第一篇：幼兒園數(shù)學(xué)感知數(shù)位教案 Linda

幼兒園數(shù)學(xué)感知數(shù)位教案

活動目標(biāo)：

1、初步了解個位、十位、百位的含義及數(shù)位之間的關(guān)系，能在日常生活中感知數(shù)位，并能正確地認(rèn)讀三位數(shù)。

2、樂于參加認(rèn)識數(shù)位的教學(xué)活動。

3、通過幼兒自己動手操作，進一步感知數(shù)位。

活動準(zhǔn)備：數(shù)位板、數(shù)字卡片、彩色珠。幼兒用具：數(shù)字卡片、彩色珠。活動過程：師生相互問候

游戲，請你像我這樣做，我就像你這樣做。

1、認(rèn)識數(shù)位

“今天徐老師帶了數(shù)字寶寶來和小朋友做游戲了，小朋友想不想和它們玩啊？” 幼兒：“想?！?/p>

“但是數(shù)字寶寶說有些小朋友不認(rèn)識數(shù)位，把它們的名字讀錯了，它們想請徐老師給小朋友們介紹一下數(shù)位，讓小朋友們都認(rèn)識它們，再和你們做游戲?！保?）出示數(shù)位板

“這個就是數(shù)位板，小朋友看看這個數(shù)位板上都有什么?。俊?/p>

幼：“個、十、百”

“哦，有三個字，個、十、百?！?/p>

“我們今天認(rèn)識的是數(shù)位，那從右邊起，第一個是個位，第二是?” 幼兒：“十位?！?“第三個是什么??？” 幼兒：“百位?！保?）認(rèn)識彩色珠

“小朋友真棒，現(xiàn)在呢，嘟嘟龍想給小朋友們介紹一位朋友，它可以幫小朋友更好的掌握數(shù)學(xué)知識?！?出示彩色珠，“這個就是嘟嘟龍的好朋友彩色珠?！?/p>

“小朋友看看老師拿了幾粒彩色珠??？”

幼兒：“1粒彩色珠” 放在百位板個位的上面。

“小朋友看看老師拿的這又是什么?。俊?/p>

幼兒：“一串彩色珠”

“數(shù)一數(shù)一串彩色珠有幾粒粒珠??？”

幼兒：“1.2.3.4.5??..10粒粒珠?！?/p>

“一串是10粒粒珠，那兩串是多少粒粒珠??？”

幼兒：“20粒粒珠?！?/p>

放在數(shù)位板十位的上面。

“那用數(shù)字怎么表示??？請小朋友擺好了數(shù)字后把彩色珠也擺在數(shù)字的上面。”

說數(shù)字，如：78，請一位小朋友上來擺一擺。其他的幼兒用自己的學(xué)具擺數(shù)字和彩色珠。

“小朋友你為什么這樣擺?。俊?/p>

幼兒：“?..”讓幼兒自己說說擺的意圖。

“好，小朋友看看他擺的，個位上是?.”

幼兒：“個位上是8.”

“彩色珠要擺幾個？”

幼兒：“8個”

“我們來數(shù)一數(shù)?！?/p>

“十位上是幾？用幾串彩色珠表示？”

幼兒：“十位上是7，用7串彩色珠表示?！?“那我們一起來讀一讀”

幼兒：“78”

“小朋友我們在擺一個304.”

“那小朋友可以自己試試用數(shù)字和彩色珠來表示一下?！?“串珠夠不夠?。俊?幼兒：“不夠?！?/p>

“那小朋友看看旁邊的片珠，看看它能不能幫助你們?！?“片珠一片是幾串?。俊?幼兒：“10串”

“那10串是多少粒彩色珠??？” 幼兒：“100粒彩色珠?！?/p>

（讓幼兒自己擺，老師從旁引導(dǎo)。）“0要怎么表示啊？” 幼兒：“0就表示沒有?！?/p>

“哦，0呢就表示沒有可以不擺，但要把它的地方空出來。0在什么位上??？ 幼兒：“0在十位上?！?/p>

“那記得把十位的地方空下來?！?/p>

讓幼兒自己操作擺數(shù)字和相應(yīng)的珠子。擺好以后讀一讀。

（2）.收拾好教具。

（3）.小結(jié)：今天我們學(xué)習(xí)的是感知數(shù)位。個位上的1表示1個，十位上的1表示10個，百位上的1表示100個。（引導(dǎo)幼兒一起小結(jié)。）

2、活動。

（1）聽數(shù)說數(shù)位。

“小朋友真棒，都認(rèn)識數(shù)位了嗎？”

幼兒：“認(rèn)識了。”

“數(shù)字寶寶想對小朋友進行檢測，看看誰的反應(yīng)最快，我們來玩聽數(shù)說數(shù)位的游戲，老師說數(shù)字，小朋友來說一說個位是誰，十位是誰，百位是誰。”“56”

幼兒：“個位上是6，十位上是5.”

請個別幼兒回答，78 145

297

（2）誰的手兒擺的快。

“小朋友真聰明啊，現(xiàn)在找你身邊的小朋友，兩人一組來做游戲，你們的面前有白紙和筆，還有珠子，一個小朋友寫數(shù)字，一個小朋友擺數(shù)字、珠子，看看哪組速度最快。準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？”

幼兒：“準(zhǔn)備好了?！?/p>

“開始?！?/p>

完成的小朋友檢查一下旁邊的小朋友擺的數(shù)字和珠子是否正確。

請個別幼兒讀一讀，說一說。（讀數(shù)字，說說是怎么擺的珠子。）

互換角色，寫數(shù)字、擺數(shù)字、珠子。

3.收拾教具

4.小結(jié)：今天我們認(rèn)識了數(shù)位，個位上的1表示1個，十位上的1表示10個，百位上的1表示100個.（引導(dǎo)幼兒一起總結(jié)。）

第二篇：linda語法教案

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

第一講

語法層次

教學(xué)目標(biāo)：幫助學(xué)生認(rèn)識詞素和詞以及詞的分類，掌握名詞的性、數(shù)變化。教學(xué)步驟：

1、詞素、詞及其分類

2、名詞的分類、數(shù)、所有格

3、練習(xí)

一、詞素和詞

一）詞素

詞素(morpheme)是最小的語法單位，也是最小的語意單位。詞素分為兩大類：自由詞素（free morpheme）和粘附詞素（bound morpheme）。

1）自由詞素指本身具有完整意義并能做為“簡單詞”（simple word）而單獨使用的詞素，比如boy, girl, kind take等都屬于這一類。自由詞素可以充當(dāng)詞根(root)加上詞綴（affix）構(gòu)成派生詞（derivative）.另外還可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞（compound word）例如：bookmark.2）粘附詞素指本身沒有完整意義，不能單獨使用，而必須黏附在自由詞素或其他形式上才能表示出意義的詞素。粘附詞素的主要功能是在構(gòu)詞上充當(dāng)詞綴。二）詞

詞(word)是比詞素高一級的語法單位，由一個或一個以上的詞素構(gòu)成。3）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，英語的詞可分為簡單詞，派生詞和復(fù)合詞。

a)簡單詞，又叫“單詞素詞”，是由單一自由詞素構(gòu)成，多半是一些短小的詞，如at, by, in.b)派生詞，是由詞根加派生詞綴構(gòu)成。例如：un-,mis-,pro-c)復(fù)合詞，通常由兩個或兩個以上自由詞素構(gòu)成。如：deadline, handbook, something

二、名詞

一）可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 1．可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的區(qū)別

a)可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)形式，如a book, an egg b)下列名詞常用做不可數(shù)名詞accommodation, advice, baggage, fun, luck, paper等

2、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)化

a)很多蔬菜動物等名詞，一般是可數(shù)的，但用來表示食品時就轉(zhuǎn)化成不可數(shù)名詞。

例如：They grow their own carrots.Good stew must contain carrot.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

There are few lambs in the zoo.Would you like some lamb or pork? b)物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞一般是不可數(shù)的，但用來表示具體個別事物時，通常是可數(shù)的。例如：Beer ie refreshing in summer.They have two beers.Some rich men live in luxury.A refrigerator is a luxury here.c)物質(zhì)名詞用于表示各種不同品種時，幾乎都能用做可數(shù)名詞。例如：a store selling many different teas, various soaps等。應(yīng)注意某些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞用做復(fù)數(shù)時，詞意往往起變化。例如：

Light travels faster than sound.Do you have lights in the corridor? d)當(dāng)抽象名詞前后有修飾語表示某一種或某一方面的抽象概念時，其前可加a, an。例如： There is a certain honesty about this man which forces me to admire him.Geography gives us a knowledge of other countries.二）復(fù)合名詞

2）復(fù)合名詞的形式

a)兩個名詞寫做一個名詞，中間無連字符，如：headache, newspaper, railway b)兩個名詞寫做一個詞，中間有連字符，如：mouse-trap, tooth-brush c)兩個名詞分開寫，如：flower shop, police station, goods train 上面三條無一定的規(guī)則可循，需要熟記。3）復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)

a)以不可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：homework, moonlight b)以可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：bedrooms, bookcases c)以man 或woman為前綴的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時，前后兩個名詞均變成復(fù)數(shù)，如：woman student---women students d)以可數(shù)名詞加介詞（短語）構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，在名詞后加s,如：looker-on---lookers-on, mother-in-law---mothers-in-law e)以動詞或動詞的ed形式加副詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞，在詞尾加s,如：sit-in---sit-ins, stand-by---stand-bys, grown-up---grown-ups 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

f)一動詞ing形式加副詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，在動詞ing形式后加s,如：coming-in---coming-ins(收入)三）單位名詞

單位名詞常用來表示不可數(shù)名詞的個體性，即使之能以“個體”計算，也能與可數(shù)名詞搭配表示“一雙”，“一群”等意義。

4）表示形狀的單位名詞有：a ball of string, a bar of chocolate, a block of ice, a cake of soap, a drop of water, a grain of sand, seven head of cattle, a loaf of bread, a lump of sugar, a slice of meat等。

5）表示容積，重量的單位名詞有：a bag of flour, a basket of fruit, a bottle of wine, a gallon of oil, a quart of milk, a pound of butter,等。

6）表示成雙成群的單位名詞有：a couple of players, a flock of birds, a pair of shoes, a swarm of bees等。

單位名詞及其搭配需要結(jié)合句子或課文熟記。練習(xí)書后P69,73 四）名詞復(fù)數(shù)

1）以字母o結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)

a)加-es的有：echo, hero, Negro, potato, tomato, torpedo, veto b)加-s的有：auto, bamboo, dynamo, kilo, memo, photo, piano, radio, shampoo, studio, tango, zoo c)既可加-s又可加-es的有：buffalo, cargo, Eskimo, mosquito, motto, tornado, volcano 2)以字母f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)

a)加-s的有：belief, chief, cliff, grief, gulf, handkerchief, roof, proof, safe b)去掉f或fe加-ves的有：calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, thief, shelf, self, wife, wolf c)有幾個常見名詞可以直接在后面去掉f加-ves或直接加s: hoof, scarf, wharf 3)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞有：deer, means, series, sheep, species 4)一些外來詞匯的復(fù)數(shù)需要看見的時候特殊記憶，如：analysis—analyses 五）名詞屬格

英語名詞有兩種屬格，’s屬格和of屬格。例如： what is the ship’s name? What is the name of the ship? 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

1)s’屬格的使用

a)主要用于表示有生命的名詞，如：women’s clothes, the horse’s mouth

b)用于國家機關(guān)，社團及一些地理名稱，如：the government’s property, Europe’s future c)用于船只，飛機，火車等，如：the ship’s bell, a glider’s wings

d)用于表示時間，距離，價值和重量的名詞，如：a moment’s thoughts, eight hour’s drive, two dollar’s worth

e)常用于一些習(xí)慣用語當(dāng)中，如：for heaven’s sake, at the wit’s end 2)of屬格的使用

主要用于表示無生命的名詞，如：the wheel of history, the windows of the houses 3)雙重屬格

雙重屬格用來表示的所有關(guān)系是人而不是物。例如：a friend of mine, some sons of Mrs White’s , two plays of Shakespeare’s

雙重屬格還常用this, that, these, those修飾of短語前面的名詞，以表示愛憎褒貶等情感。例如：this idea of yours, that dog of Robert’s

三、練習(xí)見書 86、87 頁

第二講 句子結(jié)構(gòu)類型

教學(xué)目的：

要求學(xué)生掌握英語句子的基本類型，并能對基本句型加以分析和改寫。

教學(xué)步驟：

1.介紹英語句子的基本類型。2.要求學(xué)生做課堂練習(xí)。.3.課外作業(yè),完成剩余練習(xí)。

教學(xué)過程：

一、英語句子的基本類型。英語句子有五種基本類型。.1.Subject + Intransitive Verb 此句型特點：既然該句型中動詞后面不帶賓語，所以用于此句型的動詞應(yīng)該是不及物動詞。a.Man proposes；God disposes.b.Modesty benefits；pride hurts.這種句型謂語動詞后往往帶有狀語： c.Great minds think alike.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

d.The sun sets in the west． 2.主語+系動詞+主語補足語（也稱作表語）Subject + Link Verb + Subject Complement 此句型特點是：句中動詞一般是be動詞或其他系動詞。1).最常見的是形容詞、名詞(短語)作表語。a.He looks unhappy.b．Bread is the staff of life． 2).也可用介詞短語作表語: c．Beauty is in the eye of the beholder。3).在英語中，除了be動詞以外，還有以下系動詞：

(1)．單純表示主語的特征、狀態(tài)的：feel，look，sound, taste，smell seem appear等。a．The iron feels hot．

b．The rose doesn't smell much．

(2)．表示主語由一種狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N狀態(tài)的：become，grow，get，turn，fall，go，come等（這些系動詞與形容詞連用，一般是具有固定的搭配關(guān)系）a．Our supplies of sugar and rice fell short。b．Hope your dreams will come true．

(3)．表示主語保持某種狀態(tài)的：continue，remain，Stay，keep，hold，rest，prove等。a．The weather continued fine for several days． b．He held silent for the whole day． 3.主語+謂語+賓語

Subject +Transitive Verb +Object 英語中絕大多數(shù)動詞都適用于這一句型，而且能作賓語的成分很多 a．Beauty will buy no beef． b．I’ve finished reading the book． 主語+謂語+雙賓語

Subject +Dative Verb +Indirect Object +Direct Object 有些動詞后邊需要接兩個賓語：一個指人的賓語，稱之為間接賓語；另一個指物的賓語，稱之為直接賓語。間接賓語和之間賓語統(tǒng)稱為雙賓語。a．He showed the guard his passport.b．I will buy you a meal．

能這樣使用的動詞可分成三類：(根據(jù)間接賓語和介詞的關(guān)系來分)1).同give一樣，當(dāng)間接賓語后移時，間接賓語前需帶介詞to，表示間接賓語是動作的接受者。這樣的動詞有：assign，award，bring，deliver，deny，feed，give，grant，hand，lend，offer，owe，pass，promise，post，read，recommend，sell，send，show，take，write，ect.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

a．He showed his passport to the guard.b．He showed the guard his passport．

2).同buy一樣，當(dāng)間接賓語后移時，間接賓語前需帶介詞for，這樣的動詞有：book(預(yù)訂)，buy，build，change，choose，cook，fetch，find，get，keep，make，order，prepare，sing，ect.a．I am going to buy a gift for her.b．I am going to buy her a gift．

3).有個別動詞只用于這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)：“主語+動詞+間接賓語(+直接賓語)”，而不用介詞來替換。這樣的動詞有：charge，cost，bet，ect.a．I’ll bet you ten dollars.b．The repairman charged me ten dollars．

此外，較特殊的動詞如：ask，當(dāng)間接賓語后移時，間接賓語前需帶介詞of。

a．Can I ask a question of you.4.主語+謂語+復(fù)合賓語

Subject +Factitive Verb + Object + Object Complement 1).接復(fù)合賓語的動詞

有些動詞后面接賓語時意思不完整，因而在賓語后還需要接補充說明賓語的補足語，賓語和賓語補足語統(tǒng)稱為復(fù)合賓語。

常見的帶復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：appoint，believe，call，choose，consider，declare，elect，feel，find，keep，leave，let，make，name，nominate，prove，see，suppose，vote，ect.a．They appointed John chairman.b．A hedge(樹籬)between keeps friendship green． 2).區(qū)分雙賓語和復(fù)合賓語 比較：

I made John our chairman． I made John a cake．

判斷兩種賓語的方法很簡單：在賓語后邊加上be動詞，若能構(gòu)成完整的句子，則是補足語。比如我們可以說：John is our chairman。說以上句中的our chairman是賓語補足語。無法構(gòu)成完整的句子，則為直接賓語。比如我們不能說：John is a cake。(約翰是一塊蛋糕)所以，a cake 是直接賓語。

四類名詞從句

在英文中，名詞或名詞短語主要充當(dāng)四種成分：主語、賓語、表愈和同位語(見下表一列)。如果我們把句子當(dāng)作名詞來用，分別在另一個句中作主語、賓語、表語和同位語(見下表二列)，于是構(gòu)成了四種從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。因為這四種從句在本質(zhì)上 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

相當(dāng)于名詞的作用，所以我們把它們統(tǒng)稱為名詞從句。1.要在陳述句句首加上that 從上述表格我們可以看到，我們并不是把三種句子直接用來作另一句子的某一成分，而是要分別對三種句子稍加修改。

對于陳述句，我們需要在句首加上that，然后把“that+陳述句”這一結(jié)構(gòu)分別放在另一個句子的四種位置即構(gòu)成四種名詞從句。1)主語從句

把“that+陳述句”這一結(jié)構(gòu)放在主語位置即構(gòu)成主語從句： That English is difficult is not my idea.That the moon itself does not give off light is common knowledge.更常見的是用it作形式主語置于句首，而將主語從句放在句末。It is obvious that he doesn’t understand English.It is common knowledge that the moon itself does not give off light.因此，下列都是常見的主語從句句型：

①It is +過去分詞+that 從句 It’s reported that?? It’s believed that??

It’s generally thought that?? It should be noted that?? It has been found that?? It must be pointed out that??

同樣可以這么用的動詞有：say，expect，know，estimate，forcast，等。

②It is+形容詞+that從句： It is clear that?? It is possible that?? It is likely that ?? It is natural that It is certain that?? It is strange that?? It is fortunate that?? It is necessary that??

③It is+名詞短語+that從句：a pity，a shame，an honor，a good idea，no wonder，等等。

It is a pity that?? It is a fact that?? It is good news that?? 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

It is a good thing that?? It is no wonder that?? It is a shame that?? It is an honor that?? It is common knowledge that?? It is my belief that?? It is a miracle that?? 2)賓語從句

把“that+陳述句”這一結(jié)構(gòu)放在賓語位置即構(gòu)成賓語從句：

I think(that)you are right.We know(that)the world is round.只有賓語從句中的that才可以省去，主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中that一般不要省去。

3)表語從句

把“that+陳述句”這一結(jié)構(gòu)放在表語位置即構(gòu)成表語從句：

My idea is that the child should be sent to school.4)同位語從句

把“that+陳述句”這一結(jié)構(gòu)放在同位語位置即構(gòu)成同位語從句。所謂同位語，就是用來補充說明名詞的成分，當(dāng)我們用一個完整的陳述句來補充名詞時，即構(gòu)成同位語從句。所以同位語從句都是位于一個名詞后邊，形式上變構(gòu)成“名詞+that+陳述句”。

He has prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time.The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.注意：同位語從句可能與所修飾的名詞被其他成分隔開。

They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft.A saying goes that practice makes perfect.2.為什么要加that？

首先，that完全是后來在陳述句開頭加上去的，因此，that顯然不要充當(dāng)從句任何成分，只起著引導(dǎo)作用。

That English is difficult is not my idea.假如我們把that去掉，上句就說成： English.這就話就有兩個中心謂語不分：is difficult 和is not my idea。

在英文中，句子的核心意思主要是靠謂語部分來表達的，一個句子只表達一個核心意思(因為我們說話要一句一句說)，也就只能有一個謂語部分?，F(xiàn)在句子有兩個謂語部分，勢必會造成讀者混淆不清，因為他會先讀出： 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

English is difficult.可是當(dāng)他繼續(xù)往下讀時，又出現(xiàn)了is not my idea這個謂語部分。English is difficult is not my idea.為了避免這個混淆，我們在句首加上一個標(biāo)志that，that一出現(xiàn)就等于是在告訴你說：that后面緊接著的句子是要作為另一個句子的某一個成分來使用，不是我要表達的核心思想。因此，讀者讀到：

That English is difficult??

對于同位語從句和表語從句，若沒有that作標(biāo)志同樣會存在這種意思混淆不清的問題。

一般疑問句可分別充當(dāng)四種句子成分

1.一般疑問句要變成特殊陳述句，并且用whether或if來引導(dǎo)。1)主語從句

Whether he comes or not makes no difference to me.2)賓語從句

I don’t know if/whether he needs my help.3)表語從句

My concern is whether he comes or not.4)同位語從句

They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work.2.if還是whether? 1)if一般只用于引導(dǎo)賓語從句,而whether可引導(dǎo)包括賓語從句在內(nèi)的其他名詞從句。a.if he comes or not makes no difference b.The question is if he will come 2)if不和or not 直接連用，即一般不說I or not。但可以說if ??or not。而whether沒有此限制。

a.I don’t know if or not he comes。b.I don’t know whether or not he comes。

特殊疑問句可分別充當(dāng)四種句子成分

1.特殊疑問句變成陳述句語序，而不是倒裝語序。a．I have no idea when he will returu。

b．Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery。2．充當(dāng)四種成分 1)主語從句

a.September 11，2001 started out as an ordinary day，but what happened that morning will be forever etched in our memories。英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

b.How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.2)賓語從句

a.The mother will buy whichever books her son wants.b.We don’t know why he did not come yesterday.3)表語從句

a.Change is what keeps us fresh and innovative.Change is what keeps us from getting stale.Change is what keeps us young.b.Yesterday is history.Tomorrow is a mystery.Today is a gift.That’s why it’s called the present!4)同位語從句

a.I have no idea who he is.b.There arose the question where we could get the loan.最后要說明的是，同位語從句通常是由that引導(dǎo)，而很少用whether，if以及連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)，這是因為我們多是用陳述句來補充名詞的內(nèi)容，而很少用一般疑問句或特殊疑問句來補充名詞的內(nèi)容。

二.課堂練習(xí)

要求學(xué)生完成練習(xí)P27。

三.作業(yè)

要求學(xué)生完成剩余部分練習(xí)。

第三講：主謂一致

一）主謂一致的種類

1．語法形式上的一致

主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： The number of the students present is 200.Jane and Mary look alike.2．意義上一致

1）主語形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The crowd were shouting.單數(shù)形式代表復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的詞有：people, , cattle,等。

2）主語形式為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：The news was so surprising.形復(fù)意單的單詞有news和一些以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如physics，politics, economics等。3．就近原則

即謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。如用連詞or，either…or, neither…not, not only…but also等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數(shù)，一個是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞與靠近它的主語一致。如：

Either your students or Mr.Wang knows this.（二）主謂一致的應(yīng)用 1．名詞作主語

1）某些集體名詞，如family, team等作主語時，如果作為一個整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，如果就其中一個個成員而言，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

His family is a happy one.The whole family are watching TV.這類名詞有：audience，class，club，company，crew，enemy，crowd，government，group，party，public，team等。2）某些集體名詞，如people, police, cattle等，只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待，謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。如： The police are searching for the thief.3）單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)意義決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。如： A sheep is over there.Some sheep are over there.4）當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金額、時間、書名等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則，把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個整體，謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：

Three years has passed since then.5）不定代詞each, every, no所修飾的名詞即使以and或逗號連接成多主語時，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如： Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.6）如果主語有more than one很多 非常…或many a許多??構(gòu)成，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容，但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如：

More than one student has read the book.Many a girl has been there.但是，“more +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語動詞一般多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： More members than one are against your plan.7）一些有兩個部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，例如：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主語用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等加名詞”構(gòu)成時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。如：

A pair of shoes was on the desk.8）this kind of book =a book of this kind（這種書），其謂語動詞用單數(shù)；短語this kind of men =men of this kind =these kind of men(口語)（這一類人），但this kind of men的謂語動詞用單數(shù)，men of this kind和these kind of men的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，all kinds of后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

This kind of men is dangerous.Men of this kind are dangerous.10）復(fù)數(shù)形式的單、復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞作主語時，按意義一致原則，作用單數(shù)意義時，謂語用單數(shù)，反之，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有：means（方法），works（工廠），species（種類），Chinese，Japanese等。如：

The(This)glass works was set up in 1980.(這家玻璃廠建于1980年。)The（These）glass works are near the railway station.（這些玻璃廠在火車站附近。）

當(dāng)它們前面有a, such a , this, that修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)；有all, such, these, those修飾時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但means, no means, 11）如果名詞詞組中心詞是all，most, half, rest等詞語，所指的復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；反之，用單數(shù)。如： All of my classmates like music.All of the water is gone.12)在主謂倒裝的句子中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如： Between the two windows hangs a picture.2．由連接詞連接的名詞作主語

1）用and或both…and連接并列主語，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： Plastics and rubber never rot.Walking and riding are good exercises.2）當(dāng)主語后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時，其謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)由引導(dǎo)詞前面的主語而定。如：

The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.３）以or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等連接的名詞（代詞）作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)就近一致的 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

原則。如：

Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.Either you or he is to go.3．代詞作主語

1）關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如： Those who want to go please put up your hands.Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.2）疑問代詞who, what, which作主語時，謂語動詞可根據(jù)說話人所要表達的意思決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。如： Who lives next door ? It is Xiao Liu.Who live next door ? It is Zhang and Liu.What produce(s)heat ?

3）ther, neither單獨作主語時，謂語通常用單數(shù)。

但后接of時，若of的賓語為不可數(shù)名詞，動詞當(dāng)然用單數(shù)形式，若of的賓語為復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞時，動詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，在正式文體中，單數(shù)形式的動詞更常用。如：

Do(es)any of you know his address ? None of them has(have)seen the film.4．分?jǐn)?shù)、量詞作主語

1）“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“a lot of, lots of plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of +名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞要與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致，這是因為短語中后面的名詞是中心詞，而短語中前面的量詞是修飾語，例如：

Lots of damage was caused by fire.About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water.Three-fifths of the workers here are women.和這種情況類似的還有“a number of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”謂語用復(fù)數(shù)譯為大量，許多，the number of中心詞是number,謂語用單數(shù)，譯為?的數(shù)量

A number of students have gone home.The number of pages in this book is two hundred.注意：(large)quantities of??不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時，謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)，例如：

Quantities of food(nuts)were on the table.短語in quantity, in large quantities意為“大量”；in small quantities意為“少量”。

2）a great deal of , a large amount of修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)；large amounts of修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)，例如：

A large amount of(A great deal of)damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.3）表示數(shù)量的one and a half后，名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但是其短語作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，例如： One and a half bananas is left on the table.5．名詞化的形容詞作主語

如果主語由“the+形容詞（或過去分詞）”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)，這類詞有：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等；

The blind study in special schools.The poor live in a undeveleped country 6．從句作主語

1）由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)，但所指的具體內(nèi)容是復(fù)數(shù)意義時，謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式，例如： What we need is more time.What we need are doctors.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

1.Three ______ died in the terrible fire in Luoyang last winter.A.hundreds people B.hundred people C.hundreds peoples D.hundred peoples 2.Either you or the president _______ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.A.is handing out B.are to hand out C.are handing out D.is to hand out 3.I, who ______ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble.A.am B.is C.are D.be 4.The Olympic Games in the year 2008 ______ in Beijing of China, which ______ known to us all.A.is to hold;is B.is to be held;was C.are to hold;is D.are to be held;is 5.There _____ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _____ up.A.were;it B.are;them C.was;it D.is;them 6.Three million tons of coal ______ every year in the city.A.is exploited B.are exploited C.had exploited D.have exploited 7.Stories of the Long March _______ popular with the young people now.A.is B.was C.are D.were 8.Mathematics _______ the language of science.A.are B.are going to be C.is D.is to be 9.Both rice and wheat _____ grown in our country.A.is B.are C.was D.were 10.________ either of your parents come to see you recently? A.Have B.Had C.Has D.Is 11.What the children in the mountain village need ________ good books.A.is B.are C.have D.has 12.The whole family _______ TV attentively.A.are watching B.is watching C.is seeing D.are seeing 13.Nothing but several glasses ________ bought by my father the day before yesterday.A.was B.were C.have been D.would be 14.At the bus stop ______ a soldier and two young people on their way to the village.A.were B.was C.is D.sits 15.If law and order ______, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.A.are not preserved B.is not preserved C.were preserved D.have not been preserved 16.There ______ little change in that middle school.A.have B.had C.have been D.has been 17.What such a sunset is ______ strange to us all.A.going to be B./ C.is D.that 18.Seventy-five percent of the earth’s surface ______ with water.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

A.is covered B.is covering C.were covered D.are covered 19.The following ______ some other mental diseases.A.being B.are C.was D.were 20.Not only you but also I ______ able to help him out.A.are B.is C.am D.were 21.“ The Kites” ______ us a story of the kite’s history.A.have told B.tells C.were told D.was told 22.You and I _____ twin sisters.A.were B.are C.is D.am 23.A teacher of English and class teacher _______ us something about volunteer workers.A.are telling B.is telling C.are given D.were given 24.Thousands of tons of rubbish ________ over a large period of time.A.rots away B.rot away C.has rotted away D.are rotted away 25.Mayor as well as volunteer workers _______ the newly-built stadium.A.is cleaning B.are cleaning C.were cleaning D.have cleaned 26.Many a student ______ something about Abraham Lincoln.A.have known B.knows C.is known D.are known 27.The defence works ______ built long ago to keep the enemy away.A.were B.has been C.had been D.was 28.“ Have you all studied the passage‘Using the Mind against Disease’？” “______.”

A.Nobody of us has B.Nobody of us have C.None of us has D.None of us did 29.A group of Italian soldiers ______ quickly towards their position.A.were advancing B.were advanced C.was advancing D.advancing 30.Everyone, men and women, old and young ______ sports and games.A.is enjoy B.were enjoying C.enjoys D.enjoy

第二講

形容詞和副詞

教學(xué)目標(biāo)：形容詞：形容詞的作用、形容詞的位置；副詞：副詞的構(gòu)成、位置。

教學(xué)步驟：

1、形容詞的構(gòu)成、形容詞-that 從句、形容詞的位置。

2、副詞的位置、常見副詞的用法。

3、練習(xí)

一、形容詞 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

1）形容詞在句子中的作用：

Healthy children are happy children.（定語）We make our children happy.（賓語補語）The patient is asleep.（主語補語）

注：以a開頭的表示狀態(tài)的形容詞若用作定語，必須后置。如果

它前面有修飾它的副詞，可以前置。

The patient, tired and asleep, came a long way from a factory.The half-asleep patient was taken to the operating room.常見的這類形容詞有：ablaze, adrift, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, aware

2)形容詞加that 從句

I’m sure he’ll succeed.We are aware that there is danger.3)起形容詞作用的名詞和名詞詞組

a)名詞用作形容詞

stone wall---wall made of stone

honey bee----bee producing honey

fire brigade----a brigade for fighting fire

b)名詞詞組用作形容詞

There wasn’t a ghost of chance(a ghostly chance)that Jack would win.They had a hell of a time(a hellish time)in the desert.You will catch your death of cold(a deadly clod).4)形容詞的位置

a)單個形容詞作定語，一般前置，但也有后置。

Do you know the man clever at painting?

There’s something wrong in this sentence.John is the best person available.They have tried all the ways possible.有幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞時，形容詞的次序并無固定的規(guī)律，一般的順序是：

限定詞----性質(zhì)----大小，長度或形狀---年齡---顏色----國籍----名詞或動詞ing形式。

She has a very valuable big gold watch.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

This is a long brown leather belt.Two brilliant young Chinese engineers live here.二、副詞 1）副詞的構(gòu)成

a)大部分副詞由“形容詞+-ly構(gòu)成，如capable----capably, extreme—extremely, gay---gaily, slow---slowly, true---truly, whole---wholly等。但是brotherly, friendly, heavenly, likely, lonely, lovely等詞雖然有-ly后綴，卻不是副詞，而是形容詞。

b)deep, direct, early, enough, far, fast, hard, high, late, low, much, near, pretty, straight, wrong等既是形容詞又是副詞，但要根據(jù)上下文確定其詞性，有時詞義也不同。

Adj.Adv.an early train

The train arrived early.hard work

He works hard.a pretty girl

The problem is pretty difficult.副詞的比較級或最高級常不帶-ly.Would you mind walking slower? Let’s see who is able to run quickest.2)副詞的位置

幾個副詞在一起時的次序

程度---狀態(tài)---地點---時間

They played fairly well there yesterday.注：不能把副詞放在動詞和賓語之間，如果賓語較長，可以把副詞放在動詞前。

John earnestly recommended to adopt their method of making the machine.副詞位置不同，有時意義也不一樣。

He answered the questions foolishly.他的回答不高明。

He foolishly answered the questions.他真傻，回答了這些問題。3）幾個常見副詞的意義和用法 a)fairly, quite, rather

這幾個副詞都可用來表示形容詞或副詞強度的變化。他們表示的程度：

fairly最弱，quite較強，rather更強。

The film is fairly/ quite/ rather good.（這部電影還好/ 好/ 很好。）英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

Fairly一般只與褒義連用；rather既可以與褒義連用也可與貶義連用。

Tom is fairly clever, but Peter is rather stupid.不定冠詞可以放在rather之前或之后，但只能放在fairly之前，quite之后。

This is rather a silly book.This is fairly interesting lecture.I took quite a long walk this morning.rather 可以用在比較級前，意為a little 或slightly

The weather was rather worse than I had expected.too 可用于rather后，不用于fairly, quite, very后。

Jack is rather too sure of himself.quite 與alone, amazing, exhausted, finished, perfect等詞連用時，相當(dāng)于completely, absolutely.They are quite exhausted.Her Russian is quite perfect.b)hardly和scarcely 這兩個詞都含有否定的意思，可通用。They hardly/ scarcely need your help.c)high, highly;late, lately;most, mostly The plane flew high above.（表示位置）This book is high interesting.（表示程度）He arrived late.（early的反意詞）I haven’t seen him lately.(=recently)

Which one do you like most?(= in the greatest degree)My friends are mostly engineers.(= mainly;chiefly)4)名詞或名詞詞組起副詞作用

The water tower stood miles from the place.（距離）

This cloth is thirty six inches wide.（度量）

I don’t care a bit what you do with it.（程度）

Step this way, please.（方向）

He is thirty years old.（年齡）英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

This is twenty five cents above the usual price.（價值）

This box weighs five kilogrammes（重量）

I am coming next week.（時間）

Wait a minutes.（持續(xù)時間）

I have told you several times.（重復(fù)次數(shù)）

此外,kind of, sort of, hand and foot等也都可用作副詞。

I kind of admire him.（我有些敬佩他）

I was sort of tired.（我有點累了）

He was bound hand and foot.（他手腳被捆綁著）

三、練習(xí)見書P420, P443

第三講 代詞、限定詞

教學(xué)目標(biāo)：使學(xué)生了解代詞的分類及其用法，冠詞的用法、常見的幾個限定詞的用法 教學(xué)步驟：

1、人稱代詞的分類及其用法。

2、冠詞的用法。

3、常見的幾個限定詞的用法。

4、練習(xí)。

一、代詞 一）人稱代詞

1）人稱代詞的主格與賓格 we sat in the car.（主語）It was she.（主語補語）

The police found her.（動詞賓語）The call is for me.（介詞賓語）2）人稱代詞的次序

在連續(xù)使用兩個以上人稱代詞時，通常單數(shù)you放在第一位，I放在最后；復(fù)數(shù)we放在第一位，they放在最后。3）人稱代詞做同位語

The two captains, Lola and I , were to set the date.The group chose two representatives, Tom and me.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

二）反身代詞

4）一般用法

Heaven helps those who help themselves.（做直接賓語）Mary asked herself the same question.（做間接賓語）I am not worried about myself.（做介詞賓語）

Why don’t you be yourself？（你為什么不能自然些？做主語補語）5）強調(diào)用法

I myself took Mary to the airport.I want to speak to the president himself-----and to nobody else.3)常用的反身代詞短語 a)beside oneself(發(fā)狂，情不自禁)，all by oneself(單獨地，獨自地)，for oneself(親自地，獨立地)，抽象名詞加itself=very+形容詞

三）疑問代詞

1）who 與whom

Who borrowed my tie?（主語）

Who is it?（主語補語）

Whom did you take to the theatre?（賓語）

Whom did you go with?(介詞賓語)4）whose, which, what 可以單獨使用,也可以和名詞放在一起,前者稱名詞性用法,后者稱形容詞性用法.例如: Whose is that bike outside?（名詞性用法）Whose bike is that?（形容詞性用法）What do you like to drink?（名詞性用法）What size do you wear?（形容詞性用法）

四）不定代詞

5）one, oneself ,one’s

One must take oneself seriously.One is usually over-sensitive about one’s own family.在美國英語當(dāng)中可以用himself herself her his 與前面的one 對應(yīng)

二、限定詞 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

限定詞用來限定名詞所指的范圍，如使名詞成為泛指、特指或說明數(shù)量。限定詞包括冠詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、名詞或代詞所有格、數(shù)詞與某些形容詞性的物主代詞。一）、冠詞 冠詞的位置

1)在名詞詞組中，冠詞一般放在最前面。例如： the last few days

a really good concert 2)名詞詞組里如果有all ,both, exactly, just, many, quite, rather, such, what, 等詞，這類詞可以放在冠詞之前。例如：

all the time

both the brothers

exactly the wrong colour

just the right place

quite a nice day

rather a mess

such a funny story 3)和 as, howhowever, so, too連用時，形容詞放在冠詞之前。例如：

He is not so big a fool as you think.She is as clever a girl as you’re ever likely to meet.This is too heavy a bag for me to carry.How large an armchair did he have? 一）、不定冠詞

1）aan表示“任何一個（類）”，只能用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。如：

We are having a committee meeting this afternoon.但不可數(shù)名詞用做可數(shù)名詞時，前面可以用aan。

6）表示職業(yè)，社會地位，宗教，民族和年齡的名詞用做補語或同位語時，前面一般要用aan。例如：

When he was a child, he decided to become a racing driver.He’s a lawyer, a bachelor, and a Methodist（衛(wèi)理公會教徒）。She become an American by naturalization.They are nearly of an age.但有是并不需要冠詞。如： He was once secretary to the president.3)用于表示價格，速度，比率等名詞前，如：five pence a kilo, four times a day 4)用于下列這樣的固定短語中。如 a couple of, a dozen , a hundred, a lot of, a great number of 等。英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

二）、定冠詞

實際上所有的名詞前都可以有定冠詞the。究竟用不用定冠詞，主要取決于我們所表達的意思。如果我們要給予某個名詞以明確的，限定的特指的意義，就用它。反之就不用。定冠詞主要用于帶有修飾語的名詞詞組前面，也用于有后置修飾語的名詞詞組前面。如：The Georgian houses have been sold.The steel of the gun barrels has gone rusty.1)定冠詞的主要用法

a)用于單數(shù)名詞前，表示某一類人或物，以區(qū)別與其他人或物。例如： The tiger is a fierce animal.b)用于指世界上獨一無二的東西，如the moon, the sun, the world等。

c)用于表示“樂器”的名詞前，但一般不用于表示“體育運動”的名詞前。如： Can you play the guitar? I play football every day.d)用語某些形容詞前，可以表示某一類人。如： The young are impatient, they want changes.e)一般不用于表示“疾病”的名詞前。如： I’m just recovering from rheumatism.下列病名前一般用a/an I have an ache in my head.He has a cold.特指是需要用the ,如：

Jim has never really got over the malaria he caught in the East.f)一般不用于表示“膳食”的名詞前，但有形容詞修飾時用the。例如： Breakfast is served at eight.The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house.如果泛指就用a.g)bed, church, college, court, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, work 等名詞用來指有關(guān)活動時，一般不用冠詞。例如： It’s time for children to go to bed.(to sleep)He goes to church every Sunday.(to pray)英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

After the crash, seven people were taken to hospital.(to be cured)He spend six months in prison.(to be punished)After I leave school, I want to go to university.(to study)Ken is a seaman.He spent most of his life at sea.(to seal)h)當(dāng)cinema, theatre, radio等名詞表示“看電影，看戲，聽無線電”時，一般要用the。例如：

We went to the cinema last night.Do you often go to the theatre? I heard the news on the radio.但television 用于表示“看電視”是，不用the。如： I watched the news on TV。2）專有名詞前定冠詞的主要用法

a)一般不用于單數(shù)人名前，但特指或強調(diào)是需用the 如： He’s the Mr.Smith I saw yesterday.復(fù)數(shù)人名前要用the

b)不用于“頭銜+人名”前，但有頭銜無人名是需用the表示特指。例如： I saw Queen Elizabeth when I was in London.I saw the Queen when I was in London.c)不用國家，省市等名詞前，但由短語組成的國名，或以s結(jié)尾的國家名前要用the.例如：

the Philippine

the Netherlands

the United States

the United Kingdom

注：the Ukraine the Congo

the Sudan

the Hague為例外

d)用于表示國籍、民族的名詞前。例如： the British

the Chinese

e)用于表示地區(qū)的名詞前。例如： the Middle East

the Far East f)不用于街道,建筑物等名詞前,但有of介詞短語修飾時，需用the.例如： Broadway

Red Square

the Tower of London g)用于河流，海洋，群島，山脈，海峽，海灣等名詞前。例如： the Mississippi

the Atlantic

the Persian Gulf 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

h)不用于大學(xué)名稱前，但有of介詞短語修飾時，需用the.例如： Yale University

Oxford University

the University of North Carolina i)不用于雜志名詞前，但用于報紙名詞前。例如： Newsweek

Natural History The Daily News

the Washington Post 三、一些常用限定詞的區(qū)別及使用

1）a lot of, plenty of, many, much,(a)few,(a)little a)a lot, lots of, plenty of 這幾個限定詞既可以和可數(shù)名詞搭配也可與不可數(shù)名詞搭配。例如： a lot of people/luck

lots of books/time plenty of ideas/money

lots of多用于非正式文體

2）much, many a.much many常用于否定句和疑問句。例如： We didn’t spend much money.Did you spend much money? I haven’t made many mistakes.How many mistakes have you made? Much many 處于主語位置時常用于肯定句。例如： Much efforts is needed to complete the project.Many languages are spoken in the United States.too much/many, so much/many多用于肯定句。例如： He’s got so much money ,he doesn’t know what to do with it.Robert has written too many letters.3)(a)little,(a)few little few 前加a 表示雖少但有，無則表示幾乎沒有。例如： let’s go and have a drink.We’ve got a little time before we leave.I enjoy my life here.I have a few friends and we meet quite often.4)some any no a)some any no 既可用于可數(shù)名詞也可用于不可數(shù)名詞，表示不肯定的數(shù)量。I must write some letters, so I need some paper.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

We have hardly any coffee left.Have you ever been to any interesting places? any常用于否定句或疑問句,some用于肯定句。Have you got any razor-blades.Sorry ,I haven’t got any zazor-bladers.特殊用法 與more連用

Please give me some more.Have you any more of those? There is no more cake.Some any 與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用時表達的特殊意義。Any body in the class can pass the exam.Some idiot parked his car outside the garage.5)another

a)只用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，指再一，另一 Ted want another cup of coffee.也可與one搭配；或單獨使用。

This shirt is soiled.I am going to put on another one.This glass is broken.Get me another.b)在表示時間，金錢，距離等的短語前，可用于有數(shù)詞修飾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。I will be here for another three years.I need another five dollars.c)常與它連用的短語 one after another one another 6)other a)other既可用于可數(shù)名詞也可用于不可數(shù)名詞，others只能單獨使用。This bread seems stale.Is there any other.? The prefers this coffee to other kinds.Some of the tourists went to the beach, others explored the town.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

b)some , any, no, every與other連用時，其后若用可數(shù)名詞，一般用單數(shù)。The secretary told tom to come back some other time.No other book has had a greater influence on my life.c)none other than不是別人，正是, other than除。。。以外

The man who had sent the flowers was none other than the one she had spoken to the night before.There was nothing to do other than wait 7）both, all 1)用法 a)作限定詞

Both banks of the river were covered in bushes.Both his sisters are tall.All six boys arrived late.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.b)作代詞

Both of the brothers are honest.Bill visited all of us.That’s all I want to say.2)位置

All my flowers are dead.Both my sisters want to go.My flowers are all dead.My sisters both want to go.不能說my all flowers

my both sisters

3)與否定詞連用時，均表示部分否定。

He hasn’t paid it all.(=he has paid some of the money.)

I can’t promote both of you.(=I can promote one of you.)

4)all與whole的區(qū)別

a)whole用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前；all既可用于復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，也可用于不可數(shù)名詞前。

The spent the whole evening watching television.All the bottles were broken.All the ink was spilt.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

b)all(the)與the whole?？赏ㄓ?/p>

He spent all(the)day / the whole day in the library.5)由all構(gòu)成的常用短語

a)all but

what you say is all but impossible.b)all the same

the cold weather causes him to get up all the earlier.c)for all

I wouldn’t like to be in his position, for all his weath.8)each every

1)意義

a)every 雖然指每個人，實際上是指全體。

Every student has a dictionary b)each強調(diào)具體每個人。Each student has a dictionary.2)用法

a)each 既可用作代詞，又可用作限定詞；every只能用作限定詞。

Each knows what he should do.Each man knows what he should do.3)位置

each的位置比較靈活。

Tom and I each made different suggestions.They were each praised for their suggestions.4)everyone與every one 的區(qū)別

everyone指人；every one指人或物。

He gave a box of chocolates to every one of the girls.Examine every one of the glasses carefully.四、練習(xí)見書101，120

第十四講 從句

（一）教學(xué)目的：

要求學(xué)生掌握狀語從句的分類和狀語從句的用法。英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

教學(xué)步驟：

1.介紹狀語從句的分類。2 各種狀語從句。2.要求學(xué)生做課堂練習(xí)。.3.課外作業(yè),完成剩余練習(xí)。

教學(xué)過程：

一.狀語從句概述

英語中的狀語從句有九大類。這九類從句是：時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較、方式。盡管數(shù)目較多，但理解并不難。

從本質(zhì)上來說，狀語從句就是用不同的連詞將幾個分句連接起來，以表達分句之間特定的邏輯關(guān)系。例如：

a.I’ve brought my umbrella in case rains.b.I’ve brought my umbrella because it’s raining.c.I’ve brought my umbrella so that I don’t get wet.d.I’ve brought my umbrella even though it’s raining.e.You don’t need an umbrella unless it’s raining.因此，學(xué)習(xí)狀語從句關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)九類狀語從句的有關(guān)連接詞。只要記住連接詞一般都能識別是何種狀語從句，從而正確分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)并理解句子意思。狀語從句的省略

在同時滿足以下兩點的情況下：1)當(dāng)主句的主語和從句的主語一致；2)從句謂語中含有be動詞?？蓪木涞闹髡Z和be動詞省去。這種省略主要常見于時間、地點、條件及讓步狀語從句中。

a.Metals expand when(they are)heated and contract when(they are)cooled.b.When(he was)a student in the university, he read a lot.c.While(he was)waiting, he took out a magazine to read.d.When I was ten years old, my family moved to the city.二.各類狀語從句

狀語從句主要分為： 1.時間狀語從句

1)時間狀語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來

a.I’ll speak to him when he arrives.不說：??when he will arrive。b．I’ll tell him about it when he comes back。不說：??when he will come。2)when 意思相當(dāng)于：at that time(在??時刻)，從句謂語動詞通常是短暫動詞，表示某一時刻的 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

動作。注意主句和從句的時態(tài)。

a．I’ll speak to him when he arrives。b．When I got there，he had already left。

從句也可直接延續(xù)動詞，這時從句往往用過去進行時態(tài)，表示某一時間段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作。

a.The doorbell rang when I was telephoning.3)while 意思相當(dāng)于: during that time(在??期間)，表示某一時間段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作，因此，從句謂語動詞通常只接持續(xù)動詞。

a.The doorbell rang while we were watching TV.b.A detective(n.偵探)arrested a criminal and was about to handcuff(v.上手銬)him when a huge gust(n.一陣狂風(fēng))of wind blew off the detective’s hat.4)until ① 當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是延續(xù)動作時，通常用肯定形式。例如：

a.Wait until he comes back.b.We’ll stay here till it stops raining.② 若主句謂語動詞是短暫動詞，則要用否定形式。這就是我們常說的“not?until??(直到??才??)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。

a.I did not realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.b.Ice cream did not reach America until about the middle of the eighteenth century.③ 我們還可以把not until變成倒裝句型: a.Not until 12 o’clock last night did I go to bed.b.Not until his boss come back did he leave the office.5)表示“一?就?”

表示“一?就?”的連詞有：as soon as，once，immediately，the moment。這些連詞后邊通常都是接短暫動詞，表示一點動作。

a.We will leave as soon as it stops raining.b.Once it stops raining, we will leave.c.It began to rain immediately I arrived home.6)by the time by the time意思是“在??之前”，強調(diào)的是“一個動作在另外一個動作之前已經(jīng)完成(one event is completed before another event)”，因此，與by the time搭配的主句要用完成時態(tài)。

2.地點狀語從句

1)通常由where引導(dǎo) a.Stay where you are.b.A driver should slow down where there are schools.英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

2)也可由wherever,、anywhere和everywhere引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句。a.Wherever he happens to be, Clint can make himself at home.b.Everywhere they appeared, there were ovations.3)地點狀語從句有時含有條件意味

a.Where there is a will, there is a way.b.Wherever there is love, there is also wealth and success!3.原因狀語從句

引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句最常用的連詞有：because，for，as，since。1)because 語氣最強,只有它才能用來回答why引導(dǎo)的問句。所引出的原因往往是聽話人所不知道的或最感興趣的原因。

a.You want to know why I am leaving? I am leaving because I’m fed up with the job and boss.b.My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.它可與強調(diào)詞only、just連用。

a.Just because I don’t complain, people think I’m satisfied.b.You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.2)Since 表示人們已知的事實、不須強調(diào)的原因。所以常譯成“既然??”。通常放在主句前邊。a.Since everyone is here, let’s get started.b.Since you are an English major, I guess you can help me with this sentence.3)As As與since用法差不多，所引出的理由在說話人看來已經(jīng)很明顯，或已成為人所熟悉而不須用because加以強調(diào)。

a.I left a message as you weren’t there.b.I have to speak English with them, as the guys I live with don’t know any Chinese.4)For 表示推斷的理由，是對前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或說明。通常放在主句后邊。

a.The days are short, for it is now December.b.It must be morning, for the birds are singing.4.目的與結(jié)果狀語從句 1)目的狀語從句常見引導(dǎo)詞

主要有:so，in order that。從句中常含有情態(tài)動詞will/would或can/could。

a.I turned off the TV so that my roommate could study in peace and quiet.b.We climbed high so that we could get a better view.2)結(jié)果狀語從句常見的連接詞 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

主要有：so?that，such?that，從句中一般不帶情態(tài)動詞，且從句都要放在主句之后。a.Sensible Sam: I saw you pushing your bicycle to work this afternoon.Foolish Fred: Yes, I was so late that I didn’t have time to get on it.b.The food is so bad in the school cafeteria that flies go there to lose weigh.不要受漢語思維的影響，把這里的so改成very或too，常見于考試改錯題。3)注意下句中such和so的用法區(qū)別 so后邊直接及形容詞，such要先接冠詞a(n)a.He is such a good teacher that everyone likes him.b.He is so good a teacher that everyone likes him.Such可修飾不可數(shù)名詞，so不可：

c.It was such nice weather that we went to the beach.d.It was so nice weather that we went to the beach e.The weather was so nice that we went to the beach.Such可修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，so不可：

f.He got such heavy boxes that he couldn’t carry by himself.So可與many，much，few，little搭配，such不可： g.I made so many mistakes that I failed the exam.h.He has so few friends that he is always lonely.5.條件狀語從句

條件從句由下列詞來引導(dǎo): if，unless，suppose(that)，supposing(that)，on condition that，providing/provided(that)，so long as，as long as a.If it rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella.b.Don’t worry about the mistakes you may make in conversation, so long as you can make yourself understood in English.c.I may lend you the book on condition that you return it to me in time.6.讓步狀語從句

1)常見的讓步狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

主要有：thought，although，even though，even if 注意：主句前不可用but，但可用yet/still。

a.Though/Although he tried hard,(yet/still)he failed.b.The family is the essential presence-the thing that never leaves you, even if you find you have to leave it.2)介詞表示讓步

(al)though是連詞，后邊只接從句(有時是省略形式的從句)，而despite，in spite of，for all是介詞，后邊只接名詞(短語)，不接從句。注意比較下列句子： 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

a.Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job.= In spite of his inexperience, b.Although it was dangerous, ?? = Despite the danger 3)While位于句首，一般表示“盡管?”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。

a.While I sympathize(同意)your point of view, I can not accept it.b.While he has time, it doesn’t mean he has capacity and patience.4)As引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，表示讓步。

句型：adj.+ as+主語+謂語

a.Young as he is, he is knowledgeable.b.Poor as he is, he is kind and honest.前置的也可以是：名詞或副詞。例如：

c.Much as I respect him, I can not agree with him.d.Hard as he tried, he failed the exam again.7.比較狀語從句（略）8.方式狀語從句

方式狀語從句表示主句動作的方式，引導(dǎo)詞有：as，as if，as though，the way等。請看例句：

a.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.b.Do as I say, not as I do.三.練習(xí)

要求學(xué)生做練習(xí)P557 四.作業(yè)

要求學(xué)生完成剩余練習(xí)。

第十五講 從句

（二）教學(xué)目的：

要求學(xué)生掌握定語從句及其用法,掌定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞的用法、限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別、定語從句和主語從句的區(qū)別。

教學(xué)步驟：

1.介紹定語語從句的作用。2 定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞的用法。

3.限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別 4.定語從句和主語從句的區(qū)別 5.要求學(xué)生做課堂練習(xí)。.31 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

6.課外作業(yè),完成剩余練習(xí)。

教學(xué)過程：

一 定語從句概述

1.形容詞作定語和從句作定語

在英文中，很多時候我們可以用一個形容詞作定語來修飾一個名詞(見下表例句)，但是如要表達更為復(fù)雜的意思，簡單地用形容詞作定語就無能為力了，我們就要借助于一個句子來修飾名詞，用作名詞的定語，對名詞進行限制。2.定語從句的兩個重要概念：先行詞和關(guān)系詞

1)先行詞：被定語從句所修飾或限制的對象稱為先行詞。上句中the people即為先行詞。2)關(guān)系詞：重復(fù)指代先行詞、起連接主句和從句的作用并且在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定成分的連詞。上句中的who即為關(guān)系詞。因此關(guān)系詞有兩個作用：a)代詞作用:重復(fù)指代先行詞并且在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定成分,上述例句中who作主語；b)連接作用：起連接主句和從句的作用。

3)主句和從句：上句中I don’t like the people.是獨立主句；who are lazy/never on time.則是定語從句。

二.引導(dǎo)詞的用法

一).關(guān)系代詞的用法 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有： 先行詞指人：who，whom； 先行詞指物：which；

先行詞指人或指物均可：that，whose。下面一一詳細(xì)介紹這些詞的用法。先行詞指人，用關(guān)系代詞who/whom 1.先行詞指人才能用who/whom 先看兩個簡單句：

a.The woman is a famous dancer and she lives next door.這位女士是一名著名的舞蹈演員，她就住在我家隔壁。

上述兩個簡單句有一個“重復(fù)元素”：這里的she就指代the woman，兩句之間有個交叉點，而通過這個交叉點建立起兩句之間的關(guān)系，所以定語從句也稱之為關(guān)系從句(relative clause)。我們現(xiàn)在要用she lives next door來作定語修飾the woman，以告訴對方哪個woman是舞蹈演員。而在定語從句中，代指人的關(guān)系詞用who。前面說過關(guān)系詞既有代詞作用又還起著連接的作用，因此，上句可改寫成：

The woman is a famous dancer who lives next door.定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的名詞后邊。因此，上句也可進一步寫成： The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.關(guān)系詞who既指代the woman，同時又在從句中作成分——從句的主語。

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

b.He who is not handsome at twenty，nor strong at thirty，nor richat forty，nor wise at fifty，will never be handsome，strong，rich，or wise.c.There is this difference between happiness and wisdom：the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so；but the person who thinks himself the wisest the generally the greatest fool.2.who和whom的區(qū)別

1)who在定語從句中可做主語、賓語或表語，但who之前不可用介詞(如不能說with who，而是with whom)。

a.I like the people who I work with.b.I like the people with whom I work.c.I’m talking about friends with whom you can share almost everything.表示人或物的所有關(guān)系，用whose 我們用whose表示所有關(guān)系。它的作用就如同物主代詞my，your，her，their，our一樣，whose后邊要接名詞。Whose可指人也可指物?！皐hose +名詞”在從句中可作主語、動詞賓語或介詞賓語。

a.When I looked through the window，I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.b.Atlas(in Greek mythology)was a kneeling man on whose shoulders the world rested.3.先行詞指物，用關(guān)系代詞which We are studying sentences.They contain adjective clauses.同樣道理，我們用which代替they，來指代sentences，告訴對方我們正在學(xué)習(xí)什么類型的句子。

which可以指代單個名詞：

a．Anger is a wind which blows out the lamp of the mind。

b．Perhaps it is human to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not。

Which可以指代一個短語：

He likes climbing mountains，which is a good exercise。Which可以指代前面整個句子

a．Tom was late，which surprised me。

b．She wore her swimming things in the office, which shocked her boss a great deal.4.that可以指代人，也可以指代物

that既可指人，也可指物；that不用在非限制性定語從句中；(關(guān)于限制性和非限制性定語從句，第四節(jié)詳細(xì)討論)that不能用于介詞后邊，這同who一樣。

1)當(dāng)先行詞既是有人又有物時，用that。

The writer and his novels that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.2)先行詞為指物的all，little，few，much，none，the，frist，用that。

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

a.All that glitters is not gold.b.There is not much that can be done.3)先行詞是不定代詞something，anything，nothing，everything時，一般用that。Is there anything that I can do for you？

4)先行詞被any，only，all，every，no，some，much，few，little，序數(shù)詞，最高級，the only，the one，the every，the right，the last修飾時，用that。

a.There is no difficulty(that)they can’t overcome.b.The very problem that I want to solve is like this.5.在從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省去

上述關(guān)系代詞who，whom，which，that若在定語從句中用作賓語，我們往往可以省去關(guān)系代詞。例如：

a.Tina likes the present I gave her for her birthday.b.I like the people I work with.二).關(guān)系副詞的用法

在英語中，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞主要有when，where，why，它們在從句中分別作時間狀語、地點狀語和原因狀語。1.when的用法

1)先行詞指時間

when引導(dǎo)限制性和非限制性定語從句，其先行詞須是表示時間的名詞，如day，year，time等。when可用on which來替換。

a.I’ll never forget the day when I met you.b.I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.c.March 10,1876 was the day when(=on which)the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone.2)關(guān)系副詞when在從句中作時間狀語

當(dāng)心：表示時間的先行名詞，若定語從句不是缺狀語，而是缺少主語或賓語，要用which或that來引導(dǎo)定語從句。因為用when來引導(dǎo)定語從句的前提條件是：when在其引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作時間狀語。

a.The day, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm.b.I’ll never forget the time which I sepent on campus.2.where 的用法

1)where的先行詞指地點

where引導(dǎo)定語從句，其先行詞必須是表示地點的名詞，如place，house等。

a.——Since you work in the theater，can’t you get me a free ticket now and then?.b.Do you know any place where I can buy Clint’s grammar book? 2)關(guān)系副詞where在從句中的作地點狀語

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

當(dāng)心：與when類似，并非凡是表示地點的名詞，都得由where來引導(dǎo)定語從句，這得看關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。Where在定語從句中作地點狀語，若定語從句缺主語或賓語，要用which或that來引導(dǎo)定語從句。

a.This is the town where I spent my childhood.b.This is the town which I told you about before.Which作about的賓語

a.The library, which was built in the 1930’s, needs to be renovated.b.One of the places which I want to visit someday is Tibet.(which 作賓語)3.why的用法

用來表原因，只引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，先行詞是reason等表示原因的名詞。This is the reason why I didn’t come here.三.限制性和非限制性定語從句

英語中的定語從句有限制性和非限制性之分。二者在形式上的區(qū)別是：限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞和先行詞之間不用逗號分開，而非限制性定語從句則有逗號分開。這種在形式上的有逗號或沒有逗號并不是隨意的，換句話說，二者更重要的是在意義上有區(qū)別。根據(jù)意義上的差別，我們可以把定語從句分三種情況來分析。24.不用逗號隔開——限制性定語從句

作用：用來提供必要的信息，以說明定語從句所修飾的先行詞的身份或性質(zhì)，或用來限制先行詞所指的范圍。若去掉限制性定語從句，則主句部分含義不明確，或意義不完整。I don’t like people who are never on time.以上句子黑體部分的定語從句都是用來說明people的性質(zhì)，是必不可少的信息內(nèi)容。因此不能用逗號把它變?yōu)榉窍拗菩远ㄕZ從句。

a.There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence.b.People who live in glasshouse shouldn’t throw stones.25.用逗號隔開——非限制性定語從句

作用：用來提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是對先行詞作進一步的解釋、補充或說明。若去掉此定語從句，整個主句意義一樣很明確，不會引起誤解和歧義。

a.Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city.b.Einstein, who was a great Jewish scientist, created the theory of relativity.以上句中的定語從句都是對它前面的先行詞進行補充說明,向讀者提供附加的信息。均不能變?yōu)橄拗菩远ㄕZ從句。

總的原則：如果定語從句修飾一個專有名詞，我們一般要用逗號，也就是說要用非限制性定語從句。這是因為專有名詞本身意思已經(jīng)很完整，不需要限制，用定語從句只是對它進行補充。

四.that引導(dǎo)定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別

27.that引導(dǎo)定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

1)that是否作成分

that在定語從句中充當(dāng)成分；在同位語從句中不作任何成分，僅起連接作用。a.The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.b.The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.以上兩句先行詞都是the rumor，連接詞都是that。但a.句中的that在從句he spread everywhere中作成分，充當(dāng)spread的賓語。故為定語從句。

b.句中的that在從句Tom was a thief中不作任何成分，從句Tom was a thief是一完整的句子，不缺任何成分。故其為同位語從句，作the rumor的同位語，補充說明the rumor的具體內(nèi)容。

2)從句的作用

定語從句相當(dāng)于形容詞，它對先行詞起修飾、描述、限制的作用；同位語從句相當(dāng)于一個名詞，它是前面名詞的內(nèi)容的具體表述，二者是同位關(guān)系。

b.The news that you heard is not true.c.The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theatre is true.五 練習(xí)

要求學(xué)生做練習(xí)P563。

第十六講 虛擬語氣

（一）教學(xué)目的：

要求學(xué)生掌握虛擬語氣及其用法。

教學(xué)步驟：

1.非真實條件句。2.要求學(xué)生完成練習(xí)。.教學(xué)過程：

虛擬語氣概述

語氣(mood)是英文中一種動詞形式，它用來表示說話者的意圖和態(tài)度。在英文中語氣可分為三種：陳述語氣(indicative mood)，祈使語氣(imperative mood)和虛擬語氣(subjunctive mood)。

在一些場合里，當(dāng)說話者談到自己的與實際情況相反的愿望時，主觀想象某事有可能發(fā)生時，或建議、要求某事發(fā)生時，就需要借助于虛擬語氣來表達他的這些心態(tài)。一 非真實條件虛擬句

1)三種形式

非真實條件從句，顧名思義，它是用來描述說話人想象的、非真實的情景，這些情景通常是不可能發(fā)生的，與客觀實際相反的，或發(fā)生的可能性極小，只表示說話者的一種主觀愿望、假象和建議等等。它可以表示現(xiàn)在、過去、將來的事實進行虛擬，主句和If從句中的謂語動詞形式

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

列表如下：

虛擬語氣的三種基本形態(tài)：

表示虛擬 IF從句的 主句謂語形式 的時間 謂語形式

現(xiàn)在 Did or were Would(should, might, could)+to 過去 Had done or had been Would(should, might, could)+have done(been)將來 Were to(should)+do Would(should, might, could)+do ①與現(xiàn)在事實相反：

a.If I could rearrange the alphabet, I’d put U and I together.b.If I had enough money, I would run a company of my own.c.If all difficulties were known at the outset of a long journey, most of us would never start out at all.d.I have often though it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight； silence would teach him the joys of sound.②與過去事實相反

a．If you had invited Wealth or success, the other two of us would’ve stayed out, but since you invited Love, wherever he goes, we go with him.Wherever there is Love, there is also Wealth and Success!b.You would have missed the train if you had not hurried.c.If the flowers had been planted earlier, they would have been in bloom for the garden party last week.③與將來事實相反

a.If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car.b.If he were to come here, how would you tell him about this? c.Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow.Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life.2)混合時間虛擬句

前面介紹的三種基本形態(tài)的虛擬語氣，其If從句中謂語動詞表示的動作與主句謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時間是一致的，即同為現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)怼？墒钱?dāng)二者動作發(fā)生的時間不一致時，主句和從句各自的謂語形式要根據(jù)它們動作發(fā)生的時間按照上述原則作適當(dāng)調(diào)整。常見的混合時間是：從句表示過去，主句表示現(xiàn)在。請看例句：

a.If I had not studied English, I would never be here to teach you grammar today.Had not studied是對過去的事實進行虛擬，would never be是對現(xiàn)在的事實進行虛擬。

c.If they had invested in that stock, they might be wealthy now.d.A: I don’t like my mother-in-law.37 英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

B: Listen, don’t you realize that you couldn’t have your wife if it hadn’t been for your mother-in-law? A: Yes, that’s why I don’t like her.3)倒裝虛擬句

當(dāng)If條件句中有助動詞should，had或were時，則可以省去if，而將sdhould，had或were置于句首，從而構(gòu)成倒裝虛擬句，意義不變。

a.Had he not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company.b.Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday.c.Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.4)含蓄虛擬句

我們前面討論的虛擬句，都含有虛擬的條件從句。含蓄虛擬句是指沒有完整的條件從句，但在上下文隱含了虛擬條件的意味。隱含的條件意味可以通過下列方式表達：

①介詞或介詞短語

a.What would I have done without you? b.In his position, I would commit myself.c.Anyone in his position would have done it like that.d.Before liberation, such floods would have caused terrible disaster.e.But that the doctor arrived on time that day.f.But that he needed money desperately, he would never have turned to his brother for help.注意：but for或but that意為“若不是?” but for + 名詞短語

but that +從句(謂語動詞用陳述語氣，如g，h句)可表示對過去、或現(xiàn)在、將來的虛擬

表示對現(xiàn)在、將來的虛擬，but for相當(dāng)于If it were not for?(如e句)；表示對過去的虛擬，but for相當(dāng)于if it had not been for??(如d句)。其中介詞for不能省。5）.跳層虛擬句

這是一類較為特殊的虛擬語氣。這類句子一般分為兩部分，兩部分在語氣上截然相反，一部分虛擬，另一部分不虛擬，而用的是陳述語氣，用以陳述一件事實。它們二者之間往往有but，or，or else，otherwise來連接。正是因為這種虛擬和不虛擬兼而有之一部分虛擬，一部分又跳出虛擬的圈子，故而得此名。

１)虛擬句+but+陳述句

a．He would put on weight，but he doesn’t eat much．

b．I would have gone to visit him in the hospital，had it been at all possible，but I _____fully occupied the whole of last week． A．were

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

B．had been e have been D．was 正確答案：D。

2)陳述句+or else+虛擬句

a．I didn’t know the extent of his difficulty, or else I would have promised to help him.b.In other words “If I remembered where I read the article, I would show it to you now.”

c.He must have had an accident，or he______ then． A.would have been here B.should be here C.had to be here D.would be there 二.課堂練習(xí)

要求學(xué)生做練習(xí)P284。

第十七講 虛擬語氣

（二）教學(xué)目的：

要求學(xué)生掌握虛擬語氣及其用法。

教學(xué)步驟：

1.名詞從句與虛擬語氣。2其它虛擬語氣。3要求學(xué)生完成練習(xí)。.教學(xué)過程：

一 名詞從句虛擬句

虛擬語氣除了在上述非真實條件從句中應(yīng)用以外，在特定的名詞從句中也需要用虛擬語氣。這里所說的“特定的名詞從句”，是指這樣的名詞從句中均要含有特定的標(biāo)志詞，這些標(biāo)志詞可用來表示愿望、建議、命令、請求、意志等語氣。而且，與非真實條件虛擬句中主句和從句謂語動詞形式完全不同的是，名詞從句虛擬句謂語變化形式只有一條規(guī)律，那就是：名詞從句虛擬句無論主句的謂語動詞是何種形式，從句謂語形式均為：should+動詞原形，should可以省去。這里特別提醒注意的是：不是用would，而是用should。

先看下例：

I suggest that we should so tomorrow．

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

I suggested that we should go the next day． 1)在下列詞的賓語從句中，從句謂語須用（should)+do的形式

ask(要求，請求)，advise，beg，command，demand，decide，deserve，desire，determine，insist, move(動議，提議)，order，prefer，propose，require，recommend，request, suggest，urge等。

a．His father urged that he study me dicine．(不用studies)b．The chine se government and people have demanded that the US Government shoulder all the responsibilities for the incident，apologize to the Chinese side and take effective measures to prevent the recurrence of such incidents． 2)it is+形容詞或過去分詞或特定的名詞+that的主語從句中。

①接這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞有：astonishing，amazing，advisable，appropriate，crucial，desirable，essential，important，imperative，keen，necessary，natural，normal，odd，proper，preferable，strange，sorry，shocked，surprising，urgent，unusual，vital等。這些形容詞一般表示個人對事件的反應(yīng)。

a．It is natural that l should dwell upon his successes rather than upon his failures． b．It is strange that he should not come here．

c．It’s essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy．

②接這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特定的名詞有：advice，decision，desire demand，suggestion，motion，pray，resolution，wish，preference，proposal，recommendation，requirement，idea，order等。

It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．

3)在上述名詞的表語從句和同位語從句中

a．For my own part，it seems that the main requirement of an international language is that it be easily learned．

b．The motion that the meeting be adjourned was adopted．

c.Reports indicate that both sides have softened their respective positions for a possible settlement.The government has backed away from demands that the software giant be broken up, while Microsoft is now more willing to accept restrictions on how it manages its business.二 其他虛擬句型

在英文中，除了上述兩大類虛擬句以外，還有其他一些句型表示的虛擬語氣。它們無法列入上述任何一類，所以在此將它們一一單列，分別討論。

1)在wish后的賓語從句中

這是大家非常熟悉的一個虛擬句型，它用來表示說話者的難以實現(xiàn)的或與事實違背的愿望，具有較強的感情色彩。可分別表示對現(xiàn)在、過去和將來情景的虛擬。

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

①對現(xiàn)狀表示的愿望，從句謂語動詞用過去時，意指從句謂語和主句謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生。

a．1 wish 1 were a little younger．

b．1wishlcould travel to the moon．(But l can’t do that．)c．1 wish l knew his address．(But l don’t know his address)②對過去發(fā)生的事情表示遺憾、后悔，從句謂語動詞用過去完成時(had done)或would／could+／現(xiàn)在完成時，意指從句謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語所表示的動作之前。

a．1 wish l had been there．

b．1 wish I had not attended that party．

③對將來發(fā)生的事情表示祝愿，從句謂語動詞用would／could+動詞原形，意指從句謂語動詞所表示的動作可能發(fā)生在主句謂語所表示的動作之后。a．1wishhecouldexplainwhathemeans．

b．1wishyou would shut Up．

注意：即使將wish改為wished，上述例句謂語時態(tài)仍然不變。2)在If only感嘆句中

If only表示“但愿”、“要是?就好了”，它的用法和wish基本相同，可表示對現(xiàn)在、過去、將來的虛擬，只是比wish更具有強烈的感情色彩。

a．If only he had followed your advice!(對過去虛擬)b If only l were taller．(對現(xiàn)在虛擬)c．If only the rain would stop．(對將來虛擬)3)在as if／as though從句中

①表示和現(xiàn)在事實相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑，謂語用過去時。

a．I really don’t care for the way you’re speaking to me．It seems as if you were my father．

②表示與過去事實相反，謂語用過去完成時。

b．We have not seen each other for ten solid years，but when we encountered on the street that day，we were still so affectionate that it seemed as if not a single day had gone by．

注意：若從句中的情形是根據(jù)現(xiàn)在跡象作出推測，有可能發(fā)生，則用陳述語氣。a．It is becoming dark．It looks as if it’s going to rain． b．It seems as if he has been to America． 4)在it is(high)time(that)從句中

表示“該是?的時候了”，含有“晚了一點”的意思，從句中用過去時。

a．Don’t dawdle away your youth any more．n is time you。thought about your future． b．It seems to be high time that this argument______ put to an end． A.must be

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

B.is C.were D.should be 正確答案: C 5)在would rather，would(just)as soon，would sooner，would prefer等從句中

意指某人寧愿讓另一個人做某事。其后的賓語從句的謂語應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣：(1)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)硪龅氖拢瑥木渲^語須用一般過去時；(2)表示過去已經(jīng)做的事，從句謂語則用過去完成時。a．I’d just as soon you didn’t，speak rudely to her． b．I’d as soon, you hadnt, spoken rudely to her．

c．She says she’d rather he left tomorrow instead of today．(不用would leave)

三、要求學(xué)生完成練習(xí)P287。

第十八講 倒 裝

教學(xué)目的：

要求學(xué)生掌握倒裝句及其條件，用法。

教學(xué)步驟：

1.部分倒裝。2 全部倒裝。

3.要求學(xué)生做課堂練習(xí)。.4.課外作業(yè),完成剩余練習(xí)。

教學(xué)過程： 一.部分倒裝

倒裝在英文中是一種較常見的語法現(xiàn)象。從結(jié)構(gòu)上來講，倒裝句可分為：全部倒裝和部分倒裝。

全部倒裝：將整個謂語部分全部放在主語之前。

部分倒裝：只將謂語的一部分(如助動詞或系動詞)放在主語前面，其余部分仍在主語之后。a．Now comes your turn． b．Could you show me that book? 1.句首有否定詞或否定短語時，句子要部分倒裝。

①常見的否定詞有：never，hardly，scarcely，little，seldom, not，not until，rarely，no sooner．．．than，nowhere，etc．

a．Nowhere in the world can you find a man who is more foolish than John．

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

b．No sooner had I taken a bath than the bell rang． c．Never before have I heard such a story．

d．Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land．

e．Not only did we lose all our money，but weal so came close to losing our lives．

②常見的否定短語有：in no way，in no case，at no time，by no means，in no sense，on no account，under no circumstances。這些否定短語常放在句首，表示強調(diào)，譯為“絕不?”。大家一定要記住它們規(guī)定的介詞搭配。

a．In no way do I blame you for what happened． b.On no account——rudeness from his employees． A．the manager will tolerate B.the manager will not tolerate C.the manager tolerates D．will the manager tolerate 正確答案：D。

③如果否定詞不是修飾整個句子，而只是限定句子主語，則句子不用倒裝。Scarcely a sound came from among the crowd． “So+形容詞或副詞”及“to the extent／degree”放在句首，表示程度，句子要倒裝。a．To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire． b．So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep． 3.在含有were，had，should的虛擬語氣中，省去if須倒裝。4.as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句須倒裝。

a．Look as 1 would up and down，I could see no men at all． b．Change your mind as you will，you won’t gain his support． 5.“only+狀語”置于句首。

①only+表示時間或方式的短語置于句首。a．Only then did she realize she was wrong． b．Only by working hard can you achieve your goal．

c．Only by having an independent ego can women fully control their own lives．

②only若加各類狀語從句置于句首，則注意是主句中的主謂須倒裝，而不是從句中的主謂倒裝，這一點與not until同。

a．Only when he had failed times did he turn to me for advice．

b．Only when a man’s life comes to its end in prosperity dare we pronounce him happy． c．An intimate relationship does not banish loneliness．Only when we are comfortable with who we are and can function independently in a healthy way，can we truly function within a relationship．Two halves do not make a whole when it comes to a healthy relationship：it takes two wholes．

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

③若only修飾的是句子主語，而非狀語時，句子不用倒裝。Only she knew how to deal with this problem． 6.代詞so，neither，nor，no more置于句首 a．I can’t speak French，nor can he．

b.he had no money, nor did he know anyone he could borrow from.此外，要注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用來表達對別人講的情況有同感時，此時不用倒裝。A: It’s a very nice day.B: So it is.7.讓步狀語從句的倒裝句：be it…

a.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.b.Be he ever so tired, he continued to go farther.二.全部倒裝

1.以介詞開頭的地點狀語置于句首

a.From the window came sound of music.b.On the ground lies a man whose leg is broken.c.By his side sat his faithful dog.2.副詞out，in，along，then，now，up，down，away，here，there等位子句首時 a．In came the teacher，books under arm． b．Just then along came Tom．

c．When Greek meets Greek，then comes the tug of war．

D．As a gift，Zeus gave Pandora a box，but to1d her never to open it.However，as soon as he was out of sight she took off the lid，and out swarmed all the troubles of the world．Only Hope was left in the box，stuck under the lid． 3.such位于句首

a．Such will be my future dreams.b．Such is my whole story． c．Such were his dreams as a boy． 4.表語置子句首

．

a．Blessed is the person who is too busy to worry in the daytime and too sleepy to worry at night．

b．Gone are the days when we had no food to eat．

c．Gone are the days when you had to get dressed up to make an impression．On the net，you can dress down，slouch in your seat and disguise yourself as a prince charming．

英語語法教案 喀什師范學(xué)院外語系

三.練習(xí)

要求學(xué)生完成練習(xí)P7431-20。

第三篇：幼兒園小班科學(xué)感知色彩教案

一、活動目標(biāo)

（一）感知色彩的豐富,嘗試將顏色標(biāo)記與周圍的顏色相匹配。

（二）愿意與同伴愉快地交流生活中對色彩的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

二、活動重難點

（一）重點:有興趣尋找身邊的顏色,感知色彩的豐富性。

（二）難點:能將顏色標(biāo)記與周圍的顏色進行匹配。

三、活動準(zhǔn)備

（一）色彩精靈杖偶“色彩精靈媽媽”一個。

（二）將多種顏色不干膠剪成直徑5厘米左右的圓片若干。

（三）照相機一架。

（四）記錄表一張。

四、活動過程

（一）色彩媽媽來啦。

1、欣賞色彩精靈杖偶(上面有各色的貼紙)的對話互動,感知生活中有多種色彩。

小朋友,你們好!我是色彩精靈媽媽,你們知道我有哪些色彩精靈寶貝?(紅色、黃色、綠色、紫色、藍(lán)色……）

2、發(fā)現(xiàn)色彩小精靈(圓片加笑臉),進行互動打招呼。

3、交流互動,選擇色彩朋友。

你喜歡和哪個色彩精靈寶寶做朋友?說說為什么。

4、到教師處拿取色彩精靈圖片。

比如,幼兒說“我喜歡紅色精靈”,并到教師處拿取紅色精靈圖片。

5自由和同伴交流自己喜歡的色彩精靈。、（設(shè)計說明：通過擬人化情境、“捉迷藏”等游戲活動,激發(fā)幼兒對顏色的興趣,并主動發(fā)現(xiàn)、感知身邊更多的顏色。）

（二）貼貼色彩小精靈。

1、互動游戲“色彩精靈躲在哪里”:根據(jù)自己喜歡的]顏色,去尋找和發(fā)現(xiàn)周圍生活中的色彩,感知1顏色的匹配對應(yīng)。

色彩精靈寶寶要和你們玩捉迷藏了。如果你是紅色精靈的朋友,就請你再找出一個紅色精靈寶寶貼在身上。

2、睜開眼睛,找出相同的色彩精靈,并相互檢驗找得對不對。

先請你們閉上眼睛。(事先已在明顯物品上貼上了對應(yīng)的顏色貼紙。)它們已經(jīng)藏好了。

我們一起來看看是不是都找對了。

3、同伴互動游戲,感知不同顏色的對比。

現(xiàn)在該你們藏顏色精靈了。想一想,把你的色彩精靈寶寶藏在哪里好呢？

先請男孩子將顏色貼紙藏起來。女孩子找出兩個不同的精靈貼在身上。

4、再交換游戲一次。

（設(shè)計意圖：除了游戲,也需要回歸生活,讓幼兒在生活中體驗感知顏色。帶幼兒走出教室,走進自然,自主地探索與發(fā)現(xiàn),他們將獲得更多的關(guān)于顏色的體驗。）

（三）找找色彩小精靈。

1、準(zhǔn)備更多顏色的貼紙,請幼兒到戶外去找一找“色彩精靈在哪里”。

在幼兒園里,還有更多的色彩精靈在等著你們?nèi)グl(fā)現(xiàn)，讓我們一起出發(fā)去找一找吧!

2、嘗試用一句話表達自己的發(fā)現(xiàn)。如:“我找到的色彩精靈是紅色,它躲在大型玩具滑梯上?！?/p>

你找到的色彩精靈是哪一種顏色?請你用好聽的一句話來說說。

3、在找到的物品上面貼上相日應(yīng)的顏色貼紙,將發(fā)現(xiàn)通過拍照的方式記錄下來。

（設(shè)計意圖：活動同時考慮幼兒的能力差異性,能力強的幼兒可能認(rèn)識更多顏色,因此教師需準(zhǔn)備更多顏色的貼紙,以滿足不同幼兒的能力需求。）

五、活動延伸

（一）請家長協(xié)助,引導(dǎo)幼兒在周圍環(huán)境中尋找相同顏色或不同顏色的物品,并記錄下來，帶到幼兒園里，豐富“色彩大收集”區(qū)域。

（二）將幼兒在戶外發(fā)現(xiàn)的顏色和做的記錄表布置在主題墻上,供幼兒與同伴交流，分享自己的發(fā)現(xiàn)，初步感知生活中的豐富色彩。

第四篇：幼兒園小班數(shù)學(xué)活動：逛公園(感知接龍)

活動目標(biāo)：

1、學(xué)習(xí)用三種顏色有規(guī)律地進行接龍，感知接龍的特點。

2、通過活動，培養(yǎng)幼兒細(xì)致的觀察力。

3、愿意參加操作活動，體驗活動的快樂。

活動準(zhǔn)備：

1、創(chuàng)設(shè)情景：布置公園情景，裝飾公園的龍燈（每節(jié)龍燈有兩種不同的顏色，三節(jié)為一小組，有紅、黃、藍(lán)三種顏色的花）

2、操作材料：

集體操作材料：造小橋的小石塊（每塊石塊上有兩種不同的顏色，三塊為一小組）。

分組操作材料：制作龍船的紙盒。

活動過程：

一、看龍燈。

1、看一看：

師：小朋友，今天老師帶你們到公園去玩。（帶領(lǐng)幼兒進入活動場地）過節(jié)時公園真漂亮，看，那里有一只龍燈，讓我們一起去看一看。（幼兒邊看邊說，老師引導(dǎo)幼兒將龍燈上的內(nèi)容說清楚）

2、說一說：

師：走了這么長時間，我們該休息一下了，找塊草地坐下來吧。（幼兒坐下）剛才我們在龍燈上看到的花是怎么樣排隊的？（幼兒回答）

老師引導(dǎo)幼兒看清楚接龍的方法。師：紅紅的花想找和它一樣的好朋友拉拉手，黃（藍(lán)）的花也想找和它一樣的好朋友拉拉手。

二、造小橋。

師：公園的景色真漂亮，怎么沒有小橋呢，我們就用這一堆小石頭給公園造一座小橋吧。

1、引導(dǎo)幼兒看清楚小石頭上圖片上的不同。

2、老師與幼兒一起造小橋：老師先搬起第一塊石頭放好，請幼兒說一說這塊石頭上的圖案有什么顏色，然后請幼兒接下去操作。老師提醒幼兒找一樣的好朋友拉拉手，這樣造出來的小橋又結(jié)實又漂亮。

3、帶領(lǐng)幼兒在造好的小橋上走一走，體驗勞動后的快樂。

三、做龍船。

師：公園里不光有漂亮的景色還有好玩的玩具呢，想不想要？不過今天的玩具要請那么自己來做。

1、老師介紹材料和簡單的制作方法。

2、幼兒制作，老師指導(dǎo)。

幼兒在制作時老師用語言提醒龍頭放在第一個，龍尾放在最后一個，龍身上一樣的好朋友勾在一起拉拉手

3、老師檢查幼兒的操作結(jié)果，給接龍正確的幼兒獎勵穿有夾子的彩帶，讓幼兒夾在龍頭上在公園里自由的玩一玩。

第五篇：幼兒園小班數(shù)學(xué)優(yōu)秀教案《感知正方形》及教學(xué)反思

《小班數(shù)學(xué)優(yōu)秀教案《感知正方形》含反思》這是優(yōu)秀的小班數(shù)學(xué)教案文章，希望可以對您的學(xué)習(xí)工作中帶來幫助！

活動目標(biāo)

1、能感知正方形。

2、感知正方形在生活中的應(yīng)用。

活動準(zhǔn)備

1、正方形圖標(biāo)，記錄用的大張白紙、彩色筆。

2、大方巾、大小不同的彩色計劃和圖形片

活動過程

一、認(rèn)識正方形：

1、出示正方形圖標(biāo)，引導(dǎo)幼兒正確說出正方形的名稱。

2、請幼兒說說什么東西是正方形的，;.來源快思老師教。案網(wǎng);教師將幼兒的答案記錄在白紙上。

二、游戲：給大方巾找朋友 教師將大方巾放在桌上，向幼兒展示各種色彩、大小的幾何圖形片，請幼兒把各種正方形都放在大方巾上面，鼓勵幼兒邊做邊說：“大方巾我給你找到了正方形的朋友?！?/p>

三、找班上的正方形：

引導(dǎo)幼兒在活動室里找找，還有哪些東西也是正方形。

四、激發(fā)幼兒回家找正方形的興趣：

請幼兒和爸爸、媽媽一起找一找，記一記，家里哪些東西是正方形的。

教學(xué)反思

本次活動的選材十分適合小班幼兒的認(rèn)知年齡特點，抓住了他們的最近發(fā)展區(qū)，用多種形式達到了一個目標(biāo)，逐層推進、逐步提高要求。各環(huán)節(jié)環(huán)環(huán)相扣，緊密聯(lián)系，使幼兒的注意力始終處于集中狀態(tài)。教師還注重了低年齡幼兒的語言、社會能力的發(fā)展。若在最后環(huán)節(jié)添上一些讓幼兒的情緒得到高漲的游戲活動會更貼切小班幼兒的心理。

小班數(shù)學(xué)優(yōu)秀教案《感知正方形》含反思這篇文章共1431字。