研究生讀寫譯各單元課后作文總結(jié)

第一篇：研究生讀寫譯各單元課后作文總結(jié)

研究生課本課后1-6單元寫作集錦

第一單元：提高社區(qū)成員交流的建議

Nowadays, It is more and more important for us to improve communication, because communication is playing a significant role in our daily life.Our neighborhood is like a big family, communication can help us to solve the conflicts and contradictions in the neighborhood.Firstly, As a chairman of our neighborhood community, I have the responsibility to hold some activities to enrich the lives of members.The opportunity of communication is very important.For example, a cocktail parties can help people to keep conversation flowing.Secondly, numbers should enhance the skills of communication.sometimes, we should use our body language properly and make them lively.For example, a physical, nonverbal gesture by women should be more expressive.Sometimes, Language is the only tool, different speed and cadence of our voices can express different meanings.Someone express themselves in all sincerity and with warmth to show respect to the others.Besides, sense of humor is very important, we should use this skill frequently.Lastly, we should learn more knowledge to enrich our mind.That can help us to communicate with others meaningfully, and When the others talk about anything, we can join in them at once and don't feel embarrassed.The importance of communication among the community members is obvious.However, the suggestion is very simple.Therefore, step up and start to make your life become different.第二單元：最有價值的家庭傳統(tǒng)

When I was young, my parents told me：“Where there is a will, there is way ”.They aimed at encouraging me of the importance of diligence.Undoubtedly, the most valuable tradition of my family is diligence, nobody can deny the importance of it, which developed a positive attitude to make my life more meaningful in my growth.The spirit was remembered and it prevented me from quitting easily when I felt precarious.My parents said that if I hoped to make progress, I must try my best to do everything unswervingly.The more diligent we are, the more easily we are to make money, accumulate wealth, create more opportunities, establish career and integrate into society.My mother often took Edison as a case in point, He told us:” Genius need 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration”.All in all, at no time can I ignore the importance of the diligence.Furthermore, on my personal level, small success is no excuse for feeling satisfied with myself.I have always believed in success, have always believed that without diligence, I have learned that one person can really make a difference.Only I strive for life in the future, can I obtain a better education, more job stability better income and a more beautiful environment.第三大單元：促使比爾蓋茨成功的因素

Factors Contributing to the Success of Bill Gates Everyone is eager to gain success，and everyone has his own interpretation.There are many factors leading to success such as opportunity,intelligence,and ambition,ect.There is no denying that the success of Bill Gates is one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the world.As far as i am concerned,ambition is the premise.Firstly,you must have an ambition.You ought to know what do you want to do.Bills Gates clearly knows his ambition,so he drop out of school Secondly, opportunity plays the same important as diligent impact on success.There is a saying that:”success is owing to the people who are ready to do everything ”Thirdly is preparation.God always give the chance to someone who make an preparation.The last factor which contributing to the success of Bill Gates is intelligence.As far as i am concerned,intelligence is also play an important impact on success.Someone ought to develop his strength.In conclusion, concerning the importance of seizing the right moment, we college students should make every effort to get fully prepared to lest miss the opportunities.And everyone should have a clear vision of what he really want in life.If you know what you want, then you’ll recognize every opportunity that comes along that fits with your vision, and you’ll be able to grab these opportunities with both hands

第四單元：財富和快樂的關(guān)系

In our modern society with material becoming rich and wealth increasing, most people misunderstand the relationship between wealth and happiness.People always regard wealth as happiness, but there really are some differences between them.Happiness isn’t wealth or can’t be equal to wealth completely.To some people ,wealth is regarded as first ,because it can help them to do what they want to do.For example ,with a lot of money ,they can buy house ,car ,clothes ,and so on.Besides ,they even have the idea that they can buy happiness which they like.As far as I’m concerned ,one should not equate wealth with happiness ,Happiness contains all kinds of things.I suppose that sometimes happiness comes from a little case.such as ,when you feel very hungry ,you can have a fine meal.you will be happiness as long as you feel your life being full of value.In a word, keeping health first if you want become wealthy.It is well-known that a person can make a large fortune if he has the right opportunities during his life.But if the person suffers from a terrible illness, then no matter how much money he may earn, he will still lead a miserable life.Therefore, health is much more important than wealth.第五單元：現(xiàn)代科技便利還是麻煩？

With the development of economy, the modern technology becomes more and more important in our daily life.As far as I am concerned , altough the development of technology has aroused many negative effects, yet its advantages and benefits far outweigh the down side Firstly, modern technology has generated a great many innovative machines , which substitute human beings to undertake much labor work.Take computer for example, it can perform calculations in an instant with high accuracy.People have been set free from labors with the help of machines technology.Secondly, technology has bettered people’s health condition, and lengthened human life with advanced medical care and progressive medical research.Finally modern technology has shortened the distance among people, and facilitated communications between people.Some people still hold the argument that life was better when technology was simpler.That may be illustrated by the fact that modern technology has resulted in great damage to natural environment.Great amount of natural resources have been over-exploited, and even disappeared.Yet such a problem should be controllable, and may be prevented if reasonable measures taken by we human beings.第六單元：失敗是好的老師嗎？

At present,“Is failure a good teacher?”has become one of the most popular topics in our daily lives.There is no doubt that failure indeed happen every now and then, it often accompany with us in our common life.Although,for

failure,different

people

have

different

ideas.I’m perfectly willing to agree that failure can be a good teacher.Generally speaking,For these people who are optimistic, they always think that “the failure is the mother of success”.They can always find the way to success, according to failure.They will never be afraid of failure , because they have the faith that failure is only the obstacle in the way to success, they may move the stone from the way or find another way to reach success at last.For the other pessimistic people , they may think that failure is not good.They are afraid of failure.If they do meet with failure , they always tell themselves that they are bad and could never be successful , which could destroy their confidence.So they are very afraid of failure.As long as I am concerned , failure is a good teacher.There is some wisdom to be learned from failure.If we can learn to turn a failure to our advantage, we will have learned another secret to success.In a word, Failure is a good teacher and teach us a lot.

第二篇：研究生英語讀寫譯教程課文小結(jié)

小結(jié) Unit One

“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit Two

Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three

“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four

“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit Five

It is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.

第三篇：研究生英語讀寫譯教程課文小結(jié)

小結(jié)

Unit One

Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four

important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit Five

impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.

第四篇：工程碩士研究生實用英語教程讀寫譯課文翻譯

Unit OneGraduate EducationChinese Translation

反思：讀研的挑戰(zhàn)與成功策略

琳達(dá)·威斯頓·克萊默

(1)繼續(xù)讀研的決定不應(yīng)太草率，必須先慎重考慮個人及職業(yè)發(fā)展目標(biāo)。為了獲得碩士學(xué)位，你必須評估學(xué)校提供的研究生教育的多樣性，不管它是傳統(tǒng)的校園教學(xué)還是網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂；你還必須評估繼續(xù)接受教育的費用，是否可以獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)資助，能否兼職，完成學(xué)業(yè)的時間分配，個人計算機能力，學(xué)校計算機及圖書館資源等各類因素。研究生教育應(yīng)該幫助學(xué)生獲得三種核心能力。

(2)邁克爾·沃爾考克是曼徹斯特大學(xué)社會科學(xué)和發(fā)展政策學(xué)教授以及布魯克斯世界貧困問題研究所的項目主任。他將這三種能力列為：偵探能力（數(shù)據(jù)收集、分析、詮釋），翻譯能力（將已有觀點闡述給不同的群體），外交能力（談判、斡旋、取得共識）。碩士學(xué)位帶來的好處包括智力的提升、個人的成長、口語/寫作技巧的增強、職業(yè)的發(fā)展以及人脈關(guān)系的建立。根據(jù)梁偉澄先生的觀點，在原創(chuàng)性、知識應(yīng)用、洞察關(guān)鍵問題的能力方面，碩士生需表現(xiàn)出比本科生更高的水準(zhǔn)。梁先生是英國紐卡斯?fàn)柺薪】敌磐袡C構(gòu)公共健康醫(yī)藥部門的資深醫(yī)師，同時也是一位多產(chǎn)作家。

(3)你首先面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是了解哪一類的研究生培養(yǎng)計劃能滿足個人基本需求并為其做好準(zhǔn)備。另外一個挑戰(zhàn)是時間限制，因為與教授、在讀研究生及顧問們的交流是做出這個最初決定的必要過程。讀網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)位可以有彈性學(xué)習(xí)時間，學(xué)生可以制定自己的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度，無需花時間往返校園，并且可以每天24小時進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)交流。但是，在盡力滿足日常生活要求的同時，學(xué)生們?nèi)匀灰瓿筛黝愖鳂I(yè)及面對各種截止期限。接受遠(yuǎn)程教育的學(xué)生還常常覺得與老師和其他同學(xué)隔絕開了。準(zhǔn)備讀研的學(xué)生必須評估各類研究生教育的相似與不同。學(xué)生們必須在工作、家庭和學(xué)校要求之間找到平衡，而這三點常常使學(xué)生們有逼迫感與疲憊感。通常的情況是，生活中的其它事情都比學(xué)業(yè)重要。所以不能完成學(xué)業(yè)或獲得學(xué)位的原因經(jīng)常是來自社會與家庭，而不是學(xué)術(shù)。

(4)獲得成功有幾種方法。成功的第一條策略是選對學(xué)校。第二條策略是管理好時間。用筆記本草草記下以后要用到的想法、觀點和觀察，將待辦的事情列成清單，每完成一件就將其從清單中劃掉。來自新墨西哥州霍布斯里亞區(qū)域醫(yī)療中心的一名家庭護(hù)士，拉梅什.納烏盧瑞，將治療肺炎的設(shè)備PQRSTU一詞用于比較時間管理的基本概念和我們心臟的節(jié)奏。P是Prioritizing，確定被他人及你自己掌控的那些事情的優(yōu)先處理次序。Q是Question，質(zhì)疑任務(wù)的有效性、效果及效率。這點涉及到要知道“何以”來確保任務(wù)的完成。R是Recheck，盡快重新核查你的待辦清單，哪些任務(wù)或事情已經(jīng)完成，哪些尚未完成。S是Self-reliance，自信，知道自己能做什么與不能做什么，能控制什么與不能控制什么。這里的關(guān)鍵是要務(wù)實、變通、創(chuàng)造與堅持。T是Treating yourself，善待自己。休息一下以保持頭腦清醒，感覺到準(zhǔn)備好、精力充沛了再重新開始工作。最后，U是You can do it，你能做到。這句話總使我想起“周六夜現(xiàn)場”中的鮑勃.施耐德！然而不管你是通過自己還是與他人進(jìn)行團(tuán)隊合作，確定自己能夠做到是非常勵志的。成功的第三條也是最后一條策略，是處理好壓力。減壓的方法有很多，但必須是令人愉快及有意義的。體育活動、唱歌、手工、音樂、冥想、旅游以及按摩等都是舒緩壓力的多種渠道。

(5)讀研非常有挑戰(zhàn)性，同時也令你獲益匪淺。研究顯示，讀研期間的研究生會訂閱與職業(yè)相關(guān)的雜志，加入全國性的組織，并閱讀專業(yè)期刊。一旦你做出繼續(xù)深造的決定，我的ABC方法可以供你參考。A是Assess，評估你自己的個人和職業(yè)目標(biāo)?，F(xiàn)在許多工作都要求你擁有碩士學(xué)位。B是Buy into，相信你的決定！但是在做出決定之前，務(wù)必權(quán)衡所有的利弊。C是Charge ahead，勇往直前，朝著目標(biāo)努力！

Unit TwoLifestyle and Health

職場沙發(fā)土豆：如何克服久坐不動的習(xí)慣

賈斯廷?沃爾夫

(1)現(xiàn)如今，人們越來越青睞久坐不動的生活方式。他們坐著吃飯，坐著玩游戲看電視，坐著旅行，甚至坐著工作。學(xué)生們被迫久坐不動，其結(jié)果是注意力下降。很多成人去上班，連續(xù)幾小時坐在辦公桌旁。下班他們坐車回家，吃飯，做賬，寫作業(yè)，之后花數(shù)小時看電視，打游戲直到就寢。顯然，現(xiàn)在的男女老少都缺乏運動，其中一些人還面臨肥胖癥、心臟病一類的健康問題。這些疾病反過來又引起諸如抑郁或焦慮的心理問題。因此，要恢復(fù)人們的身心健康，這些人必須參加運動。

(2)北美肥胖癥研究協(xié)會進(jìn)行的一項研究表明，一個人的活動量和某些健康問題的有無存在著相關(guān)關(guān)系。首先，他們在加拿大的愛德華王子島選了5個相當(dāng)缺乏體力活動的工作場所，從中挑選了約100名員工著手研究，接著要求每位員工佩帶記步器－一種能計算一個人每天所行步數(shù)的裝置，以期獲得他們的體力活動情況。

(3)他們的研究數(shù)據(jù)說明人的體力活動和健康之間存在著高度相關(guān)。走路最少的人體質(zhì)指數(shù)最大，舒張血壓最糟糕，腰圍也最大，這些都是肥胖癥的指標(biāo)。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，從事辦公室工作的每5個人中就有4個體質(zhì)肥胖。

(4)該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些曾診斷出代謝綜合癥的受試者比健康的受試者每天的步行量要小，這些代謝綜合癥包括高血壓，血膽脂醇過多，心臟病，或Ⅱ型糖尿病。因此可以說，久坐不動的生活方式所引起的缺乏運動很可能導(dǎo)致代謝綜合癥的出現(xiàn)?？傊?，活動量太小很有害健康。

(5)該研究針對的是活動量小的職業(yè)場所，但久坐不動的生活方式已延伸至家庭生活。節(jié)省勞力的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)(像洗碗機、吸塵器、洗衣機)使人們無需多少勞作就能打理好家務(wù)。學(xué)校甚至也保持久坐不動的模式。不到36％的學(xué)校開設(shè)體育課。學(xué)生沒有體育活動，其結(jié)果是注意力下降。要培養(yǎng)出更好的學(xué)生，學(xué)校必須想辦法讓學(xué)生參加更多的體育活動。

(6)牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)瓊?甘地博士的一項研究表明，一般男士每天消耗的卡路里比正常值要少180，一般女士則少142。由此可以推斷: 為了消遣，人們一般玩電子游戲、看電視，而這類娛樂性設(shè)施使得人們只對坐在那里享受刺激感興趣。所以說，技術(shù)使人們生活中的體力活動減少，人們也就漸漸習(xí)慣了坐多動少的生活方式。

(7)體力活動不夠還會影響人的心理健康。許多研究表明，身心兩方面的健康有很多相似之處。運動釋放出內(nèi)啡肽（體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的一種起鎮(zhèn)痛作用的荷爾蒙），這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)入血液，到達(dá)腦部，使人產(chǎn)生興奮感。此外，運動可以降低血壓，增強人的抗壓能力。數(shù)以百計的研究和對30例口頭報告的研究也表明，運動能治愈臨床及亞臨床抑郁癥和焦慮癥。因此，運動是改善心理健康的有效手段，它幫助人們在面對學(xué)業(yè)和工作負(fù)擔(dān)時鎮(zhèn)定情緒。

(8)兩種方法可以消除久坐不動的習(xí)慣對健康的不良影響。首先，個人要做主觀努力?？梢匀ヂ?、散步、參加健身俱樂部, 或者(對學(xué)生來說)參加一個運動隊。其次，雇主和學(xué)校要想辦法讓員工和學(xué)生健身。學(xué)校要給學(xué)生更多休息時間，課間休息可以再長點，并開設(shè)體育課。雇主可以讓員工每隔一小時圍著辦公樓走一圈，提出員工健康要求，或者讓他們做一些富有創(chuàng)造性的勞動，例如做一個椅子／自行車，在午餐之前騎半個小時的自行車等。總之，人們需要運動，不管何種方式都行。

Unit ThreeFood Crisis

行動起來，抵御全球糧食危機

杰弗瑞·德·薩克斯

通過許多自然和社會現(xiàn)象我們知道將會爆發(fā)全球糧食危機，但是人類沒有未雨綢繆。當(dāng)全球食品匱乏逐漸演變成糧食危機．我們就要認(rèn)真考慮如何應(yīng)對。

(1)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)遇到了難以逾越的障礙。盡管近年來無數(shù)跡象向人們發(fā)出警告，貧窮國家的饑荒和全世界范圍內(nèi)的能源危機已經(jīng)逼近。但是各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人未能未雨綢繆：其后果是全球性的糧食危機。在過去的兩年里，小麥、玉米和大米的價格已經(jīng)翻了一番多。自從2004年初以來．石油的價格是原來的三倍多。食品價格上漲和能源價格猛增即使不會使世界上很

多地方的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展停止，也會放慢它們的速度，甚至?xí)碚紊系牟环€(wěn)定。發(fā)生在誨地、盂加拉國以及西非國家布基納法索的抗議和**已經(jīng)證實了這一點。解決這些日益嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)難不是沒有實際的方法，但是需要我們?nèi)祟愄崆皽?zhǔn)備，并一同行動起來：

(2)這種全球性的危機源于以下四個相互聯(lián)系的方面、第一，在最貧窮落后的國家，農(nóng)民的生產(chǎn)力長時期以來都很低，這主要是因為他們貧困沒有錢買種子、肥料和灌溉土地。第二，美國和歐洲國家的誤導(dǎo)政策。這政策在經(jīng)濟(jì)上支持一些企業(yè)把糧食加工成生物燃料，比如把玉米加工成乙醇。第三，氣候變化。在澳大利亞和歐洲出現(xiàn)的旱災(zāi)，使得2005和2006年全球的糧食產(chǎn)量減少。第四，世界上越來越多的人口對糧食的需求在逐漸增長。總之，對糧食的需求量越來越高，但是產(chǎn)量是有限的，其結(jié)果是貧困的人遭受的打擊最大。

(3)在這種危機面前，我們應(yīng)該怎么辦呢，要緩解目前的危機，并避免潛在的全球災(zāi)難，可以從以下三個方面采取措施：首先．號召全球貧困地區(qū)仿效馬拉維(南非國家)的成功舉措-馬拉維是個易鬧饑荒的國家。在三年前，這個國家采取了一項特別資助政策。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上幫助農(nóng)民買肥料和高產(chǎn)值的種子。政策出臺一年，馬拉維的糧食產(chǎn)量就翻了一番。依據(jù)馬拉維資助農(nóng)民的模式建立起來的國際資助項目，只要世界上富裕地區(qū)每人每年拿出10美元，就是100億美元。這個基金能有效地預(yù)防饑餓，就如防治艾滋病、肺結(jié)核和瘧疾病的全球基金一樣有效。

(4)其次．美國和歐洲國家應(yīng)該廢除資助企業(yè)把糧食加工成生物燃料的政策。美國政府應(yīng)停止把玉米加工成乙醚、每加侖乙醚補貼給農(nóng)民51美分的納稅人資助的做法?？赡苡行┩恋夭贿m宜種糧食，但可以用來種植能加工成生物燃料的樹木——樹木產(chǎn)品(如棕櫚油)、草地和木材制品．但是不應(yīng)該拿出錢來鼓勵把餐桌上的食品轉(zhuǎn)換成油箱里的汽油。

(5)再次．我們要盡可能有效地人工干預(yù)壞天氣，保護(hù)農(nóng)作物。對一個貧窮的農(nóng)民來說，一個雨季時蓄水和干旱時灌溉農(nóng)田的小池塘，就可以給農(nóng)民帶來不小的收獲，甚至是糧食豐收和歉收的區(qū)別。世界組織承諾要建立一個氣候基金組織，幫助貧困地區(qū)抵御惡劣氣候給經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展帶來的破壞，在糧食生產(chǎn)和健康保障等方面為貧用地區(qū)農(nóng)民提供資助．但是至今還沒有付諸行動。

(6)解決糧食危機的辦法也能用來解決能源危機、水資源危機和其他稀缺資源危機-只要我們能快速行動起來，我們就能戰(zhàn)勝這些危機。太陽熱能和采用復(fù)合燃料的汽車技術(shù)幾年內(nèi)將被研發(fā)出來并普及起來：保護(hù)環(huán)境的捕魚方式可以緩解悔洋的壓力：糧食危機不僅給我們敲響了警鐘，也給我們帶來丁機遇。為了在真正意義上取得全球的和平穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟(jì)良性發(fā)展．我們應(yīng)該在可持續(xù)發(fā)展方面加大投資力度。

旅游貼士：運用項目管理技巧，獲取更多商旅利益

卡爾·賽林格爾

(1)出差旅行太多就會心生厭煩；過少就會期盼旅行。但我們都應(yīng)設(shè)法從旅行中獲益，最好的方式是在你的行程上多花心思，就像你致力于解決一個技術(shù)難題一樣。

(2)如果你想多出差---爭取業(yè)務(wù)，和你行業(yè)團(tuán)體建立聯(lián)系，或只是看看外面的世界----你應(yīng)設(shè)法獲得去參加行業(yè)會議的機會；另一種方法是應(yīng)要求寫會議論文摘要，你單位將樂意派你去參會。

(3)你也可針對那些能擴大業(yè)務(wù)量的地方進(jìn)行活動，我職業(yè)生涯中一次成功的商旅活動就是用的這種方式。在番安姆航空公司1991年破產(chǎn)以后，我把它屬下的肯尼迪機場維修設(shè)施在紐約市場進(jìn)行銷售。我當(dāng)時注意到在德國有一個有關(guān)飛機維修的會議，同時還有巴黎國際航空展，我寫了與會申請，出乎我意料的是，我獲準(zhǔn)成行。我爭取到了許多商務(wù)合同，使得我的業(yè)務(wù)一直處于領(lǐng)先地位。

(4)獲準(zhǔn)成行是一碼事，商旅成功是另一碼事，以下是一些建議：

(5)規(guī)劃整個行程：一開始就要定下回程日期，大概的行程安排，主要會議以及預(yù)定機票、酒店及租車。所有這一切，我都是在微軟日歷視窗軟件上完成的，使得旅行就像周期性出現(xiàn)的約定，我把行程安排在“筆記區(qū)”輸入。這些都能在我的個人掌上數(shù)字助理上同步呈現(xiàn)，即使是這樣，我還打印了一份，以便我能在上面記錄開支情況，我也在手機的聯(lián)系人一欄輸入重要的聯(lián)系電話。

(6)甚至在你旅行獲批之前就要預(yù)定酒店，以便能得到會議住宿折扣優(yōu)惠。設(shè)定日程安排程序，萬一你最后不能成行，程序也會在24小時內(nèi)提醒你取消約定。

(7)在商旅活動前后，要準(zhǔn)備加班加點工作。在日歷上做出標(biāo)記以免和人會面，這樣才能完成你在外出差時落下的大量工作。然而更好的做法是，你出差返回的確切日期不能泄露。

(8)輕裝簡從，因為你總是能買到必需的個人用品。隨身行李里什么能攜帶，什么不能攜帶，要了解最新的安全規(guī)定。

(9)避開旅行高峰期，比如明智的旅行者會選擇合適的時間到達(dá)芝加哥繁忙的奧黑爾國際機場，在夏季，早點到達(dá)機場能避開下午的雷暴，在冬季，晚點到達(dá)機場，以便先天晚上的積雪能有時間融化。

(10)保持平和的心態(tài)。事情不順利的時候，盡量不要生氣，因為這是經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的。我曾經(jīng)有次在休斯敦叢林國際機場的候機大廳滯留了一整天，但是我有事干，盡管沒有樂趣可言，然而也不會擔(dān)憂。

(11)規(guī)劃回程，問清楚機場快巴的班次，應(yīng)該到達(dá)機場的時間，然后和航空公司確認(rèn)登機時間。盡管酒店和出租車司機都說有我充足的趕機時間，但是有次我還是沒趕上從德國漢堡起飛的返程航班，原因是那架飛機為了確保在倫敦希思羅機場能有停機位而將登機時間提前了。這是誰的錯誤？當(dāng)然是我自己的，因為我沒和航空公司確認(rèn)。

(12)除了學(xué)會忍耐和靈活處事之外，旅行能教你辦公室學(xué)不到的知識。當(dāng)然商務(wù)旅行最重要的是商業(yè)活動，但也不能忘了享受旅游的過程。祝旅途愉快！

抗衰老基因的秘決

艾米莉·辛格

（1）一項雄心勃勃的計劃將對1000名健康老人的100個基因進(jìn)行測序, 這一計劃有可能為找到使某些人免患因衰老帶來的包括心臟病、癌癥和糖尿病等疾病，使他們能夠健康地生活到80歲甚至更久的基因變異提供線索。與其研究增加疾病危險的基因變異, 科學(xué)家們計劃將重點放在之前已經(jīng)證明與健康和長壽相關(guān)的基因上。

（2）近年來, 基因篩選技術(shù)的發(fā)展使科學(xué)家開始在基因組中尋找健康衰老和長壽的線索。這項研究表明健康老年人的基因組并不是沒有缺陷的?！斑@些人對許多嚴(yán)重疾病在遺傳基因上都存在患病的風(fēng)險,其中包括心血管疾病、中風(fēng)和糖尿病,但他們卻并沒患有這些疾病, ”，心臟病學(xué)家Eric Topol說。他是位于加利福利亞州La Jolla的Scripps Translational科學(xué)研究中心的基因藥物項目組的主任和項目負(fù)責(zé)人?！霸鯓咏忉屵@一現(xiàn)象？是什么原因使他們免患這些疾??？”

（3）為了回答這些問題，研究者正在采集1000名80歲或以上的從未得過任何嚴(yán)重的疾病，也沒有進(jìn)行過任何藥物治療的老年人的血樣。他們計劃對100組從動物研究和其他研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)的影響健康和衰老的基因組進(jìn)行測序。Topal說:“我們特別感興趣于主要的掌控基因比如說(那些參與)DNA修復(fù)或者胰島素生長因素-1”，一種參與細(xì)胞生長的蛋白質(zhì)荷爾蒙。在關(guān)于長壽的研究中，參與DNA修復(fù)的酶引起了關(guān)注，因為隨著年齡的增長，細(xì)胞常常會積累DNA序列錯誤，而且某些老鼠和人類DNA修復(fù)基因的缺陷會觸發(fā)某些早衰的現(xiàn)象。胰島素生長因素-1（IGF1）的受體已通過實驗證明對老鼠，線蟲和蒼蠅的衰老有影響。

（4）大多數(shù)之前的研究只對少量的基因進(jìn)行測序或者使用基因芯片,這樣能夠快速檢測整個基因組中常見的基因變異.但是最近的研究表明一些在不同基因中發(fā)生的罕見的變異在健康和疾病中發(fā)揮作用?；驕y序使研究人員能夠確定健康的老年人是否更有可能攜帶能使防護(hù)性因素功能更加有效的運作或者能阻礙有害因素活動的基因變異。

（5）Topol和他的合作者將對健康志愿者的基因序列與在80歲以前就死于與衰老相關(guān)疾病的人身上收集的DNA樣本進(jìn)行比較?？茖W(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)健康人群攜帶與疾病相關(guān)的基因變異的幾率只是稍微低一點。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)證實了防御性基因在人們成功（健康）衰老中扮演著重要角色的論點。

（6）科學(xué)家們希望找到這種具有保護(hù)效果的分子成分，從而進(jìn)行藥物仿制。“我們相信長壽基因在保護(hù)著幾種而不是一種與衰老相關(guān)的疾病”，紐約愛因斯坦醫(yī)學(xué)院長壽基因項目負(fù)責(zé)人Nir Barzilai說。他沒有參與Scripps項目的研究。他還說 “從制藥的角度來看，針對上述途徑會更符合成本效益，因為它會效仿長壽而不只是治療疾病本身?！?/p>

（7）Barzilai已經(jīng)確定了兩組長壽基因的候選人。在一項正在進(jìn)行的關(guān)于95歲或以上德裔猶太人后裔的研究中，Barzilai和他的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)老年組更有可能攜帶改變?nèi)梭w處理膽固醇方式的基因變異。最近科學(xué)家對IGF1基因及其受體進(jìn)行了排序，并且找到了女性百歲老人所特有的變異。

（8）在以不同的途徑，即通過基因芯片，進(jìn)行基因搜尋時，Barzila指出：各個研究小組都期待了解別人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。有兩項同時進(jìn)行的關(guān)于健康衰老基因的大型研究將使每個研究組能證實對另一人群的研究結(jié)果--這是一項對大型基因研究有效性的關(guān)鍵測試。

Unit SixHappiness富裕生活的秘訣保羅·麥肯錫

在過去的33年中,我每天早晨都會對著鏡子問自己:“如果今天是生命中的最后一天,你還會去做你今天要去做的事情嗎？”當(dāng)連續(xù)幾天我得到的答案都是否定的時候，我知道該對自己生活做些改變了。

史蒂夫·喬布斯——億萬富翁，蘋果電腦公司的創(chuàng)建者

(1)倫敦大學(xué)進(jìn)行了一項非常有趣的研究。此項研究的課題組研發(fā)了一個幸福度量表。這個幸福度量表的目的是為了測量人們每時每刻相對的幸福感。之后，他們又設(shè)計出了一個公式，用來計算一般人每年要多賺多少錢才能獲得從富有生活中所獲得的幸福感。

(2)例如，從豐富的社會生活所獲得的滿足感與每年增加63844英鎊的收入所帶來的滿足感相同，與心愛的人生活在一起所獲得的幸福感與年薪增加82500英鎊帶來的幸福感相同。而良好的健康狀況則是幸福感中最有價值的，擁有一個“健康證明書”相當(dāng)于年薪增加304000英鎊的滿足度。

(3)盡管如此，金錢還是買不到幸福。比起以前，我們收入更高、吃的更好、受到更好的教育、有更好的住房，但是自二十世紀(jì)五十年代起我們卻越來越不如以前幸福了。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，世界上從未像現(xiàn)在這樣有這么多的抑郁癥患者。

(4)造成這種狀況的原因會讓你非常詫異——財富畸形癥：

多年來，我一直致力于調(diào)查那些身體畸形患者。身體畸形癥是一種病癥，即扭曲對自己身體缺陷的看法，這種扭曲達(dá)到了無法忍受照鏡子的程度。他們認(rèn)為自己的身體的某部分極其丑陋，丑陋得不敢自視。

(5)其實，這與他們的身體外觀并沒有任何關(guān)系。而是因為他們身體內(nèi)部好像有一個過濾器，過濾掉一切好的方面，卻保留了不好的方面。因此，這些人會把注意力集中在外表上他們自己不喜歡的微小的缺陷。比如說，總是關(guān)注自己臉上的皺紋或皮膚上褶皺，卻忽視自身其他優(yōu)點。

(6)有趣的是，很多人對待財富采取同樣的態(tài)度--—他們忽略掉所有他們已經(jīng)很富有的生活方面，卻把精力集中在他們生活中缺失的方面。

(7)我經(jīng)常與我的客戶做一個練習(xí)，要求他們想象不管是由于什么原因，在他們的生活中，錢對他們來說已不再是一個問題。在他們身體狀況允許的情況下，他們可以自由地追求任何他們想要的，去做他們想做的任何事情，擁有他們想擁有的任何事物。

(8)然后，我要求他們列兩份清單。第一份清單：列出他們有了錢以后將會改變的所有事物。第二份清單：列出他們有了錢以后仍會保持不變的事情。結(jié)果令人驚訝，沒有多少人在有了更多的錢以后，會去改變他們原有的生活。

(9)當(dāng)然，他們可能會換個工作，有更多的假期，買更好的車或住更大的房子，但他們不會拋棄他們的朋友，他們還會去他們最喜歡的餐廳吃飯。他們不會去看原來就不喜歡看的電影，不會對原來就不感到可笑事物發(fā)笑。

(10)調(diào)查的結(jié)果如下：

當(dāng)你有了更多的錢卻不去改變你生活中的方方面面，就說明你已經(jīng)生活得很富足了。

(11)真正、持久的幸福絕不會依存于你的銀行存款數(shù)目。真正的幸福應(yīng)該是過一種有價值、有意義、有目的的生活。所以，富有的生活其實是一種體驗，無論你賺的錢是多還是少，你都可以在任何時候開始追求這種體驗。

(12)你越是把注意力集中在那些讓你已感到富足的方面，你就越會意識到你現(xiàn)在其實已經(jīng)很富有。

事實上，在很多方面你已經(jīng)跟我們這個星球上最富有的億萬富翁有同樣的財富。

例如：

●每當(dāng)你睡了一個好覺，你擁有睡眠財富。一個億萬富翁可以購買更昂貴的床墊，但他們買不來一個更恬靜的睡眠。●每當(dāng)你走進(jìn)餐廳，點菜用餐時，你有可能和最富有的男人或女人擁有完全一樣的經(jīng)歷。

●每當(dāng)你走在海灘上或看夕陽，你將和經(jīng)濟(jì)上富裕的人欣賞著同樣的美麗的景色。

(13)戴安肯尼迪和芬克爾在他們的著作《毛利島百萬富翁》中，很直截了當(dāng)且令人震驚地指出：

“有些人認(rèn)為一切都有價格。好吧，如果這是真的，要多少錢你會出賣你的視力？你會接受100萬美元出賣你視力

嗎？10億美元怎么樣呢？那你過去的記憶值多少錢呢？你會為了什么而出賣你所有的記憶？你是否愿意交易你所有的回憶，不管是好的還是壞的，100萬美元能否剝奪你所有的過去？”

(14)用這樣的計算方法來計算的話，在現(xiàn)實中你有多少財富呢？在一個由一至十的度量表上，當(dāng)你審視你的整個生活的時候，你會認(rèn)為你有多少財富呢？

(15)雖然這可能是一個讓一些人感到不舒服的練習(xí)。有一點是明確的，那就是，那些我們認(rèn)為在我們的生活中理所當(dāng)然的東西永遠(yuǎn)是無價的。在這個意義上說，之所以如此多的人感到貧窮，是因為他們已經(jīng)那么富有了。他們不再關(guān)注那些在他們生活中一直不變的、好的東西，只意識到了那些發(fā)生了意想不到的問題的方面。

(16)那么，為什么人們通常不珍惜我們已經(jīng)擁有的東西呢？令人驚訝的是，其答案不在于我們的價值觀，甚至不在于我們的社會，問題出在我們根深蒂固思維模式。

第五篇：安徽大學(xué) 研究生讀寫譯教程課文總結(jié)翻譯答案上冊(全)

Unit One

Text A How to Read A Book

Introductory Remarks ―Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.‖ Francis Bacon warned readers several hundred years ago.However, what are the criteria for those books to be ―chewed and digested?‖ How to tell good literature from bad literature? On these issues, people don‘t seem to have reached an agreement.In the article, Nobel laureate Joseph Brodsky first states that people‘s life is generally much shorter than books, and that it is important for people to select good books to read.Yet, the author further argues that selecting good books from the ocean of literary works is no easy job;even book reviewers can‘t help much.In the end, the author suggests that reading poetry is the way to develop good taste in literature, because it is the supreme form of human locution, the most concise way of conveying the human experience, and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.Text-related Information

1.The Last Judgment The last judgment(sometime referred to as universal judgment)is a firmly held belief of Roman Catholicism.Immediately upon death each soul undergoes a particular judgment, and, depending upon the state of that person's soul, goes to heaven, purgatory, or hell.The last judgment will occur after the resurrection of the dead and the reuniting of a person's soul with his or her own physical body.At the time of the last judgment Christ will come in his glory, and all the angels with him, and in his presence the truth of each man's relationship with God will be laid bare, and each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice.Those already in heaven will remain in heaven;those already in hell will remain in hell;and those in purgatory will be released into heaven.The Roman Catholic Church holds no doctrinal position on the fate of those in Limbo.Following the last judgment, the bliss of heaven and the pains of hell will be perfected in that those present will also be capable of physical bliss/pain.After the last judgment the universe itself will be renewed with a new heaven and a new earth.2.The rhetoric “anticlimax”

In rhetoric, climax is a figure of speech, in which words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importance.Climax comes from the Greek word for “l(fā)adder”.Examples:

There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love.But the greatest of these is love.“I think we've reached a point of great decision, not just for our nation, not only for all humanity, but for life upon the earth.” George Wald A Generation in Search of a Future, March 4, 1969.“...Lost, vaded, broken, dead within an hour.William Shakespeare, The Passionate Pilgrim, XIII.”...the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.“ Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream.Similarly an anticlimax is an abrupt declension(either deliberate or unintended)on the part of a speaker or writer from the dignity of the idea which he appeared to be aiming at;as in the following well-known distich:---

”The great Dalhousie, he, the god of war, Lieutenant-colonel to the earl of Mar.“

An anticlimax can be intentionally employed only for a jocular or satiric purpose.It frequently partakes of the nature of antithesis, as in，”Die and endow a college or a cat.“

3.Belles lettres

Belles letters(from the French for literature, literally ”fine letters“)refers to literature that is appreciated for the beauty, artistry, and originality of its style and tone rather than for its ideas and informational content.Earlier the term was synonymous with literature, referring particularly to fiction, poetry, drama, criticism, and essays.However, belletristic literature has come to mean light, artificial writing and essays extolling the beauties of literature.Language Points

1.On the whole, books are less limited than ourselves.Often they sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust---and it is precisely the appetite for this posthumous dimension that sets one?s pen in motion.On the whole, books have longer lives than the writers who write them.Long after the writer has died, his or her books may remain on bookshelves absorbing dust.It is due to the desire to be remembered after death that motivates the author to write continuously.2.So as we toss and turn these rectangular objects in our hands we won?t be terribly amiss if we surmise that we fondle, as it were, the urns with our returning ashes.Therefore, when we take a book in our hands, it is not totally wrong for us to think that we are, actually, handling the urn containing our own ashes.amiss adj.: not functioning properly;e.g.A few words of introduction may not come amiss.Is there anything amiss?

surmise v: infer from incomplete evidence;

e.g.We surmised that he must have had an accident.There‘s so little to go on, we can only surmise what happened.n.: a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence e.g.His surmise proved correct.Your first surmise was right.3.Whoever said that to philosophize is an exercise in dying was right in more ways than one, for by writing a book nobody gets younger.Some people say that to think philosophically is to experience the process of death.That is right in many aspects, as in the process of writing a book, the author only gets older and older.philosophize v.: conduct philosophical thinking;reason philosophically e.g., They spend their time philosophizing about the mysteries of life.a tendency to philosophize about racial harmony

4.The paradox, however, lies in the fact that in literature “good” is defined by its distinction from “bad”.But, what seems contradictory is that in literature good works are identified by its distinction from bad works, i.e., a piece of work is good because it is not bad.5.That?s what may constitute bad literature?s best defense at the Last Judgment.That may be the reason why there exist so many pieces of bad literature.6.Of course, there is no denying the pleasure of holding up with a fat, slow-moving, mediocre novel;but in the end, we read not for reading?s sake but to learn.Of course, there is pleasure of some kind in reading a thick, lengthy and ordinary novel;but in the end, we do not read just for the sake of reading but read for learning something.there is no denying: it cannot be denied;one cannot deny the fact that e.g.There is no denying the enjoyment of a vacation after long period of hard work..There is no denying the fact that he is a faithful husband.7.Hence the need for the works that bring the human predicament into its sharpest possible focus.Hence, too, the need for some compass in the ocean of available printed matter.Therefore, we need to read works that reflect the puzzle of human beings.We also need some guidance in search of good works among all the books ever printed.bring … into focus: make something sharply visible;make something clear and understandable e.g.I adjusted the binoculars until I brought the bird sharply into focus.Please try to bring your major point into focus earlier in the essay.8.…h(huán)e can have strong predilections for a certain kind of writing or simply be on the take with the publishing industry …h(huán)e may have his own preference for a certain kind of writing or he may gain some profit from the publishing houses(by recommending books published by those publishing houses).on the take: taking or seeking to take bribes or illegal income;e.g.There were policemen on the take.The mayor is reported to have been on the take with the real estate enterprise.9.The alternative, therefore, would be to develop your own taste, to build your own compass, to familiarize yourself, as it were, with particular stars and constellations---dim or bright but always remote.Therefore, what you can do is develop your own judgment, establish your own criteria for guidance, familiarize yourself with particular authors or writers who may serve as guiders.These artists may be well or little known, but regardless they are always set apart.10.This, however, takes a hell of a lot of time and you may easily find yourself old and grey, heading for the exit with a lousy volume under your arm.However, this will take you a lot of time, so much so that when you are old and coming to the end of your life, you still cannot find the guidance for selecting good books and end up reading the ordinary ones.heading for the exit: coming to the end of one‘s life

lousy adj.: very bad;mean;contemptible;e.g.The food was lousy and there was not enough of it.He wrote only lousy poems.11.The source of the suggestion to come belongs to the category of people for whom literature has always been a matter of some hundred names;to the people who feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discussing politics;the people who dislike themselves far more than their detractors do;who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to heroin or marijuana.The source of the following suggestion belongs to those people for whom literature has always been just a list of some hundred authors;to those people who feel ill at ease at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find philosophical excuses for adultery, and are fussy about discussing politics;to those people who dislike themselves even more than those who belittle them do;to those people who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs.12.“one will not find on the barricades and who never shoot themselves or their lover”.―those who won‘t be found to participate in street demonstrations and who never kill themselves or their lovers‖.13.If such people occasionally find themselves swimming in their blood on the floor of prison cells or speaking from a platform, it is because they object not to some particular injustice but the order of the whole world as a whole.If those people are found to be killed in a prison or are making a public speech on a platform, that‘s not because they object to any specific injustice but because they are against the general order of the whole world.14.They have no illusions about the objectivity of their views;on the contrary, they insist on their unpardonable subjectivity.They are very clear that their views are not objective, and they stick to their subjective views even though it is inexcusable to do so.15.… they consider vulnerability the primary trait of living matter.… they think that susceptibility to injury or attack is the attribute of all living things.16.This has less to do with masochistic tendencies than with their instinctive knowledge that extreme subjectivity, prejudice, and indeed idiosyncrasy are what help art to avoid cliché.This is not because they have the tendency to derive pleasure from being abused, but because they instinctively believe that extreme subjectivity, prejudice and idiosyncrasy are the best ways for art to avoid being ordinary.17.I am no union man.I do not belong to any literary association.18.The point is that being the supreme form of human locution, poetry is not only the most concise way of conveying the human experience;it also offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation---especially one on paper.The point is that, as the most advanced form of human language, poetry is not only the most concise way of expressing the human experience, but it also sets up the highest standards for all other language forms, especially for the written language.19.A child of epitaph and epigram, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose.Derived from epitaph and epigram, poetry sets the standards for prose.20.It teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, the technique of anticlimax.It teaches prose not only the value of each word but also thinking patterns outside the linear composition, techniques of omitting self-evident parts, of emphasizing the details, and of the use of anticlimax.mercurial adj.: changeable;varying e.g.a mercurial nature

She has a mercurial turn of conversation.In Roman mythology, Mercury was a messenger, and a god of trade, profit and commerce.Mercury has influenced the name of a number of things in a variety of scientific fields, such as the planet Mercury, and the element mercury.The word mercurial is commonly used to refer to something or someone erratic, volatile or unstable, derived from Mercury's swift flights from place to place.knack n.: a special skill, talent, or ability;e.g.a knack for making clothes

He‘s got the knack of getting people to listen.anticlimax n: a disappointing decline after a previous rise e.g.It was sad that his international career should end so anticlimactically.21.Above all, poetry develops in prose that appetite for metaphysics which distinguishes a work of art from mere belles letters.Most important of all, poetry directs prose toward the metaphysical forms, and it is in this pursuit that good literature becomes distinguished from bad literature.22.All I am trying to do is to be practical and spare your eyesight and brain cells a lot of useless printed matter.All I am trying to do is to be of some practical use to you and help you avoid those useless books.spare v.: refrain from harming;save or relieve from an experience or action e.g.I can't spare him today we need everybody here.The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as enjoyable as possible.It was a horrible accident---I'll spare you the details.23.All you have to do is to arm yourselves with the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century, and you will be in great shape.All you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, especially the poets from the first half of this century, and you will gain the most from reading.be in shape: be in good health;strong and healthy;fit.e.g.Bob exercises frequently, so he's in good condition.If I were in shape, I could run faster and farther.I'm really overweight.I have to try to get into shape.24.If, after going through the works of any of these, you drop a book of prose picked from the shelf, it won?t be your fault.After you have read the works of any of these poets, if you cannot keep on reading a book of prose taken randomly from the bookshelf, it won‘t be your fault.(Here, the author implies that

the prose does not measure up to the standards of the works of those poets.)

25.If you continue to read it, that will be to the author?s credit: that will mean that this author has something to add to the truth about our existence.If you can go on with the reading, the author, then, is worth reading, and it also means that this author has provided us with some truth about our lives.to sb.?s credit: worthy of praise;in one‘s name

e.g.It is greatly to your credit that you gave back the money you found;your honesty does you credit.It is to my credit to help those in want.Key to Exercises I.Comprehension 1.Often books sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust./ Books remain on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has died.2.Because, according to the author, good literature is defined by its distinction from bad literature.That is to say, good literature is good because it is not bad, and bad literature is bad because it is not good.This is rather paradoxical.3.Since we are all moribund, and since reading books is time-consuming, we need a compass in the ocean of books.If we do not have such a compass, it is difficult for us to find the right books to read.4.a.he can be a hack, as ignorant as ourselves;

b.he can have strong preference for a certain kind of writing or simply take bribery from the publishing house;

c.he might turn his review writing into an independent art form.5.If he had been a publisher, he would be putting on the books‘ covers not only their authors‘ names but also the exact age at which they composed this or that work.By so doing, he would enable readers to decide whether they care to consider the views of a book written by a person so much younger or so much older than themselves.6.This group of people are special because literature has always been a matter of some hundred names to them, because they feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discussing politics;because they dislike themselves far more than their detractors do;because they still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs.These people won‘t participate in demonstrations, and they won‘t shoot themselves or their lovers.7.These people are unpardonably subjective in their views.8.The author suggests that the best way to develop good taste in literature is to read poetry.In the authors point of view, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose and teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, and the technique of anticlimax.9.If you believe in what the author says, all you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century.10.It means that the book, which has added something to the truth about our existence, is worth reading.It would also mean, at the same time, that you have developed an incurable addiction to reading which is good for your life.II.Vocabulary 1.dimension 2.idiosyncratic 3.reckon 4.stance 5.lousy 6.paradox 7.debunk 8.disciplinary 9.semblance 10.vulnerable

III.Phrases 1.on the take 2.headed for 3.to his credit 4.putting…on;putting on 5.might as well 6.armed with 7.in more ways than one 8.act in IV.Error detection and correction 1.the greatest problems 2.in which 改成 which 3.credited 改成 credited with 4.Greatly high 改成 High 5.stood改成 standing 6.any other student 7.as much 改成as many 8.Though remembered 9.considering 改成 to consider 10.that they got 改成did they get

V.Cloze 1.shaped 2.desperate 3.objectivity 4.hierarchies 5.expected 6.chiefly 7.driven 8.unimpeachable 9.evaluate 10.perspective 11.industrial 12.affiliation 13.sponsors 14.support 15.acknowledgement

Text A 的參考譯文

論讀書

（趙亞莉譯）

總的來說，書本的壽命要比我們自己長。常常是寫書的人早已化為了一堆黃土而其著作卻依舊立在書架上積聚塵土，但恰恰是死后占有這一席之地的欲望促使人們筆耕不墜。

所以，當(dāng)我們手中擺弄和翻動這些方塊形物體的時候，設(shè)想我們手里撫弄的不是具體的書本，而是盛著我們自己回歸大地的骨灰的甕，那也沒什么不對。畢竟，寫一本書投入進(jìn)去的，說到底是一個人只有一次的生命。有人說過進(jìn)行哲學(xué)思考就是一步步趨向死亡。不管是誰說的，這種說法從幾種意義來說都是有道理的，因為一個人絕不會因為寫一本書而變年輕。

同樣讀一本書也不會使人更年輕。既然如此，我們自然傾向于讀好書。然而，困難在于文學(xué)中的―好‖是通過區(qū)別―壞‖來鑒定的。此外，要寫出一本好書，一個作家必須閱讀大量平庸讀物，否則他是沒法找到必要的寫作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。這可能就會為壞文學(xué)作品在最后審判日為自己辯護(hù)的最佳理由。

既然我們精力不濟(jì)，既然讀書很耗費時間，我們就必須找出一個能讓我們至少表面上省時省力的方法來。當(dāng)然不可否認(rèn)長時間讀一本厚厚的、情節(jié)發(fā)展緩慢的平庸小說所帶來的樂趣，但我們最終目的畢竟不是為讀書而讀書，而是為了學(xué)到點什么。因此，我們需要一些最大限度地濃縮人生矛盾困境的作品，需要一些在浩如煙海的書籍中類似指南針一樣的作品。

當(dāng)然，這個指南針的職責(zé)是由文學(xué)評論及評論家們來擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)摹２恍业氖?，指南針的針擺動得太沒譜了。對某些人來說它指北，而對另一些人來說卻是指南。評論家的問題有三：第一，他可能是個作品低劣的平庸文人，而且就和我們自己一樣無知；第二，他可能對某一類作品特別偏愛或者干脆從出版社得到好處；第三，如果他是一個有才華的作家的話，他會將他的評論寫成一篇獨立于原作的文學(xué)作品，在這一點上喬治·路易斯·博爾赫斯就是一個典型例子。結(jié)果，你可能會只讀他的評論而不去管他評論的那本書了。

無論何種情況，你都會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己漂流在海洋中，緊緊抓住一只你不知道它能漂浮多久的木筏。因此，你如另謀他途就只好培養(yǎng)你自己的品味，制造自己的指南針，親自去熟悉那些特殊的星星及星座，無論它們是暗淡的還是明亮的，但總是那么遙遠(yuǎn)的。不過，這樣做要耗費大量的時間，以至于你很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己老了，頭發(fā)白了，胳肢窩里夾著一本一無是處的書，正在走向人生的終點。

那么這樣漂浮究竟在哪兒著陸呢，哪怕僅僅只是一個荒無人煙的小島也好？我們的那個好人―星期五‖又在哪兒呢？在我提出我的建議之前，我想先就這一解決方法的提出者也就是鄙人說幾句，這不是出自我的個人虛榮，而是因為我相信一種意見的價值是與它提出的背景密切相關(guān)的。確實，如果我是個出版商的話，我必將在每本書的封面上不僅印上作者名字，還要把他們創(chuàng)作這部或那部作品的確切年齡都印上，讓讀者自己決定是否愿意考慮這個比他們年輕得多或者老得多的作者作品里的觀點。

這個即將提出的建議出自這樣一類人，在他們看來，文學(xué)只不過是幾百個人的名字而已；他們在大型聚會上感到別扭，在晚會上不跳舞，喜歡為通奸找玄學(xué)上的借口，談?wù)撜涡☆}大作吹毛求疵；這類人比誹謗者更不喜歡他們自己；喜愛喝酒抽雪茄勝于吸海洛因或大麻――用ＷＨ奧登的話說，就是那種―你在街壘旁看不到，也絕不會朝自己或情人開槍的人?！绻@樣的人偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn)自己滿身是血倒在監(jiān)牢地板上，或是在講壇上發(fā)表演講的話，這是因為他們反對的不是某種特殊的非正義行為而是反對整個世界秩序。

他們對于自己觀點的客觀性不抱任何幻想；相反，他們堅持認(rèn)為自己有不可寬恕的主觀性。然而，他們這么做并非是為了掩護(hù)自己免受可能的攻擊。他們采取與達(dá)爾文相反的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為脆弱是一切生物的主要特征。這與其說是對自己不利處境感到滿足，不如說他們本能地認(rèn)識到極端的主觀性、偏見，而且還有個人古怪行為可以幫助藝術(shù)避免成為陳腐的東西。而對陳腐的抵制恰好是使藝術(shù)有別于生活的地方。

現(xiàn)在你們知道了我要說的話的背景，我還是直說了好：培養(yǎng)良好文學(xué)情趣的方法就是讀詩。如果你認(rèn)為我這么說是因為我自己干的這一行而有偏愛，你就錯了。因為我不屬于任何一個行業(yè)組織。我想說的是，詩是人類語言的最高形式，不僅用最簡潔的方式表述人類經(jīng)驗，而且還為任何語言活動尤其是書面語言提供最高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

一個人詩讀得越多，就越不能容忍任何形式得贅述和羅嗦。詩是從墓志銘及格言警句脫胎而出的，它對散文起很大的規(guī)范作用。它不僅教會后者每個詞的價值而且教給它此種文體各種變換的思維模式，線性寫作之外的多種選擇，省略不言自明的東西的訣竅，強調(diào)細(xì)節(jié)以及運用突降法的技巧。最重要的是，詩在散文中培養(yǎng)起那種對形而上學(xué)的追求――那種把一部藝術(shù)作品與只具文學(xué)形式的作品區(qū)別開來的追求。

請不要誤解我：我并不是要貶低散文。真實情況是文學(xué)開始于詩歌，游牧民族的歌要早于定居者寫下來的東西。我要做的就是務(wù)實，避免使你的視力及腦細(xì)胞浪費在毫無用處的文字材料上。可以說，詩歌就是為這個目的而發(fā)明出來的。

你須做的是：讀用你母語寫的詩，以此來武裝自己，最好是從本世紀(jì)前半葉的詩讀起，那么你的狀況會非常好。

如果你的母語是英語，我可以推薦你讀下列詩人的作品：羅伯特弗羅斯特，托馬斯哈代，葉芝，艾略特，奧登，瑪麗安莫爾以及伊麗莎白畢曉普。

如果在讀完了上面提到的任何一個詩人的作品后，你把從書架上拿的一本散文書棄之一旁，這不能怪你，要是你能繼續(xù)往下讀這本散文，這個作者就值得稱贊；它意味著這個作者為我們生活的真理增添了某種有價值的東西。如果不是這樣，那可能意味著閱讀讓你上了癮，欲罷不能無法可想，單就這種隱而言，它并不是最壞的。

Text B Critical Reading toward Critical Writing

Key to Exercise 1.In order to write your own analysis of the subject, you will need to do careful critical reading of sources and to use them critically to make your own argument.2.Critical reading is one in which you make judgments about how a text is argued.It is a highly reflective skill requiring you to ―stand back‖ and gain some distance from the text you are reading.3.You need to avoid extracting and compiling lists of evidence, lists of facts and examples.4.The five techniques the author mentions are: a.First determine the central claims of purpose of the text(its thesis);b.Begin to make some judgments about context;c.Distinguish the kinds of reasoning the text employs;d.Examine the evidence(the supporting facts, examples, etc.)the text employs;e.Critical reading may involve evaluation.5.When you highlight argument, you need to pay attention to those areas in a text where an author explains her analytical moves, the concepts she uses, how she uses them, how she arrives at conclusions.6.It means that you should not substitute the quotation for your own articulation of a point.參考譯文

批評性閱讀與批評性寫作德保拉-諾特

多倫多大學(xué)

（李嶠

譯）

批評性寫作必須以批評性閱讀為基礎(chǔ)。我們寫的大多數(shù)文章都涉及對已有文章的研究與反思，因為這些文章對你的研究課題已經(jīng)做出種種思考與探索。要對自己的研究課題進(jìn)行深入的分析，必須對已有材料進(jìn)行批評性研讀與甄別，并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)恼擖c。你對已讀材料的評判與解讀是邁向明確闡述自己研究方法的第一步。

批評性閱讀究竟是指什么呢？它是指對一篇文章的立論做出評價和判斷。這是一個需要思考的高難度的技能。你必須―退一步‖，從遠(yuǎn)距離看這篇文章。（也許在深入細(xì)致地批評性研讀之前你得瀏覽全文。）

關(guān)鍵是：不要只為或主要為獲取信息而閱讀。閱讀時留心尋找研究本課題的思考方式。閱讀或做重點標(biāo)識以及做筆記時，避免對文中的例證事實做摘錄或編排。閱讀時不要問：―我能從文章中獲取什么樣的信息？‖而要問：―本文的論述如何？它又是如何展開論述的？其中的證據(jù)（事實，例子等）是如何安排和解釋的？最終的結(jié)論又是如何得出的？‖ 怎樣在閱讀中尋找研究的思考方式呢？ 1．首先要找準(zhǔn)文章的主旨（即主題）。批評性閱讀就是要辯析并評論文中的主要論點是如何一步步被推導(dǎo)論證的。

2．對文章的寫作背景做出評判。如文章的目標(biāo)讀者是誰？它在與誰進(jìn)行對話式討論？（比如對方很可能是持相反觀點的學(xué)者或作者。）文章是什么樣的歷史背景下完成的？所有這些背景因素都會對評判全文有很大幫助。

3．對文章運用的推理方式進(jìn)行判別。文章給哪些概念下了定義，又使用了哪些概念？本文是否支持一種或幾種理論？是否展示了某種特定的方法論？如果本文顯示了對某一特定概念，理論或方法的偏愛，那么這種概念，理論或方法又是如何被用來歸納解釋數(shù)據(jù)的呢？你也可以考察一下文章的布局結(jié)構(gòu)。作者如何分析（或駁斥）這些材料的？注意不同學(xué)科（如歷史學(xué)，社會學(xué)，哲學(xué)，生物學(xué)）會運用不同的論證方法。

4．對文中運用的證據(jù)（如支持論點的事實，例子等）進(jìn)行檢驗。支持性的論據(jù)對論點是至關(guān)重要的。經(jīng)過前三個步驟，你現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)就是要抓住這些論據(jù)是如何被運用來推動支持論點以及其它主要觀點理念的。前三個步驟是讓你在上下文大背景下看這些論據(jù)。接下來請仔細(xì)考慮本文運用了哪些類型的論據(jù)。在此論點中本論據(jù)的重要性是什么？該論據(jù)是數(shù)據(jù)性的，文學(xué)性的，還是歷史性的？諸如此類的問題。還有論據(jù)源于何處？這些出處是原始一手的還是間接二手的？

5．批評性閱讀涉及評價與判斷。如果你在閱讀一篇文章時對其立論做出闡釋或一系列評判，你的閱讀就是批評性的閱讀。然而有的文章可能需要你對論點的優(yōu)缺點分別做出評價。如果文章立論有力，是什么原因？如果以其它方法來論證，是否效果更好？文中立論是否有遺漏或不一致之處？分析方法是否值得推敲？文中列出的論據(jù)還有其它解釋么？這些論據(jù)能確保必然得出這些結(jié)論嗎？其對立的論點又可能是什么呢？一些實用性建議：

1．批評性閱讀常發(fā)生在閱讀的預(yù)備階段。開始閱讀時要快速略讀全文。尤其是引言和結(jié)論部分，以便找準(zhǔn)需要細(xì)讀的重要部分。

2．在標(biāo)出文中內(nèi)容或摘錄筆記時，要學(xué)會突出文章的論點：諸如作者在何處解釋闡明她的分析步驟，她所運用的概念，以及如何運用這些概念。最后她又是如何得出結(jié)論的？不管文中的事實多么有趣，千萬不要過分突出或孤立看待它們。首先要找到那些賦予實例目的，使命和意義的大框架。而每段的開頭句很可能對此有所幫助。

3．在你開始考慮如何把文中部分論點用在自己的論文中時，要充分了解此部分在原文論點中是如何與其上下文和諧統(tǒng)一的。充分注意上下文是至關(guān)重要的判斷的步驟。

4．如果你的引用直接摘自原文，要謹(jǐn)慎運用此引言。也就是說你不能直接把引用部分當(dāng)自己的話說出來。相反，在介紹引言時要說明你對它的評價以及選用它的原因。引言之后常付有進(jìn)一步的分析說明。

5．批評性閱讀技巧也是批評性地聽取的技巧。在課堂上不僅要聽取具體信息，也要注意其思考方式。老師往往對與某一學(xué)科相宜的思考方式予以詳細(xì)的講解和例示。

Key to translation exercises:

1.為什么有些人強詞奪理，專橫跋扈，而另一些人卻羞羞答答，優(yōu)柔寡斷？…… 為什么有些人貪婪自私，玩世不恭，而另一些人卻平易近人？

2.從發(fā)展中國家的觀點來看，下一個十年應(yīng)有一個大力加速科學(xué)技術(shù)合作的綱領(lǐng)，旨在廣泛傳播技術(shù)以滿足人們諸如營養(yǎng)、住宅、交通、衛(wèi)生保健之類的基本需要。

3.盡管律師的見解和反應(yīng)可能會提升新聞報道的質(zhì)量，但記者最好憑借自己對該新聞意義的理解做出自己的判斷。

4.達(dá)爾文在自傳中謙虛地指出，他經(jīng)常很難清晰而簡潔地表達(dá)自己的思想，但他認(rèn)為可能正因為有了這個困難，他才不得不對自己要說的每一句話進(jìn)行長時間的認(rèn)真思考，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在推理和觀察中的錯誤，結(jié)果這反而成了他的優(yōu)點。

5.Presently, an educational reform is under way that centers on curriculums and teaching materials.As our main goal, we will try to reform the educational system so that it focuses on the enhancement of the students‘ abilities instead of training them merely to pass exams.We used to have only one set of textbooks in line with a single syllabus for each course.With the reform deepening, we are beginning to have more than one series of textbooks under the same syllabus or, in some cases, even more than one syllabus for the same course.In order to enhance students‘ abilities and strengthen educational administration for the variety of syllabuses and teaching materials available, it is necessary for us to formulate teaching targets suited to China‘s situation and particular subjects.Formulation of such targets is a difficult scientific project that must be organized and coordinated by the appropriate state education authorities.Unit Two Text A Recession-proofing your career

By Barbara Moses

I.Introduction 1.Warm-up activities:

a.Are you employable? Why? b.Discuss the positives and negatives of earning a doctorate degree for your career?s development.(Reference)A questionnaire about your potential employability: 1.How does the subject you choose to study relate to your interests, attibutes and abilities? 2.If you are working while you are studying, what skills and knowledge does this give you an opportunity to develop? 3.What extra-curricular activities are you participating in? How do these reflect your interests and abilities? 4.What are your achievements in life so far? What does they say about your strengths and weaknesses? 5.If you are living independently, how has this challenged you? What have you learned from the experience? 6.Describe your personality.Analyze what strengths it provides and what challenges it creates? 7.What five things do you want to achieve from your university career? 8.What are your life/career goals at this stage and explain how they are linked with what you know about yourself? 9.How should I present myself in an interview? What evidence should I give to back up my claims?

2.Introductory remarks

In the text, Dr.Barbara Moses describes a new career development paradigm for today‘s employees, that is, guaranteed jobs have already become history and it‘s high time to engage in a lifelong, self-monitored process which can help to promote and prepare oneself for a change, esp.during periods of recession.She then suggests some skills which are indispensable when responding to new work trends.She recommends discovering both your overt and covert talents, making sure a wide range of positions are available to you, and never committing to any ―hot job‖ which exceeds either your interest or talent.Moreover, being skilled or qualified is not the only criteria.You must be able to ―market‖ yourself, to convince the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the job, for which purpose you have to establish a social network that can help you make your career decisions ―both inside and outside of your professions.‖ Always follow work trends.Finally, psychological elements are also important, so never let yourself down and find a balance between the ambitious Type A and more relaxed Type B.In a word, don't be under the misconception that your job is always secure and if you work hard you‘ll surely get a good job.You must be fully responsible for the future prospects of your chosen career.II.Additional Information for the Teachers? Reference

1.Dr.Barbara Moses:

Fast Company magazine called her a ―career guru.‖ Dr.Barbara Moses, president of BBM Human Resource Consultants, is an internationally best-selling author, a popular columnist, and a sought-after speaker.Through her career management tools, workshops, and speeches Barbara has counseled people in over 2000 organizations from all walks of life and of all ages throughout her career.She understands what people require for happiness and engagement, as well as the challenges they sometimes struggle with.Barbara is consistently praised for her practical insights into modern work and personal realities, her stimulating and compelling delivery, and her tell-it-like-it-is style.Barbara holds degrees in psychology from McGill University, The London School of Economics and the University of Toronto.2.Basics of career management

Career management is defined by Ball, B.in Career management competences – the individual perspective(1997)as:1.making career choices and decisions;2.managing the organizational career – concerns the career management tasks of individuals within the workplace;3.managing 'boundaryless' careers;4.taking control of one's personal development.Careers were traditionally viewed as upward, linear progressions between one or two firms or as stable employment within a profession.Now someone‘s career is more likely to be driven by the individual(not by the organization)and reinvented from time to time, as both the person and the environment changes.Yesterday, employees exchanged loyalty for job security, but today they exchange their labor for the training and learning and development that will allow them to be marketable.Some companies are well aware of the change and accordingly adjust their policies towards their employees.For example, in traditional HR training and development, companies only tended to provide opportunities for learning skills, information and attitudes related to a specific job, but now they also provide career path information, individual growth orientation and so on.3.business cycle: A predictable long-term pattern of alternating periods of economic growth(recovery)and decline(recession), characterized by changing employment, industrial productivity, and interest rates.It is also called economic cycle.It consists of four stages:

Stage One – Start-up/Creation: is the nascent phase of the business during which business plans and strategies are finally executed and the business organization comes into existence.Stage Two – Growth: In Stage two, or the growth phase, of the business cycle the business establishes its niche in the market.The growth phase is thus marked by increased sales, rise in profit margins and an establishment of the brand name in the market.Stage Three – Maturity: The brand identity and brand image of the business are well established at this stage.This is the stage where the profit margins are fairly stable.Stage Four – Recession/Decline: Every business at some point in time, undergoes a period where it experiences a decline in its‘ sales and an overall unfavorable atmosphere in the market, termed a recession.This is the phase where the company struggles to maintain its existence in the market and tries its best to equip itself for a quick recovery.4.Type A and Type B personality:

Type A individuals can be described as impatient, excessively time-conscious, insecure about their status, highly competitive, hostile and aggressive, and incapable of relaxation.They are often high achieving workaholics who multi-task, drive themselves with deadlines, and are unhappy about the smallest of delays.Because of these characteristics, Type A individuals are often described as ”stress junkies.“ Type B individuals, in contrast, are described as patient, relaxed, and easy-going.There is also a Type AB mixed profile for people who cannot be clearly categorized.III.Language Points 1.Is your career recession-proof? Is your career planned well enough so that you are insured against recession?

-proof(-proofs-proofing-proofed): that can resist sth.or protect against sth.specified

a.combines with nouns and verbs to form adjectives

e.g.In a large microwave-proof dish, melt butter for 20 seconds.b.combines with nouns to form verbs e.g.inflation-proofed pensions.c.See also bullet-proof, childproof, fireproof, fireproof, ovenproof, soundproof, waterproof.2.A future downturn in the business cycle will only accelerate the pace of change---and make careful career management more crucial.Years of prosperity will yield a future economic downturn, which will speed up changes, so it‘s high time to carefully plan our careers now.3.In this fast-shifting world, there can be no guarantee attached to any particular job The world is changing so fast that no jobs are secure.attach

v.a.join or fasten to something e.g.For further information, please contact us on the attached form.b.join and stay with sb, sometimes without being invited to do so e.g.I attached myself to a group of tourists entering the museum.c.connect sth with sth;attribute sth to sth e.g.The authorities attached much significance to his visit.There will be considerable prestige attached to his new position.d.bind by personal ties(as of affection or sympathy)

e.g.We've grown very attached to this house and would hate to move.4.To survive this scenario you must be able to evaluate the currency of your skills---not just by the standards set by your current employer, but by wider industry and professional standards.In case you lose your job in the future, you must be able to estimate how widely your current skills can be applied---not just to your current job, but to jobs in other, or wider, industries and professional fields.5.Begin to actively pursue learning and development opportunities, including ones that will stretch you.---Begin to actively pursue learning and development opportunities, including ones that will make you work hard and use all your energy and skills.6.Don?t let yourself be held back by a lack of skill portability, or fear of change.Don‘t shrink because your current skills cannot be transferred and applied to other jobs, or by fear of change.hold back

a.hesitate before you do something because you are not sure whether it is the right thing to do.e.g.Melancholy and mistrust of men hold her back.b.prevent someone from doing something, or to prevent something from progressing e.g.Stagnation in home sales is holding back economic recovery c.not disclose information or make it public e.g.The government held back the findings of the report for fear of alienating voters d.keep sth.in reserve to use later.18 e.g.Farmers apparently hold back produce in the hope that prices will rise..e.not show emotions

e.g.I felt my lower lip quiver from the effort of trying to hold back the tears I felt threatening the inside corner of my right eye.7.I often meet people who have been good performers in their own organization but who have discovered that they are stuck.---I often meet people who have been performing well in their own organization but who have discovered that they are unable to change the present job or get away from it.8.Because they have become so closely identified with a particular company or industry, their skills are not perceived as being readily transferable to other settings.Because they have been so closely associated with a particular company and industry, they tend to think that their current skills cannot be easily transferred to other work environments.identify with:

a.regard oneself as sharing the characteristics or fortunes of sb;take sb as a model e.g.I know more that I am, and can identify with, all that is good, true, and beautiful.b.be closely associated or involved in some way;give support to sb./sth.e.g.The politician refuse to identify himself with the administration 's foreign policy.He tends to identify justice with legality.9.Don?t put all your eggs in one basket.Don‘t stake everything on a single cast of the dice;Don‘t put everything at risk.10.In other words, redefine the way in which you work, and your relationship to potential purchasers of your skills and knowledge to ensure your employability.---In other words, consider from a new perspective the way you work, and your relationship to the people who may be so interested in your skills and knowledge as to employ you, in which case you will have better chances of being employed in the future.11.They think it means they are without substance, with no enduring value, programmed to self-destruct every few years.They think it means that they are without importance or enduring value and their previous skills will become so unimportant that they will have to start over every few years.12.They fear they will be required to reinvent themselves constantly.---They fear that they will be required to change the way they behave or the things that they are doing from time to time.13.Actually, most people will not be embarking on entirely new careers so much as reconfiguring existing skills and experience in new ways.Actually, most people will not start completely new careers, but rather readjust existing skills and experience in new ways.embark on:(embarks, embarking, embarked)a.start(esp.sth.new or difficult)e.g.He's embarking on a new career as a writer.Never embark on what comes after without having mastered what goes before.b.go on board before the start of a journey.e.g.As millions of air travelers embark on holiday flights this week, some of them will be flying on jetliners fresh off the assembly line.not so much…as: not one thing but rather sth.else

e.g.She's not so much poor as careless with money.The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer as what they miss.14.Like a child?s Lego pieces, these are the building blocks that you can continually reassemble, though in slightly new configurations, as you move through your career.---Like a child‘s Lego pieces, your core skills are the building blocks that you can bring together again and again, but as you change your jobs from time to time, the skills may be integrated in slightly different ways.15.Develop a work identity independent of your job, defining yourself by what you do rather than simply by your job title.---Don‘t limit your work identity within your present job, defining yourself by what you do rather than what your job is.16.In the new workplace, people must perform at an exceedingly high level now, while at the same time always marketing for the future---keeping one eye on the next work assignment and positioning themselves for it.In the new workplace, people must perform very well now, while at the same time continually advertising themselves to prepare for future job opportunities---paying attention to the next work assignment and readying themselves for getting the position.keep one eye on: watch carefully e.g.Jack is another of those greedy-guts who keep one eye on the bowl and the other on the pan

17.In today?s hyperkinetic business environments, being able to give busy potential clients hard information that they can use may be much more desirable than just “schmoozing” them.---Today‘s business environments are overly stressed, so it is more desirable to offer busy potential clients substantial information that they can use than talk with them over nothing.18.Successful people reflect, in an honest way, on things that didn?t go well, but they don?t beat themselves up for it, endlessly revisiting the event.Successful people reflect honestly on the negative things, but when they recall the event from time to time, they don‘t always blame themselves for it.beat up: a.hit or kick the person many times e.g.The government supporters are beating up anyone they suspect of favouring the demonstrators.b.worry about sth.a lot or blame yourself for sth.(Informal)e.g.Tell them you don't want to do it any more.Don't beat yourself up about it.19.Given the complex economic, cultural and demographic global environment in which we operate, it is critical to stay tuned to larger cultural trends that affect the landscape and context of work.Given the complex economic, cultural and demographic global environment around us, it is necessary to keep up with larger cultural trends that affect the environment and background of work.20.While that certainly happens, I find that some of these individuals are not on top of key trends.While that certainly happens, I find that some of these individuals are not well informed about key trends.Key to Exercises I.Reading Comprehension 1.The business world today is a Tempworld where everything shifts rapidly and we are all temporary workers.2.Being an career activist means stepping back from the frenzy of daily business to reflect on what you are doing, why you are doing it, and whether it meets your short-and long-term needs.It means taking the long view of your career.3.―Employability‖ is a measure of your attractiveness, as a worker, to potential employers;―skill portability‖ refers to the transferability of a worker's skills when the worker changes jobs

4.Developing a work identity means being independent of your job, defining yourself by what you do rather than simply by your job title.5.No.Don‘t enter a field just because you think that‘s where the hot jobs are, because it may not end up matching well with particular skills and abilities.6.To establish knowledge networks is to cultivate long-term relationships with people who know how to get things done.7.Type A is the achievement-oriented behavior style;Type B is able to feel good about oneself both when one is producing or not.Type A can sustain the pressures of intense productivity pressures better than Type B, but thinking a Type B can help one face setbacks.8.Being in tune with pop culture can help you establish personal relationships and manage your career more effectively.II.vocabulary 1.conventional 2.intoxicated 3.imperative 4.frenzy 5.scenario 6.temporary

III.Phrases 1.in tune with 2.identified with 3.not so much/ as 4.attach to 5.hold back

IV.Error detection and correction 1.The new tenant in the apartment was obviously both suspicious of and interested in his neighbors.2.The changes that have taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.3.A break in their employment，or a decision to work part time，will slow their raises and promotions．

4.The distinguished biographer John Forster tried to afford his readers a view into Dickens‘s tormented soul by recounting the novelist‘s marital problems.5.Around 40 percent of the 4,000 people questioned admitted that they had lied about reading certain books just so they could join in conversation.6.Human society has demonstrated a persistent/insistent/consistent need to record and 7.enroll

8.vulnerable 9.rigorous 10.embarked interpret the lives of real people: to celebrate their achievements, and also to explore their personalities 7.Dad never tried to be funny.He made you laugh because he tried so hard not to.8.Life here is not so much different from in the United States as it is slower-paced, lived with more style and more grace.9.Provence cannot be bottled or shipped home.It has to be lived, one day at a time, doing so little and enjoying it so much.10.Some years after marriage, a couple would rather maintain a minimum distance of three feet between themselves than occasionally hold hands as they did in their youth.V.Cloze

1.worshipping 2.friends 3.deferential 4.privilege 5.tolerance 6.narcissistic 7.personal 8.feet 9.on 10.demand

11.implications

12.than 13.closer 14.communicate 15.debt

參考譯文：

如何使你的職業(yè)免受經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的沖擊

你的職業(yè)經(jīng)受得住經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的沖擊嗎？

事實上，我談?wù)摰牟⒉皇悄隳壳奥殬I(yè)的穩(wěn)定性，因為現(xiàn)在沒有牢靠的職業(yè)。即使在經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的時候，企業(yè)為了提高效率和競爭力也經(jīng)常重組和裁員。而經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)的衰退前景只會加快變化的速度---因此，必須更加謹(jǐn)慎地規(guī)劃自己的職業(yè)業(yè)。

如今，不管我們在職場從事的是什么工作，我們都只是臨時工。不管我們是傳統(tǒng)的專職工、還是零散工、合同工、或自由職業(yè)者，我們都生活和工作在一個―臨時世界‖ 之內(nèi)。在這個世界里，一切都轉(zhuǎn)變的很快，沒有永久不變的東西。無論是你的工作地點，你從事的工作還是你的技能以及你的工作伙伴，一切都在變化當(dāng)中。

在這樣飛速變化的世界里，任何工作都沒有安全保障。但是你可以學(xué)習(xí)一些

（方芳譯）

技能來更有效地規(guī)劃自己的事業(yè)，使自己免受變化和經(jīng)濟(jì)震蕩的影響。也就是說，你需要成為一名職業(yè)積極行動者。

這意味著你要從紛繁的日常事務(wù)中抽身出來，認(rèn)真反思你正在從事的工作，你做這件事的原因，以及它是否符合你的和長短期目標(biāo)。也就是對你的事業(yè)作一個長遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃。

面對充滿變數(shù)的臨時世界，你需要對新的職業(yè)趨勢采取針對性的應(yīng)對策略，來保衛(wèi)你的事業(yè)免受經(jīng)濟(jì)危機的影響。以下幾條建議可以幫助職業(yè)積極行動者更好地應(yīng)對未來的經(jīng)濟(jì)前景：

1.確保你適應(yīng)雇傭的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

如果某一天你失去了主要收入來源，那你能找到替代的收入渠道嗎？要做到這一點，你必須估算一下你的技能的通用性（不僅要依據(jù)你當(dāng)前雇主的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也要參照更廣泛的產(chǎn)業(yè)和專業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。）

首先描述一下你在過去六個月中所學(xué)到的某個重要技能，再預(yù)測一下未來六個月里你打算學(xué)習(xí)的技能。積極地學(xué)習(xí)，追尋發(fā)展機遇，包括那些你傾注全力才能得到的機會。你學(xué)的越多，你的選擇就越多。

要保障自己當(dāng)前和未來的事業(yè)，最重要的是確保自己有多種選擇。不要因為缺乏某種技能（我在這家公司已經(jīng)工作這么長時間了，我不可能會做別的工作），或是因害怕變化而退縮。

我經(jīng)常遇到有些人在本公司工作的挺不錯，但卻缺乏應(yīng)對變化的能力。因為他們已經(jīng)認(rèn)同了本公司或行業(yè)的經(jīng)營方式，認(rèn)為他們的技能很難適用于其它商業(yè)環(huán)境。要權(quán)衡你自己與社會標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和企業(yè)內(nèi)部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的差距。企業(yè)聯(lián)合會和網(wǎng)絡(luò)都會對你有所幫助。

2.給自己留一條退路

人力資源部經(jīng)理卡羅爾·K為一家大型公共事業(yè)公司工作。預(yù)料到自己的工作會受到管理制度變化的影響，因此目前正在攻讀另類糾紛調(diào)解方面的文憑。―我知道我的工作很不穩(wěn)定，‖ 她說，―這么一來，就算情況再糟，我也能掛牌營業(yè)，當(dāng)一名糾紛調(diào)解員。‖

別把蛋放在一個籃子里。如果你將自己的發(fā)展限制在某一特定領(lǐng)域或部門，那你也限制了自己的機會。當(dāng)今社會重要的是要擁有多重選擇、多重途徑、多重角色。比如說，如果你只把自己看成是個員工，而不明白你的技能對于不同部門、不同行業(yè)的不同類型的雇傭關(guān)系有何作用，那你的職業(yè)選擇就相當(dāng)局限了。

給自己留一條退路意味著即使你寧愿當(dāng)個專職雇員，你也不妨把自己當(dāng)成個出售技能的合同工、自由職業(yè)咨詢顧問，或者是個小業(yè)主。換句話說，重新定義你工作的方式，以及你與有可能購買你技能和知識的買主的關(guān)系，從而確保將來能達(dá)到被雇傭的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這意味著發(fā)展一種新的思維模式。

3.了解你的主要技能

我們都聽說過，未來我們會同時從事五到七種職業(yè)。當(dāng)我在工廠提到這個時，很多人覺得震驚。他們認(rèn)為這意味著他們無足輕重，沒有長遠(yuǎn)價值了，而且每隔幾年就注定要自我淘汰一次。他們害怕會被不時要求重塑自我。

確實，與其說大部分人能從事完全不同的工作（建筑師變成農(nóng)藝師），不如說，他們是以全新的方式重新規(guī)劃現(xiàn)有的技能和經(jīng)驗（建筑師/園藝愛好者開始設(shè)計和建造溫室，并投入商業(yè)用途）。

了解你的潛在或核心技能。這些技能就像孩子的積木一樣，你在職業(yè)生涯中可以對之不斷重新組合，其構(gòu)成效果可能稍有不同。確定你的專長和主要技能需要嚴(yán)格的自我評估。問問自己有什么看家本領(lǐng)。

你的工作定位不應(yīng)依托于你的工作，要看看你能做什么，而不僅僅根據(jù)你的職位定義你的工作性質(zhì)。把自己看成是獨家技能和能力的主人，而這些技能可以被應(yīng)用于各種工作和項目。

4.為自己能勝任的領(lǐng)域作準(zhǔn)備

在全球市場上，工作的轉(zhuǎn)變就像股市變幻一樣迅速。當(dāng)前最熱門的工作將來可能就過時。有些人聽人鼓吹說目前嚴(yán)重缺乏信息技術(shù)人員，擔(dān)心自己不合雇傭條件，也去報名參加信息技術(shù)課程。如果你熱愛計算機，那這項工作選的不錯，但不要僅僅因為你認(rèn)為那是熱門職業(yè)就去從事那份工作，即使你能得到相關(guān)工作，它也不一定適合你技能的發(fā)揮。先評估一下你自己的專長和愛好，然后再到就業(yè)市場上尋找最適合自己的位置。

不要為具體的工作作準(zhǔn)備，而要確定你想從事的工作領(lǐng)域，像軟件設(shè)計或市場分析類的技術(shù)部門還是像團(tuán)隊建設(shè)、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)腦力工作者或公關(guān)建設(shè)類的非技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。

5.推銷！推銷！推銷！

在新的工作崗位上，人們必須展示極高的技能水平，同時還要能推銷自己，以備將來---密切注意下一個工作任務(wù)，并為此做好準(zhǔn)備。

推銷自己并不是沒完沒了地向全世界展示自己一連串的證書和成就，而是讓 25 其他的關(guān)鍵人物了解你的主要技能及其價值。你應(yīng)該讓潛在客戶了解你的主要成就以及你如何運用這些成就滿足他們的要求。你應(yīng)該在自己的行業(yè)內(nèi)外建立和維持一個活躍的人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

你要深思熟慮，不斷構(gòu)建你的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，也就是要建立一個―信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)，‖而不僅僅是在商業(yè)或社交會議上交換名片或電郵地址。好的人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)是―聯(lián)網(wǎng)的‖。它們的涵蓋面廣，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出自己的行業(yè)邊界。會構(gòu)建這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)的人與會辦事的人培養(yǎng)感情關(guān)系。他們知道找誰了解情況，找誰推薦，或找誰能得到美差。

如果不習(xí)慣面對面的網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際，你可以用點別的辦法。你可以給一些商業(yè)雜志寫文章，在專業(yè)會議上發(fā)言，建立自己的網(wǎng)頁，或主持一個專業(yè)會議，從而讓人們知道你是某一領(lǐng)域的專家。當(dāng)今的商業(yè)環(huán)境過度緊張，能給繁忙的潛在客戶提供確實的信息，要比僅僅向他們―夸夸其談‖好得多。

要和人們建立長期的關(guān)系。我們會在不同的雇主之間奔波，你們很可能發(fā)現(xiàn)自己轉(zhuǎn)而又在為以前的雇主工作，所以要把每個共事者（無論是老板、同事、顧客，還是供應(yīng)商）都當(dāng)成潛在的客戶。

6.像A型人那樣行動，像B型人那樣思考

A型人追求成就的行為模式，曾經(jīng)是我們社會上成功的典范。在當(dāng)今的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境中，人們?nèi)匀粯O其渴望像A型人一樣具備高度的目標(biāo)感、責(zé)任感、毅力和強烈的上進(jìn)心。

無論工作有沒有成效，無論成績有沒有得到認(rèn)可，B型人總是自我感覺良好。也就是說，我們要培養(yǎng)一種不受制于成就和成績的自我感覺。

沉迷于工作的A型人要比更為放松的B型人更能承受強烈的工作壓力。所以，我們應(yīng)像A型人那樣行動。

但同時，我們的工作環(huán)境比以前的更加辛苦。我們得不到以前那樣的回報、表揚和積極的反饋，因為每個人都很忙。另外，有的時候，我們可能會失業(yè)，這樣就失去了自我表現(xiàn)的機會。這對A型人來說非常糟糕，因為他們的自我評價完全取決于他們的表現(xiàn)和成就。

所以，我們還得像B型人那樣思考。7.培養(yǎng)情感上的調(diào)適能力

在―臨時世界‖里，你必須經(jīng)得住失望的折磨，盡力應(yīng)付緊張的局面，沉著地應(yīng)對壓力。你要自我調(diào)節(jié)，既能面對成功，也能應(yīng)對失敗。不要因為失敗而崩潰，你必須從挫折中學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗以利將來。成功者誠實地看待失敗，不斷反思，但他們 26 從不沮喪。

8.跟上文化潮流

我常常感到吃驚的是，很多資深商務(wù)和專業(yè)人士在文化上卻是目光短淺。面對復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和人口的全球環(huán)境，關(guān)鍵是要跟得上那些影響我們工作環(huán)境和背景的文化大潮。

應(yīng)該閱讀專業(yè)范圍以外的東西。這意味著，無論是書評、國際商務(wù)雜志，還是與社會總趨勢有關(guān)的紀(jì)實文學(xué)，都要廣泛閱讀。要鉆研兼收并蓄的期刊和報紙或參加網(wǎng)上討論小組。關(guān)注流行文化，了解不同經(jīng)濟(jì)部門和人口群體的觀點。世界大事和文化事件都會直接影響你的工作。

要盡力從上述渠道中搜集那些能夠影響你的工作的重要動向、可能的技術(shù)應(yīng)用新趨勢、競爭對手以及大眾的習(xí)慣走向。公眾觀點從來沒有像現(xiàn)在這樣在日常的政治和商務(wù)決策中起到如此重要的作用。

有時候，老年人告訴我們他們因為年齡受到歧視。這種情況確實存在，但我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們有些人確實跟不上時代潮流。與時代思潮保持一致有助于你建立人際關(guān)系和更有效地開展業(yè)務(wù)。

Text B The Roots of My Ambition

Key to Exercises Reading Comprehension 1.Be ambitious and never give up.2.Russell‘s mother quoted the example of Edwin to show how far a man could go without much talent.She said this to encourage her son.3.He was most interested in reading newspapers.4.When I was employed by the Baltimore Sun and complained about the wages, mum encouraged me by saying ―If you work hard at this job, maybe you can make something of it.Then they‘ll have to give you a raise.‖;When I was sent to cover the White House and puffed up, mum said, ―Well, Russ, if you work hard at this White House job, you might be able to make something of yourself.‖ She always tried to keep me motivated.5.The new age exalted love, self-gratification and passive Asian philosophies that aimed at helping people resign themselves to the status quo.Much of this seemed preposterous to me.6.She might have put too much emphasis on money and position.7.He didn‘t think much of their lifestyle but he gradually accepted it as a different path to success.8.(open)

參考譯文

我的自強之源

我的母親現(xiàn)已離開人世，但仍不時浮現(xiàn)在我心中。她有時天還未亮就把我叫醒，―如果有什么東西我不能容忍，那就是畏難而退的人?！?/p>

我一生中不斷聽到她說這句話。現(xiàn)在，躺在床上，在黑暗中慢慢醒來，想重回夢鄉(xiāng)而不愿面對嶄新的一天，我感覺到了她正在怒氣沖沖的與我體內(nèi)那個沒出息的懶漢作斗爭。

我默默地抗議：我不再是個孩子了。我已經(jīng)混出了點名堂，我完全可以睡會兒懶覺。

―羅素，你一點上進(jìn)心都沒有，簡直像個呆頭呆腦的傻瓜。‖ 自從我還是個穿短褲的孩子時，她就用這些話激勵著我前進(jìn)。―你要干出點名堂！‖ ―不要畏難而退！‖ ―要有點志氣，孩子。‖

我心里的那個―文明人‖嘲笑實利主義和那些追求成功的人。―他‖讀過哲學(xué)家和社會評論家的書，認(rèn)為把一生花在追求金錢、權(quán)利和名聲上是庸俗的、無價值的，就在這時母親的話似乎又在耳邊響起---―有時你的表現(xiàn)簡直讓人覺得連拿子彈把你槍斃掉都嫌浪費?！?/p>

外祖父死后除了債務(wù)外什么也沒留下，所以母親的日子一直很艱難。家里的房子沒有了，兄弟姐妹各奔東西，而外祖母又染上了致命的肺病，情緒沮喪，一心想要自殺，最后被送到了瘋?cè)嗽?。母親那時候剛上大學(xué)，卻不得不輟學(xué)找工作。

結(jié)婚五年，生了三個小孩之后，丈夫于1930年死去，留下她一貧如洗，不得不把襁褓中的奧得麗送給別人收養(yǎng)。她做過的最勇敢的事可能就是把只有十個月大的奧得麗送給湯姆叔叔和戈爾迪嬸嬸。湯姆叔叔是我父親的兄弟，在鐵路上有份好工作，能使奧得麗過上舒適的日子。

母親帶著我和另一個妹妹到新澤西州投奔艾倫舅舅，成了靠別人救濟(jì)的窮親戚。最終，她在一家洗衣店找到了工作---補輟雜貨店的工作服，一個星期十美元。

如果我長大之后成為總統(tǒng)或是富商，母親可能會更喜歡。但是，雖然她很愛我，她也不會騙自己。我還在上小學(xué)的時候，她就看出我缺乏賺大錢和贏得眾人擁戴的天賦。于是，她開始促使我對文字產(chǎn)生興趣。

文字天賦在她家世代相傳。從她的外祖父起，似乎就有一個文字基因代代傳承。他是個中學(xué)教師，女兒露莉會寫詩，兒子查理成為《巴爾的摩先驅(qū)報》駐紐約記者。那是正值新舊世紀(jì)之交，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后的美國南方仍然貧困，文字工作倒是條出路。

最明顯的例子就是母親的大表兄埃德溫，他是《紐約時報》的總編，并且曾去過歐洲各地，這足以證明文字的魅力。它可以將你從弗吉尼亞州的窮縣僻壤送到那樣遙遠(yuǎn)光輝的地方，讓你的親戚又驚又羨，目瞪口呆。因此，我母親常以埃德溫為例，說明一個人即使天分不高也可以前程遠(yuǎn)大。

―埃德溫·詹姆士并不比別人聰明，可是你看看他如今的地位，‖母親一而再，再而三的說。結(jié)果我長大之后，竟把埃德溫看成個交了好運的呆子。或許，她真的是那么看的，但她的話其實另有深意。她是在告訴我：達(dá)到埃德溫的地位，不必特別聰明，要想攀上頂峰，秘訣就是：努力，努力，努力！

當(dāng)母親看出我可能有文字天賦時，便開始著意栽培。盡管窮的要命，她仍給我訂了一套《世界文學(xué)名著》，每本39美分，每月一本。

我尊敬那些偉大的作家，但更喜歡讀報紙。我貪婪地讀著報上每一個字---恐怖的犯罪行為、可怕的事故以及發(fā)生在遙遠(yuǎn)戰(zhàn)場的野蠻屠殺。我對有關(guān)殺人犯死在電椅上的描述很感興趣，甚至還十分留意死囚們點的快餐。

1947年，我從約翰·霍普金斯大學(xué)畢業(yè)，得知《巴爾的摩太陽報》需要一名采訪警方新聞的記者。我有兩三個大學(xué)同班同學(xué)也在申請這份工作，而為什么選中了我至今仍是個迷。這工作提供的薪水是每周30美元，我抱怨說這對大學(xué)畢業(yè)生來說簡直是個侮辱，但我母親絲毫不同情我。

―要是你努力做事，‖ 她說，―也許你能會干出點名堂，那時他們就會給你加薪?！?/p>

七年后，《太陽報》派我報道白宮新聞。對于大多數(shù)記者而言，擔(dān)當(dāng)白宮記者不亞于一步登天。我才29歲，不由得沾沾自喜。我去跟母親講了這個事情，想看到她高興的樣子。其實，我早該明白我不該抱這樣的期望。

―好啊，羅斯，‖她說，―要是你把報道白宮的事干好，或許你能弄出些名堂?！?/p>

不斷前進(jìn)、不斷向上就是她設(shè)定的道路。不應(yīng)該憑借小小的成績驕傲自滿。停步不前、自我陶醉的人好景不常。即使攀上頂峰，你也最好不要松懈。―爬的越高，跌的越重‖是她最喜歡的格言之一。

剛投身報界的頭幾年，我懷有一個充滿孩子氣的荒誕想法，想給表叔埃德溫來個―回敬‖。要是我成為個著名記者，連《紐約時報》都來聘請我，卻不知道我和偉大的埃德溫是親戚，豈不樂哉？要是埃德溫本人把我請進(jìn)他的大辦公室，說，―小伙子，談?wù)勀愕膫€人情況，‖豈不妙哉？當(dāng)我回答，―我就是你的窮表妹露西·伊麗莎白·羅賓遜的獨生子，‖豈不快哉？

一天，事情的發(fā)展竟然完全超出我那孩子氣的最荒唐的幻想?！都~約時報》真的來叩門了，但當(dāng)我去應(yīng)聘時，表叔埃德溫已經(jīng)離開了報社。最后，報社請我在上面開辟一個專欄，這在美國新聞界乃是最引人注目的目標(biāo)之一。

它不是一個傳播新聞的專欄，而是作家用不同的文學(xué)形式（隨筆、諷刺、打油詩，有時甚至是小說）評論時事的專欄。這證明了母親早年對我文學(xué)天賦的判斷和引導(dǎo)是十分正確的。

這個專欄獲得了各種應(yīng)得的獎勵，包括1979年的普利策獎。但母親永遠(yuǎn)都不會知道了，因為前一年，她的腦循環(huán)系統(tǒng)出了問題，住進(jìn)了療養(yǎng)院，從此和社會生活斷了聯(lián)系。

我只能猜測母親得知我獲得普利策獎的反應(yīng)。她一定會說，―干的不錯，孩子。說明你只要認(rèn)真做事，努力加油，總有一天你會混出點名堂的?！?/p>

終于，母親一再灌輸而我畢生身體力行的價值觀受到了攻擊。二十世紀(jì)六、七十年代，國內(nèi)意見分化嚴(yán)重。那些承認(rèn)想有所作為的人被看成是―功利主義者，‖ 因為他們把生命浪費在無休無止的瘋狂競爭當(dāng)中。―進(jìn)取‖一詞從語言中消失了。

一開始，我試圖順應(yīng)新時代的潮流，決定不像母親當(dāng)年那樣，用陳腐的要求來激勵我的孩子們，要他們有所作為。

新時代強調(diào)愛、自足和消極的亞洲哲學(xué)。這種哲學(xué)致力于勸導(dǎo)人們聽天由命、安于現(xiàn)狀?？墒瞧渲写蟛糠钟^點對我來說都是十分荒謬的，但我也承認(rèn)母親有可能會把我培養(yǎng)成一個粗俗的功利主義者（她的生活準(zhǔn)則中，一個不足之處是強調(diào)金錢和地位），因此我就把這些非正統(tǒng)的疑問藏在心底。

可是后來，認(rèn)識到我根本沒有激起孩子的進(jìn)取心，我終于爆發(fā)了。有一天吃晚飯的時候，我聽見自己大聲嚷嚷，―難道你們不想有所作為嗎？‖

孩子們看上去莫名其妙。有所作為？多奇怪的話。我看的出來他們在想：爸爸不是真的生氣，都是他飯前喝的那幾杯馬蒂尼酒在作怪。

我這樣嚷嚷并不是因為酒，而是因為母親。酒不過給了我勇氣向他們宣布。是的，上帝作證，我一直相信成功，一直相信沒有苦干和自律，一個人休想有何作為，因為他不配！

事態(tài)隨后的發(fā)展表明：孩子們糟糕的成績單并不預(yù)示著他們是失敗者。他們只是不愿按照常人的做法亦步亦趨，我本應(yīng)為此而高興?，F(xiàn)在，他們已經(jīng)長大成人，有了自己的孩子，我們相親相愛，相聚時非常愉快。

家庭都是這樣：我們繼承老一輩的傳統(tǒng)，留給子女傳之將來。這使得先人在去世之后人仍長久地活在我們心中。

―如果有什么東西我不能容忍，那就是畏難而退的人?！?上帝啊，我仍聽見她在說話。

Key to translation exercise:

1.The ceaseless emergence and ceaseless resolution of contradictions constitute the dialectical law of the development of things.2.1967年聯(lián)合國文件要求在以色列撤出所占領(lǐng)的土地以及阿拉伯承認(rèn)以色列的生存權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)上來解決中東沖突。

3.侵略有多種方式：單方面廢除條約與國際義務(wù)，干涉別國內(nèi)政，威脅弱小鄰國，強迫實行不平等，公然入侵別國領(lǐng)土瓜分別國，征服殖民地民族，否認(rèn)自決權(quán)以及基本人權(quán)。

4.海鷗善于飛行。它們可以連續(xù)飛很遠(yuǎn)。能從一個國家的一端飛到另一端，此間只需偶爾短暫休息一下。海鷗也善于滑翔。它們仿佛在高空中沿著無形的滑道輕松滑翔。海鷗還善于游泳。海鷗長著腳蹼一—腳爪間相連的小塊皮膚一—游泳時就是小小的漿。海鷗還善于浮水，它們可以像木塊那樣浮在水上。這對海鷗非常有用，因為在漫長的越洋飛行中，它們可以落到水面上小憩一下。

5.For many people in small towns and villages, the death of someone known to them or the installation of traffic lights at a busy street corner nearby can sometimes attract their attention more than a disaster far away in another country.That‘s why British local newspapers almost have as large a circulation as its national counterparts.The local newspapers often make no comment on problems of national importance and editors rarely hold with sides on political affairs.But they can often be of service to the community in expressing the public‘s feeling on local issues.32

Unit Three Text A Lies

Introductory Remarks People usually have very negative views regarding lies.Liars are frequently criticized, even cursed.Yet this passage exemplifies a different perspective, one which cruelly reveals the fact that everyone tells lies and that lies are indispensable for happiness, perhaps even our very survival.According to the author, lies are consoling elements that can soothe dying patients and help consolidate the requirements of a society.Lies make us feel superior to other species and disguise our mortal doom.Religions abound with myths and tales, which are basically lies that provide human beings with a sense of safety.People need big lies, though they are occasionally taken advantage of, because lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd.Text-related Information 1.Pablo Picasso:(October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973)an Andalusian-Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor.As one of the most recognized figures in twentieth-century art, he is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work.Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon(1907)and his depiction of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War, Guernica(1937).2.Crucifixion: an ancient method of execution, whereby the condemned person is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross(of various shapes)and left to hang until death.3.Immaculate conception: according to Roman Catholic dogma, the conception of Mary, the mother of Jesus without any stain of original sin.The dogma thus says that, from the first moment of her existence, she was preserved by God from the lack of sanctifying grace that afflicts mankind, and that she was instead filled with

divine grace.It is further believed that she lived a life completely free from sin 4.the Flood: also known as the Deluge.The cause of this judgment was the corruption and violence that filled the earth in the ninth generation from Adam.God in righteous indignation determined to purge the earth of the ungodly.5.Resurrection: Christianity uses the term to refer to God's resurrection of Jesus.The resurrection of Jesus is the central doctrine in Christianity.The entire Christian faith hinges upon the centrality of the resurrection of Jesus on the third day, and the hope for a life after our own death.Christians annually celebrate the resurrection of Jesus at Easter time as well as weekly by holding services on Sunday(the day of the week of Jesus' resurrection)or Lord's Day.6.Reincarnation: literally ”to be made flesh again“, is a doctrine or metaphysical belief that some essential part of a living being(in some variations only human beings)survives death to be reborn in a new body.7.Andrew Greeley:(born February 5, 1928 in Oak Park, Illinois, to Andrew and Grace Greeley)is an Irish-American Roman Catholic priest, sociologist, journalist and best selling author.He has given numerous interviews on both radio and television.Greeley is also Professor of Sociology at the University of Arizona and is a Research Associate with the National Opinion Research Center(NORC)at the University of Chicago.He also writes a weekly column for the Chicago Sun-Times and contributes regularly to The New York Times, the National Catholic Reporter, America, and Commonweal.8.Adolf Hitler:(20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945)was an Austrian-born German politician who led the National Socialist German Workers Party, more commonly known as the Nazi Party.He was Chancellor of Germany(1933–1945)and Führer und Reichskanzler of Germany(1934–1945).Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I who achieved leadership of the Nazi Party in Weimar Germany.Following his imprisonment after a failed coup, he gained support by promoting nationalism, antisemitism and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and

propaganda.The Nazis executed or assassinated many of their opponents, restructured the state economy, rearmed the armed forces and established a totalitarian and fascist dictatorship.Hitler pursued a foreign policy with the declared goal of seizing Lebensraum(”living space“).The German invasion of Poland in 1939 caused the British and French Empires to declare war on Germany, leading to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.The Axis Powers occupied most of continental Europe and parts of Asia and Africa.Eventually the Allies defeated the Wehrmacht and Schutzstaffel(SS).By 1945, Germany was in ruins.Hitler's bid for territorial conquest and racial subjugation caused the deaths of 43 million people, including the systematic genocide of an estimated six million Jews, not including various additional ”undesirable" populations, in what is known as the Holocaust.During the final days of the war in 1945, as Berlin was being invaded by the Red Army, Hitler married Eva Braun.Less than 24 hours later, the two committed suicide in the Führerbunker.9.Jews: A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.The Jewish people and the religion of Judaism are strongly interrelated, and converts to Judaism have been absorbed into the Jewish community throughout the millennia.10.Gypsies: members of a wandering race(by themselves called Romany), of Hindu origin, which first appeared in England about the beginning of the 16th century and was then believed to have come from Egypt.11.Alchemy: a part of the Occult Tradition, is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as possessing unusual properties.The practical aspect of alchemy generated the basics of inorganic chemistry, namely concerning procedures, equipment and the identification and use of many current substances.35

Language Points 1.You may not want to tell your very ill parent or relative or young child that he or she is terminally ill and will die a painful death.You will feel reluctant to tell someone, maybe your parent or relative or young child, the truth that they are suffering from a mortal disease and will die painfully.terminally: adv.A terminal illness or disease causes death, often slowly, and cannot be cured.e.g.He was eventually diagnosed as suffering from terminal cancer.2.Governments lie quite frequently to stay in power by persuading people that their needs and desires are being attended to and that they are safe.Governments often tell lies about how people‘s needs and requirements are fulfilled and how their lives are free from danger in order to maintain their dominance over the public.3.“Art is a lie that tells the truth”

A famous quote from Spanish painter Picasso, which implies that art itself is not real, but it discloses some truth about the world.4.Historians select the information that they can fit into their scheme of history.They never have the whole story so they construct one.Historians do not know every detail of historical events, so they make up some historical facts according to their own understanding and preferences.5.Do you want to know that there is no life after death? That this brief, often perplexing journey on earth is all there is? Do you want to know that death is the end of one‘s life? And that death will put an end to your short and often troublesome life once and for all(i.e.no Resurrection)?

perplex: v.If something perplexes you, it confuses and worries you because you do not understand it or because it causes you difficulty.e.g.It perplexed him because he was tackling it the wrong way.6.…that there are no biological differences that point to the superiority(or inferiority)of any group of people anywhere and that we share 99% of the DNA of chimpanzees? No one group of people is superior or inferior to any other group biologically and human beings are similar to chimpanzees in terms of DNA.superiority: n.If one thing or person is superior to another, the first is better than the second.e.g.The technical superiority of laser discs over tape is well established.inferiority: n.Something that is inferior is not as good as something else.e.g.I found it difficult to shake off a sense of social inferiority.7.We know which lies and which “truths” to transmit in order to maintain the kind of society the people in power(and many of its citizens)want and need.We share only the kinds of lies and truths that socially beneficial, that is, necessary and desired by the ruling class and its citizens.transmit: v.convey.If you transmit an idea or feeling to someone else, you make them understand and share the idea or feeling.e.g.He transmitted his keen enjoyment of singing to the audience.8.Because we need our lies to mask our fear and anxiety about life and death… Because we deliberately use lies to conceal our fear and anxiety about life and death…

mask: v.If you mask your feelings, you deliberately do not show them in your behavior, so that people cannot know what you really feel.Conceal, hide.37 e.g.Dena lit a cigarette, trying to mask her agitation.9.We play the part(s)required by our institutions in order to maintain order, stability and predictability;we participate actively in our own deception!We act in accordance with the requirements of our society so as to keep it orderly, stable and under control.We are conscious of our lies when we use them for such purpose.predictability: noun form of predictable.If you say that an event is predictable, you mean that it is obvious in advance of its occurrence.e.g.This was a predictable reaction, given the bitter hostility between the two countries.10.Security is the result of a social order that has clearly defined rules and rituals and a corpus of necessary lies transmitted from generation to generation that maintain that society.Social safety is derived from the detailed principles, conventions and a collection of lies that are embraced by every generation.corpus: n.A corpus is a large collection of written or spoken texts, usually used for language research.pl.corpora or corpuses

11.It is the price we pay for our sanity and safety.We live in a world of lies in exchange for a sensible and safe life.sanity: n.If there is sanity in a situation or activity, there is a purpose and a regular pattern, rather than confusion, worry and chaos.e.g.Rafsanjani has been considering various ways of introducing some sanity into the currency market.12.Religion offers security in the form of a god or gods who created the world

and who guides and protects man if he does what he is told to do, if not, he will be punished by famine, flood, pestilence, failure in life, or an eternity in some kind of Hell.Religion employs a god or gods and assigns them the role of initiating the world.Further, these [deities] direct and protect obedient man.If man doesn‘t obey, he will suffer certain disasters.pestilence: n.Pestilence is any disease that spreads quickly and kills large numbers of people.eternity: n.Eternity is time without an end or a state of existence outside time, especially the state which some people believe they will pass into after they have died.e.g.I have always found the thought of eternity terrifying.13.Myths and tales abound in all religions that explain man, the world and god.Each religion contains many myths and tales that tell stories about man, the world and god.14.If you say the right prayers in the right way and at the right time and in the right place, you have a good chance of being protected by the omnipotent god or gods and of getting what it is you wish in life.If you pray appropriately, you will be protected by a powerful force and receive the very things you want.omnipotent: n.Someone or something that is omnipotent has complete power over things or people.All-powerful.e.g.Doug lived in the shadow of his seemingly omnipotent father.15.God was constructed out of mankind?s need for hope, for purpose, for meaning: an invisible protector and conscientious father.Human beings need hope, purpose and meaning in life, so God was created to serve the role of a protector and father, who cannot be seen, yet is responsible.39

invisible: a.If you describe something as invisible, you mean that it cannot be seen, for example because it is transparent, hidden, or very small.e.g.The lines were so finely etched as to be invisible from a distance.16.But it is illusion, make believe;there are no gods, just man in nature.But it is just an illusion, a product of our imagination.The truth is that there are no gods, only human beings in the natural world.17.We cannot bear the truth that we are the progeny of thousands of generations of evolution-the result of the random distribution of genetic material that equips us to survive for a time.We will not accept the truth that we are randomly formed by the process of evolution.Confined by our biological nature, we only live temporarily.progeny: n.You can refer to a person's children or to an animal's young as their progeny.(FORMAL)e.g.Davis was never loquacious on the subject of his progeny.18.Such facts deprive us of the illusion of being special, the chosen rulers of the world so we replace them with encouraging lies.We employ encouraging lies to cover the fact that we are not superior to other species and that we are not the chosen citizens of God.19.But the story of evolution is not as dramatic as the intriguing myths about death and resurrection or reincarnation or wonderful visits to Heaven where one meets his God and lives a wonderful life, pain-free, worry-free forever.Compared to the theories of evolution, the stories of religions are more vivid and appealing.These stories elaborate how one dies and comes to life again, goes to heaven to meet God, and thereby lives a life free from pain and worry.40 intrigue: v.If something, especially something strange, intrigues you, it interests you and you want to know more about it.Fascinate.e.g.The novelty of the situation intrigued him.20.…that Catholics like their heritage because it “has great stories.” Stories embody psychological truths and wishes that reassure us…

The religion-believers like the religious stories because they seem to express the psychological truths and wishes that comfort us…

reassure: v.If you reassure someone, you say or do things to make them stop worrying about something.e.g.I tried to reassure her, `Don't worry about it.We won't let it happen again.'...She just reassured me that everything was fine.21.Most people want something more consoling than such facts.Mankind must have lies-the bigger the better.Most people prefer lies that soften cruel facts.This is why people need lies.The bigger the lie the larger its potential audience.console: v.If you console someone who is unhappy about something, you try to make them feel more cheerful.e.g.Often they cry, and I have to play the role of a mother, consoling them.22.Lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd.We use lies to conceal such truths as our inevitable death, our shortcomings, our fears, anxieties, and feelings of loneliness,(though outwardly), we present a gregarious demeanor.disguise: v.To disguise something means to hide it or make it appear different so that people will not know about it or will not recognize it.e.g.He made no attempt to disguise his agitation.41 Key to exercises I.Reading Comprehension

1.All kinds of lies: little lies, big lies, necessary lies, in order to insure social and psychological peace and comfort.2.Human beings are biologically similar to chimpanzees.Therefore, we are not superior to other species.3.Lies comprise our ―reality‖.We consciously choose lies over reality in order to keep our worlds ordered.4.Religion offers human minds security in the form of god or gods, myths and tales.5.Because myths and tales are more vivid and appealing while the truth is cruel.6.Without religion, magic, and the arts man would be in constant fear and anxiety regarding the purpose of his existence and what will happen when he dies.7.Hitler and other tyrants told ―big lies‖ to create their own ―truths‖ about German Aryan supremacy over Jews, Gypsies and others.Bigger lies, sensational lies, are more difficult to doubt.8.Open.II.Vocabulary

1.mask 2.embodying 3.shield 4.agonizing 5.manipulating 6.disguise 7.perplexed 8.permeates 9.enchanted 10.consoled

III.Phrases 1.adjusting to 2.gained an advantage over 3.yearning for 4.abound in 5.deprived of 6.by chance 7.points to 8.attend to

IV.Error Correction 1.Considering the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources that are poured into space exploration.2.Problem solving is a useful in obtaining happiness, but if you know that, given your inability to resolve a particular concern, you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent.3.Knowledge of several languages is essential when studying other majors because without it one can only read books in translation.

4.There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media.One might reasonably wonder what‘s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.5.People with gray hair are often given discounts without even asking for them；yet，millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent.V.Cloze:(1)funerals(2)yielded to(3)condolence(4)deceased(5)insisted on(6)abrupt(7)turn out(8)tempting to(9)survivors 43(10)makes sense(11)lie in(12)omnipotence(13)wakes up(14)attend to(15)outgrow

參考譯文

謊言

你也許覺得這個標(biāo)題很怪，但我希望這篇文章能使你明白這個標(biāo)題其實不怪。所有的人都時而說謊――小慌，大慌，善意的慌言，為確保社會安寧和心情舒暢非說不可的慌。你也許不愿對身患重病的父母、親戚或小孩講真話，告訴他（她）得了不治之癥，會痛苦地死去。你也許為了顧全面子或者在交際中占上風(fēng)，對朋友撒謊。商人在貨物的價格和質(zhì)量上說瞎話蒙騙顧客。推銷員為了說服人們買下興許不需要的東西而扯謊。政府為了維護(hù)統(tǒng)治，要使老百姓相信他們的需求正在得到關(guān)注、生活安定，而三天兩頭講假話。藝術(shù)家們同意畢加索的說法：―藝術(shù)是揭示真理的謊言。‖歷史學(xué)家挑選能編進(jìn)符合他們歷史觀的資料，如果完整的資料無法弄到，便憑空編造。

你是否想知道自己的癌癥正在迅速擴散，在劇痛折磨下最多只能再活半年？你如何改變這處境？你又能夠做些什么呢？你是否想知道死后生命不復(fù)存在？想知道這往往繁復(fù)而短暫的世途便是人生的一切嗎？你是否想知道科學(xué)與歷史的事實常因某種意圖而被篡改或無視嗎？你是否真想知道沒有任何生理差異能夠表明什么地方的什么民族優(yōu)于（劣于）其他民族嗎？你是否真的想知道人類的DNA有99％和黑猩猩相同嗎？你是否想知道政府和企業(yè)操縱經(jīng)濟(jì)以維持各階層之間的不公平？

我們都十分明白應(yīng)該傳播哪些謊言和哪些―事實‖，以維持執(zhí)政者（以及許多市民們）所企望和需求的社會。我們在自己的才智、外貌、做或不做某事的動機等等方面說謊。既然謊話、真話或事實都不是絕對的，所以很容易將它們加工，塑造成合乎我們對現(xiàn)實和真實看法的東西。

我們不說謊就無法生存。謊言指導(dǎo)我們的日常思想和行動，構(gòu)成我們的―現(xiàn)實‖。那么，為什么我們就不能實話實說呢？這是因為我們需要用謊言掩飾我們對生死，對許許多多我們不能理解、不能控制事物的恐懼和焦慮。我們像是社會訓(xùn)練成的好演員，為了維持社會的秩序、穩(wěn)定和前瞻性，扮演社會機構(gòu)分配給我們的各種角色；我們是在積極地參與自我欺騙！

有誰能長久生活在一個動蕩不定、難以預(yù)測的家庭或社會里？社會秩序，在它明確規(guī)定維持社會所必需的法制、禮節(jié)和代代相傳的那一套謊言以后，會給人以安全感。我們有必要相信，我們能夠信賴他人，我們能夠相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)料他人對我們的言行所作的反應(yīng)。因此我們遵從我們所屬群體的思想見解、價值觀念和行為方式，接受這個群體的謊言和事實。這是我們?yōu)樽约壕窠∪桶踩堤┒冻龅拇鷥r。我們不能接受這一無可爭辯的事實：我們必將死亡，永遠(yuǎn)消失，生命是偶然機遇的產(chǎn)物而已。

宗教則采用一神或多神的形式給人以安全感。這一神或多神創(chuàng)造了世界，人若遵其意旨行事，便會得到指引和庇護(hù)。反之則會受到饑荒、洪水、瘟疫、挫折或在地獄中無盡期受苦等懲罰。解釋人類、世界和神靈的神話故事充斥于每一種宗教。不管這個神被稱為耶穌基督、佛陀、穆罕默德，還是毗瑟挐，內(nèi)容總是如出一轍：你該這樣做人，你該這樣敬神，這樣才能確保你在這個兇險的世界上安康幸福。如果你在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤揭赃m當(dāng)?shù)姆绞竭M(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)钠矶\，你就大有希望得到全能的神或諸神的保佑，滿足生平的心愿。如若不然，就會……

每一種宗教都要求形式各異的捐獻(xiàn)和供奉，以充實其財力，保持其勢力。信徒們從出生時起就受到訓(xùn)導(dǎo)，對于父母、鄰居、牧師或薩滿教僧或拉比或毛拉要求他們相信的事物篤信并以其教授的方式篤信。比如基督降生和上十字架這樣的神話，圣母無沾成胎的神話，世界各地的神創(chuàng)造天地萬物的神話，洪水滅世的神話等，都對生命的起源與意義作了解釋。然而，這些都是謊言！人類出于對希望、意義、價值的需要而造出了神：一位冥冥之中的保護(hù)者和有良心的養(yǎng)育者。但這是幻覺，是虛假的。自然界中沒有神靈，只有人類。我們不能接受我們是經(jīng)歷千萬代進(jìn)化的生物的后代――使我們得以存活一時的遺傳物質(zhì)的偶然配合的產(chǎn)物。人類和黑猩猩的DNA99％以上相同！一切生命互相依存，相互聯(lián)系。這種種事實使我們自以為特殊、是上帝選定的世界統(tǒng)治者的錯誤觀念歸于幻滅，因此我們 45 以謊言替代事實，給自己打氣。

我們以為自己是唯一能夠思維和交流的生物，但實際上并非如此。一切生物為了生存――結(jié)成配偶，保護(hù)自身，獲取食物――都會交流思想。生存的基礎(chǔ)是自然選擇――生物適應(yīng)或改變環(huán)境的能力，不能適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的生物就會滅亡，被能夠適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的生物取而代之。這一過程根本不需要什么神靈。但是進(jìn)化論的描述不如宗教神話那樣激動人心。宗教神話令人神往地描述死亡復(fù)活、輪回轉(zhuǎn)世、在天堂里奇妙的游歷，和上帝會面，過上幸福生活，永無痛苦憂慮。這些故事富于感人的魅力。它們給人以希望，一條擺脫這個你爭我奪，一片混亂的真實世界的出路。我們迷醉在神話、環(huán)境和戲劇性事件之中。著名神父安德魯格里利說，天主教教徒喜歡天主教的精神遺產(chǎn)，因為其中―有好多美妙的故事‖。這些故事具體表達(dá)了心理真實和愿望，給我們安全感。而事實真相可能是令人心悸的。

然而，有這么一種對立的說法：假如沒有宗教、巫術(shù)、法道，人類就會陷入無窮無盡的恐懼和焦慮之中：他為什么在這兒？死后會發(fā)生什么事情？宗教故事使人類不至于看到真相：他之所以在這兒完全是出于偶然，是數(shù)億個精子中的一個進(jìn)入卵子的偶發(fā)事件。為什么在此刻進(jìn)入這個卵子的是這粒精子？純屬偶然。但大多數(shù)人希望能有比這些事實更令人欣慰的說法。人類就是要有謊言――越大越好。越大就越不容易遭到懷疑；誰會相信竟然會有制造這樣彌天大謊的人嗎？希特勒那幫專制暴君深明此理。他們?nèi)鱿篓D彌天大謊‖，編造了所謂德國雅利安人比猶太人、吉普賽人以及其他民族優(yōu)越的―事實‖。它一度奏效。人類一向相信各色各樣的謊言和錯誤觀念：巫術(shù)，飛碟，鬼魂，輪回轉(zhuǎn)世，天堂地獄，種族優(yōu)越性，煉金術(shù)，煉丹術(shù)，等等等等。

說謊掩蓋了人的必死性，缺陷，恐懼，焦慮，以及在熙熙攘攘的人群中所感到的孤獨。耳熟能詳?shù)闹e言會創(chuàng)造一個較易應(yīng)付的現(xiàn)實。人渴望從這些謊言中得到安慰。

（方媛媛譯，參考原載The World of English譯文）

Text B Cheating Key to Comprehension Questions 1.Academic cheating is epidemic in the country's high schools and colleges.2.Advances in technology have made cheating easier, but a more significant factor is the change in society‘s values, an increasing ambivalence towards cheating and other dishonest behaviors.3.People try to hide academic cheating by using different forms of technology.So technology helps encourage and mask the act of cheating.4.It's fast and quick and allows you to be in total denial about what you're doing.5.(open)6.Now parents are angry at institutions for doing something that might blot their kids' records.They do not care about cheating because they are practicing it themselves.7.Some schools have banned cell phones, cameras and other gadgets during school hours.Honor codes and honor councils have been reinvigorated.And teachers are using technology to turn the tables on cheaters.A number of institutions now rely on turnitin.com.8.To monitor and prevent the act of academic cheating in schools.Text B參考譯文

作

弊

堪薩斯州立大學(xué)的三年級學(xué)生打算孤注一擲了。由于受到哮喘病的困擾，大二時他就是勉勉強強過關(guān)，被允許大三試讀一年。而今年，他的政治科已經(jīng)兩次缺考，如果再得到一次F，就會掛掉此科，不得不停學(xué)。而這就意味著他一直期待得到的大學(xué)學(xué)位隨之泡湯了。他決不能讓這發(fā)生。他選擇了另一條路。

出生并成長于美國中西部的他熱愛閱讀，并曾在高中的樂團(tuán)擔(dān)任司號。由于曾在學(xué)校的信息技術(shù)系兼職，他可以進(jìn)入到教授的在線記分冊。只敲擊了幾個鍵盤，他便將他自己并未參加過的考試加上了通過的成績。然而，他還沒有聰明到

可以消除一切作弊的蹤跡。很快事情敗露，他被停學(xué)，從此負(fù)疚不已。

在2005年這一事件發(fā)生后，他匿名寫信給學(xué)校的誠信委員會，聲明―對于我的行為我沒有任何借口或理由‖。他作弊的原因是―我這樣做完全是一時的驚恐造成的‖。

這個學(xué)生和他的教授們都認(rèn)為這是一場源于一時判斷力失誤的意外，然而可悲的事實卻是：這并不是一次偶然事件。很多證據(jù)表明學(xué)業(yè)欺騙在高中和高校十分盛行?？纯匆韵聨讉€例子：9個馬里蘭大學(xué)商學(xué)院學(xué)生在會計課考試的時候使用他們的手機接收答案被抓了現(xiàn)行。一個德克薩斯州十多歲的小孩被指控向同學(xué)出售偷來的考試答案，據(jù)稱答案是通過鏈接到老師電腦上的解碼工具獲得的。7位堪薩斯州德學(xué)生被指抄襲因特網(wǎng)上的論文。

專家們指出了更多的信息，這些信息大多來自于學(xué)生自己。這些信息揭示了作弊的泛濫。去年六月熱爾省大學(xué)教授 Donald McCabe 提交給學(xué)術(shù)誠信中心的報告中指出：60所大學(xué)70％的學(xué)生承認(rèn)在前一年作弊過，四分之一的學(xué)生承認(rèn)有過很嚴(yán)重的作弊行為，如抄襲別人的答案，使用小抄，或幫助別人作弊。McCabe所調(diào)查的高中同樣形式嚴(yán)峻：在過去四年被調(diào)查的來自全國的18000學(xué)生中，70％的來自公立學(xué)校的學(xué)生承認(rèn)有過至少一次嚴(yán)重的學(xué)術(shù)作弊行為。十分之六的人有過某種剽竊行為。而私立學(xué)校則有差不多一半的學(xué)生承認(rèn)曾經(jīng)作弊過。

蓋洛普民意調(diào)查證實了這些結(jié)果。2003年和2004年對13至17歲學(xué)生連續(xù)兩年的調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：65％的學(xué)生認(rèn)為他們所在的學(xué)校存在―相當(dāng)數(shù)量‖或者說―大規(guī)?！淖鞅住Ｒ话氡徽{(diào)查學(xué)生承認(rèn)他們曾經(jīng)以某種形式在考試中作弊過。同樣在2004年，位于洛杉磯的非營利性組織，致力于提升個人和組織道德水平的Josephson道德研究所發(fā)布了對24763名高中學(xué)生的問卷調(diào)查結(jié)果，結(jié)果顯示62％的學(xué)生承認(rèn)在考試中作弊。

作弊并不是什么新鮮事。自從人類有了規(guī)矩，就不斷有人試圖打破它們。然而，研究所的創(chuàng)始人Michael Josephson指出：目前作弊行為的泛濫和囂張令人擔(dān)憂。

Josephson說：―在過去，作弊的人只占少數(shù)，他們努力地掩蓋自己的行為，即使是朋友間也不能說。而今天作弊的人占到了大多數(shù)，而且對此他們直言不諱。今天如果你問孩子們對作弊的看法，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們認(rèn)為作弊代表了一種騎士精 48 神，比你的統(tǒng)計結(jié)果還要駭人。‖

堪薩斯州教授Phil Anderson同意這種看法：―我們很多學(xué)生持有這種態(tài)度：為了成功我要不惜一切代價。這個觀點十分盛行?！?/p>

為了成功不惜代價

Josephson，Anderson以及其他正與作弊行為作斗爭的人士都認(rèn)為道德的敗壞有兩個驅(qū)動力量：一個是科技的進(jìn)步，特別是因特網(wǎng)和移動電子設(shè)備，使得作弊原來越容易。另外一個重要的因素就是充斥現(xiàn)代社會的反面例子：球手們服用興奮劑，經(jīng)理們篡改數(shù)據(jù)，新聞記者們捏造新聞，甚至連老師們都會偽造考試成績好讓學(xué)?？雌饋砀w面。這種種現(xiàn)實都傳遞了一個信號：為了讓成功不受威脅，什么都可以不受限制。

《作弊的文化》作者，David Callahan說：―作弊已經(jīng)被正?；?。每個人都在這么做。如果你不做，你會覺得自己像笨蛋。‖

紐約私立學(xué)校朋友學(xué)院的畢業(yè)班學(xué)生Tomas Rua認(rèn)為是想要成功的壓力使得一些人從很早就開始作弊。

他說：―你所做的一切無非是為了最大限度地發(fā)掘你的潛能。很多人會使用一切可能的手段去實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。大學(xué)里瘋狂的事太多了，而從中學(xué)開始你就會有所耳聞。‖

印地安那州埃文斯鎮(zhèn)的北高中畢業(yè)班學(xué)生Emily Borerman同樣認(rèn)為：―每天都可以見到作弊。太多的成功都是不擇手段的?！?/p>

加利福尼亞州Central Valley的 Turlock高中學(xué)生Daniel的態(tài)度是：―如果我想要得到更高的成績，我就會作弊。毫無疑問的。總之呢，真實的世界里為了得到更好地工作你就得竭盡所能?！?/p>

Daniel說他和他的大多數(shù)朋友都會從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上下載材料，考試的時候用短信接收答案，或是在考試的時候使用流行多年了的小抄條。

他說：―我從七年級就開始作弊，我有進(jìn)取心，所以常常尋找更好的作弊方法。‖

Turlock校長Dana Trevethan聲稱Daniel的話記載了一些學(xué)生毫無羞恥的態(tài)度。她說：―他是個好孩子，但是很有競爭精神。他的名字中間應(yīng)該加個割喉者（指非常有競爭精神者）的稱號?！?/p>

數(shù)碼作弊

在當(dāng)今的作弊之風(fēng)中，很難理解技術(shù)扮演的角色。學(xué)生涌向在線的論文制作工場，那里可以提供任何題目的文章，而且常常是格式正確，參考書目俱全。他們使用可拍照手機發(fā)送傳輸試卷的圖片。他們的MP3可以保存電子版的筆記。他們的圖表計算器可以儲存解決數(shù)學(xué)難題的所需公式。

朋友學(xué)院的英語系主任Maria Fahey指出：―作弊與因特網(wǎng)及即時通訊的匿名性質(zhì)有關(guān)。它們是快捷的，且能容你全盤否認(rèn)自己所做的事情?！?/p>

康涅狄格大學(xué)教育心理學(xué)副教授Jason Stevens將之與現(xiàn)今社會的―抓一把就走‖的文化聯(lián)系起來：―下載音樂或是論文，或是剪切和粘貼句子和段落都和這個文化有關(guān)?！?/p>

對一些人來說，對和錯之間界限模糊不清了。Jonathan Cross, 維吉尼亞州Fairfax縣Robinson 中學(xué)畢業(yè)班學(xué)生，也同意這個看法。過去人們要是作弊，一般都是兩個鄰座傳遞紙條，或是一個人偷看另外一人的試卷，這是非常明顯的，是赤裸裸的明確的作弊行為。而今人們使用不同形式的技術(shù)努力隱藏這個錯誤的行為。

父母干嘛去了

技術(shù)的進(jìn)步或許可以解釋當(dāng)今作弊―如何‖盛行的問題。那么―為什么‖的問題呢？

Stevens說：―教育已經(jīng)變成了一個商品，能夠幫助我們得到物質(zhì)財富和地位，而這兩樣是我們文化中值得褒獎和炫耀的東西。傳遞給青少年的大量信息就是：經(jīng)濟(jì)上的富裕要比成為一個道德高尚的人更加重要和有價值?！?/p>

Michael Josephson聲稱如果這個觀點占了上風(fēng)，結(jié)果就太過可怕了。他說：―我們正在將下一代訓(xùn)練成海盜。如果你覺得安然或是Worldcom公司發(fā)生的事情已經(jīng)夠糟糕了，那么你就等著瞧吧。我們?nèi)鄙俚氖钦钡膽嵖赖律系牧x憤，以及一點真實的害怕之情?！?/p>

教育者們認(rèn)為還缺少的是父母的聲音。他們太喜歡為孩子們的家庭作業(yè)提供幫助，但是卻不能清楚地教導(dǎo)孩子們遵守規(guī)則的重要性。

圣地亞哥大學(xué)教授Larry Hinman說：―過去20年發(fā)生的一個大的變化是在過去如果學(xué)生被抓到作弊，他們會覺得羞辱。他們的父母也會責(zé)備他們。而今天，50

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