)在大多數(shù)翻譯家、翻譯理論家和翻譯實(shí)踐家都趨向于以篇章或者是整個(gè)問(wèn)題為基本的翻譯單位。但是，對(duì)于初學(xué)翻譯的人來(lái)說(shuō)，或者那些根本沒(méi)有掌握翻譯的人，要去應(yīng)付一個(gè)翻譯考試的時(shí)候，筆者認(rèn)為，句子可能是最好的翻譯單位。什么是句子？或者具體說(shuō)來(lái)，在漢英翻譯中，要把漢語(yǔ)翻譯成英語(yǔ)，究竟什么是英語(yǔ)的句子？ 柯林斯詞典對(duì)英語(yǔ)句子的定義是這樣的：A sentence is a group of words which，when they are written down，begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop，question mark or exclamation mark.Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.具體說(shuō)來(lái)，英語(yǔ)的句子可以這樣來(lái)定義：一個(gè)句子就是一組詞，在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，每一個(gè)句子首詞的第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě)，句末用句號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)或者感嘆號(hào)；大多數(shù)句子有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。

根據(jù)英語(yǔ)句子的定義，我們可以清楚的知道，英語(yǔ)的句子中，大多數(shù)句子都有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。那么漢英翻譯，只要我們能把漢語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)變成為準(zhǔn)確通順的英語(yǔ)，就需要搭建英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)等句式結(jié)構(gòu)。而英語(yǔ)本身語(yǔ)法非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯非常嚴(yán)密的特點(diǎn)，所以，在漢英翻譯中，主語(yǔ)的確定和謂語(yǔ)的選擇就是成功構(gòu)建英語(yǔ)句式結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵，也是保證英語(yǔ)譯文和漢語(yǔ)原文功能對(duì)等的關(guān)鍵。

2． 確定漢語(yǔ)原文的主語(yǔ)為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)

1)把漢語(yǔ)原文中的主語(yǔ)直接翻譯成英語(yǔ)充當(dāng)譯文的主語(yǔ)，這是一種最簡(jiǎn)單、最可靠的對(duì)應(yīng)方法，也是我們做漢英翻譯“定主語(yǔ)”的時(shí)候首先應(yīng)該考慮的方法。如：

例1． 當(dāng)前，國(guó)際正著自冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以后最復(fù)雜、最深刻的變化。（中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯）

At present，the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.例2． 和平與發(fā)展仍然是擺在世界各國(guó)人民面前的兩大課題。（同上）

Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.以上兩個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)是名詞，由于名詞在英語(yǔ)句子中可以直接充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，所以在翻譯的時(shí)候可以直接對(duì)應(yīng)下來(lái)，確定這個(gè)名詞為譯文的主語(yǔ)。

2)漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)都有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)，就是代詞可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，所以，我們當(dāng)然還可以直接選用漢語(yǔ)原文中的代詞來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。如：

例3． 我們正努力教育公民不要像西方國(guó)家那樣過(guò)度消費(fèi)，比如使用過(guò)多的空調(diào)、私人汽車、以及隨意處理的產(chǎn)品。（中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院02年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption，such as the excessive use of air conditioners，private cars and disposable products at will.例4． 如今我們有許多不同的選擇：除傳統(tǒng)的家常菜以外，還有營(yíng)養(yǎng)保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）、Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food，convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.3)在漢語(yǔ)中，除了上述名詞和代詞可以作主語(yǔ)之外，動(dòng)詞也可以直接充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞原形則不能?？墒牵覀兎浅Ｇ宄闹?，英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)名詞或者動(dòng)詞不定式形式則可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。所以，如果我們要確定漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須要使用這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)名詞形式或者不定式形式。如：

例5． 幫助真正的窮人，要比僅僅縮小貧富差距更有價(jià)值。幫助下層社會(huì)的人重新回到社會(huì)主流中來(lái)，符合所有人的利益。（中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院03年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.例6． 推進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、完成祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一、維護(hù)世界和平與促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展，是中國(guó)人民在新世紀(jì)的三大歷史任務(wù)。

To continue to propel the modernization drive，to achieve reunification of the motherland，and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.3． 重新確定主語(yǔ)

由于漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)兩種語(yǔ)言存在著較的的差異，有時(shí)候，確定漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)為英語(yǔ)譯文句子主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致英語(yǔ)句子的邏輯比較混亂，而不能直接對(duì)應(yīng)。所以，這時(shí)候，就有必要從原句中挑出其他詞來(lái)，充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。1）把漢語(yǔ)確定漢語(yǔ)原文的賓語(yǔ)為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)

賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作所及的對(duì)象，常常是人或者物。在翻譯中，我們可以選擇漢語(yǔ)原文的賓語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。但是，在這種情況下，一般需要用英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句式來(lái)翻譯。如： 例7． 偉大藝術(shù)的鑒賞和偉大的科學(xué)觀念的理解都需要智慧。

Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.（中國(guó)科學(xué)院02年3月考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，我們可以看到，漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，如果直接用漢語(yǔ)原文的主語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，就顯得有點(diǎn)頭重腳輕。這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們就可以利用“英語(yǔ)句子多用被動(dòng)句”的特點(diǎn)，確定漢語(yǔ)原文的賓語(yǔ)“智慧”來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。例8． 為了保證國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)、快速、健康地發(fā)展，我們必須加快國(guó)有企業(yè)的改革步伐。（中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院02年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated(stepped up)to ensure sustained，rapid and sound development of the national economy. 說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)原文的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“我們”。但是，這個(gè)我們屬于泛指的，不專門(mén)針對(duì)某一個(gè)人或者某幾個(gè)人。當(dāng)然，一方面，我們可以采用選取漢語(yǔ)原文的“我們”來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，而把這個(gè)句子的譯文安排為“We must accelerate?”這樣一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)。但是，直接選用漢語(yǔ)原文的賓語(yǔ)“國(guó)有企業(yè)的改革步伐”來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，并且不提出這個(gè)泛指的主語(yǔ)“我們”，更適合英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式。

例9． 目前在中國(guó)正進(jìn)行著一場(chǎng)意義深遠(yuǎn)的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)改革。（同上）

At present，a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)是一個(gè)無(wú)主句。顯然，一方面，我們可以確定漢語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)為英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)，使用英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯，避免了需要去找一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)出者來(lái)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的情況。

以上例子清楚的說(shuō)明，選擇漢語(yǔ)原文的賓語(yǔ)充當(dāng)譯文主語(yǔ)的情況下，通常是需要用英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯的。但是，并不是說(shuō)所有確定漢語(yǔ)原文賓語(yǔ)為譯文主語(yǔ)的情況都一定要用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯。如：

例10． 中國(guó)的飲食方式正在發(fā)生許多變化。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）Many changes are taking place in China‘s diet style.說(shuō)明：我們可以看到，上面這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)原文的主語(yǔ)是“中國(guó)的飲食方式”，謂語(yǔ)是“發(fā)生”，賓語(yǔ)是“許多變化”。當(dāng)一旦確定了賓語(yǔ)“許多變化”為英語(yǔ)譯文主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，這個(gè)英語(yǔ)譯文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)就可以直接用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：Many changes are taking place?。因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ)中，“變化”與動(dòng)詞“發(fā)生”的搭配是符合邏輯，而不能說(shuō)“變化被發(fā)生”。

2）確定漢語(yǔ)原文主語(yǔ)中心詞的修飾語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)

有時(shí)候，漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)中心詞的修飾語(yǔ)可能是整個(gè)句子的突出部分。在翻譯的時(shí)候，為了正確傳達(dá)原文中突出的，我們就可以把主語(yǔ)中心詞前面的修飾語(yǔ)確定為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。如： 例11． 中國(guó)的飲食文化具有悠久的歷史。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）China has a long history in her diet culture.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)是“中國(guó)的飲食文化”，其主語(yǔ)中心詞是“文化”。如果確定“文化”為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，則原來(lái)漢語(yǔ)句子只能生硬的轉(zhuǎn)化為“文化具有歷史”這樣的英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。所以我們可以把主語(yǔ)中心詞前面的修飾語(yǔ)“中國(guó)”確定為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，這樣一來(lái)，整個(gè)句子的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)就非常清楚，突出了“中國(guó)在飲食文化方面具有悠久的歷史”這個(gè)。

例12． 他的身材魁梧，生一副大長(zhǎng)方臉，嘴巴闊大，肌膚呈著紫檀色。（選自陳宏薇和李亞丹 新編漢英翻譯教程）

He was a giant of a man with a long square face，a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of read sandalwood.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，從形式上看，漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)中心詞是“身材”，單似乎隨后的三個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容“生一副大長(zhǎng)方臉，嘴巴闊大，肌膚呈著紫檀色”都是在說(shuō)明“他”，而不是“他的身材”。因?yàn)槲覀儾荒苷f(shuō)“他的身材生了一副大長(zhǎng)方臉”，所以，我們就確定漢語(yǔ)原文主語(yǔ)中心詞的修飾語(yǔ)“他”來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。

4．增加主語(yǔ)

漢語(yǔ)句法具有開(kāi)放性和松散性，句子不一定要有主語(yǔ)，因而有許多無(wú)主句，如“出太陽(yáng)了”，“昨晚放了一場(chǎng)電影”等；另外一些句子，在上下文意思清楚的情況下，主語(yǔ)往往承前省略，出現(xiàn)許多主語(yǔ)省略句。在將這些無(wú)主句和省略句譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須補(bǔ)出主語(yǔ)，以形成英語(yǔ)譯文中主謂齊備的格局。但是，補(bǔ)出什么作主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)十分復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。譯者必須透徹理解上下文，仔細(xì)斟酌原文的確切含義，反復(fù)推敲英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式，才能補(bǔ)出恰當(dāng)?shù)闹髡Z(yǔ)，否則會(huì)歪曲原文的意思。增加主語(yǔ)的方法一般有以下幾種： 1）增加泛指的主語(yǔ)“we，you，one”等。

漢語(yǔ)句子在泛指的時(shí)候，顯然可以增加上英語(yǔ)表示泛指的主語(yǔ)。如：

例13． 充分發(fā)揮個(gè)體、私營(yíng)等非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、擴(kuò)大和活躍市場(chǎng)等方面的重要作用。（上海理工大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

We should take advantage of non public-owned economy，including individual，privately owned etc.，to fulfill it‘s significant effect on accelerating economic improvement，enlarging employment，and flourishing the market.例14． 然而，要想了解一個(gè)人的稟賦資質(zhì)和實(shí)際如何，考試是考不出名堂來(lái)的。（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)02年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift，intelligence or practical abilities of a person.

例15． 凡事應(yīng)該適度，適度是最安全的。（天津大學(xué)01年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

One should be moderate in all things，and moderation is always the safest way.2)增加英語(yǔ)代詞it作主語(yǔ)

在英語(yǔ)中，代詞it作主語(yǔ)的情況非常多。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)代詞表示的意義非常豐富，它可以表示漢語(yǔ)中的氣候、天氣、時(shí)間等無(wú)主句，如“下雨了（It is raining），三點(diǎn)了（It’s 3 o’clock now）等，當(dāng)然，它還可以充當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)句和形式主語(yǔ)句型的主語(yǔ)。如：

例16． 自從理查德尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌癥宣戰(zhàn)以來(lái)已經(jīng)有30年了。（武漢大學(xué)03年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)原文是一個(gè)明顯的表示時(shí)間的無(wú)主句。我們則可以增加英語(yǔ)的代詞it來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。

例17． 大學(xué)的研究所才是初步研究學(xué)問(wèn)的所在。（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)03年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research work at a basic level.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)的原文主語(yǔ)是“的研究所”。但是如果我們確定“大學(xué)的研究所”作為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，則沒(méi)有辦法很好的體現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)原文的強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣“才是”。所以，我們就可以增加代詞it，用英語(yǔ)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型來(lái)翻譯。

例18． 知道這個(gè)答案是有用的??如果你想到英語(yǔ)國(guó)家去念大學(xué)，或者你想找一份需要英語(yǔ)技能的的話，通過(guò)語(yǔ)言考試那就至關(guān)重要了。

It’s useful to know the answer? it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college or university in an English-speaking country，or if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，我們可以非常清楚的看到，漢語(yǔ)原文有非常顯著的用英語(yǔ)代詞it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)來(lái)翻譯的特征：那就是，如果漢語(yǔ)句型通常呈現(xiàn)出“?是很重要/有用/有意義的”等結(jié)構(gòu)，或者是“據(jù)說(shuō)（It is said?），有人認(rèn)為（It is taken that?）”等結(jié)構(gòu)。

3）增加there be?

顯然，如果漢語(yǔ)原文表達(dá)的是“有、存在、出現(xiàn)”等概念，我們則可以用英語(yǔ)的there be?句型來(lái)翻譯。如：

例19． 還將有一些生活極端貧困的人們，他們還需要政府的資助。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

There will still be some people living in extreme poverty，who are still in need of the government‘s financial support.例20． 舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，在早先的法國(guó)洞穴繪畫(huà)里，早于公元前10，000年的繪畫(huà)中沒(méi)有人與人打仗的畫(huà)面。（大學(xué)02年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

For example，among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10，000 B.C.，there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.從上述分析中我們可以知道，漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言句法和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)比較松散，而英語(yǔ)則有非常清楚的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嫿Y(jié)構(gòu)。而英語(yǔ)句子基本上是圍繞主語(yǔ)來(lái)展開(kāi)句型結(jié)構(gòu)的，正因此，我們有必要在漢英翻譯中，確定英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)。只要確定了漢語(yǔ)原文中用什么來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，我們就基本上能選擇出一個(gè)合適的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)?？梢赃@么說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的表現(xiàn)在英語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)上，或者說(shuō)表現(xiàn)在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的相互制約。所以，謂語(yǔ)的選擇也是漢英翻譯中一個(gè)非常重要的問(wèn)題。

例1． 當(dāng)前，國(guó)際形勢(shì)正經(jīng)歷著自冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以后最復(fù)雜、最深刻的變化。（中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）At present，the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.例2． 和平與發(fā)展仍然是擺在世界各國(guó)人民面前的兩大課題。（同上）Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the wo rld.以上兩個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)是名詞，由于名詞在英語(yǔ)句子中可以直接充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，所以在翻譯的時(shí)候可以直接對(duì)應(yīng)下來(lái)，確定這個(gè)名詞為譯文的主語(yǔ)。

2)漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)都有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)，就是代詞可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，所以，我們當(dāng)然還可以直接選用漢語(yǔ)原文中的代詞來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。如：例3． 我們正努力教育公民不要像西方國(guó)家那樣過(guò)度消費(fèi)，比如使用過(guò)多的空調(diào)、私人汽車、以及隨意處理的產(chǎn)品。（中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院02年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavio r of over-consumption，such as the excessive use of air conditioners，private cars and disposable products at will.例4． 如今我們有許多不同的選擇：除傳統(tǒng)的家常菜以外，還有營(yíng)養(yǎng)保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）、Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food，convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.3)在漢語(yǔ)中，除了上述名詞和代詞可以作主語(yǔ)之外，動(dòng)詞也可以直接充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞原形則不能。可是，我們非常清楚的知道，英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)名詞或者動(dòng)詞不定式形式則可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。所以，如果我們要確定漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須要使用這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)名詞形式或者不定式形式。如：例5． 幫助真正的窮人，要比僅僅縮小貧富差距更有價(jià)值。幫助下層社會(huì)的人重新回到社會(huì)主流中來(lái)，符合所有人的利益。（中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院03年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）Helping the truly poo r is much wo rthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.例6． 推進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、完成祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一、維護(hù)世界和平與促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展，是中國(guó)人民在新世紀(jì)的三大歷史任務(wù)。To continue to propel the modernization drive，to achieve reunification of the motherland，and to safeguard wo rld peace and promote common development are the three histo rical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.3． 重新確定主語(yǔ)由于漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)兩種語(yǔ)言存在著較的的差異，有時(shí)候，確定漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)為英語(yǔ)譯文句子主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致英語(yǔ)句子的邏輯比較混亂，而不能直接對(duì)應(yīng)。所以，這時(shí)候，就有必要從原句中挑出其他詞來(lái)，充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。1）把漢語(yǔ)確定漢語(yǔ)原文的賓語(yǔ)為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作所及的對(duì)象，常常是人或者物。在翻譯中，我們可以選擇漢語(yǔ)原文的賓語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。但是，在這種情況下，一般需要用英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句式來(lái)翻譯。如：例7． 偉大藝術(shù)的美學(xué)鑒賞和偉大的科學(xué)觀念的理解都需要智慧。Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic wo rks and in understanding great scientific concepts.（中國(guó)科學(xué)院02年3月考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，我們可以看到，漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，如果直接用漢語(yǔ)原文的主語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，就顯得有點(diǎn)頭重腳輕。這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們就可以利用“英語(yǔ)句子多用被動(dòng)句”的特點(diǎn)，確定漢語(yǔ)原文的賓語(yǔ)“智慧”來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。

例8． 為了保證國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)、快速、健康地發(fā)展，我們必須加快國(guó)有企業(yè)的改革步伐。（中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院02年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）The speed of refo rm of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated(stepped up)to ensure sustained，rapid and sound development of the national economy.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)原文的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“我們”。但是，這個(gè)我們屬于泛指的，不專門(mén)針對(duì)某一個(gè)人或者某幾個(gè)人。當(dāng)然，一方面，我們可以采用選取漢語(yǔ)原文的“我們”來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，而把這個(gè)句子的譯文安排為“We must accelerate?”這樣一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)。但是，直接選用漢語(yǔ)原文的賓語(yǔ)“國(guó)有企業(yè)的改革步伐”來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，并且不提出這個(gè)泛指的主語(yǔ)“我們”，更適合英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式。例9． 目前在中國(guó)正進(jìn)行著一場(chǎng)意義深遠(yuǎn)的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)改革。（同上）At present，a sweeping and profound social and economic refo rm is being carried out in China.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)是一個(gè)無(wú)主句。顯然，一方面，我們可以確定漢語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)為英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)，使用英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯，避免了需要去找一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)出者來(lái)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的情況。

以上例子清楚的說(shuō)明，選擇漢語(yǔ)原文的賓語(yǔ)充當(dāng)譯文主語(yǔ)的情況下，通常是需要用英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯的。但是，并不是說(shuō)所有確定漢語(yǔ)原文賓語(yǔ)為譯文主語(yǔ)的情況都一定要用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯。如：例10． 中國(guó)的飲食方式正在發(fā)生許多變化。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）Many changes are taking place in China‘s diet style.說(shuō)明：我們可以看到，上面這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)原文的主語(yǔ)是“中國(guó)的飲食方式”，謂語(yǔ)是“發(fā)生”，賓語(yǔ)是“許多變化”。當(dāng)一旦確定了賓語(yǔ)“許多變化”為英語(yǔ)譯文主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，這個(gè)英語(yǔ)譯文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)就可以直接用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：Many changes are taking place?。因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ)中，“變化”與動(dòng)詞“發(fā)生”的搭配是符合邏輯，而不能說(shuō)“變化被發(fā)生”。

2）確定漢語(yǔ)原文主語(yǔ)中心詞的修飾語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)有時(shí)候，漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)中心詞的修飾語(yǔ)可能是整個(gè)句子的突出部分。在翻譯的時(shí)候，為了正確傳達(dá)原文中突出的，我們就可以把主語(yǔ)中心詞前面的修飾語(yǔ)確定為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。如：例11． 中國(guó)的飲食文化具有悠久的歷史。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）China has a long histo ry in her diet culture.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)是“中國(guó)的飲食文化”，其主語(yǔ)中心詞是“文化”。如果確定“文化”為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，則原來(lái)漢語(yǔ)句子只能生硬的轉(zhuǎn)化為“文化具有歷史”這樣的英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。所以我們可以把主語(yǔ)中心詞前面的修飾語(yǔ)“中國(guó)”確定為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，這樣一來(lái)，整個(gè)句子的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)就非常清楚，突出了“中國(guó)在飲食文化方面具有悠久的歷史”這個(gè)。例12． 他的身材魁梧，生一副大長(zhǎng)方臉，嘴巴闊大，肌膚呈著紫檀色。（選自陳宏薇和李亞丹 新編漢英翻譯教程）He was a giant of a man with a long square face，a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of read sandalwood.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，從形式上看，漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)中心詞是“身材”，單似乎隨后的三個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容“生一副大長(zhǎng)方臉，嘴巴闊大，肌膚呈著紫檀色”都是在說(shuō)明“他”，而不是“他的身材”。因?yàn)槲覀儾荒苷f(shuō)“他的身材生了一副大長(zhǎng)方臉”，所以，我們就確定漢語(yǔ)原文主語(yǔ)中心詞的修飾語(yǔ)“他”來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。

4．增加主語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)句法具有開(kāi)放性和松散性，句子不一定要有主語(yǔ)，因而有許多無(wú)主句，如“出太陽(yáng)了”，“昨晚放了一場(chǎng)電影”等；另外一些句子，在上下文意思清楚的情況下，主語(yǔ)往往承前省略，出現(xiàn)許多主語(yǔ)省略句。在將這些無(wú)主句和省略句譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須補(bǔ)出主語(yǔ)，以形成英語(yǔ)譯文中主謂齊備的格局。但是，補(bǔ)出什么作主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)十分復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。譯者必須透徹理解上下文，仔細(xì)斟酌原文的確切含義，反復(fù)推敲英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式，才能補(bǔ)出恰當(dāng)?shù)闹髡Z(yǔ)，否則會(huì)歪曲原文的意思。增加主語(yǔ)的方法一般有以下幾種：

1）增加泛指的主語(yǔ)“we，you，one”等。漢語(yǔ)句子在泛指的時(shí)候，顯然可以增加上英語(yǔ)表示泛指的主語(yǔ)。如：例13． 充分發(fā)揮個(gè)體、私營(yíng)等非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、擴(kuò)大就業(yè)和活躍市場(chǎng)等方面的重要作用。（上海理工大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）We should take advantage of non public-owned economy，including individual，privately owned etc.，to fulfill it‘s significant effect on accelerating economic improvement，enlarging employment，and flourishing the market.例14． 然而，要想了解一個(gè)人的稟賦資質(zhì)和實(shí)際能力如何，考試是考不出名堂來(lái)的。（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)02年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift，intelligence o r practical abilities of a person.例15． 凡事應(yīng)該適度，適度是最安全的。（天津大學(xué)01年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）One should be moderate in all things，and moderation is always the safest way.2)增加英語(yǔ)代詞it作主語(yǔ)在英語(yǔ)中，代詞it作主語(yǔ)的情況非常多。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)代詞表示的意義非常豐富，它可以表示漢語(yǔ)中的氣候、天氣、時(shí)間等無(wú)主句，如“下雨了（It is raining），三點(diǎn)了（It’s 3 o’clock now）等，當(dāng)然，它還可以充當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)句和形式主語(yǔ)句型的主語(yǔ)。如：例16． 自從理查德8226;尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌癥宣戰(zhàn)以來(lái)已經(jīng)有30年了。（武漢大學(xué)03年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)原文是一個(gè)明顯的表示時(shí)間的無(wú)主句。我們則可以增加英語(yǔ)的代詞it來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。例17． 大學(xué)的研究所才是初步研究學(xué)問(wèn)的所在。（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)03年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research wo rk at a basic level.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)的原文主語(yǔ)是“大學(xué)的研究所”。但是如果我們確定“大學(xué)的研究所”作為英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，則沒(méi)有辦法很好的體現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)原文的強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣“才是”。所以，我們就可以增加代詞it，用英語(yǔ)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型來(lái)翻譯。例18． 知道這個(gè)答案是有用的??如果你想到英語(yǔ)國(guó)家去念大學(xué)，或者你想找一份需要英語(yǔ)技能的工作的話，通過(guò)語(yǔ)言考試那就至關(guān)重要了。It’s useful to know the answer? it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college o r university in an English-speaking country，o r if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，我們可以非常清楚的看到，漢語(yǔ)原文有非常顯著的用英語(yǔ)代詞it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)來(lái)翻譯的特征：那就是，如果漢語(yǔ)句型通常呈現(xiàn)出“?是很重要/有用/有意義的”等結(jié)構(gòu)，或者是“據(jù)說(shuō)（It is said?），有人認(rèn)為（It is taken that?）”等結(jié)構(gòu)。

3）增加there be?顯然，如果漢語(yǔ)原文表達(dá)的是“有、存在、出現(xiàn)”等概念，我們則可以用英語(yǔ)的there be?句型來(lái)翻譯。如：例19． 還將有一些生活極端貧困的人們，他們還需要政府的資助。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）There will still be some people living in extreme poverty，who are still in need of the government‘s financial suppo rt.例20． 舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，在早先的法國(guó)洞穴繪畫(huà)里，早于公元前10，000年的繪畫(huà)中沒(méi)有人與人打仗的畫(huà)面。（復(fù)旦大學(xué)02年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）Fo r example，among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10，000 B.C.，there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.從上述分析中我們可以知道，漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言句法和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)比較松散，而英語(yǔ)則有非常清楚的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嫿Y(jié)構(gòu)。而英語(yǔ)句子基本上是圍繞主語(yǔ)來(lái)展開(kāi)句型結(jié)構(gòu)的，正因此，我們有必要在漢英翻譯中，確定英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)。只要確定了漢語(yǔ)原文中用什么來(lái)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)，我們就基本上能選擇出一個(gè)合適的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)?？梢赃@么說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的表現(xiàn)在英語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)上，或者說(shuō)表現(xiàn)在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的相互制約。所以，謂語(yǔ)的選擇也是漢英翻譯中一個(gè)非常重要的問(wèn)題。

三、漢英翻譯三步策略之二：找謂語(yǔ)

在漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)兩種語(yǔ)言的對(duì)比中，有一個(gè)最顯著的特點(diǎn)：就是漢語(yǔ)中，幾乎所有詞類都可以充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)；而英語(yǔ)中則只有動(dòng)詞才能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，我們?cè)跐h英翻譯的過(guò)程中，隨著主語(yǔ)的確定，憑我們作為漢語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)的使用者，幾乎總能在漢語(yǔ)原文中，找出一個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)來(lái)。但是，和漢語(yǔ)原文主語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)，不一定能充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的謂語(yǔ)。在弄明白怎么選擇漢語(yǔ)原文中的一個(gè)合適的謂語(yǔ)去充當(dāng)譯文的謂語(yǔ)之前，我們有必要對(duì)漢語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)比。如圖所示：

區(qū)別漢語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)1沒(méi)有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、和數(shù)的變化有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、和數(shù)的變化2常常是動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)只有動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)3名詞、數(shù)量詞、形容詞等可以作謂語(yǔ)無(wú)4少用被動(dòng)句多用被動(dòng)句5有“連動(dòng)式”謂語(yǔ)無(wú)6有“兼語(yǔ)式”謂語(yǔ)無(wú)

正因?yàn)橛幸陨蠀^(qū)別，在我們做漢英翻譯的時(shí)候，就可以利用英漢語(yǔ)兩種語(yǔ)言的各自的特點(diǎn)，選擇合適的謂語(yǔ)來(lái)翻譯。所以，簡(jiǎn)單歸納起來(lái)，謂語(yǔ)的選擇主要有以下幾種方式：

1．選擇謂語(yǔ)要注意時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化

由于英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞具有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化，而漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有這樣的變化方式。所以，在翻譯中，一定要注意這種最基本語(yǔ)法一致原則。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，要確定漢語(yǔ)原文的在譯文中的基本時(shí)態(tài)，應(yīng)該沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。因?yàn)楫吘節(jié)h語(yǔ)是我們的母語(yǔ)，我們對(duì)漢語(yǔ)原文的理解水平應(yīng)該是能把握好時(shí)態(tài)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的。但是，一定要在英語(yǔ)譯文中注意不要犯“時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)”這個(gè)基本錯(cuò)誤。如：

例1． 過(guò)去的五十年并不是發(fā)明創(chuàng)新的黃金時(shí)期。（同等學(xué)歷01年漢譯英試題）The past fifty years was not really a golden age for inventions and creations.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，原文雖然有明顯的時(shí)間詞提示我們，所選擇的謂語(yǔ)需要用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，但是，大多數(shù)人忽略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需要用單數(shù)的問(wèn)題，所以必須加以注意。

例2． 實(shí)行改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)改變了過(guò)去封閉半封閉狀態(tài)，提高了我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)水平。（中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院03年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside，its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，有“以來(lái)”這個(gè)漢語(yǔ)詞提示我們，在譯文中要用跟過(guò)去相關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)。同時(shí)漢語(yǔ)原文的謂語(yǔ)“改變了”和“提高了”中的“了”也給我們提示，譯文需要用完成時(shí)態(tài)。

2．常常選擇漢語(yǔ)原文的動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)作英語(yǔ)譯文的謂語(yǔ)，但是選擇謂語(yǔ)需要注意“瞻前顧后” 由于漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞也常常充當(dāng)位于成分，既然英語(yǔ)中只有動(dòng)詞才能作謂語(yǔ)，我們就可以選擇漢語(yǔ)原文的動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的謂語(yǔ)。但是，一定要注意的是，由于漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言本身“意合”的特點(diǎn)，所以與漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)能夠順利搭配的謂語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)譯文中則不一定能在邏輯上搭配起來(lái)。那么，我們就需要選擇一個(gè)和確定好的主語(yǔ)能夠邏輯搭配的謂語(yǔ)，這就需要權(quán)衡，甚至是改變我們前面已經(jīng)確定的主語(yǔ)，重新確定一個(gè)和這個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞能邏輯搭配的主語(yǔ)，并且不改變漢語(yǔ)原文的意義，以利于我們得到一個(gè)“準(zhǔn)確通順”的譯文。我把這種權(quán)衡并選擇一個(gè)合適的謂語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)象叫“瞻前”。同時(shí)，所選擇的謂語(yǔ)如果要帶賓語(yǔ)的話，一定要思考謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和下文的賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上能夠搭配，這也需要權(quán)衡，甚至改變我們已經(jīng)選擇好的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。我們這種權(quán)衡并選擇一個(gè)合適的謂語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)象叫“顧后”。如：

例3． 中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織以后，外商參與中國(guó)投資活動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì)將越來(lái)越多，自身發(fā)展的空間也越來(lái)越大。（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

After China’s entry into WTO，more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in China and larger space for their own development.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)原文的主語(yǔ)是“機(jī)會(huì)”以及“空間”，相應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)分別是“越來(lái)越多”（more and more）和“越來(lái)越大”（larger）。但是，考慮到英語(yǔ)譯文中，opportunity和more，以及space和larger不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)合適的主謂關(guān)系，所以，我們需要重新選擇一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)?？紤]到英語(yǔ)中more可以修飾opportunity，我們就可以確定more opportunities（越來(lái)越多的機(jī)會(huì)）充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，同時(shí)，按照英語(yǔ)譯文的搭配方式，給增加一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞create。這樣，就可以把原文“外商參與中國(guó)投資活動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì)將越來(lái)越多”這層含義用“越來(lái)越多的機(jī)會(huì)將（被創(chuàng)造）出來(lái)給外商參與中國(guó)投資活動(dòng)”這個(gè)邏輯順序來(lái)翻譯。同樣的方法，也可以解決“自身發(fā)展的空間也越來(lái)越大”這個(gè)句子。

例4． 迄今為止，教育工作還沒(méi)有找到比考試更有效、更可靠的方法。（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)02年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

So far，there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education.說(shuō)明：在這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)原文的主語(yǔ)是“教育工作”，謂語(yǔ)是“沒(méi)有找到”，賓語(yǔ)中心詞是“方法”。但是如果我們翻譯為“Education hasn’t found the way?”的話，一方面英語(yǔ)譯文中的主謂邏輯搭配不是特別恰當(dāng)，另一方面，我們也不好安排漢語(yǔ)原文中“比考試更有效、更可靠”這層意義。但是，考慮到漢語(yǔ)原文中出現(xiàn)了“沒(méi)有”這個(gè)詞，其實(shí)是典型的英語(yǔ)There be?句型的標(biāo)志。所以，我們則需要改變所確定的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，用英語(yǔ)There be?句型來(lái)翻譯就更適合英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣了。

3．對(duì)漢語(yǔ)中名詞、數(shù)量詞、形容詞等可以作謂語(yǔ)的情況，一般可以用英語(yǔ)的“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”來(lái)翻譯

漢語(yǔ)中，充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的可以是名詞、數(shù)量詞和形容詞等，這個(gè)特點(diǎn)是英語(yǔ)不具有的。如“我人，你呢”中的，“北京人”就是漢語(yǔ)名詞作謂語(yǔ)；“他81了”中的數(shù)詞81就是謂語(yǔ)；“今天天氣熱，昨天涼快?！敝械摹盁帷焙汀皼隹臁本褪切稳菰~充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。這種情況，其實(shí)我們可以從英語(yǔ)的角度來(lái)思考的話，英語(yǔ)的名詞、數(shù)量詞和形容詞不能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)，但是可以充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)，所以英語(yǔ)中的“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”剛好可以解決這些問(wèn)題。如： 例5． 投資規(guī)模偏大。（四川大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）The investment scale is too large.例6． 很多道路太窄。（天津大學(xué)02年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）Many of the roads are too narrow.1． 如果漢語(yǔ)原文有明顯的被動(dòng)意味，則應(yīng)該選擇對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，并且用英語(yǔ)的“被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)”來(lái)翻譯

漢語(yǔ)中，很少使用“被”字句，通常由“受到、得到、加以、得以、為?所、由?來(lái)、是?的”等詞來(lái)表現(xiàn)被動(dòng)意味，有時(shí)候甚至沒(méi)有明顯的標(biāo)志詞。如果我們?cè)跐h英翻譯中，能夠讀出原文中的明顯的被動(dòng)意味，當(dāng)然需要選擇對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)翻譯為英語(yǔ)的“被動(dòng)句”。如： 例7．

此外，對(duì)于那些剛剛脫貧的人們，他們目前的生活狀況必須改善。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

Furthermore，the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty.說(shuō)明：這個(gè)例子中，漢語(yǔ)原文雖然沒(méi)有明顯的被動(dòng)句的標(biāo)志詞，但是，我們知道“生活狀況必須改善”這個(gè)主干結(jié)構(gòu)中，邏輯上應(yīng)該是“生活狀況必須被改善”。所以，我們需要選擇“改善”這個(gè)詞來(lái)翻譯為英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。

例8． “學(xué)習(xí)”也許意味著對(duì)一系列細(xì)小而不相關(guān)的行為按新的順序重新排列。（湖北省03年考博英語(yǔ)試題聯(lián)合考試翻譯試題）

Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order.例9． 美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制主要是圍繞著私人企業(yè)和以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向而建立起來(lái)的。（四川大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

The economic system of U.S.A.is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.例10． 他們的生產(chǎn)和生活狀況沒(méi)有從根本上被改變。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）Their production and living conditions have not been changed fundamentally.例11． 各國(guó)的人權(quán)問(wèn)題主要由各國(guó)政府和人民自己來(lái)解決，世界的人權(quán)問(wèn)題要由世界各國(guó)政府和人民共同參與來(lái)解決。（中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院04年）

Each country‘s human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own government and people，while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world together.2． 對(duì)漢語(yǔ)的“連動(dòng)式”特殊句型，可以選擇一個(gè)主要?jiǎng)釉~作為英語(yǔ)譯文的動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)，其他次要?jiǎng)釉~用英語(yǔ)的“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”形式，介詞的形式，或者用“and”來(lái)連接幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞 “連動(dòng)式”是漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的一種特殊句式，是指“謂語(yǔ)由兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，在動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有停頓，也沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)，兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)共用一個(gè)主語(yǔ)”（劉月華等 《使用現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》北京：商務(wù)印書(shū)館 P.701）。如，“我去問(wèn)”。“他們結(jié)了帳搬走了”。而在英語(yǔ)中，眾所周知，英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)句子只有一個(gè)能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，絕對(duì)不可能兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞連接在一起。這看起來(lái)似乎是給我們漢英翻譯增加了障礙。其實(shí)不然，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞除了充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)以外，還有所謂的“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”形式。這就給我們解決翻譯漢語(yǔ)“連動(dòng)式”這個(gè)特殊句型提供了一個(gè)突破口。

這樣看來(lái)，由于原文是漢語(yǔ)，我們作為中國(guó)人，在理解漢語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，幾個(gè)連續(xù)動(dòng)作中，要找出一個(gè)主要?jiǎng)釉~來(lái)并不困難。我們可以根據(jù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后來(lái)選擇主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，也可以根據(jù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作之間的關(guān)系來(lái)選擇主要?jiǎng)釉~。對(duì)于次要?jiǎng)釉~，一般有以下幾種處理方式： 1）用分詞和不定式等非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)翻譯次要?jiǎng)釉~，如：

例12． 我們花很少的錢就能夠買到一份日?qǐng)?bào)。（西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)04年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）We spend very little money to buy a piece of daily.例13． 市政府于底啟動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)“凈空”工程，關(guān)閉了大氣污染嚴(yán)重的企業(yè)。（首都經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)06年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題）

The municipal government started an air-decontamination project at the end of last year，closing the enterprises that cause heavy pollutions.2）用英語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)可以表達(dá)漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞概念，如： 例14． 我將乘飛機(jī)離開(kāi)北京。I will leave Beijing by plane.3）用英語(yǔ)“and”連接詞來(lái)連接幾個(gè)動(dòng)作

例15． 從社會(huì)總體、長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的利益出發(fā)，政府可以運(yùn)用稅收、轉(zhuǎn)移支付等方式適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)收入分配差距，扶助弱勢(shì)群體，維護(hù)整個(gè)社會(huì)的和諧、穩(wěn)定。（財(cái)政部財(cái)政科研所05年，略有改動(dòng)）

From the society as a whole and long-term profit perspectives，the government can use tax or transfer payment to appropriately adjust the difference of income distribution so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society.說(shuō)明：很顯然，在漢語(yǔ)原文中，有一系列的動(dòng)詞。我們可以選擇“運(yùn)用”作為主要?jiǎng)釉~，突顯原文幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞之間的時(shí)間先后順序，或者幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞之間的目的關(guān)系。這樣以來(lái)，后面的“調(diào)節(jié)”和“扶助”就可以用動(dòng)詞不定式來(lái)翻譯。同時(shí)，在“扶助”和“維護(hù)”兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞間，當(dāng)然可以用英語(yǔ)的“and”來(lái)連接。3． 對(duì)漢語(yǔ)中的“兼語(yǔ)式”特殊句型，可以選擇漢語(yǔ)原文中第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)譯文的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后面的結(jié)構(gòu)則可以采用“賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的形式來(lái)翻譯 “兼語(yǔ)式”也是漢語(yǔ)中的一種特殊句型，是指其“謂語(yǔ)是由一個(gè)動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和一個(gè)主謂短語(yǔ)套在一起構(gòu)成的，謂語(yǔ)中前一個(gè)動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)兼作后一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)”（劉月華等 《使用現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》北京：商務(wù)印書(shū)館 P.708）。如：“你請(qǐng)他來(lái)”這個(gè)句子中，主語(yǔ)是“你”，謂語(yǔ)中的第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞“請(qǐng)”所帶的賓語(yǔ)是“他”；而“他”這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)又兼作后面動(dòng)詞“來(lái)”的主語(yǔ)。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)看起來(lái)似乎和英語(yǔ)中的句型沒(méi)有太大關(guān)系，但是我們仔細(xì)研究就可以知道，漢語(yǔ)的“兼語(yǔ)式”幾乎都應(yīng)該是的結(jié)構(gòu)。而這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，剛好契合了英語(yǔ)的“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。所以，我們“一般”可以把漢語(yǔ)的“兼語(yǔ)式”謂語(yǔ)翻譯為英語(yǔ)的““主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。如： 例16． 疼痛使他喊出了聲。The pain made him cry out.例17． 我等他來(lái)。

I am waiting for him to come.