第一篇：翻譯學(xué)課后習(xí)題重點(diǎn)總結(jié)

翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（李玉杰）Criteria of Translation ? Alexander Tytler: 1.A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;譯文應(yīng)完整地再現(xiàn)原文的思想內(nèi)容

2.The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original;譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同

3.A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.譯文應(yīng)像原文一樣流暢自然 ? Nida

Functional equivalence 功能對等

In the light of linguistic orientation, translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(Nida)（翻譯是用最恰當(dāng)、自然和對等的語言從語義到文體再現(xiàn)源語的信息）? Yan Fu Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance信、達(dá)、雅 ? Qian Zhongshu Sublimation 化境 ? Fu Lei Similarity in spirit 神似

? Lu Xun Faithfulness and smoothness忠實(shí)、通順

? Liu Zhongde Faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness 信達(dá)切 ? Gu Zhengkun Polyadic complementary standard 多元互補(bǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ? Chen Hongwei Correspondence in meaning and similarity in function 意義相符 功能相似

? Equivalence 等值 ? Equivalent effect等效

Chapter1（戴越越）

1.翻譯的本質(zhì)

In the light of linguistic orientation, translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(Nida)

By signs involved in it, intralingual translation, interlingual translation and intersemiotic translation.(Roman Jakobson)

Translation is in essence during different information exchange and communication.(textbook)

5.翻譯學(xué)研究的思維特點(diǎn)

1)Combination of systematic analysis and systematic comprehension

2)Combination of vertical orientation and landscape orientation

3)Combination of accuracy and ambiguity

4)Combination of radiation and convergence

5)Combination of recall and advance

6.翻譯學(xué)的學(xué)科特點(diǎn)

Translatology is also called Science of Translation or Study of Translation.Translatology is a science to study translation.It is a comprehensive science consisting of general translatology, special translatology and applied translatology.It deals with general laws of translation, studies of translation with special reference to Chinese and English, and methods to apply theories to practice.8.新老三論的內(nèi)容

1).Philosophic Method

2).Horizontal Method

3).Discipline Method

9.什么是學(xué)科方法 翻譯中常用的學(xué)科方法有？

Different languages have the same structural principal:

1).Consonant + vowel

2).Intonation

3).Extending from concrete to abstract

4).Reasonable word

5).Adj.+N.;Adv.+V.6).Coordination

7).Shift of perspective

8).Subject + predicate

9).Active and passive

10).Negative, interrogative, command

Chapter2（段娟）Association: 4，聯(lián)想：聯(lián)想既是譯者在接受原文時(shí)的一種途徑和方法，也是再傳播過程中再創(chuàng)造的基礎(chǔ)。聯(lián)想是在一定條件下所產(chǎn)生的對原文文本的一種偏離。但這種偏離又不違背原文文本的整體性意義和底蘊(yùn)與內(nèi)涵，往往使譯文更生動(dòng)，形象，更富于創(chuàng)作性。

想象不同于聯(lián)想，它并不只局限于形象性而是基于原文的總體框架和意蘊(yùn)，而產(chǎn)生出更大的創(chuàng)造性，它可以使原文的片斷變成整體，使部分變成圓滿，空缺得到填充，不定得到確定，他是一種創(chuàng)造意識(shí)。5，F(xiàn)unctions and status of the original text:

①The original text is the medium of the author and translator.②Translation is a rewriting of the original text.8，所謂“權(quán)力”，是指一切控制力與支配力

所謂“話語”，這一術(shù)語在Foucalt(福柯)那里，早已超出語言學(xué)和文藝學(xué)中的話語概念。它是“權(quán)力”的表現(xiàn)形式，所有權(quán)力都是通過話語來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。原因：譯者的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，教育背景，經(jīng)歷與經(jīng)驗(yàn)，都會(huì)形成不同于別人的先在結(jié)構(gòu)，他又是以這種先在結(jié)構(gòu)作為基礎(chǔ)參與作者對話的，其對話后生成的意義必然不可能完全與他人相同。

12，Multiplicity of translation criteria 信、達(dá)、雅 忠實(shí)、通順 神似 化境 等值 等效

Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance Faithfulness and smoothness Similarity in spirit

Sublimation Equivalence Equivalent effect 可以說，對于翻譯活動(dòng)而言，企圖定出一條放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)不可能的。它必須是多元的，它們之間有各自的側(cè)重，又可以互為補(bǔ)充。

Chapter3（李玢偉）

（1）1.Whatever relation of the two objects is, substitution or association, symbol does not refer to the object itself, hence the meaning comes out;2.Symbol has a material form, otherwise, it can not be aware by the receiver;3.Symbol process includes sender and receiver, that is, a relation of subject and object.（4）老師沒有給出具體的答案，在書上第84-85頁。（5）老師沒有給出具體的答案，在書上第86-87頁。

(15)老師沒有給出具體的答案，在書上第154，第159-160頁。

（這道題我沒有勾，但是其他同學(xué)勾上了，所以我還是找答案了?。?/p>

Chapter 4（黃先群）（這章老師沒有給題目，就總結(jié)了一下PPT）4.1 Objective Study----Meaning Searching 4.1.1 Meaning is the combination of the two(Yizhi and Yiwei).Translation is translating meaning.(Nida)

Meaning is the tie of the subject and object.It is also the tie of man and the world.Translation is a cross cultural, cross interlingual communicative activity.4.1.2 Original Text – The Decisive As Well As the Open One P168的四點(diǎn)問題

（1）The language the author used with personal experience and emotional force（2）The distance between the author and the language he used（3）The abstract and ambiguity of the language itself

（4）Different people, different understanding 4.1.3 Heteronomy of the Text----the Main Evidence of Translator

Literal works contain not only authorythmicity but also heteronomy.Language is a tool of communication.4.2 Aspect Features of Literary Text Ingargen put forward: There are five aspects in the combination of form and contents:(1)Sound(2)Combination of meaningful units(3)Represented object(4)Schematized aspects(5)Metaphysical quality Prof.Tong Qingbing put forward: There are three aspects in the literary text:(1)Literal discourse(2)Literary image(3)Literary implication 4.3.2 Text of Law and Its Translation The following rules should be followed: 1.Clear in order 2.Accurate in language 3.Serious in writing 4.Formal in style Text of Advertisement and Its Translation Advertisement has the following functions: Informative function Aesthetic function Expressive function Vocative function Principle : Similarity in function Slogan of Advertisement:Literal translation, shift of perspective and imitative translation:

Chapter 5（孫曉莉）

1． What is power discourse?(P207)Power discourse theory is put forward by French philosopher Michel Foucault who defined “power” as all the things and concepts that could direct and control people’s ideas and behaviors.And discourse in his theory is far beyond that in linguistics and literature.According to him, discourse is the form of power and all power come into effect in the way of discourse, namely, in fact, power refers to the power to deliver a discourse.Restrictions from power discourse: External Control------Society Control/ Ideology Control Internal Control of Languages

2． What functions do context have?

Context has 8 functions:(according to 西楨光正教授 P219)Absolute function Restrictive function Explanatory function Design function Omission and amplification function Generative function Transformational function Acquisition function

Chapter 6（易三琴）1.翻譯主體有哪些責(zé)任？ 社會(huì)責(zé)任social responsibility 學(xué)術(shù)責(zé)任academic responsibility 道德責(zé)任moral responsibility 2.翻譯者的主體性在傳統(tǒng)翻譯研究中為什么不受重視？

因?yàn)閷τ诖蠖鄶?shù)不懂外文的人來說，它們往往把譯文文本當(dāng)作原文文本來讀，以為至理，以為指南

3.主體和客體的關(guān)系是什么？在翻譯活動(dòng)中是如何體現(xiàn)的？

主體和客體是一對關(guān)系范疇，它們互相規(guī)定，彼此依存。4.譯者的再創(chuàng)造性主要體現(xiàn)在哪幾個(gè)方面？ “Recreation” mainly embodies the following:

Psychological attention and aesthetic expectation before reading;Recreation and reconstruction of text in the process of reading;Text reconstruction in the process of translation 5.為什么說譯者既有主動(dòng)的一面又有被動(dòng)的一面？ 因?yàn)樗苤饨绲闹萍s，也受著客體本身的制約

Chapter 7（陳詠梅）語義成分成分分析在翻譯活動(dòng)中起到怎樣的作用？（P302-310）Componential Analysis ? Word can be divided into sememes which can be called semantic feature or semantic components.This method is called componential analysis.? The function of the componential analysis is to help the translator understand the accurate meaning of words in original text.? Componential analysis is also a good way for checking when translation is done.? Componential analysis is an effective way in doing accurate translation, getting the text fully understood and assuring the quality of translation.? Componential analysis is an important step in control activity in translation.11.翻譯腔的問題應(yīng)如何看待？(P316-318)Advantages and Disadvantages of Translationese 13.風(fēng)格是否可譯？在風(fēng)格翻譯中影遵循怎樣的原則？（P319-330）Language style refers to language characteristics ? Chinese: parataxis, topic-prominent language ? English: hypotaxis, subject-prominent language ? Parole style is dynamic.? Style translation refers to parole style.Generalized Style and Style in Narrow Sense ? Views of generalized style include factors of language style and factors of non-language style.? Views of style in narrow sense include author’s language style and rhetorical style Subjective Style and Objective Style ? Subjective style is also called individual style.? Objective style is a general style.System of Style and Translation Principles ? Style is a systematical structure.? Other characteristics of system of style: 1.Material feature 2.Entirety 3.Unique 4.Sensible ? There are five basic principles in system : 1.Entirety 2.Structure 3.Level 4.Environment 5.Optimization

第二篇：韓語翻譯7課課后習(xí)題、

1,中、韓、日三國的管理、科研、生產(chǎn)、開發(fā)方面的官員、專家、企業(yè)家等約300名代表參加了北京論壇。

??, ??, ??? ??, ?? ??, ??, ?? ??? ???, ??? ? ???? ?300?? ???? ?????? ????.2，參加這次大型商務(wù)論壇的有中國代表約200人，有合作意向的企業(yè)家約100人。

? 200?? ??? ???? ? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?100????。

3，商務(wù)洽談會(huì)上，我們向來賓介紹了基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、制造業(yè)、旅游業(yè)、高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)1600多個(gè)投資與貿(mào)易項(xiàng)目。

?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??, ???, ???, ?? ???1600 ? ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????.4，國內(nèi)10余個(gè)省市代表團(tuán)與20多個(gè)國家和地區(qū)近300位客商參加了洽談。??? 10 ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? 20 ? ?? ?? ??? ? 300 ???? ????? ????.5，國內(nèi)有300余家企業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)與境外150多位客商參與了洽談。

??? 300 ? ??? ??? ??? ? 150???? ????? ????.6，在北京亞洲大酒店水晶廳舉行開幕儀式。

??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???.

第三篇：環(huán)境工程微生物學(xué)課后習(xí)題(重點(diǎn))

環(huán)境工程微生物學(xué)

緒論

6、寫出大腸埃希氏桿菌和枯草芽孢桿菌的拉丁文全稱。

7、微生物有哪些特點(diǎn)？

第一章

1、病毒是一類什么樣的微生物？它有什么特點(diǎn)？

4、敘述大腸桿菌T系噬菌體的繁殖過程。

10、什么叫噬菌斑？什么是PFU？

第二章

2、細(xì)菌有哪些一般結(jié)構(gòu)和特殊結(jié)構(gòu)？它們各有哪些生理功能？

8、敘述革蘭氏染色的機(jī)制和步驟。

9、何謂細(xì)菌菌落？細(xì)菌有哪些培養(yǎng)特征？這些培養(yǎng)特征有什么實(shí)踐意義？

第三章

5、原生動(dòng)物中各綱在水體自凈和污水生物處理中如何起指示作用？

7、微型后生動(dòng)物包括哪幾種？

12、硅藻和甲藻是什么樣的藻類？水體富營養(yǎng)化與哪些藻類有關(guān)？

15、霉菌有幾種菌絲？如何區(qū)別霉菌放線菌的菌落？

第四章

3、簡述酶蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)及酶的活性中心。

8、微生物需要哪些營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)？供給營養(yǎng)時(shí)應(yīng)注意些什么？為什么？

10、當(dāng)處理某一工業(yè)廢水時(shí)，怎樣著手和考慮配給營養(yǎng)？

16、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)是如何進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的？

21、微生物呼吸作用的本質(zhì)是什么？可分為哪幾種類型？各類型有什么特點(diǎn)？

第五章

1.什么是細(xì)菌的生長曲線？各階段有什么特點(diǎn)？在廢水生物處理中有哪些應(yīng)用？

7.試述pH過高過低對微生物的不良影響。用活性污泥法處理污水時(shí)為什么要保持在pH6以上? 21.在天然環(huán)境和人工環(huán)境中微生物之間存在哪幾類關(guān)系？舉例說明。

第四篇：工程碩士英語教材課后翻譯習(xí)題集合

第一課A 1.Frequent wars and lack of roads retarded the development of this area.頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭以及缺少公路減緩了這一地區(qū)的發(fā)展。

（retard）

2.The exposure of the scandal put the president in an awkward position.這一丑聞曝光使總統(tǒng)處于尷尬境地。（exposure）

3.The top priority of our work nowadays is study.當(dāng)今我們的首要任務(wù)是學(xué)習(xí)。（priorty）

4.It snowed heavily for three days on end in this area.這個(gè)地區(qū)一連下了3天大雪。（on end）

5.The sailor signed up for a voyage to India.那個(gè)水手簽約參加去印度的航行。(sign up)6.There 這里有兩個(gè)網(wǎng)球場供俱樂部正式會(huì)員使用。（available）

7.are tow tennis courts available for the regular members They worked hard to make up for the lost time.他們用努力工作來彌補(bǔ)時(shí)間上的損失。（make up）of the club.8.The school provided a lot of good materials for developing the reading 學(xué)校提供了大量培養(yǎng)閱讀技巧的好材料。（develop）

skills.B

1.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.一定要少說空話，多做工作。

2.What are these people after? They are after fame and position and want to 這種人鬧什么東西哪？鬧名譽(yù)，鬧地位，鬧出風(fēng)頭。

be in the limelight.3.The earth is shaped like a big ball.地球的形狀像個(gè)大球。

4.The last-minute cancellation of the flight by the airline compelled the 航空公司在最后一刻取消了航班，旅行團(tuán)被迫改變了行程。

travel group to change its schedule.5.How did he take the examination paper out of the examination hall without 他是如何在不為老師所知的情況下將考卷帶出考場的？

the knoweledge of the teacher.第二課A

1.The government decided that the public business was to be suspended for 政府決定暫停公務(wù)5天。（suspend）

five days.2.The other students admired his depth of understanding.其他學(xué)生很欽佩他理解力深刻。(depth)

3.The evils ensue form lack of a stable government.這些弊病是由于缺乏一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的政府引起的。（ensue）4.Her friends tried their best to banish gloom from her thought.她的朋友們極力幫助她驅(qū)除心中的憂郁。（banish）

5.His relatives upbraided him with ingratitude even on public occasions.親戚們甚至在公開場合譴責(zé)他忘恩負(fù)義。（upbraid）

6.This 這篇報(bào)道指出，總統(tǒng)的這番評論說的不是時(shí)候。7.report pointed out that the president`s remarks（time）were

To his surprise ,this proposal called forth a good deal of criticism.令他驚訝的是，這項(xiàng)提案招來很多批評。（call forth）

not well timed.8.Those 那些在游泳的人看到鯊魚靠近，不禁驚慌失措。swimmers were seized with a panic as they（saw panicthe）shark

approaching.B

1.He is rather reserved in dealing with others.他待人比較保守。

2.Our prices for these goods are very competitive.我們這批貨物的價(jià)格是很便宜的。

3.This 這個(gè)銀行設(shè)立了客戶問訊處，深受群眾歡迎。

appreciation.bank has set up an information desk ,much to the customers` 4.It takes ten years to grow trees ,but one hundred years to rear people.十年樹人，百年樹人.5.Long 長期的社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩，造成了社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不正常狀態(tài)，造成了廣大的失業(yè)群。widespread unemployment.years of social unrest left outr economy in a chaotic state and caused

第三課A

1.This teacher richly examplified the use of the word.這位老師通過充分舉例說明了該詞的說法。（exemplify）2.She flaunted her riches before her friends.她在朋友面前炫耀她的財(cái)富。(flaunt)

3.By the end of each month ,my bank account always seems to be in the end.每個(gè)月的月底，我的銀行帳戶似乎總是出現(xiàn)透支。（be in the end）

4.（這就使得用戶們能利用其已安裝的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)集成和支持的最終目標(biāo)。This enabled users to leverage their installed infrastructures for the leverage）

ultimate in network integration and support.5.His pockets were bulging with apples.他的口袋因?yàn)檠b了蘋果而脹得鼓鼓的.(bulge)6.The 罷工加上洪水預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)使食品供應(yīng)大量減少。drastically.strike, coupled with the floods,was expected(be coupled with)to reduce supplies of food 7.He eagerly embraced the opportunity for promotion.他迫不及待地抓住了這個(gè)提升的機(jī)會(huì)。(embrace)

8.The Chinaes people were ecstatic at the victory in the anti-Japanese war.中國人民為抗戰(zhàn)勝利而欣喜若狂。(ecstatic)

B

第四課A

1.The children banished him form their game because he always cheated.孩子們不許他參加他們的游戲，因?yàn)樗鲜亲鞅住?banish)

2.This young artist was often frustrated in his ambition to paint.這位年輕藝術(shù)家的繪畫抱負(fù)常常受挫。(frustrate)

3.An intimacy grew up between them.他們之間產(chǎn)生了一種親密關(guān)系。（intimacy）4.This 這是一張北京和上海間的單程有效票。5.is a ticket valid for one single journey(valid)

between Beijing and Shanghai.He was angry at numerous intrusions on his privacy.他因清靜生活屢遭別人侵?jǐn)_而發(fā)怒。(intrusion)

6.In terms of the mumbers in employment the hotel industry was the second 就雇傭人數(shù)來說，旅館業(yè)是瑞士1929年的第二大產(chǎn)業(yè)。(term)

largest Swiss industry in 1929.7.Correct decisions stem from correct judgment.正確的決定來源于正確的判斷。（stem）

8.At that time,people scoffed at the idea of stepping on the moon.那時(shí)，人們都嘲笑登上月球這種想法。(scoff)

B

1.China 三十年前，中國在西北地區(qū)成功地進(jìn)行了首次氫彈試驗(yàn)。yesterday.successfully conducted her first hydrogen bomb testin her north-west 2.They won`t do it,nor will they have a try.他們不肯做，也不肯試一下。

3.This 這個(gè)公司有工程師technicians,and 300 workers.company has 5人，技術(shù)人員a staff of 20 325 人,工人people,including 30人,共有職工3255engineers,20 人.4.Never have we,Chinese scientists,been daunted by difficulties.我們中國科學(xué)家，從來未被困難嚇倒過。

5.The ache in the tooth is off and on.這顆牙一會(huì)兒疼，一會(huì)兒又不疼。

第五課A

1.This country is located in the north of Himalayas,of which one-quarter is 這個(gè)國家位于喜馬拉雅山北部，它的1/4土地被認(rèn)為是不毛之地。(reckon)reckoned as unproductive.2.The wave of private equity deal activity has underpinned a huge rise in 私人股本交易活動(dòng)的浪潮為全球股市市值大漲提供支撐。(underpin)

the value of stock markets all over the world.3.Hemingway 海明威把他的朋友們身上具有的德性賦予他筆下的人物。4.endowed his characters with qualities possessed(endow)

by his friends.The 當(dāng)?shù)卣罅Ψ龀趾桶l(fā)展少數(shù)民族的文化藝術(shù)。and art of ethnic minorities.local government makes great efforts to nurture(nurture)and develop the culture 5.The election results bolstered up the spirits of the newly formed party.選舉結(jié)果大大鼓舞了那個(gè)新建政黨成員們的士氣。（bolster）

6.In fact,it is anomalous to be a bead of a department but with no real 事實(shí)上，做一個(gè)部門的主管而無實(shí)權(quán)是反常的。（anomalous）

authority.7.Only after 經(jīng)過長期艱苦戰(zhàn)斗后，英軍才將德國人全部趕出了非洲。Germans form Africa.a long hard struggle was the British army able（repelto）repel all

the 8.The empolyees would goof off whenever the boss wasn`t around.只要老板不在，這些雇員便偷懶。（goof）

B

1.These points must be kept in mind in our discussion.我們討論問題時(shí)，不能忘記這些要點(diǎn)。

2.IF we can help you further,please don`t hesitate to get in touch with us.愿意為你們進(jìn)一步服務(wù)，如有需要，請隨時(shí)與我們聯(lián)系。

3.We believe the quality of this material will not fail in answering your 我們相信此貨的質(zhì)量一定符合你方的要求。

purpose.4.The specification lacks detail.這份說明書很不夠詳盡。

5.His absent-mindedness during the driving almost caused an accident.他開車時(shí)心不在焉，幾乎闖禍。

第六課A

1.The metal tower is used to relay television singnals to distant villages.這座金屬塔的用途是把電視信號傳達(dá)到邊遠(yuǎn)的村莊。（relay）

2.People will not believe a man who always exaggerates.人們不會(huì)相信老是夸大其詞的人.(exaggerate)

3.While he was abroad,he consigned his business to his brother`s care.出國期間，他將他的生意委托給他的史弟照看。（consign）

4.The story conveys the idea that those who try to profit at the expense of 這個(gè)故事說明，企圖損人利已的人不會(huì)有好下場。（at the expense of）

others will come to no good end.5.Vanity tempted her off the straight path.虛榮心誘使她誤入歧途。(tempt)

6.All the people at the meeting agreed that one`s own interests must be 所有出席會(huì)議的人都一致同意，個(gè)人私利必須服從公共利益。(subordinate to)subordinated to the public good.7.In this bookstore,prices of books ranged from $5 to $10.在這個(gè)書店里，書的價(jià)格從5美元至10美元不等。（range from...to）8.He broke with the manager on this issue although they had kept relations 他和經(jīng)理一直保持友好合作關(guān)系，但在這個(gè)問題上他倆鬧翻了。（break with）of friendship and cooperation for a long time.B

1.Old 新老教師要互相學(xué)習(xí)，互相幫助，取長補(bǔ)短。each other`s deficiencies.and new teachers should learn form and help

each other ,to make up for 2.Its total area is almost four times that of Japan.它的面積差不多四倍于日本的面積.3.A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge,but a 質(zhì)子帶陽電，電子帶陰電，而中子既不帶陽電，也不帶陰電。

neutron has neither.4.This can 這可以叫做只看見局部，不看見全體，只看見樹木，不看見森林。not the forest.be called seeing the part but not the Whole ,seeing the

trees but 5.Our State policy should be to treasure and rationally every inch of land.十分珍惜每寸土地，合理利用每一寸土地，應(yīng)該是我們的國策。

C

1.He took to his heels at the sight of the policemen.2.The sugar is soluble in water.一看到警察,他拔腿就跑.3.A force is needed to move an object dgainst inertia.糖能常溶于水.4.In this case,the temperature in the room is up.為使物體克服慣性而運(yùn)動(dòng),就需要一個(gè)力.5.His wife has done everything possible to mother him.在這種情況下,房間里的溫度就升高.他的妻子竭盡全力,像母親一樣地照顧他.

第五篇：大學(xué)語文——《大學(xué)》翻譯及課后習(xí)題簡答

【譯文】

大學(xué)的宗旨在于弘揚(yáng)光明正大的品德，在于使人棄舊圖新，在于使人達(dá)到最完善的境界。知道應(yīng)達(dá)到的境界才能夠志向堅(jiān)定；志向堅(jiān)定才能夠鎮(zhèn)靜不躁；鎮(zhèn)靜不躁才能夠心安理得；心安理得才能夠思慮周祥；思慮周祥才能夠有所收獲。每樣?xùn)|西都有根本、末節(jié)，每件事情都有開始、結(jié)束。明白了這本末始終的道理，就接近事物發(fā)展的規(guī)律了。

古代那些要想在天下弘揚(yáng)光明正大品德的人，先要治理好自己的國家；要想治理好自己的國家，先要管理好自己的家庭；要想管理好自己的家庭，先要修養(yǎng)自身的品性；要想修養(yǎng)自身的品性，先要端正自己的心思；要想端正自己的心思，先要使自己的意念真誠；要想使自己的意念真誠，先要使自己獲得知識(shí)；獲得知識(shí)的途徑在于推究事物的原理。

通過對事物原理的推究后才能獲得知識(shí)；獲得知識(shí)后意念才能真誠；意念真誠后心思才能端正；心思端正后才能修養(yǎng)品性；品性修養(yǎng)后才能管理好家庭和家族；管理好家庭和家族后才能治理好國家；治理好國家后天下才能太平。

上自國家元首，下至平民百姓，人人都要以修養(yǎng)品性為根本。若這個(gè)根本被擾亂了，家庭、家族、國家、天下要治理好是不可能的。不分輕重緩急，本末倒置卻想做好事情，這也同樣是不可能的！

大學(xué)應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)什么樣的人才？

《大學(xué)》在開篇就提出“三綱八目”，“三綱”——在明明德、在親民、在止于至善：“八目”——格物、致知、誠意、正心、修身、齊家、治國、平天下。這種綱目結(jié)合的目標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)理念，給了天下讀書人一個(gè)自我塑造的人格模式和追求遠(yuǎn)大理想的人格修養(yǎng)路徑。為廣大知識(shí)分子設(shè)定了一種治國平天下的世界觀。也就是說，樹立遠(yuǎn)大志向，是一個(gè)人，一個(gè)讀書人，一個(gè)想成為堂堂君子之人成才的第一道門坎。不修養(yǎng)人格，不陶冶情操，不樹立遠(yuǎn)大理想，就做不了一個(gè)純粹的人，一個(gè)高尚的人，一個(gè)精神完美的人，那么齊家、治國、平天下，這些作為也就無從談起。古往今來，凡是有作為的人無不注重理想、志向。對大學(xué)生而言，尤其如此，只有樹立了遠(yuǎn)大志向，才有努力奮斗的正確方向和不斷前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力，才能保持高昂的熱情和旺盛的斗志，才能成就一番事業(yè)。作為當(dāng)代大學(xué)生，只有志存高遠(yuǎn)，將自己的前途和命運(yùn)與國家和民族的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展緊密相聯(lián)，才能最大限度地實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的人生價(jià)值，才能促進(jìn)國家富強(qiáng)和民族昌盛（聯(lián)系下面一題“第一”共同理解）

如何修身？

第一，立德、遠(yuǎn)志。《大學(xué)》開宗明義，提出了“大學(xué)之道，在明明德，在親民，在止于至善”。也就是說，儒家認(rèn)為，人有德，才能有大智慧、大胸懷，方能志存高遠(yuǎn)。由此可見，大學(xué)生欲進(jìn)行人格修養(yǎng)，必須立德，必須志存高遠(yuǎn)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)“明明德”、“親民”、“止于至善”的人格理想，《大學(xué)》提出了宏偉的奮斗目標(biāo)。那些也是千百年來千千萬萬儒生士子傾其一生努力奮斗的目標(biāo)。古人尚且如此，則今天的大學(xué)生更應(yīng)該立志以天下、國家為己任，將個(gè)人的興衰榮辱、前途命運(yùn)與祖國緊密相連。通過礪志法，志存高遠(yuǎn)，激勵(lì)自己努力學(xué)好專業(yè)知識(shí)，提高專業(yè)技能，提升自己的綜合素質(zhì)，為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)作出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。

第二，格物致知。（推究事物的原理）

第三，正心誠意。